Basic Pali Grammar Page 194 of 253 76 … 77 … 78 … *79 … 80 Asīti Eighty 81 … 82 … 83 … 84 … 85 … 86 … 87 … 88 … *89 … 90 Navuti Ninety 91 … 92 … 93 … 94 … 95 … 96 … 97 … 98 … *99 … 100 sataṃ Hundred 200 … 300 … 400 … 500 …
Basic Pali Grammar Page 195 of 253 Note * Using “ekũna (eka+ũna) or ũna” (minus) instead of nine before 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100, it means that “minus” (30-1=29 : ekũnatiṃsa, ũnatiṃsa etc.) Declension of numeral 19 and following 1. Numbers ending in sa are declined like ekũvīsa 2. Numbers ending in ti are declined like ratti (singular) 3. Numbers ending in ī are declined like nārī (singular) 4. Numbers ending in ā are declined like kaññā (singular) 5. Numbers ending in aṃ are declined like kulaṃ (singular) 6. Koti is declined like rati (both numbers) 7. The numerals from 19 to 98 are Feminine declined like rati (singular only) 600 … 700 … 800 … 900 … 1,000 Sahassa Thousand 10,000 Dasasahassa Ten thousand 100,000 satasahassaṃ, lakkhaṃ One hundred thousand 1000,000 dasasatasahssaṃ, One million 10,000,00 0 Koti Ten million 100,000,0 00 Dasa-koti One hundred million 1000,000, 000 Sata-kati Thousand million
Basic Pali Grammar Page 196 of 253 8. sataṃ (100) sahassaṃ (1000), dasasahassaṃ (10,000), satasahassaṃ, lakkhaṃ (100,000), dasasatasahassaṃ (1,000,000) are Neuter and are, therefore, declined like kulaṃ (family). Exercise: Write the following number in Pāli 1. 48 = ……………………………… 2. 66 = ……………………………… 3. 73 = ……………………………… 4. 77 = ……………………………… 5. 85 = ……………………………… 6. 88 = ……………………………… 7. 89 = ……………………………… 8. 99 = ……………………………… 9. 300 = ……………………………… 10.900 = ……………………………… 11.28 = ……………………………… 12.33 = ……………………………… 13.49 = ……………………………… 14.51 = ……………………………… 15.60 = ………………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 197 of 253 Puraṇa saṁkhyà (Ordinal number) Ordinal number is a number that refers to the position of something in a series, for example, first, second etc. Pāli ordinal number is formed by adding some suffixes “tiya”, “ṭha”, “ma”, and “ī” to the cardinal number, as an adjective they can used or declined in three genders. Ordinal number The ordinal number is of the three genders with the only singular form, declined like adjective that modify the main substantives, so their genders, numerals and cases are the same. Suffix Cardinal+suffix Masculine Feminine Neuter -tiya Adding to 2-3 Dvi→du+tiya ti→te→tiya Dutiyo Tatiyo Dutiyā Tatiyā dutiyaṃ tatiyaṃ -ṭha -ī Adding to 6 Cha+tiya=chaṭṭha chaṭṭho chaṭṭhā, chaṭṭhī chaṭṭhaṃ -tha Adding to 4 Catu+tiya=catuṭṭha catuttho Catutthā, catuthī cattutthaṃ -m Adding to all Except 2, 3,4, 6 eka→paṭha+m= pañca+m= etc. paṭhamo pañcamo paṭhamā pañcamā paṭhamaṃ pañcamṃ -ī Adding to 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 18 to show the feminine number Ekādaī, dvādasī, bārasī, terasī, catuddasī, paṇṇarasī
Basic Pali Grammar Page 198 of 253 Person Masculine Feminine Neuter (Nom.) First paṭhamo paṭhamā paṭhamaṃ Second dutiyo dutiyā dutiyaṃ Third tadiyo tadiyā tadiyaṃ etc. For example 1. paṭhamo puriso = the first man 2. dutiyā ithiyī = the second women 3. tadiyaṃ kulaṃ = the third faily etc. Exercise 1: Write the ordinal number in Pāli 1. the 1st ratha = …………………………….. 2. the 5th manussa = ……………………………. 3. The 13th kumara = ……………………………. 4. The 15th yakkah = ……………………………. 5. The 19th vānara = ……………………………. 6. The 22nd kaññā = ……………………………. 7. The 38th kumārī = ……………………………. 8. The 49th rajju = ……………………………. 9. The 51st bhāsā = ……………………………. 10.The 75th nārī = ……………………………. 11.The 83rd kula = ……………………………. 12.The 88th kamala = ……………………………. 13.The 99th bhikkhu = ……………………………. 14.The 100th hatthī = ……………………………. 15.The 800th sarabũ = …………………………….
