Pali grammar

Basic Pali Grammar Page 144 of 253 6. The “a” should not be mistaken for the negative prefix “a” 7. The prohibitive particle “mã” is mostly used with the Aorist, such as, mã evaṃ vadehi, you do not speak like this. Conjugation of roots18 Singular: So kĩni / akĩni = He bought. Sã kĩni / akĩni = He bought. Puriso kĩni / akĩni = He bought. Tvaṃ kĩni / akĩni = You bought. Ahaṃ kĩniṃ / akĩniṃ = i bought. Plural: They kĩnuṃ,kĩnuṃsu, kĩniṃsu or akĩniṃsu. = They bought. Tumhe kĩnittha, akĩnittha = You bought. Myaṃ kĩnimhã, akĩnimhã = We bought. Exercise A: Conjugate the roots with terminations of verbs 1. ji - to conquer, to win Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ__________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ_________________ =__________________ 18 libid.,p.102

Basic Pali Grammar Page 145 of 253 Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe________________=___________________. Myaṃ_________________=___________________ 2. dhu- to shake Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ 3. lu- to cut off Singular: So ___________________=___________________ Sã ___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________=___________________ Tvaṃ ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te ___________________ =___________________ Tumhe ___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ ___________________ =___________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 146 of 253 4. ñã- to know Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te________________ =_________________ Tumhe_______________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ 5. ci = to accumulate Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã__________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ 6. phu- to spread out Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 147 of 253 Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ Exercise B: Translate into English. 1.Myaṃ araññe core ajinimhã. = 2. Tumhe dhanãni acinittha. = 3. So khette luni. = 4. Itthiyo vĩhayo aphuniṃ. = 5. Ahaṃ Buddhassa dhammaṃ ajãniṃ = Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. I conquered you. = 2. They cut off tree. = 3. We collected money. = 4. She spread flowers = 5. You knew an elephant =

Basic Pali Grammar Page 148 of 253 CHAPTER 22 GuṇanÃma (adjective) Guṇanāma or Adjective is a word that describes or points out a noun (the person, animal, place, or thing) or pronoun or tell the number or quantity. Guṇanānama (adjective) is often used in three genders ; Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. In English we can say “a beautiful girl”, a beautiful man”, “a beautiful lotus” and the word “beautiful” never changes. In Pali this is not so because the adjective has to “agree” with the noun. This agreement depends not only on the position, say “beautiful”, but also on the gender and the case of the noun it qualifies. Let’s translate the above examples into Pali. Sobhaṇã kumãrikã a beautiful girl in Feminine Sobhaṇo puritso a beautiful man in Masculine Sobhaṇaṃ upalaṃ a beautiful lotus in Neuter The Pāli Adjectives are divided into three degree of comparison; 1. The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simple form; for example. Kusala clever Rassa short Dīgha long Pāpa evil Gambhīra deep etc… 2. The comparative degree of an adjective denotes a higher degree of the quality than the positive, and is used when two things are compared in English adding –er the end of positive adjective, but in Pāli using suffixes –tara, -iya, and –iyissaka; and a prefix “ati-“ in front of adjectives; for example Suffix +Pāli+ English -tara paṇḍittaro Clever -iya Pāliyo Fooler -Iyissaka Pāpiyissako Eviler Prefix ati- Atipāpa eviler

Basic Pali Grammar Page 149 of 253 3. The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the highest degree of the quality, and is used when more than two things are compared in English adding –est the end of positive adjective, but in Pāli adding suffixes –tama and -iṭṭha to the end of adjectives, and a prefix ativity- in front of adjectives; for example Declension of Adjectives Guṇanāma or adjectives in Pāli when they are used to modify a noun, have to be declined in the form of the Gender, Number and Case-ending like the main noun and put it in front of noun; for example Masculine singular number Suffix +Pāli+ English -tama paṇḍitatamo Clevest -iṭṭha pāliṭṭho Follest Prefix Ativiya- Ativiyapāpa evilest Cases Adjective Noun translated into English Nom. mahanto Puriso a big man acc. mahantaṃ purisaṃ a big man inst. mahantena purisena by a big man dat. mahantassa purisassa for a big man abl. mahantasmã purisasmã from a big man gent. mahantassa purisassa of a big man

Basic Pali Grammar Page 150 of 253 Masculine singular number Masculine singular number Nom. Mahanto puriso = a big person Acc. Uccaṃ rukkhaṃ = a tall tree Ins. Pāgena corena = by a evil thief Dat. Aggassa Buddhassa = for a highest Buddha Abl. Navakasmā bhikkhusmā = from a new monk Gen. Garukassa ācariyassa = of confident teacher Loc. Porāṇasmiṃ gāmasmiṃ = in old house Voc. Paṇḍita purisa = O! Clever person Masculine plural number Nom. Mahantã purisã = big persons Acc. Uccae rukkhe = tall trees Ins. Pāgenhi corehi = by evil thieves loc. mahantasmiṃ purisasmiṃ in a big man voc. mahanta Purisa O! a big man Cases Adjective Noun translated into English Nom. mahantã Purisã big men acc. mahante purise big men inst. mahantehi purisehi by big men dat. mahantãnaṃ purisãnaṃ for big men abl. mahantehi purisehi from big men gent. mahantãnaṃ purisãnaṃ of big men loc. mahantesu purisesu in big men voc. mahantã Purisã O! big men

