Pali grammar

Basic Pali Grammar Page 94 of 253 Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. He buys a bell. = __________________________ 2. Girls win. = __________________________ 3. We get rid of enemies = __________________________ 4. A man wins a thief. = __________________________ 5. She cuts a tree. = __________________________ 6. We know a doctrine. = __________________________ 7. She sprinkles rice. = __________________________ 8. You take girls. = __________________________ 9. Wisdom extends. = __________________________ 10. They make merit. = __________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 95 of 253 CHAPTER 16 A. Declension : Feminine Noun ending in “u” (short) rajju : rope, string. The pattern of Endings / Terminations Example of Declension of rajju : rope, string Declension of rajju in English Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si→ -u Yo→ -uyo, -ũ Acc. aṃ→ -uṃ Yo→ -uyo, -ũ Ins. Nā→ -uyā Hi→ -ũhi, -ũbhi Dat. Sa→ -uyā naṃ→ -ũnaṃ Abl. Smā→ -uyā Hi→ -ũhi, -ũbhi Gen. Sa→ -uyā Naṃ→ -ũnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ→ -uyā, -uyaṃ Su→ -ũsu Voc. Si→ -u Yo→ -uyo, -ũ Cases Singular Plural Nom. rajju rajjuyo, rajjũ Acc. rajjuṃ rajjuyo, rajjũ Ins. rajjuyā rajjũhi, rajjũbhi Dat. rajjuyā rajjũnaṃ Abl. rajjuyā rajjũhi, rajjũbhi Gen. rajjuyā rajjũnaṃ Loc. rajjuyā, rajjuyaṃ rajjũsu Voc. rajju rajjuyo, rajjũ

Basic Pali Grammar Page 96 of 253 Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. For example, “narena saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a man in the sentence “ Ahaṃ naren saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a man. Nouns ending in “u” declined like rattu above. Dhedu cow uru sand Lāvu bottle gourd dhātu an element Rajju string yāgu rice gruel Ku the earth kareṇu elephant Daddhu ringworm hanu jaw vaṇṇu sand kāsu a hole, pit kaṇdu itch kacchu scab piyaṅgu a medicinal plant natthu nose vijju lightning etc… Exercise A: Compound these words with the terminations (suffixes) and translate into English. 1. Dhenu + smā = dhenuyā = of a crow 2. Uru + si = ………………. = …………………….. 3. Rajju + sa = ………………. = …………………….. 4. Ku + naṃ = ………………. = …………………….. 5. Daddhu + smiṃ= ………………. = …………………….. Cases Singular Plural Nom. A rope Ropes Acc. A rope Ropes Ins.* By, with a rope By, with ropes Dat. For, to a rope For, to ropes Abl. From a rope From ropes Gen. Of a rope Of ropes Loc. In, on, upon a rope In, on, upon ropes Voc. O rope! O ropes!

Basic Pali Grammar Page 97 of 253 6. Kacchu + hi = ………………. = …………………….. 7. Kāsu + su = ………………. = …………………….. 8. Nutthu + ṃ = ………………. = …………………….. 9. Yāgu + sa = ………………. = …………………….. 10.Vijju + yo = ………………. = …………………….. 11.yaṇṇu + nā = ………………. = …………………….. 12.dhātu + hi = ………………. = …………………….. 13.kareṇu + smiṃ= ………………. = …………………….. 14.kaṇdu + sa = ………………. = …………………….. 15.piyaṅgu + si = ………………. = …………………….. 16.kāsu + naṃ = ……………… = …………………….. 17.hanu + smā = ……………… = …………………….. 18.rjju + sa = ……………… = …………………….. 19.natthu + nā = ……………… = …………………….. 20.ku + smiṃ =……………… = …………………….. Exercise B: Translate into Enlish. 1. Dhenuyā natthu = a nose of a crow 2. Uruyā kāsu = ……………………….. 3. vaṇṇũnaṃ dhātu = ……………………….. 4. dhenuyā hanu = ……………………….. 5. kareṇuyā ku = ……………………….. 6. kuyā vijju = ……………………….. 7. piyaṅguyā dhātu = ……………………….. 8. yāguyā ukkhali = ……………………….. 9. kacchuyā piyaṅyu = ……………………….. 10.kuyaṃ daddhuyo = ……………………….. Exercise C: Translate into Pāli. 1. A lightning on the earth = ………………………………. 2. A hole of a sand = ……………………………….