Basic Pali Grammar Page 199 of 253 CHAPTER 25 Avyaya (Indeclinable) An Avyaya or indeclinable is that whose form remains the same in all genders, numbers, and end-cases, without undergoing any charge. There are three kinds of Avyaya; Upasagga, Nipāta, and Pacaya. Upasagga (Prefixes) An Upasagga or Prefix is an indeclinable word which possesses an independent meaning and which, when prefixed to substantives or nouns and verbs usually modifies their original stems. It can not be declined like nouns and placed in front of nouns, adjectives and verbs to modify them. In Pāli Upasagga or prefixes have twenty words, namely; Group A. Upasagga (Prefixes) Meaning Ati- Very, over, beyond, upto, ,over, gone beyond excess, etc. Adhi- Up to, in, upon, over, on, above, great Anu- After, like, behind, along, under sub, according to Apa- Away, from, away from Api-, pi- Over, near, off, around Abhi- To, into, forward, towards, high, great, special, over Ava-, o- Down, away, off, around Ā- Up to, until, as far as, around, reversing to, U- Up, above, away Upa- Near, towards, next, by the side of, sub, below, less, strong
Basic Pali Grammar Page 200 of 253 For example; Group B. Upasagga Nouns Adjective Verb Compounding Meaning Ati Sundharo (good) Atisundharo Very good Adhi Seti (to sleep) Adhiseti To sleep above Anu Thero (priest) Anuthero A subpriest Apa Gacchati (to go) Apagacchati To go away Api kaṇṇo (ear) apikaṇṇo Near the ear Abhi Mahanto (big) Abhimahanto Very big Av Siro (hear) avaṃsiro The low heard Ā Harati (to bring) Āharati To bring U Patho (road) Uppatho Off road Upa Gacchati (to go) Upagacchati To enter Upasagga Meaning Du- Bad, difficult Ni- Away, in, into, down, without, great, Ni- Away, without, outwards, out of Pa- Forward, forth, in, chief
Basic Pali Grammar Page 201 of 253 For example; Pati- Against, toward, back Parā- Away, aside, oppose to Pari- Around, about, complete Vi- Apart, separate, no, from, special, different, opposite to saṃ- With, together, self, good Su- Good, well, thoroughly, excellent Upasagg a Nouns Adjective Verbs Compoundin g Meaning Du Gati (going) Dugati Evil state Ni Gacchati (to go) Nigacchati To go away Ni bhayaṃ (danger) nirabhayaṃ Dangerousles s Pa Jānāti (to know) Pajānāti To know well paṭ Deti (to give) paṭideti To return Parā Jaya (win) Parājayo Lose Pari Nā (knowin g) Paiññā Knowing well Vi Jānāti (to khnow) Vijanāti To know well saṃ Carati (to go) Sañcarati To go well Su Kara (doing) sukaraṃ Doing easy
Basic Pali Grammar Page 202 of 253 Upasagga or some prefixes are sometimes changed in different forms before using. Ati changed as acca acceti (to go before) Adhichanged as ajjh ajjhoharati (to swallow) Anu changed as anava anevati (to return) Abhichanged as abbhaabbhuggacchati(to rise up) paṭi changed as paccapaceti (to come back) saṃ changed as the final consonants of the groups: ṅ, ñ, na, ma, la, for example; saṃ + carati = sañcarati (to go) NipÃta (An indeclinable particle) Nipāta is an indeclinable word which may stand either before or after another word . The Nipāta consists of words of which the functions are like 22 particles, adverbs conjunction, and interjections. Nipāta is divided into several groups according to grammatical book of Mahasamana chao, 1. Ālapananipāta : A word that addresses or vocaliszes a person Ālapananipāta Meaning/Usage Yagghe A hortative particle used in addressing a superior person, hear! Bhante, bhadante O! lord, reverend sir, (polite address to a Buddhist monk) bhaṇe A term often used for addressing inferior, I say! 22 Nārada thera : an elementary Pāli course
Basic Pali Grammar Page 203 of 253 Some of Ālapananipāta23 Nipāta of Time Ambho Hello! Hollo, (a particle emphasized to draw attention), sir!, (not very respectful) Avuso Friend! Brother (a form of polite address among monks), polie address between equals, also the juniors Re, are He! Hollo! I say! Damn you! Hey He Hey! Eh, here, my dear Je A particle used to address a slave woman or a woman of low grade. You! Ahala = alas! Oh! Oho! Ah! Aho vata = oh! Oho! Are = sirrah! I say, here! Dhi, dhĩ = shame, wow! Bho = friend! Sir! I say! bhaṇe = I say, to be sure! Maññe = why! He = oh! O! Sadhu = well, very good, very well Je/re = contemptuous addressing Atha thus upari above Divā date anto inside Suve tomorrow bahi outside Sve tomorrow sampati now Charles Duoisell: Practical Grammar of the Pāli Language, Buddha 23 Dhamma Education Association Inc.,1997.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 204 of 253 Nipāta of Place uddhaṃ above upari above antarã between anto inside tiro outside bahi outside bahiddã outside bãhirã outside adho below heṭṭhã under oraṃ the near shore pãraṃ the opposite shore, another huraṃ another world sammukhã face to face with, in the presence, in front, parammukhã with face turn away, in one’s absence raho secretly, in secrecy, a lonely plance Nipāta of Measure Nipāta of Comparison Kiva how much? How long yāva up to, as far as Tāva so much, so long yāvadeva in, at that moment Tāvadeva in, at that moment yāvatā as long as life lasts Tāvatā so long kittāvatā how for, in what respect Ettāvatā so for, to that extent samantā around Viya if iva if Yathā as, like seyyathā just as yathātaṃ as, like tathā thus, so, in that way, likewise evaṃ thus (iti) eva just so, thus