Basic Pali Grammar Page 151 of 253 Dat. Aggassãnaṃ Buddhassãnaṃ = for highest Buddhas Abl. Navakehi bhikkhehi = from new monks Gen. Garukassãnaṃ ācariyassãnaṃ= of confident teachers Loc. Porāṇasesu gāmesu = in old houses Voc. Paṇḍitã purisã = O! Clever persons Feminine singular number Feminine plural number Cases Adjectives Nouns translated into English Nom. sobhaṇã kaññã a beautiful girl Acc. sobhaṇãyaṃ kaññãyaṃ, kaññaṃ a beautiful girl Inst. sobhaṇãya kaññãya by a beautiful girl Dat. sobhaṇãya kaññãya for a beautiful girl Abl. sobhaṇãya kaññãya from a beautiful girl Gen. sobhaṇãya kaññãya of a beautiful girl Loc. sobhaṇãya kaññãya, in a beautiful girl Voc. sobhaṇe kaññe O! a beautiful girl Cases Adjectives Nouns translated into English Nom. sobhaṇã kaññãyo, kaññã beautiful girls Acc. sobhaṇãyaṃ kaññãyo, kaññã beautiful girls Inst. sobhaṇãya kaññãhi, -bhi by beautiful girls Dat. sobhaṇãya kaññãnaṃ for beautiful girls Abl. sobhaṇãya kaññãhi, -bhi from beautiful girls

Basic Pali Grammar Page 152 of 253 Fem./Nom. Sobhaṇā kaññā = a beautiful girl Dat. Thũlāya kumāriya = for a fat girl Loc. Sundarāya dhāniyā = in a good city etc… Neuter singular number Neuter plural number Gen. sobhaṇãya kaññãnaṃ of beautiful girls Loc. sobhaṇãya kaññãsu in beautiful girls Voc. sobhaṇã kaññãyo, kaññã O! beautiful girls Cases Adjectives Nouns translated into English Nom. sobhaṇaṃ pupphaṃ a beautiful flower Acc. sobhaṇaṃ pupphaṃ a beautiful flower Inst. sobhaṇena pupphena by a beautiful flower Dat. sobhaṇassa.. pupphass.. for a beautiful flower Abl. sobhaṇasmã.. pupphasmã.. from a beautiful flower Gen. sobhaṇassa pupphass of a beautiful flower Loc. sobhaṇasmiṃ.. pupphasmiṃ.. in a beautiful flower Voc. sobhaṇa puppha O! a beautiful flower Cases Adjectives Nouns translated into English Nom. sobhaṇãni pupphãni Acc. sobhaṇãni pupphãni Inst. sobhaṇehi, -bhi pupphehi, pupphebhi Dat. sobhaṇãnaṃ pupphãnaṃ Abl. sobhaṇehi, -bhi pupphehi, pupphebhi Gen. sobhaṇãnaṃ pupphãnaṃ

Basic Pali Grammar Page 153 of 253 Neu./ Nom. Sobhaṇaṃ pubbhaṃ = a beautiful flower Nom. mahantaṃ kulaṃ = a big family Nom. kusalaṃ kammam = a wholesome action etc.. Adjectives are also put behind a noun when it follows with the verb; hoti, honti, (to be); for example Puriso mahonto hoti = a person is big Kaññā sobhaṇā hoti. = a girl is beautiful. Rukkho ucco hoti. = a tree is tall. Note: the gender, number and case-ending of adjectives and nouns is the same, but if a noun is used as a adjective modifying the noun, its gender is not changed, except number and case-ending; for example Buddho lokassa saraṇaṃ hoti. Buddha is the refuge for the world. Note: Buddho is the masculine, but saraṇaṃ is the Neuter. Most of Pāli adjectives end in “a”. if you want to change another gender, you can add “ā” in Feminine, “aṃ” in Neuter. Loc. sobhaṇesu pupphesu Voc. sobhaṇãni pupphãni Adjectives Masculine Feminine adding female endings -ã, -ĩ, -inĩ Neuter kusal (wise) kusala kusalã kusalaṃ declined like purisa kusalĩ kusalinĩ

Basic Pali Grammar Page 154 of 253 Pali adjectives Dakkah clever; able; skilled; dexterous Nātha refuge paṇḍita wise Pāpa evil thũla fat Kīsa thin ucca tall Agga highest hīna bad paṇīta excellent; delicious dũra far taruṇa young dīgha long rassa short gambhīra deep pharusa harsh sukkah dry āmaka raw khema calm PÃli Adjective 19 These adjectives are collected from Pali grammar of Ven. Phramahaniyamuttamo. Dakkah = clever; able; pũti = rotten Skilled; dexterous manda = dull; stupid paṇḍita = wise garuka = heavy nātha = refuge lahu = light subha, sobhaṇa = beautiful papa = evil; bad nīla = green declined like kaññã if ending with “ã”, ending with “ĩ, inĩ” declined like nãrĩ Phramaha Niyom U[amo, Pali Grammar 19

Basic Pali Grammar Page 155 of 253 thũla = fat lohita = red kīsa = thin odāta = white ucca = high pitaka = yellow dīgha = long kāla, kāḷa = black rassa = short sukka = white; pure; good agga = the highest seṭṭha = foremost; excellent hīna = low; bad jeṭṭha = supreme paṇīta = excellent sundara = good; nice; beautiful sukhuma = subtle; fine kusala = clever; wise bhāriya = weighty bāla = stupid acchariya = wonderful; mogha = empty, marvelous saṇha = smooth; shotf sumana = good mind mahanta = big caṇḍa = fierce; violent khuddaka = small Uttara = higher appa = little anuttara = incomparable; unsurpassed aḍḍha = half

Basic Pali Grammar Page 156 of 253 bahu = many; much sugandha = fragrant oḷāra = many visāla = wide appamattaka = a little amount sambādha = narrow andha = blind dāruṇa = strong; firm khañja = lame nava, navaka = new khukhja, khujja = humpbacked (person) porāṇa = ancient; old anucchavika = appropriate sīta = cool; cold khipa = quickly; soon uṇha = hot omaka = small vara, pavara = noble; best mũga = dump uttama = best; highest badhira = deaf pharusa = rough; harsh anurũpa = suitable; conform with khara = rough; hard; paṭirũpa = appropriate, sharp; painful piya = dear; amiable kakkhara = rough; harsh madhura = sweet issara = lord; master kusīta = indolent; lazy anicca = temporary