Basic Pali Grammar Page 98 of 253 3. A ringworm of an elephant = ………………………………. 4. A jaw of an elephant = ………………………………. 5. The earth of a lightning = ………………………………. 6. A jaw of a cow = ………………………………. 7. An elephant in a hole = ………………………………. 8. The string on the sand = ………………………………. 9. A nose of elephant = ………………………………. 10.The lightning on the earth = ………………………………. Exercise D: Decline the word “uru” (sand) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………… Exercise E: Decline the word “uru” (sand) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ……………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 99 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses So cinteti. He thinks. -ti Sã cinteti. she thinks. -ti Taṃ cinteti. It thinks. -ti Puriso*cinteti. A man thinks. -ti Tvaṃ cintesi. You think. -si Ahaṃ cintemi. I think. -mi Te cintenti. They think. -nti Tã cintenti. They think. -nti. Tãni cintenti. They think. -nti. Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots cur+ṇe,ṇaya→core,coraya (to steal) cint+ṇe,ṇaya→ cinte,cintaya (to think) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso coreti cinteti -ti Tvaṃ corasi cintesi -si Ahaṃ coremi cintemi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã corenti cintenti -nti Tumhe coretha cintetha -si Myaṃ corema cintema -ma

Basic Pali Grammar Page 100 of 253 Purisã* cintenti. Men think. -nti Tumhe cintetha You think. -tha Myaṃ cintema. We think. -ma *Note: The subject noun is only a nominative singular or plural. Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. sakk+o→sakko (to be able) 2.jãgar+o→jãgaro (to wake up) 3. cur+ṇe,ṇaya→core, coraya 4.takk+ṇe,ṇay→takke,takkaya (to reflect) 5.lakkh+ṇe,ṇay→lakkhe,lakkhaya(to mark, to distinguish, to characterize) 6.mant+ṇe,ṇay→mante, mantaya (to consult) 7. pac+a→paca (to cook) 8. dis+a→disa (to see) 9.mar+a→mara (to die) 10. ã+gam+→ãgaccha (to come) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. Dhenuyo ãgacchanti. =_____________________________ 2. Ahaṃ vijjuṃ disãmi. =_____________________________ 3. Sattã kãsuyaṃ maranti. =_____________________________ 4. gharaṇĩ yãguyã pacanti. =_____________________________ 5. Myaṃ ãcariyena saddhiṃ mantãma =_______________________ 6. Tvaṃ lakkhasi. =_____________________________ 7. Sã vijjuṃ takkayati. =_____________________________ 8. Te dhenuṃ corenti. =_____________________________ 9. Ahaṃ jãgaromi. =_____________________________ 10. Myaṃ sakkoma. =_____________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 101 of 253 Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. He is able. =_____________________________ 2. She wakes up. =_____________________________ 3. They reflect. =_____________________________ 4.You steal. =_____________________________ 5. I consult with a teacher. =_____________________________ 6. She cooks rice. =_____________________________ 7. A boy sees a cow. =_____________________________ 8. A cow dies. =_____________________________ 9. We mark a hole. =_____________________________ 10. You come with a girl. =_____________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 102 of 253 CHAPTER 17 A. Declension : Feminine Noun ending in “ũ” (long) vadhũ : woman The pattern of endings / Terminations Example of Declension of vaddhũ : woman Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si→ -ũ Yo→ -uyo, -ũ Acc. aṃ→ -uṃ Yo→ -uyo, -ũ Ins. Nā→ -uyā Hi→ -ũhi, -ũbhi Dat. Sa→ -uyā naṃ→ -ũnaṃ Abl. Smā→ -uyā Hi→ -ũhi, -ũbhi Gen. Sa→ -uyā Naṃ→ -ũnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ→ -uyā, -uyaṃ Su→ -ũsu Voc. Si→ -ũ Yo→ -ũyo, -ũ Cases Singular Plural Nom. vaddhũ vaddhuyo, vaddhũ Acc. vaddhuṃ vaddhuyo, vaddhũ Ins. vaddhuyā vaddhũhi, vaddhũbhi Dat. vaddhuyā vaddhũnaṃ Abl. vaddhuyā vaddhũhi, vaddhũbhi Gen. vaddhuyā vaddhũnaṃ

Basic Pali Grammar Page 103 of 253 Declension of vaddhũ : woman in English Nouns declined like vaddhũ (woman) Camũ army virũ vine Jambũ the rose-apple tree sarabũ house lizard Bhũ the earth, eyebrow sindhũ ocean, river etc.. Exercise A: Compound these words with the suffixes and translate into English. 1. Camũ + sa = camuyā = of an army 2. Virũ + hi = ………………. = ………………….. 3. Jambũ + su = ………………. = ………………….. 4. Bhũ + smā = ………………. = ………………….. Loc. vaddhuyā, vaddhuyaṃ vaddhũsu Voc. vaddhũ vaddhuyo, vaddhũ Cases Singular Plural Nom. A woman Women Acc. A woman Women Ins. By, with, on account of a woman By, with, on account of women Dat. To, for a woman To, for women Abl. From a woman From women Gen. Of a woman Of women Loc. In, on, upon a woman In, on, upon women Voc. O a woman! O women!