Basic Pali Grammar Page 205 of 253 Nipāta of Mode and Method Nipāta of Negative Nipāta of the past time Nipāta of Conditional evaṃ thus, in this way (imply), yes kathaṃ how yathā as, like Na no no no Mā no va, eva only, alone, just, surely vinā except alaṃ enough, not Kira it seems, so if, is said khalu it seems, so if, is said sudaṃ seems, so if, is said Ce if Sace if Yadi if atha if Appeva perhaps yannuna what not if
Basic Pali Grammar Page 206 of 253 Nipāta of Question Nipāta of reply Āma yes Āmantā yes Nipāta of Invitation Nipāta of Conjunctions kiṃ what? kathaṃ how? Kacci surtly, I hope Nu indeed Manu surtly, I hope Udāhu or Āhu or seyyathīdaṃ that’s to say, ie. iṇgha look! taggha truly; surely; if it so hanta let’s now, alas! Ce and vā or, either… or Hi because, indeed, for tu indeed; but Pana and, yet, but, on therefore Api emphases, and, even, and then; Apica but, further athavā another, else
Basic Pali Grammar Page 207 of 253 Nipāta of completing the sentence Buddhagaya in the past Nu indeed su (emphases) Ve hey! Vo hey! Kho indeed vata surely, certainly, indeed, alas Have but, indeed
Basic Pali Grammar Page 208 of 253 Nipāta of several text Aññadatthusurely, at any rate, on the other hand Atho then, and also Addhā surely avassaṃ inevitably aho oh (stating, prove, or blame) ārā far nīcaṃ low nũna surely, I hope nānā different, differently pacchā afterwards pageva early, not be said of paṭṭhāya beginning with, hence forth from the time of paṭikacceva early, not be said of pabhũti beginning from, since, subsequently punappunnaṃ often bhiyyo more, in a higher degree bhiyoso more, in a higher degree puna again āvī (i) openly, before one’s eyes uccaṃ high iti thus, (this particle is used in quotating the words of others, at the end of the sentence etc…) kiñcāpi although kvaci somewhere micchā wrong musā false mudhā emty sakiṃ one time satakkhattuṃ the hundred times saddhiṃ with, together (with the instrumentive) saṇkaṃ shofty, highly sayaṃ onself, by oneself saha with sacchi to be realized sadhu good, well done sāddhuka well antarena between (with the genitive)
Basic Pali Grammar Page 209 of 253 Paccaya (suffixes) Paccaya, or a suffix is the group of words that is added to a pronominal or nominal stem for showing the case. (Suffix , a letter or letters 24 added to the end of a word to form a new word.) In Pāli suffixes can be added to the pronominal stem to form their cases. 1. -To is added into the demonstrative pronoun to show the case of the Instrumental and the Ablative in only the singular form and indicate the place. For example Sabba-to from every side (sabba + to) I-to from here (ima + to) Ta-to from there etc… (ta + to) Exercise: Find out the meaning of words from Pāli Dictionary. 1. Sabbato = …………………. ……………….. 2. Annatto = ………………… ……………….. 3. Itarato = ………………… ……………….. 4. Ekato = ………………… ……………….. 5. Ubhato = ………………… ……………….. 6. Parato = ………………… ……………….. 7. Tato = ………………… ……………….. 8. Ato = ………………… ……………….. Pronominal stem + suffix Longman Dictionary of contemporary English. 24
Basic Pali Grammar Page 210 of 253 9. Ito = ………………… ……………….. 10.Aparato = ………………… ……………….. 11.Purato = ………………… ……………….. 12.dakkhiṇato = ………………… ……………….. 13.vāmato = ………………… ……………….. 14.uttarato = ………………… ……………….. 15.pacchato = ………………… ……………….. 16.adharato = ………………… ……………….. 17.yato = ………………… ……………….. 18.amuto = ………………… ……………….. 19.katarato = ………………… ……………….. 20.kuto = ………………… ……………….. 2. –tra, -ttha, -ha, -dha, -dhi, -hiṃ, -haṃ, -hiñcanaṃ, -va are added into the demonstrative pronoun to show the case of the locative in the singular form and indicate the place. For example Ta-tra there A-tra here I-ttha here I-dha in this way etc… Exercise: look for the meanings of words from Pāli dictionaries. 1. Sabbadhi = ………………… ……………….. 2. Aññatra = ………………… ……………….. 3. Yattha = ………………… ……………….. 4. yahaṃ = ………………… ……………….. 5. katra = ………………… ……………….. 6. kuhiṃ = ………………… ………………..
Basic Pali Grammar Page 211 of 253 7. kuhaṃ = ………………… ……………….. 8. atra = ………………… ……………….. 9. ubhayattha = ………………… ……………….. 10.ettha = ………………… ……………….. 11.idha = ………………… ……………….. 12.iha = ………………… ……………….. 13.kuhiñcanaṃ = ………………… ……………….. 14.kva = ………………… ……………….. 15.kattha = ………………… ……………….. 3. –dā, -dāhi, -rahi, -dhunā, -dācanaṃ, -jja, -jju are added into the demonstrative pronoun to show the singular case of the locative and indicate time. For example Etara-hi nowadays I-dāni now a-jja today etc… Exercise: look for the meanings of words from Pāli dictionary. 1. Sadā = ………………… ……………….. 2. Ekadā = ………………… ……………….. 3. Yadā = ………………… ……………….. 4. Idāni = ………………… ……………….. 5. Etarahi = ………………… ……………….. 6. Karahaci = ………………… ……………….. 7. Adhunā = ………………… ……………….. 8. Ajja = ………………… ……………….. 9. Sajju = ………………… ……………….. 10.Parajju = ………………… ………………..
Basic Pali Grammar Page 212 of 253 4. –tve, -tuṃ, - tuna, -tvā, -tvāna are added into the root to show the singular case of the nominative and the dative and indicate manner. For example Kātve to do kātuṃ to do kātũna to do katvā having done or made katvāna having done or made (see particles) Exercise : Compound the root with the suffix. 1. Gaṃ + tve = ………………………………….. 2. Car + tuṃ = ………………………………….. 3. Su + tũnā = ………………………………….. 4. Cint + tvāna = ………………………………….. 5. Gah + tuṃ = ………………………………….. 6. Bhuj + tve = ………………………………….. 7. Bhudh + tuṃ = ………………………………….. 8. Vas + tuṃ = ………………………………….. 9. Har + tve = ………………………………….. 10.raṃ + tvā = …………………………………..