Basic Pali Grammar Page 157 of 253 alasa = lazy; stack nicca = constant; continuous; permanent vīra = brave; heroine santaka = one’s own ummattaka = one who is mad ubbedha = height seyya = better; excellent pabhanguṇa = brittle; fail jeyya = older khaṇdākhaṇḍaṃ = breaking into gragment kaniṭṭha = youngest lāmaka = interior; low; sinful kaniya = younger dugghanda = having a bad smell; bad smell sama = even; equal tātisa = such; of such quality viparita = opposite vipula = extensive; great sadhu; sādhuka = good; virtuous cheka = clever; skillful tādisa = such; mudu = soft sadisa = like uju = straight; up-right yādisa = which like gambhīra = deep kīdisa = what like uttāna = lying one’s back; supine; manifest; shallow mādisa = one like me thaddha = hard tayādisa = like that

Basic Pali Grammar Page 158 of 253 vitthata, vitthāra = wide tumhādisa = one like you paguṇa well practiced sacca = true hirāhiraṃ = being small piece phāsuka = pleasant thoka = small parama = best turitaturitaṃ = very quickly sīghasīghaṃ = very quickly suñña = emty sukha = happy; comfort dukkha = painful samattha = meditated; skillful Paññà va dhanena seyyo. Wisdom is better than wealth.

Basic Pali Grammar Page 159 of 253 Exercise: Decline these nouns and adjectives with the agreement of a gender, a number and a case. Example : Mahanta + rukkha (nom.) = mahanto rukkho a big tree 1. Masculine 1. Sacca + dhamma (nom.) =………. …………. ………… 2. Dīdha + ahi (acc.) =………. .………… .………… 3. sobhaṇa + maṇi (ins.pl.) =………. .…………. ………… 4. nava + bhikkhu (gen.) =………. .…………. ………… 5. odāta + hatthī (dat.pl.) =………. ………….. ………… 2. Feminine 6. subha + accharā (abl.) =………. ………….. ………… 7. bala + iddhi (acc.) =………. ………….. ………… 8. uṇha + paṭhavī (loc.pl.) =………. ………….. ………… 9. mahanta + kāsu (gen.) =………. ………….. ………… 10.kāla + sarabũ (ins.) =………. ………….. ………… 3. Neuter 11.nila + paṇṇa (gen.pl.) =………. ………….. ………… 12.pitaka +phala (acc.) =………. ………….. ………… 13.lohita + akkhi (dat.) =………. ………….. ………… 14.gandha + madhu (nom.pl.) =………. ………….. ………… 15.dīgha + āyu (voc.) =………. ………….. …………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 160 of 253 TENSE : FUTURE TENSE (Active Voice) Bhivissanti In Pali there are two sets of terminations to formthe future tense ; Bhavissanti and Kãlãtipatti. We study only Bhavissanti. Terminations of Verb Remark: 1.The vowel preceding Bhavissanti terminations” is changed into “i”, such as kar-i-ssati (She, He) will do. karissanti (They) will do. karissasi (You) will do. karissatha (You) will do. karissãmi (I) will do. karissãma (We) will do. 2. The terminations of Bhavisanti-ssati, ssanti, ssasi, ssath, ssãmi and ssãma - “ss”can be dropped when they are compounded with some roots, i.e. vas, to live, vac, to speak, labh, to gain, dis, to see, and kar, to do20. The roots are often changed into other forms. Persons Singular Plural Meaning First person -ssati -ssanti will, shall Second person -ssasi -ssatha will, shall Third person -ssãmi -ssãma will, shall libid., p.107 20

Basic Pali Grammar Page 161 of 253 Inflection of Verbs : Future Tense Usage of Verbs in the future tense Ahaṃ gãmaṃ gacchissãmi. i will go to home. Tvaṃ dhanãni labhissasi or lacchasi. You will gain money. So maṃ na vacissati. He will not speak with me. Myaṁ kammaṃ karissãma or kãhãma. We will work. Exercise A: Conjugate the roots with terminations of verbs agreeing with numbers and persons 1. sĩ, to sleep Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ_____________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Roots Changed forms Termination s ‘ss’ dropped Verbs Sense vas, to live vaccha ssati →ti vacchati will live vac, to speak vakkha ssanti→nti vakkhanti will speak labh, to gain laccha ssasi→si lacchasi will gain dis, to see dakkha ssãmi→mi dakkhãmi will see kar, to do kãha ssãma→m a kãhãma will do

Basic Pali Grammar Page 162 of 253 Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ 2. pac, to cook Singular: Si___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ Exercise B: Translate into English. 1.Myaṃ araññe core disissãma. = 2. Tumhe dhanãni labhissatha. = 3. So khette karissati. = 4. Itthiyo vĩhayo pacissanti. = 5. Ahaṃ Buddhassa dhammaṃ sunṇissãmi= Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. I will conquered you. = 2. They will cut off tree. = 3. We will collected money. = 4. She will spread flowers = 5. You will see an elephant =

Basic Pali Grammar Page 163 of 253 CHAPTER 23 SabbanÃma (Pronouns) Sabbanāma,or Pronoun is a word that is used instead of nouns or noun phrases. There are two kinds, namely; Definition: a. Purisa Sabbanāma (personal pronoun) b. Visesa Sabbanāma (Demonstrative pronoun) Purisa SabbanÃma (Personal Pronoun) : Nominative (a Subject) A word that is used instead of nouns or noun phrases. These pronouns are used as a subject of the Pāli sentence, for example; Note : *M = Masculine, F = Feminine Person Gender Singular(S.) Plular(S.) First Masculine So (he) Te (they) Feminine Sā (she) Tā (they) Neuter Taṃ (it) Tāni (they) Second M/F* Tvaṃ (you) Tumhe (you) Third M/F* Ahaṃ (I) Mayaṃ (we)