Basic Pali Grammar Page 104 of 253 5. Sarabũ + nā = ………………. = ………………….. 6. Sindhũ + smiṃ = ………………. = ………………….. 7. Virũ + sa = ………………. = ………………….. 8. Bhũ + si = ………………. = ………………….. 9. Sarabũ + naṃ = ………………. = ………………….. 10.Jambũ + ṃ = ………………. = ………………….. Exercise B: Translate into English 1. Jambuyā viruyo = …………………………………. 2. Jambuyā sarabũ = …………………………………. 3. Bhuyā sindhũ = …………………………………. 4. Viruyā rukkhamhi = …………………………………. 5. Sindhuyā camuyo = …………………………………. Exercise C: Translate into Pāli 1. In the river = ………………………… 2. In a tree of the rose-apple tree = ………………………… 3. The house lizard on the vine = ………………………… 4. The wold of water (ocean) = ………………………… 5. An army in the river = ………………………… Exercise D: Decline the word “sarabũ” (the house lizard) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. ……………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 105 of 253 Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………… Exercise E: Decline the word “sarabũ” (the house lizard) in Englsih. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 106 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses So ãrabhati. He begins. -ti. Sã ãrabhati. she begins. -ti Taṃ ãrabhati. It begins. -ti Puriso* ãrabhati. A man begins. -ti Tvaṃ ãrabhasi. You begin. -si Ahaṃ ãrabhami. I begin. -mi Te ãrabhanti. They begin. -nti Tã ãrabhanti. They begin. -nti. Tãni ãrabhanti. They begin. -nti. Purisã* ãrabhanti. Men begin. -nti Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots ussah+a→ussaha (to try) ãrabh+a→ãrabha (to begin) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso ussahati ãrabhati -ti Tvaṃ ussahasi ãrabhasi -si Ahaṃ ussahãmi ãrabhãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã ussahanti ãrabhanti -anti Tvaṃ ussahatha ãrabhatha -si Myaṃ ussahãma ãrabhãma -ma

Basic Pali Grammar Page 107 of 253 Tumhe ãrabhatha You begin. -tha Myaṃ ãrabhãma. We begin. -ma *Note: The subject noun is only a nominative singular or plural. Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. sibb+a→sibba(to sow) 2. ãkaṃkh+a→ãkaṃkha (to hope) 3. vap+a→vapa (to sow) 4.khip+a→khipa (throw) 5.uppajj+a→uppajja (to be born) 6.cav+a→cava (to depart, to die) 7.bhãy+a →bhãya (to fear) 8. ãmas+a→ãmasa (touch, to stroke, to pat, to rub) 9. ge+a→gãya (to sing, to recite) 10.adhigacch+a→adhigaccha (to understand, attain) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1.Vadhũ gãyanti. =________________________________ 2.So vadhuṃ ãmasati. =________________________________ 3. Sã sarabũ bhãyati. =________________________________ 4. Camuyo kãsuyaṃ cavanti. =_______________________________ 5. Buddho loke uppajjati. =_______________________________ 6. Tvaṃ viruyo bhũsu khipasi. =_______________________________ 7. Myaṃ bhuyã vapãmi. =_______________________________ 8. Ahaṃ vadhuyã saddhim ãkaṃkhãmi. =________________________ 9. Te sibbanti. =_______________________________ 10. Vadhũ mantaṃ gãyanti. =_______________________________ Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. Women recite manta. =_______________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 108 of 253 2. We hope a mother. =_______________________________ 3. A house lizard dies. =_______________________________ 4. You fear a house =_______________________________ 5. We touch a girl. =_______________________________ 6. We are born in the world. =_______________________________ 7.A man throws a house lizard. =______________________________ 8. We see a river. =_______________________________ 9. House lizards die in the house. =____________________________ 10.You fear lightning. =_______________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 109 of 253 CHAPTER 18 A. Declension : Neuter Noun ending in “a” : kula (family) The pattern of endings / terminations Example of Declension of kula (family) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si→ -ṃ Yo→ -āni Acc. aṃ→ -ṃ Yo→ -āni Ins. Nā→ -ena Hi→ -ehi, -ebhi Dat. Sa→ -assa, -āya, -atthaṃ naṃ→ -ānaṃ Abl. Smā→ -asmā, -amhā, -ā Hi→ -ānaṃ Gen. Sa→ -assa, Naṃ→ -ānaṃ Loc. Smiṃ→asmiṃ, -amhi, -e Su→ -esu Voc. Si→ -a Yo→ -āni Cases Singular Plural Nom. kulaṃ kulāni Acc. kulaṃ kulāni Ins. kulena kulehi, kulebhi Dat. kulassa, kulāya, kulatthaṃ kulānaṃ Abl. kulasmā, kulamhā, kulā kulehi, kulebhi Gen. kulassa, kulānaṃ Loc. kulasmiṃ, kulamhi, kule kulesu Voc. kula kulāni