Basic Pali Grammar Page 213 of 253 Danto seṭṭho manussesu. He who has well-trained himself is the best among mankind. Nd.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 214 of 253 CHAPTER 26 Kind of Pali sentences 1. Question sentence Question words in Pali The most common question words in Pali are the following: Kiṃ (Verb to Do / what ), for example : Kiṃ theraṃ passasi. Do you see an elder? : Kiṃ te paṇṇaṃ atthi? Do you have a book? Kasmã (why): Kasmã tvaṃ nãgatosi? Why did you not come? Kuhiṃ (where): Kuhiṃ vasasi? Where do you live? Kadã (when) : Kadã vihãre ãgacchasi? When do you come to temple? The question of yes or no begins with the finite verb, for example; Passasi sattaṃ?(-si = tvaṃ) Do you see an animal? Atthi te paṇṇaṃ? (asi + ti =atthi) Do you have a book? 2. Commands, Requests Pali sentence of commands and requests is different from English. Pañcamĩ vibhatti (Endings/termination) are added to root to form the sentence. The subject of command or request is often omitted.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 215 of 253 Termination of Command Conjugation of Verb gam, to go Remark: Before -mi and -ma of the present tense, the a fo the base is lengthened. The first person, singular : gacchatu (He, She, It) Go. plural: gacchantu (They) Go. The second person, singular: gacchãhi (gaccha) (you) Go. plural : gacchatha (you) Go. The third person, singular: gacchãmi (I) Go. plural; gacchãma (We) Go. A word “mã” not is placed the front of the verb to indicate the negative Mã evaṃ vadatha. You do not speak like this. Examples of usage A person Singular Plural Paṭhampuriso; the first person -tu -antu Majjhimapuriso; the second person -hi -tha Uttamapuriso;the third person -mi -ma A person Singular Plural Paṭhampuriso; the first person gacchatu -tu gacchantu -antu Majjhimapuriso; the second person gacchãhi, gaccha- -hi gacchatha -tha Uttamapuriso;the third person gacchãmi -mi gacchãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 216 of 253 sabbe sattã averã hontu. sabbe sattã apyapajjhã hontu. sebbe sattã anĩghã hontu. sabbe sattã sukhĩ attãnaṃ pariharantu. Dĩghãyuko hotu mahãrãjã. Dĩghãyuko hotu mahãrãjinĩ. Dĩghãyuko hotu sangharãjã. TENSE : PRESENT TENSE (Active Voice) Pañcamĩ : Imperative and Benedictive Mood Terminations Remark: 1. The vowel precding “hi”, “mi”, and “ma” is always lengthened, such as; gacchãhi = (you) go! gacchãmi = (I) go! gacchãma = (we) go! 2. In the second person “hi” is sometimes omitted, such as gacchãhi→gacha :Go! (You) 3. Tense of Pañcamĩ is present. 4. The prohibitive particle “mã”,not, is sometimes used with this mood, such as, mã ãgacchãhi. (You) do not come. Persons Singular Plural Senses First person tu antu Command Second person hi, - tha Wish: May … Third person mi ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 217 of 253 Inflection of roots25 Usage of Pañcami 1. Command : Gacchãhi (You) go! 2. Wish : Sabbe sattã averã hontu. May human beings be enemy. Exercise A: Conjugate the roots with terminations of verbs agreeing with numbers and persons 1.Ikkh, to see Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =_________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ Roots Suffix Verb Senses tan, to spread out o tanotu Command kar, to do o karontu Wish, May… sakk, to be able o sakkohi jãgar, to wake up o jãgarom i 25 libid., p. 102
Basic Pali Grammar Page 218 of 253 2. Labh, to gain Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ 3. muc, to free Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________ Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ 4. budh, to enlighten Singular: So___________________ =___________________ Sã___________________ =___________________ Puriso ___________________ =___________________ Tvaṃ___________________ =___________________ Ahaṃ___________________ =___________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 219 of 253 Plural: Te___________________ =___________________ Tumhe___________________ =___________________. Myaṃ___________________ =___________________ 3.Vãcaka :Sentence in Pali Pattern of the verb of sentence : Active and Passive In English, sentences have two voices, passive and active voices. Active voice is used when the subject is the doer of the action while passive voice is used when the subject is the receiver of the action . 26 Voice suffix Root Vibhatti (suffixes) Examples Active a,e Ya Ṇu,ṇã nã ṇhã O Ṇe,ṇya Bhũ,rudha Div Su kĩ Gah Tan Cur Transitive or intransitive Parassapada gacchati, to goes marati, to dies pacati. To cook bhuñjati, to eats Suṇãti, to listens jinãti, to buys gaṇhãti, to holds karati. To does coreti, to steal Passive Ya Transitive root Attanopada Paciyate Causal Ṇe Ṇya Ṇãpe ṇãpaya Bothe transitive and intransitve roots Parassapada pãceti, Pãcayati Pãcãpeti Pãcãpayati Passive causal Ṇãpiya Transitive root Attanopada Pãcãpiyate Corãpiyate English teacher, h[ps://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/causa5ve-verbs-ac5ve-and-passive/[Sept. 26 14,2561].
Basic Pali Grammar Page 220 of 253 1. Kattu Vãcaka :Active voice Active voice is used in a clause whose subject expresses the main verb's agent ,for examples; 27 Sũdo odanaṃ pacati. A cook cooks rice. Bhikkhu gãmaṃ gacchati. A monk goes to a village 2. Kamma Vãcaka: Passive voice In contrast, a clause in which the subject has the role of patient or theme is named a passive clause, and its verb is expressed in passive voice. Sũdena odano paciyate. Rice is cooked by a cook. Kumãrehi satto disiyãte. An animal is seen by childern. 3. Hetukattu vãcaka :Causative sentence Causative sentence express the idea of somebody causing someone to happen or causing another person to do something. Causative verb active Root Paccaya Stem Vibhatti (parassapada) Pac Ṇe Pãce Pãceti , casues to cook Ṇya Pãcaya Pãcayati ṇãpe Pãcãpe Pãcãpeti ṇãpaya Pãcãpaya Pãcãpayati wikipedia, h[ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac5ve_voice[Sept.14,2561] 27