Basic Pali Grammar Page 164 of 253 Conjugation of verb agreeing with Pronoun (Subject) Verb to be = Hu (be) Note: Agreement between a subject and an object For example; 1. So ācariyo hoti. = he is a teacher. 2. Te ācariyo honti. = they are teachers. 3. Sā purisassa sahāyā hoti. = she is a man’s friend. 4. tvaṃ sobhanā hosi. = you are beautiful. 5. mayaṃ Buddhassa sāvaā homa. = we are Buddha’s followers. Conjugation of Verb “paca” (to cook) Person Gender Singular(S.) verb Plular(S.) verb First Masculine So (he) Hoti (is) Te (they) Honti (are) Feminine Sā (she) Hoti (is) Tā (they) Honti (are) Neuter Taṃ (it) Hoti (is) Tāni (they) Honti (are) Secon d M/F* Tvaṃ (you) Hosi (are) Tumhe (you) Hotha (are) Third M/F* Ahaṃ (I) Homi (am) Mayaṃ (we) Homa (are) Person Gender Singular(S.) verb Plular(S.) verb First Masculine So Pacati Te Pacanti Feminine Sā Pacati Tā Pacanti Neuter Taṃ Pacati Tāni Pacanti Second M/F* Tvaṃ Pacasi Tumhe Pacattha Third M/F* Ahaṃ pacāmi Mayaṃ pacāma

Basic Pali Grammar Page 165 of 253 For example: 1. So odanaṃ pacati. = he cooks rice. 2. Tvaṃ odanaṃ pacasi. = you cook rice. 3. Ahaṃ odanaṃ pacāmi. = I cook rice. Exercise: Conjugate the verb for agreeing with pronouns (subjects) suṇā (to listen to) Ta (He, She, It, They) Declension of personal Pronouns the first person In Pāli the first person is “ta” declined in three genders. The pronouns “ta” (He, She, It) which denotes the person or persons spoken of. “ta” (He, *that) in Masculine Person Gender Singular(S.) verb Plular(S.) verb First Masculin e So ……………… Te ……………… Feminine Sā ……………… Tā ……………… Neuter Taṃ ……………… Tāni ……………… Second M/F* Tvaṃ ……………… Tumhe ……………… Third M/F* Ahaṃ ……………… Mayaṃ ……………… Person Singular Plural Nom. So Te Acc. taṃ, naṃ Te, ne Ins. Tena Tehi Dat. Tassa, assa tesaṃ, tesānaṃ, nesaṃ, nesānaṃ Abl. Tasmā, asmā, tumhā Tehi

Basic Pali Grammar Page 166 of 253 For example: Sāmaṇero gāmaṃ gacchati, so hi itha sayati. A novice goes to home, as he lives here. Ācariyo maṃ ovadati, so miyhaṃ vuḍḍhiṃ āsiṃsati. A teacher teaches me, because he hopes the development of mine. Ta (She, *that) in Feminine Note: ** “ta” vissesanaabbanāma means “that, this” For examples: Kumārī āhāraṃ pacati, sā purissa dhitī hoti. A girl cooks rice, she is a daughter of a man. Gen. Tassa, assa tesaṃ, tesānaṃ, nesaṃ, nesānaṃ Loc. Tasmiṃ, asmiṃ, tumhi Mātarāsu, Mātũsu Person Singular Plural Nom. Sā Tā Acc. taṃ, naṃ Tā Ins. Tāya Tāhi Dat. Tassā, assā, tissā, tissāya tāsaṃ, tāsānaṃ Abl. Tāya Tāhi Gen. Tassā, assā, tissā, tissāya tāsaṃ, tāsānaṃ Loc. Tāyaṃ, tassaṃ, assaṃ, tissaṃ tāsu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 167 of 253 Ta (It, that*) in Neuter For example: Nāmarũpaṃ anicaṃ taṃ hi uppajjitvā nirujjhati. The boy is impermanent, (as) Arising, it died. Difference between the “ta” personal pronoun and the “ta” demonstrative pronoun. 1. The “ta” personal pronoun is used instead of someone or something who/which is spoken before. Its meaning in English is “He, She, It and They (pl.)” respectively. In the sentence it is placed freely, without nouns, for example; So bhuñjati. = He eats. Sā bhuñjati. = She eats. Te bhuñjanti. = They eat. (pl.) Ācariyo maṃ ovadati, so hi maṃ piyati. A teacher teaches me because he loves me. 2. The “ta” demonstrative pronoun, meaning “the, that, this”, and it is also placed in the front of nouns, for example; Person Singular Plural Nom. Sā Tā Acc. taṃ, naṃ Tā Ins. Tāya Tāhi Dat. Tassā, assā, tissā, tissāya tāsaṃ, tāsānaṃ Abl. Tāya Tāhi Gen. Tassā, assā, tissā, tissāya tāsaṃ, tāsānaṃ Loc. Tasmiṃ, asmiṃ, tumhi tesu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 168 of 253 So purio gabbhe vasati. = the man lives in the room. Sā nārī vatthaṃ sibbati. = that woman saws the cloth. taṃ kulaṃ mahataṃ hoti. = that family is big. Exercise 1: Use the pronoun instead of nouns in the bracket and translate into English. 1. ……So…… (puriso) gacchati. (to go) = He goes. 2. …………… (rukkho) marati (to die) = .……………………… 3. Ācariyo (sunakkhassa) āhāraṃ deti (to give).…………………… 4. Nārī …… (kumārāya) gacchati (to go).………………………………. 5. ……… (itthīyo) odananāni pacati (to cook).………………………… 6. Buddho ……….(bikkhũnaṃ) dhammaṃ deseti (to preach).……… 7. ………(Dārakā) dhanaṃ labhati (to get).………………………… 8. Yakkho …(vanesu) vasati (to live).………………………………. 9. Bhikkhũ ……(Buddhassa) dhammaṃ suṇanti (to listen to)……… 10.Manussā … (ācariyassa) kammaṃ karonti (to do).………………… 11. Exercise 2: Translate into English 1. So gāmaṃ gacchat. ………………………………………… 2. Sā mātuyā saddhiṃ gabbhe vasati. ………………………………………… 3. Te Buddhassa Dhammaṃ suṇanti. ………………………………………… 4. Sā pupphāni vuṇāti. ………………………………………… 5. Ācariyo tassa dhanaṃ deti. ………………………………………… 6. taṃ vane vasati. …………………………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 169 of 253 7. tā gehe āhāraṃ pacati. ……………………………………… 8. eko vānaro rukkhasmiṃ vasati, Kumāro taṃ ikkhati. ……………………………………… 9. so kamalaṃ jānāti. ……………………………………… 10.sā dhammaṃ jānāti. ……………………………………… Exercise 3: Translate into Pāli. 1. He sleeps. ……………………………………… 2. She does not die. ……………………………………… 3. They eat rice. ……………………………………… 4. She sees an elephant. ……………………………………… 5. They play in the river. ……………………………………… 6. Buddha teaches a doctrine. ……………………………………… 7. They listen to Buddha’s words. ……………………………………… 8. She strings flowers. ……………………………………… 9. She buys a cow. ……………………………………… 10.They see a giant in the jungle. ………………………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 170 of 253 Tumha (you) Declension of personal pronouns The second person In Pāli the second person is “tumha” declined in two genders. The pronoun “tumha” (you) which denotes the person of persons spoken to, or used or refer to a person or group of people when speaking or writing to them.21 “Tumha” (you) both Masculine and Feminine Note : *te, vo are not used in the beginning of a sentence. Declension of “tumha” in English Person Singular Plural Nom. tvaṃ, tuvaṃ Tumhe, vo* Acc. taṃ, tvaṃ, tuvaṃ Tumhe, vo* Ins. Tyā, tvayā, te* Tumhehi, vo* Dat. tuyhaṃ, tumhaṃ, tva, te* tumhākaṃ, vo* Abl. Tayā Tumhehi Gen. tuyhaṃ, tumhaṃ, tva, te* tumhākaṃ, vo* Loc. Tayi, tvayi tumhesu Person Singular Plural Nom. You You Acc. You You Ins. With, by, an account of you With, by an account of you Longman dictionary of contemporary English. 21