Basic Pali Grammar Page 221 of 253 Examples ; Sãmiko sũdaṃ odanaṃ pãcãpeti. A boss got a cooker to cook rice. Ãcariyo sãmaṇeraṃ pattaṃ gãhãpeti/ gaṇhãpayati. A teacher caused a novice to hold a black-bowl. Causative Verbs in English28 1. Subject + get/cause+someone +to do + something 2. Subject + have/make +do+ something EXamples 1. He got a barber to cut his hair. 2. He caused a barber to cut his hair. 3. I have a mechanic fix my car. 4. I make a mechanic fix my car. 4.Hetukamma Vãcaka : Causative Passive : Causative verb + object + past participle e.g. sãmikena sũdena odano pãcãpiyate. Rice got a cook cooked by a boss Major Suteera Trakuldit, English Gramma8c structure and usage, (Bangkok:Asia 87 kor, 28 2529),pp85-87.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 222 of 253 CHAPTER 27 KITAKA : Verbal Derivatives Kitaka, Verbal derivatives, is some words formed by adding suffixes of Kitaka to verbal roots. Kitaka words are used as nouns or verbs in the sentence. In Kitaka there are two typse, namely; 1. Nãma kitatk is a word formed by adding suffiexs to verbal roots used as a noun, for examples; ⎷nĩ, to lead + ṇavu = nãyako, a leader ⎷su, to listen + ṇa = sãvako, a listener ⎷Bhudh, to enlinghten + ta = Buddho, a Buddha 2. Kiriyã kitaka is a word formed by adding suffixes to verbal roots used as a verb, for examples; ⎷su, to listen + tvã = sutvã, have listened ⎷paca, to cook + ta = pacita, cooked ⎷rakkha, to protect + ta = rakkhita, protected Nãma kitaka The following are some examples of kita paccaya: kavi, ṇĩ, ṇavu, tu,and rũ. Prefix Roots Suffix Examples ura, the chest Gama Kvi urago, one who goes with the chest, a snake Dhamma vada ṇĩ dhammavãdĩ, one who preach always doctrines. dã Ṇavu → Aka dãyako, one who gives
Basic Pali Grammar Page 223 of 253 The following are some examples of kicca paccaya : kha, ṇaya The following are some examples of kicca paccaya : a, i, ṇa, tve, ti, tuṃ, yu. Remark: tuṃ 1. The suffix “tuṃ” is the sign of the infinitive in English. It is simply added to the roots of one syllable to form the infinitve. Kar Tu kattã, one who makes su, well bhar rũ subharo, one who is fed easily. Preffix Root Suffix Example du, bad rakkha, to protect Kha durakkhaṃ, to be protected badly vada, to speak Ṇaya vajjaṃ, to be said Prefix Root Suffix Example Sikkh,to study A sikkhã, education Ni dhã, to bear I nidhi, property Kamma kara, to do Ṇa kammakãro, one who does deed kara, to do Tve kãtave, to do sara, to remember Ti sati, remembering gama, to go tuṃ gantuṃ, to go gama, to go yu→ aka gamanaṃ, going
Basic Pali Grammar Page 224 of 253 2. An extra “i” is added before “tuṃ” in the case of the bases consisting of more than one syllable. Examples: pacituṃ = to cook pivituṃ = to drink dãtuṃ = to give karituṃ = to do kãtuṃ = to do In Pali it is used to be nominative (Paṭhamãvibhatti) or dative (Catutthĩvibhatti), for examples; Nominative : kãtuṃ = doing Dative : gantuṃ = to go 3. Nãma kitaka words are used as nouns or adjectives.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 225 of 253 kariyà kitaka The following are some examples of kita paccaya: anta, tvantu, tãvĩ The following are some examples of kicca paccaya: anĩya, tabba The following are some examples of kitakicca paccaya: mãna, ta, tuna, tvã, tvãna prefix Root Suffix Example kara, to do Anta Karonto,doing su, to listen Tvantu sutvã, listened bhuja, to eat tãvĩ bhuttãvĩ, to eat Prefix Root suffix Example kara, to do anĩya karaṇĩyaṃ, should be done paca, to cook tabba pacitabbaṃ, should be cooked Prefix Root suffix Example kara, to do Mãna kurumãno, to do gama, to go Ta gato, gone kara, to do tũna kãtũna, to do tvã katvã, having done Tvãna katvãna, having done
Basic Pali Grammar Page 226 of 253 Tense of kiriyãkita Paccaya or suffixes in kiriyãkita indecate the tense of participles,namely; Present tense : anta, mãna Past tense : tvantu, tãvĩ, ta, tvã, tvãna : anĩya, tabba Declension of kiriyãtkitaka (Suffix) Declinble suffixes : anta, mãna,ta,tvantu, tãvĩ, anĩya and tabba anta : Mas. : anto declined like Purisa Fem(ĩ) : antĩ declined like Nãrĩ Neu.: antaṃ declined like kula mãna: Mas.: mãno declined like purisa Fem.: mãnã declined like kaññã Neu.: mãnaṃ declined like kula ta: Mas.: to declined like purisa Fem.: tã declined like kaññã Neu.: taṃ declined like kula tvantu :Mas: tvantu declined like bhagavantu Fem. : tvãvinĩ declined like nãrĩ Neu.: tvantu→tvãvi declined like akkhi anĩya/tabba : Mas. Anĩya / tabba declined like purisa. Fem. anĩyã / tabbã declined like kaññã Neu. anĩyaṃ / tabbaṃ declined like kula
Basic Pali Grammar Page 227 of 253 Remark:anta / mãna 1. The suffixes “anta and mãna” is added the roots to form the verbal adjectives or the present acitve participle in English. Being adjectives they are declined in all the genders. They agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify, in gender, number and case. 2.The present passive participles are formed by adding the passive suffix “ya” between the root and the suffix “mãna”. If the ending of the root is “a” or “ã”, it is chanaged into “i” ,for examples; Anta/mãna : gam+a+ anta = gacchanta, going : gam+a+mãn = gacchamãn, going : kar +o+anta = karonta, doing : kar+a +mãna = kuramãna, doing : kath+a+anta = kathenta, speaking : kath+a+mãna = kathamãna, speaking : pac+a+anta = pacanta, cooking : pac+a+mãna = pacamãno, cooking kar+i+mãna = kariyamãna, being done bhuj+i+mãna = bhuñjiyamãna, being eaten vad+ya+mãna = vuccamãna, being spoken29 Declension of the present participle gacchanta, going, modifing purisa, a person in masculine. Cases Singular Plural Nom. Puriso gacchanto Purisā gacchantã 29 vud+ya= vucca by changing d+ya as a cc
Basic Pali Grammar Page 228 of 253 Example Puriso gacchanto = a person going Purisã gacchantã = person going purisassa gacchantassa= of a person going etc. Declension of the present participle gacchanta, going, modifing nãrĩ, a women, in feminine and adding the symbol of feminine “i” to anta as a antĩ declining like nãrĩ Acc. Purisaṃ gacchantaṃ Purise gacchante Ins.* Purisena gacchantena Purisehi, purisebhi gacchantehi Dat. Purisassa, purisāya, puristthaṃ gacchantassa purisānaṃ gacchantãnaṃ Abl. Purisasmā, purisamhā, purisā, gacchantasmã Purisehi, purisebhi gacchantehi Gen. Purisassa gacchantassa purisānaṃ gacchantãnaṃ Loc. purisasmiṃ, purisammhi, purise gacchantasmiṃ purisesu gacchantesu Voc. Purisa gacchanta Purisā gacchantã Cases Singular Plural Nom. nārī gacchantĩ nāriyo, nārī gacchantiyo Acc. nāriṃ, nāriyaṃ gacchantiṃ nāriyo, nārī gacchantiyo Ins. nāriyā gacchantiyã nārīhi, nārībhi gacchantĩhi
Basic Pali Grammar Page 229 of 253 Examples : Nãrĩ gacchantĩ = a woman going nãriyã gacchantiyã = for a woman going Declension of the present participle gacchanta, going, modifing Kula, a family, in Neuter declining like Kula Dat. nāriyā gacchantiyã nārīnaṃ gacchantĩnaṃ Abl. nāriyā gacchantiyã nārīhi, nārībhi gacchantĩhi Gen. nāriyā gacchantiyã nārīnaṃ gacchantĩnaṃ Loc. nāriyā, nāriyaṃ gacchantiyã nārīsu gacchantĩsu Voc. nārī gacchantĩ nāriyo, nārī gacchantiyo Cases Singular Plural Nom. kulaṃ gacchantaṃ kulāni gacchantãni Acc. kulaṃ gacchantaṃ kulāni gacchantãni Ins. kulena gacchantena kulehi, kulebhi Gacchantehi Dat. kulassa, kulāya, kulatthaṃ Gacchantassa kulānaṃ gacchantãnaṃ Abl. kulasmā, kulamhā, kulā gacchantasmã kulehi, kulebhi Gacchantehi Gen. kulassa gacchantassa kulānaṃ gacchantãnaṃ Loc. kulasmiṃ, kulamhi, kule gacchantasmiṃ kulesu gacchantesu Voc. kula gacchanta kulāni gacchantãni
Basic Pali Grammar Page 230 of 253 Ta The suffixes “ta” is added the roots to form the verbal adjectives or the past participle in English. 1. Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “ma and na”, they are dropped. gam + ta = gata, gone ã+gam+ta = ãgata, come ram+ta = rata, enjoyed khan+ta = khata, dug han+ta = hata, killed 2. Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “ca, ja, and pa”, they are changed into “ta”. sic+ta = sitta, poured bhuj+ta = bhutta, eaten gup+ta = gutta, protected 3. Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “da”. It is dropped and then “ta” is changed into “ nna”,for examples; chad+ta = channa, closed sad+ta = sann, sunk chid+ta = chinna, cut 4.Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “ra”. It is dropped and then “ta” is changed into “ ṇṇa”,for example; tar+ta = tiṇṇa, crossed pũr+ta = puṇṇ, full, completed 5.Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “sa”. It is dropped and then “ta” is changed into “ ṭṭha”,for examples; tus+ta = tuṭṭha, enjoyed
Basic Pali Grammar Page 231 of 253 has+ta = haṭṭha, laughed 6.Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “dha and bha”. They are dropped and then “ta” are changed into “ ddha”,for examples; budh+ta = buddha, enlightened labh+ta = labbha, gained 7.Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “ma”. It is dropped and then “ta” is changed into “ nta”,for examples; dam+ta = danta, tamed sam+ta = santa, calmed 8.Ta is added to the roots ending in consonants “ha”. It is dropped and then “ta” is changed into “ Ịha”,for examples; ruha+ta = ruỊha, grew muh+ta = muỊha,deluded, deceived vuh+ta = vuỊha,floated The suffixes “ta” is added the roots to form the past verb.Being a verb of nouns it is delined in all the genders. The suffix “ta” is added to the roots to form the past finite verb and must be declined according to a gende, a number of nouns modified. Ta in Masculine : ta declined like purisa Feminine : tã declined like kaññã Neuter : taṃ declined like kula Examples Puriso gato. A person went. Kaññã gatã.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 232 of 253 A woman went. Kulãni gatãni. Familes went. Anĩya: should be v.3 The suffix “ anĩya” is added to the roots to form the potential participles in English, for examples; kar+ anĩya= karanĩya, should be done. vac+anĩya = vacanĩya, should be spoken. bhuj+anĩya= bhojanĩya, should be eaten. anĩya: Mas. anĩya declined like purisa. Fem. anĩya declined like kaññã Neu. anĩya declined like kula Examples Vacanaṃ vacanĩyaṃ. A word should be spoken. Bhattaṃ bhujanĩyaṃ. Rice should be eaten. kusalaṃ Kammaṃ karanĩyaṃ. Good deed should be done. Tabba :should be v.3 The suffix “Tabba” is added to the roots to form the potential participles in English. If ending of the root is “a”, it is often changed into “i”, for examples; dã+tabba = dãtabba, should or must be given. ñã+tabba = ñãtabba, should be known. pac+tabba = pacitabba, should be cooked. kar+tabba = kattabba, should be done.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 233 of 253 vad+tabba = vattabba, should be spoken. bhuj+tabba = bhuñjitabba,should be eaten. The finite verbs formed from adding “tabba” to the roots are declined according to a gender, a number of nouns. tabba: Mas. tabba declined like purisa. Fem. tabbã declined like kaññã Neu. tabbaṃ declined like kula Examples Puriso vanditabbo. The person should be saluted. Ãhãrãni pacitabbãni. Some foods should be cooked. Indeclinable suffixes in English is called as Past Participles or Gerunds Remark: 1. tvã, tvãna and tũna may be optinally used, and they are added to the base by means of a connection vowel “i” when the base is not ending in a long “ã” tvã tvãna Tũna Senses Pacitvã pacitvãna pacitũna Having cooked bhuñjitvã bhuñjitvãna Bhuñjitũna Having eaten sayitvã Sayitvãna Sayitũna Having slept nahãtvã Nahãtvãna Nahãtũna Have bathed