Basic Pali Grammar Page 171 of 253 Conjugation of verbs for the second person (nominative case) present tense (active voice) For example 1. tvaṃ gharaṃ gacchasi. = you go(es) to home. 2. Tumhe gharaṃ gacchatha. = you go to home. 3. Puriso taṃ ikkhati. = a man sees you. Exercise: Translate into English 1. tvaṃ dhammaṃ suṇāsi. ……………………………………. 2. Puriso te bhattaṃ deti. ……………………………………. 3. Tumhe vane na vasatha. ……………………………………. 4. tvaṃ inaṃ kammaṃna karosi. Dat. For, to you For, to you Abl. From you From you Gen. Your Your, yours Loc. At, in, on you At, in, on you Person Singular (-si) Plural (-tha) Nom. tvaṃ Gacchasi (go/es) Tumhe = gacchatha (to go) Paccasi (cook/s) = paccatha (to cook) Labhasi (get/s) = labhatha (to get) Tibbasi (play/s to) = tibbatha (to play) suṇāi (listen/s to) = suṇātha (to listen to)

Basic Pali Grammar Page 172 of 253 ……………………………………. 5. kiṃ tumhe bhattaṃ na bhuñjatha. ……………………………………. 6. tvaṃ gharaṃ limpasi. ……………………………………. 7. Tumhe sattaṃ na hanatha. ……………………………………. 8. ahaṃ tumhehi saddhiṃ na gacchāmi. ……………………………………. 9. Sāvakā tuyhaṃ dānaṃ denti. ……………………………………. 10.dhammaṃ vo dessāmi. …………………………………….

Basic Pali Grammar Page 173 of 253 Amha (I, We) Declension of Personal Pronouns The third person In Pāli the second person is “amha” declined in two genders. The pronoun “amha” (I, We) which denotes the person or person speaking. “Amha” (I, We) both Masculine an Feminine Note : *me, no are not used in the beginning of a sentence. Declension of “amha” in English Person Singular Plural Nom. Ahaṃ (i) mayaṃ, no* Acc. maṃ, mamaṃ Tumhe, no* Ins. mayā, me Amhehi, no* Dat. mayhaṃ, amhaṃ, mama, mamaṃ, me* amhākaṃ, asmākaṃ, no* Abl. mayā amhehi Gen. mayhaṃ, amhaṃ, mama, mamaṃ, me* amhākaṃ, asmākaṃ, no* Loc. Mayi amhesu Person Singular Plural Nom. I We Acc. Me Us Ins. With, by, an account of me With, by an account of us Dat. For, to me For, to us Abl. From me From us

Basic Pali Grammar Page 174 of 253 Conjugation of verbs for the third person (nominative case) present tense (active voice) Note : *the vowel preceding “-mi” and “-ma” is always lengthened. For example 1. ahaṃ odanṃ pacāmi. = I cook rice. 2. mayaṇ odanaṃ pacāma. = we cook rice. 3. Sunakkho maṃ ikkhati. = a dog sees me. 4. Exercise: Translate into Englsih. 1. mayaṃ loke marāma. ……………………………………… 2. ahaṃ gāmaṃno gacchāmi. ……………………………………… 3. sadhu bhante, evaṃ no karoma. ……………………………………… 4. ahaṃ āhāraṃ pacāmi. ……………………………………… Gen. My, mine our, ours Loc. At, in, on me At, in, on us Person Singular (-mi*) Plural (-ma*) Nom. tvaṃ Gacchāmi (go/es) mayaṃ = gacchāma (to go) Labhāmi (get/s) = labhāma (to get) marāmi (die/s) = tibbatha (to die) vasāmi (live/s) = vasāma (to live) Pacāmi (cook/s) = pacāa (to cook)