Basic Pali Grammar Page 234 of 253 2. tvã, tvãna and tũna are mostly changed into “ya”, when it is added to the roots compounded with prefixes e.g. “ã, pa, ni” ã+dã+ ya = ãdãya , having given pa+hã+ya = pahãya, having left ni+sĩ+ ya = nissãya, having lived 3. “ya” added to the roots ending in “ma” is changed into “mma” ã+gam+ ya = ãgamma, having come ni+ Kham +ya = nikkhamma, having left abhi+ram + ya = abhiramma, having enjoyed 4. “ya” added to the roots ending in “da” is changed into “jja”,such as u+pad+ya = uppajja, having arised, pa+mad+ya = pamajja, having become intoxicated 5. “ya” added to the roots ending in “dha and bh” is changed into “ddhã or bbha”, such as; vidh + ya = viddhã, having stabbed labh +ya = laddhã, having gotten ã+rabh +ya = ãrabbha, having begun 6. “ya” added to the roots ending in “ha” is changed into “yaha”, such as; p+gah+ya = paggayha, having raised up saṃ+nah+ya = sannayha, having tied ã+ruha + ya = ãruyha, having ascended
Basic Pali Grammar Page 235 of 253 7. Sometimes, “tvã and tvãna” are changed into “svã, svãna” respectively, when they are added to “ dis, to see”, for example; ditvã = disvã, disvãna, having seen Examples; So gãmaṃ gantvã bhattaṃ bhuñjati. Having gone to the village, he ate rice. Puriso bhikkhuṃ disvã vanditvã nisĩdi. Having seen a monk, saluted, a person sat down. Manussã nadiṃ taritvã gãmaṃ ãgacchanti. Having crossed the river, human beings go to the village.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 236 of 253 CHAPTER 28 SAMÃSA : COMPOUNDS Composing of two or more simple words is Samãsa in Pali , for example, 30 Sayãme + jãto = syãmajãto, one who was born in Thailand Mahanto + puriso = mahãpuriso, a big person etc. In samãsa shorlyt there are two kinds; 1. Luttasamãso, A samãsa that the case-endings of the preceding words is dropped, for examples; Mahanto + puriso = Mahãpuriso31, a big person Sukhaṃ + patto = Sukhappato, a person who is happy Candimã ca Suriyo ca = Candimasuriyã , moon and sun etc. 2. Aluttasamãso, A samãsa that the case-endings of the preceding words is not dropped, for examples; Urasi + Lomo = Urasilomo, a peson with hair on chest The Samãsa book that Thai Buddhist monks study in the class is divided into 6 kinds according to names; 1. Kammadhãrayo, Descriptive determinate compounds 2. Digu, Numeral determinate compounds 3. Tappuriso, Dependent determinate compounds 4. Dvandavo, Copulative or Aggregative compounds 5. Avyayĩbhãvo, Adverbial compounds 6. Bahubbihi, Relative or Attributive compounds32 30 Somdet Phra Mahã Samaṇa Chao Krom Phraayã Vajirañaṇavarorasa, Pali Grammar, Vacĩvibhãga 2, Samãsa and Taddhita, (Bangkok : Mahãmakuṭa-rãjavidyalaya university,2554), p.107 31 lbid.,p.108. Charles Duroiselle, Practical Grammar of the Pali Language, 3 rd Edition,(Buddha Dharma 32 Education Association Inc.1997), p. 130.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 237 of 253 In An elementary Pali Course written by Ven.Nrada, Thera, Samãsa, A compound is divided into five classes 1. Adjective Compounds (Kammadhãraya) 2. Case Compounds (Tappurissa) 3. Copulative Compounds (Dvanda 4. Attributive Compounds (Bahubihi) and 5. Adverbial Compounds (Avyayĩbhãva) 1.SAMÃSA : Kammadhãrayo (Adjective Compounds)33 Descriptive determinate compounds Kammadhãyo is that which is formed by compounding a substantive with an adjective or a noun in appositions or an indeclinable used in an adjectival sense, as its prior member. Kammadhãrayo has 6 types ; 34 1. Visesanapubbapado [ Adj.+Substantive] A Compound, in which the determining or qualifying word is place first, such as, mahanto purist = mahãpuriso, a great man (Masculine) mahantĩ nadĩ = mahãnadĩ, great river (Feminine) mahantaṃ bhayaṃ = mahabbhayaṃ, great fear (Neuter) nĩlaṃ uppalaṃ = nĩluppalaṃ, a blue lotus Remark: 1. The word “mahanta” is changed into “mahã” Nãrada Thera, An elementary Pali Course, Buddha dhamma Education Association Inc. 1952., pp., 33 113-115 lbid.,p. 108 34
Basic Pali Grammar Page 238 of 253 2.The initial letter of qualifying word is sometimes used, for example; santo puriso = sappuriso, a peaceful man. 2. Visesanuttarapado [Substantive +Adj.] A compound is the second member determines the first, such as; nano + seṭṭho = naroseṭṭho, the oldest man satto + viseso = sattaviseso, the excellent animal naro + varo = naravaro, the good man 3. Visesanobhayapado [Adj. + Adj.] A compound is the two members of which are determine, such as; sĩtañca samaṭṭhañ ca = sĩtasamaṭṭhaṃ, cold and smooth andho ca vadhiro ca = andhavadhiro, blind and deaf khañjo ca khujo ca = khañjakhujo,lame and hump-backed 4. Visesanopamado [Analogy-adj.] A compound that analogy is expressed between the two terms. The word: viya, like, is understood between the two members. In these compounds, there are two types; 1. Upamãpubbapado; analogy is placed before.[ analogy-adj.+ substantive] e.g. ãdicco viya buddho = , the sun-like-Buddha sĩho viya muni = sĩhamuni, sage-like-lion 2. Upamãnuttarapado; analogy is placed behind; [substantive+ analogy-adj.] e.g. naro sĩho viya = narasĩho, man-like-lion Paññã pãsãdo iva = paññãpasãdo, wisdom-like-castle
Basic Pali Grammar Page 239 of 253 5. Sambhãvanapubbapado A compound is in which the first member indicates the origin of the second term, or he relation in which the second term stands to the first. In this compound such words as : iti - namely, thus called; evaṃ - thus, called; saṇkhãto - called, named; hutvã - being are generally understood, in order to bring out the full meaning of the compound , for example; 35 aniccaṃ iti saññã = aniccasaññã, the idea, namely, impermance. satto iti saññã = sattasaññã, the idea, namely, an animal khattiyo [ahaṃ] iti mano = khattiyamano, the idea, namely, a king 6. Avadhãraṇapubbapado A compound is in which the first member specifies a general term. Native grammarians, in resolving these compounds, insert the word “eva”-just, even between the two terms of the compounds. In English the compounds must be translated as if they were in the genitive relation , for example; 36 paññã eva pajoto = paññapajjoto, the lamp of wisdom silaṃ eva dhanaṃ = siladhanaṃ, treasure of morality paññã eva satthaṃ = paññãsatthaṃ, the sword of wisdom 35 lbid., p. 133. Op.cit. 36
Basic Pali Grammar Page 240 of 253 2. SAMÃSA : Digu Numeral determinate compounds (Numerical Compounds) The compounds that have a numeral as thier first member are in Pali known as Digu Samãsa. They generally take the neuter singular when they imply an aggregate in Pali named as Samãhãro samãso Examples: Tayo lokã = tilogaṃ, three-world catatto disã = catuddhisaṃ, four-fold direction Dve-aṅguliyo = dvaṅgulaṃ, two- finger satta-ahãni = sattahaṃ, week They do not take the neuter singular when they do not imply an aggregate. In Pali it was known as Asamãhãro samãso. Examples : eko puggalo = ekapuggalo, one person catasso disã = catuddisã, four directions pañca balãni = pañcabalãni, five powers
Basic Pali Grammar Page 241 of 253 3. SAMÃSA : Tappuriso, Dependent determinate compounds, (Case compound) A compound is that which is formed by combining a substantive with another substantive belonging to another the obligique cases, by dropping its case endings. 4. SAMÃSA : Dvandavo Copulative or Aggregative compounds A compound is that which is fromed by combining two or more substantives which, if not compound, would be connected by the particle “ca” Dvandavo has two types; Samãhãro and Asamãhãro 1. If they collectively imply an aggregate, they take the neuter singular. In Pali it is known as “Samãhãro Dvandavo”, for examples samatho ca vipassanã ca = samathavipassaṃ, calm and insight meditation Cases Examples Dutiyã-Acc. gãmaṃ gato Gãmagato He who has gone to the village. Tatiyã-Abl.of Agent. Buddhena desito Buddhadesito Preached by the Buddha Karaṇa-Instr. Asinã kalaho asikalaho Sword-fight Catutthĩ-Dat. Lokassa hito lokaahito Beneficial to the world PañcamĩAbl. Corasmã bhayaṃ Corabhayaṃ Fear from thief Chaṭṭhĩ-Gen. Buddhassa dhammo Buddhadham mo Buddha’s Doctrine Sattamĩ-Loc. Vane pupphaṃ vanapupphaṃ A flower in the forest
Basic Pali Grammar Page 242 of 253 pattaṃ ca cĩvaraṃ ca = pattacĩraṃ, a black-blow and yellow robe. 2. These compounds generally take the plural and the gender of the final member when the component members are viewed separately. In Pali it is named “A samãhãro Dvandavo”, for examples; Cando ca suriyo ca = candasuriyo, moon and sun narã ca nãriyo ca = naranãriyo, men and women paṇṇañca pupphañca phalañca = paṇṇapupphaphalãni, a leaf, a flower and a fruit. 5. SAMÃSA : AVYAYĩBHÃVO, Adverbial compounds A compound is that which has as its first member a prefix (uppasagga pubbako) or an indeclinable (nipãta pubbako), not used in an adjective sense, but used in determining the sense of the final member. If the final vowel of the last member is ã long ã is replaced by aṃ; other long vowels (except ã), are shortened. e.g. nagarassa samĩpaṃ = upanagaraṃ, near the town sotassa paṭiomaṃ = paṭisotaṃ, against the stream. yathã balena = yathãbalaṃ, according to (one’s) power pabbatassa tro = tiropabbataṃ, across the mountain sometimes, however the case-endings is retained; the cases thus retained being mostly the ablative and the locative. But in most case, the Neuter for is also met with for the same compound. The ablative
Basic Pali Grammar Page 243 of 253 termination may be retained when the indeclinable is; pari, apa, ã, bhahi, yãva etc. e.g. yãyajivã or yãvajivaṃ, as long as life lasts anto avĩcimhi , in hell anutĩre, along the bank antraravithiyaṃ, in the street 6. SAMÃSA : Bahubbihi Relative or Attributive compounds A compound is that in which the component members colloctively denote someting else than what is origingally expressed by them. Thes compounds assume the gender of the implied object and are declined accordingly. Bahubbihi samãsa is divided into six types according to its cases dutiyã ãgatã samaṇã yaṃ so = ãgatasamaṇo (ãrãmo) Tatiyã kataṃ puññaṃ yena so = katapuñño (puriso) Catutthĩ kataṃ daṇṭhakammaṃ yassa so = katadaṇṭhakammo (sisso) Pañcamĩ Patitãni phalãni yasmã so = patitaphalo (rukkho) Chaṭṭhĩ santaṃ cittaṃ yassa so = santacitto (Bhikkhu) Sattamĩ Bahũ nadiyo yasmiṃ so = bahunadiya (janapado)