Basic Pali Grammar Page 175 of 253 5. kiṃ karoma. ……………………………………… 6. kuto āhāraṃ pacāmi. ……………………………………… 7. kiṃ kammaṃ karomi. ……………………………………… 8. ko vo puññaṃ deti. ……………………………………… 9. ko nu kho amhehi saddhiṃgacchati. ……………………………………… 10.coro muyhaṃ dhanāni coreti. ………………………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 176 of 253 Visesa SabbanÃma (demonstrative pronoun) Demonstrative pronoun is the pronomitive adjective qualitying the implicit nouns and pronouns. It can be declined in the three genders. It is devided into two groups, namely; Niyama sabbanà 1. Niyama sabbanāma which is the word that expresses the implicit definition of nouns and pronouns. Ta* that (declined like person pronouns) Eta this, that Ima this (here) Imu those Declension of Eta (this, that) in Masculine and Neuter* Note : *in Neuter declined like the Masculine except nom. Acc. Sing.and pl. Person Singular Plural Nom. Eso /etaṃ* Ete/etāni* Acc. etaṃ, enaṃ Ete/etāni* Ins. Etena Etehi, Etebhi Dat. Etassa Etesaṃ, Etesānaṃ Abl. Etasmā, etumhā Etehi, Etebhi Gen. Etassa Etesaṃ, Etesānaṃ Loc. Etesmiṃ, etumhi Etesu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 177 of 253 Declension of Eta (this, that) in Feminine Declension of Ima (this) in Masculine and Neuter Note : *in Neuter declined like the Masculine except Nom. Acc. Sing.and pl. Person Singular Plural Nom. Etā etā Acc. etaṃ, enaṃ Etā Ins. Etāya Etāhi Dat. Etassā, etissā, etissāya etāsaṃ, etāsānaṃ Abl. Etāya etāhi Gen. Etassā, etissā, etissāya etāsaṃ, etāsānaṃ Loc. Etassaṃ, Etissaṃ etāsu Person Singular Plural Nom. ayaṃ/idaṃ* Ime/imāni* Acc. inaṃ/idaṃ* Ime/imāni* Ins. Iminā, anena Imehi Dat. Imassa, assa imesaṃ, imesānaṃ Abl. Imsasmā, imamhā, ismā Imehi Gen. Imassa, assa imesaṃ, imesānaṃ Loc. ismiṃ, imamhi, asmiṃ imesu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 178 of 253 Declension of Ima (this) in Feminine Declension of Amu (that) in Masculine and Neuter* Note : *in Neuter declined like the Msaculine except Nom. Acc. Sing.and pl. Person Singular Plural Nom. ayaṃ imā Acc. imaṃ imā Ins. Imāya Imāhi Dat. Imissā, imissāya, assā imāsaṃ, imāsānaṃ Abl. Ismāya, imissāya, assā Imāhi Gen. Imissā, assa imāsaṃ, imāsānaṃ Loc. imissaṃ, imamhi, assaṃ imāsu Person Singular Plural Nom. Amu /iduṃ* Amũ/amũni* Acc. Amuṃ/iduṃ* Amũ/amũni* Ins. Amunā, Amũhi Dat. Amussa, amuno Amũsaṃ, amũsānaṃ Abl. Amusmā, imumhā Amũhi Gen. Amussa, amuno Amũsaṃ, amũsānaṃ Loc. Amusmiṃ, amumhi Amũsu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 179 of 253 Declension of Amu* (that) in Fiminine Note : *The word “amu” is often changed into asu, amu and asu added “ka” to amuka, asuka, so they are declined like “ya” in three genders. Exercise 1. Drill to decline these words orally. 1. Ta (that) 2. Eta ( that) 3. Ima (this) 4. Amu (those) 2. Translate into English. 1. Iminā sakkārena taṃ Buddhaṃ abhipũjayama. ………………………………………………… 2. Imāni mayaṃ bhante bhattāni …. Dema. ………………………………………………… 3. So sāmaṇero ārāme no vasati. ………………………………………………… 4. Eso bhikkhu gāmaṃ gacchati. Person Singular Plural Nom. Amu Amũ Acc. Amuṃ Amũ Ins. Amāya Amũhi Dat. Amussā Amũsaṃ, amũsānaṃ Abl. Amāya Amũhi Gen. Amussā Amũsaṃ, amũsānaṃ Loc. Amussaṃ Amũsu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 180 of 253 ………………………………………………… 5. mayaṃ amuṃ gharaṃ na ikkhāma. ………………………………………………… 3. Translate into Pāli. 1. We live in this house. ………………………………………………... 2. She goes home with that man. ………………………………………………... 3. I see the thief on the tree. ………………………………………………... 4. He sleeps in that room. ………………………………………………... 5. They do not like this fruit. ………………………………………………..

Basic Pali Grammar Page 181 of 253 Aniyama sabbanà 2. Aniyom sabbanām Indefinitive demonstrative pronouns, namely; Declension of Ya (who, what) in Masculine and Neuter* Ya who, whoever, what Añña other (of many) Aññatara one of several, a certain (of many) Para other, another Apara other, another Katara which (of two), what Katama which (of two), what Eka one Ekacca some, any Ubhaya both Sabba all of them, all, every kiṃ who, what, (changed into “ka” delined like “ya” itara other (of two) Note: they are declined like “ya” in three genders. Person Singular Plural Nom. Yo/ yaṃ* Ye/yāni* Acc. yaṃ Ye/yāni* Ins. Yena yehi Dat. yessa yesaṃ, yesānaṃ Abl. yasmā, yamhā yehi Gen. yessa yesaṃ, yesānaṃ Loc. yasmiṃ, yamhi yesu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 182 of 253 Note : *In Neuter declined like the Masculine except Nom. Acc. Sing.and pl. Declension of Ya (who, what) in Feminine For example Iminā sakkārena taṃ Buddhaṃ abhipũjayāma. = we make homage to the Buddha with this hospitality. Declension of “kiṃ” (who, what) 1. kiṃ means “who, what” declined like “ya” in three genders. 2. kiṃ can be changed to “ka” and added “ci” = ka+ci singular Masculine : koci… (few, some, any) Feminine : kāci… Neuter : kiñci… Plural Masculine : keci… (some) Feminine : kāci… Neuter : kānici… 3. “ya” can be placed in front of (kiṃ) ka, and added the ending in “ci” = ya+ka+ci Person Singular Plural Nom. Yā Yā Acc. yaṃ Yā Ins. Yāya yāhi Dat. yassā yesaṃ, yesānaṃ Abl. Yāya yehi Gen. yassā yāsaṃ, yāsānaṃ Loc. yassaṃ yāsu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 183 of 253 Singular Masculine : yo koci… (someone, anything) Feminine : yā kāci… Neuter : yaṅkiñci… Plural Masculine : ye keci… (some) Feminine : yā kāci… Neuter : yāni kānici… 4. kiṃ that is interrogative pronouns means “Do, Does, Did…?” For example; kiṃ panetaṃ āvuso paṭirũpaṃ. 5. kiṃ means “why”, for example; kiṃ pālita pamajjasi. Exercise 1. Drill to decline the words orally. a. Apara b. Ekacca c. Añña d. Sabba 2. Translate into English a. Sabbe sattā averā hontu. ……………………………………….. b. Aññaro bhikkhu vene vasati. ……………………………………….. c. Ko nāma te upajjhāyo (hoti). ……………………………………….. d. Yo puggalo taṃ kammaṃ karoti, so puggalo taṃ. ……………………………………….. e. Yo koci akusalaṃ kammaṃ na karoti. ……………………………………….. f. Ye janā loke puññaṃ karoti, te janā devaloke uppajjati. ………………………………………..

Basic Pali Grammar Page 184 of 253 CHAPTER 24 Saṇkhyà (numeral) A numeral is a sign or symbol that presents a number. It is divided into two parts: a cardinal number (pakati saṃkhyā) and an ordinal number (pũraṇa saṃkhyā). Pakati saṅkhyà (Cardinal number) A cardinal number is number, such as 1, 2, and 3, used to show how many of something there are. The cardinal number can be used as both a noun and an adjective. The numerals placed before the noun agree with the noun they quality in gender, number and case. Cardinal Number Number Pāli English 1 Eka One 2 Dvi (dva, dve, bā, du) Two 3 Ti (te) Three 4 Catu Four 5 Pañca Five 6 Cha (so) Six 7 Satta Seven 8 aṭṭha Eight 9 Nava Nine 10 Dasa, rasa, ḷasa Ten

Basic Pali Grammar Page 185 of 253 Declension of number (eka) *Eka (one) is declined in three genders Note : * “eka” is declined only in the singular but “eka” is used in the sense of ‘some, certain, incomparable’, it is declined in the three genders and in both numbers. For example: 1. Eko puriso = one person. (male) 2. Ekā ithī = one woman (female) 3. Ekena vānarena = with one (a) monkey (neuter) Exercise Decline “eka” and “a noun, Buddha ” (both eka and a noun agree in a gender, a number and a case). Use nouns below Nom. eka putta = Eko putto Acc. ……….. ………… = ………………………….. Ins. ………... ………… = ………………………….. Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. Eko Ekā Ekaṃ Acc. Ekaṃ Ekaṃ Ekaṃ Ins. Ekena Ekāya Ekena Dat. Ekassa Ekāya Ekassa Abl. Ekasmā, ekamhā Ekāya Ekasmā, ekamhā Gen. Ekassa Ekāya Ekassa Loc. Ekasmiṃ, ekamhi Ekāya Ekasmiṃ, ekamhi

Basic Pali Grammar Page 186 of 253 Dat. ……….. …………. = ………………………….. Abl. ………. ………….. = …………………………. Gen. ……… ………….. = …………………………. Loc. ……… ………….. = …………………………. Nouns Masculine Purisa man, male ācatiya teacher Buddha the Enlightened One Dhamma doctrine, truth, law Sangha group Dāraka child Gāma village Ghata a pot, a jar Janaka father Odana rice, cooked rice Putta son Sũda cook Feminine Saddhā faith Medhā intelligence Vijjā science paññā wisdom taṇhā lust, thirst mettā love icchā desire bhikkhā begged-food gāthā stanza mālā garland khiḍḍā play, sport puja honour Neuter Citta mind Sota ear Mũla root, price veḷuriya coral Upaṭṭhāna service ahata cloth Jala water osāna end loṇa salt savana hearing vajira diamond sāṭaka garment

Basic Pali Grammar Page 187 of 253 Declension of Dvi (two) and Ubha (two) Dvi and ubha are decline only in the plural in the three genders. For example 1. Dve satā = two animals 2. Dvehi canehi = with two persons Exercise: Decline “Dvi” and “a noun” (both dvi, ubho and a noun agree in a gender, a number and a case) Nom. Ubhinnaṃ nārīnaṃ = of two women Acc. ………….. ………… = …………………………. Ins. …………... ………… = …………………………. Dat. ………….. ………… = …………………………. Abl. …………. …………… = …………………………… Gen. ………… …………… = …………………………… Loc. ………… …………… = …………………………… Dvi (two) Ubha (two) Person Singular Plural Nom. Dve Ubho Acc. Dve Ubho Ins. Dvīhi Ubhohi Dat. Dvīnnaṃ Ubhinnaṃ Abl. Dvīhi Ubhohi Gen. Dvinnaṃ Ubhinnaṃ Loc. Dvīsu ubhosu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 188 of 253 Declension of Ti (three) It is declined in the three genders (plural) For example 1. Tayo macchā = three fish 2. Tisso gharaniyo = three house-wives Exercise: Decline “ti” and “a noun” (both eka and a noun agree in a gender, a number and a case) Nom. Tīhi rujjũhi = with three ropes Acc. ………. ……….. = ………………………… Ins. ……….. ……….. = ………………………… Dat. ………. ……….. = ………………………… Abl. ………. ……….. = ………………………… Gen. ……… ……….. = ………………………… Loc. ……… ……….. = ………………………… Masculine Feminine Neuter Case Plural Plural Plural Nom. Tayo Tisso Tīhi Acc. Tayo tisso Tīhi Ins. Tīhi Tīhi Tīhi Dat. tiṇṇaṃ, tiṇṇaṇṇaṃ tissannaṃ … like masculine... Abl. Tīhi Tīhi …………… Gen. tiṇṇaṃ, tiṇṇaṇṇaṃ tissannaṃ …………… Loc. Tīsu Tīsu ……………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 189 of 253 Declension of Catu (four) Catu (four) is declined in the three genders (plural) For example 1. Cattāro ācariyo = four teachers 2. Catasso thavikāyo = four bags Exercise: Decline “catu” and “a noun” (both eka and a noun agree in a gender, a number and a case) Nom. Catāri paṇṇāni = four books Acc. ……….. …………. = …………………….. Ins. ………… …………. = …………………….. Dat. ………… ………… = …………………….. Abl. ………… ………… = …………………….. Gen. ………… ………… = …………………….. Loc. ………… …………. = ……………………... Masculine Feminine Neuter Case Plural Plural Plural Nom. Cattāro, caturo Catasso Cattāri Acc. Cattāro, caturo Catasso Cattāri Ins. Catũhi Catũhi Catũhi Dat. catunnaṃ catassannaṃ … like masculine... Abl. Catũhi Catũhi …………… Gen. catunnaṃ catassannaṃ …………… Loc. Catũsu Catũsu ……………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 190 of 253 Declension of Pañca (five) Pañca (five) is declined in the three genders in the plural forms. Note: 6 (six) to 18 (aṭṭhārasa) are declined like pañca (5) For example 1. Pañca munussā = five human beings 2. Pañcahi ahīhi = with five snakes Case Plural Nom. Pañca Acc. Pañca Ins. Pañcahi Dat. Pañcannaṃ Abl. Pañcahi Gen. Pañcannaṃ Loc. Pañcasu

Basic Pali Grammar Page 191 of 253 Exercise: Decline “Pañca” and “a noun” (both eka and a noun agree in a gender, a number and a case) Nom. Pañcasu akkhīsu = in five eyes Acc. ………… ………… = ………………………. Ins. …………. ………… = ………………………. Dat. ………… ………… = ………………………. Abl. ………… ………… = ………………………. Gen. ……….. …………. = ………………………. Loc. ……….. …………. = ………………………. Cardinal number (continue) Number Pāli English Note (changing) 11 Ekādasa Eleven 12 Dvādasa, bārasa Twelve dvi→dvā, bā, dve, dasa →rasa 13 Terasa Thirteen ti→te 14 Catuddasa, cuddasa Fourteen Adding d before dasa 15 Pañcadasa, paṇṇarasa Fifteen pañca→paṇṇa 16 soḷasa Sixteen cha→so, dasa→ḷasa 17 Sattarasa Seventeen 18 aṭṭharasa Eighteen *19 Ekũnavīsati, ũnavīsa Nineteen Ekũna, ũna (minus) instead of nine 20 Vīsa, Vīsati Twenty 21 Eka Vīsati Twenty-one

Basic Pali Grammar Page 192 of 253 22 Dvā Vīsati, bā Vīsati Twenty-two dvi→dvā, bā 23 Te Vīsati Twenty- three ti→te 24 Catu Vīsati Twenty-four 25 Pañca Vīsati Twenty-five 26 Chabbīsati Twenty-six v→bb 27 Satta Vīsati Twentyseven 28 aṭṭha Vīsati Twenty-eight *29 ekũnatiṃsa, ũnatiṃsa Twenty-nine 30 tiṃsa, tiṃsati Thirty 31 ekatttiṃsa Thirty-one Adding t 32 dvattiṃsa, battiṃsa Thirty-two Dvi→v 33 tettiṃsa Thirty-three 34 catuttiṃsa Thirty-four 35 pañcattiṃsa Thirty-five 36 chattiṃsa Thirty-six 37 sattiṃsa Thirty-seven 38 aṭṭha tiṃsa Thirty-eight *39 Ekũna cattālīsa, Thirty-nine 40 Ũna cattāḷīsa 41 cattāḷīsa Forty 42 Eka cattāḷīsa Forty-one 43 … (to continue) 44 … 45 … 46 …

Basic Pali Grammar Page 193 of 253 47 … 48 … *49 … 50 Paññāsa,paṇṇāsa Fifty 51 … 52 … 53 … 54 … 55 … 56 … 57 … 58 … *59 … 60 saṭṭhī Sixty 61 … 62 … 63 … 64 … 65 … 66 … 67 … 68 … *69 … 70 Sattati Seventy 71 … 72 …. 73 … 74 … 75 …