Basic Pali Grammar Page 110 of 253 Declension of kula (family) in English Nouns declined like kula (family) Citta mind sota ear Mũla root, price veḷuriya coral upaṭṭhāna service ahata cloth jala water savanna hearing loṇa salt osāna ending vajira diamond sāṭaka garment vāta wind pesana dispatch, sending yotta rope paṭṭana a sea port yoddha fight aṇṇa leaf aṅga a constituent part īṇa debt udara stomach oṭṭha lip kaṭṭha wood kamala lotus ghara house bala power Bhatta boiled rice, food majja an intoxicant Yanta machine cakka wheel Chatta umbrella tala floor Chana money phala fruit Cases Singular Plural Nom. A family Families Acc. A family Families Ins. By, with, on account of a family By, with, on account of families Dat. To, for a family To, for families Abl. From a family From families Gen. Of a family Of families Loc. In, on, upon a family In, on, upon families Voc. O family! O families!

Basic Pali Grammar Page 111 of 253 raṭṭha country ratana gem, a precious thing vattha cloth sakaṭa carriage, chariot etc… Exercise A: Compound these words with suffixes and translate into English. 1. Sakata + sa = sakatassa = of a chariot 2. Rattan + nā = ……………… = ………………… 3. Tala + hi = ……………… = ………………… 4. Phala + su = ……………… = ………………… 5. Cakka + si = ……………… = ………………… 6. Majja + naṃ = ……………… = ………………… 7. Bala + smiṃ = ……………… = ………………… 8. Kamala + sa = ……………… = ………………… 9. Ghara + smā = ……………… = ………………… 10.Bhatta + yo = ……………… = ………………… 11.Voddha + hi = ……………… = ………………… 12.paṇṇa + su = ……………… = ………………… 13.dhana + ṃ = ……………… = ………………… 14.vajira + si = ……………… = ………………… 15.jala + hi = ……………… = ………………… 16.citta + su = ……………… = ………………… 17.sona + yo = ……………… = ………………… 18.kamara + sa = ……………… = ………………… 19.lona + nā = ……………… = ………………… 20.savana + su = ……………… = ………………… Exercise B: Translate into English 1. udare bhattāni = any food in the stomach 2. manusassa oṭṭhāni = ……………………………… 3. gharasmiṃ kamalaṃ = ……………………………… 4. raṭṭhassa yantāni = ………………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 112 of 253 5. raṭṭhassa majjāni = ……………………………… 6. vatthassa dhanaṃ = ……………………………… 7. talamhi phalāni = ……………………………… 8. sakaṭānāṃ cakkāni = ……………………………… 9. jale paṇṇāni = ……………………………… 10.gharasmiṃ chattaṃ = ……………………………… Exercise C: Translate into Pāli 1. leaves on the floor = …………………………. 2. A lotus in water = …………………………. 3. The money in a house = …………………………. 4. Lips of people = …………………………. 5. Some food in lips = …………………………. 6. A wheel of a chariot = …………………………. 7. A book on a house = …………………………. 8. A country of umbrella = …………………………. 9. Any money in a hand = …………………………. 10.The debt of a woman = …………………………. Exercise D: Decline the word “ratana” (gem) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 113 of 253 Exercise E: Decline the word “ratana” (gem) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 114 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses So deseti. He preaches. -ti. Sã deseti she preaches. -ti Taṃ deseti. It preaches. -ti Puriso* deseti. A man preaches. -ti Tvaṃ desesi. You preach. -si Ahaṃ desemi. I preach. -mi Te desenti. They preach. -nti Tã desenti. They preach. -nti. Tãni desenti. They preach. -nti. Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots dis+ṇe/naya →dese,desaya (to preach) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso deseti/desayati -ti Tvaṃ desesi/desayasi -si Ahaṃ desemi/desayãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã desenti /desayanti -anti Tumhe desetha / desayatha -tha Myaṃ desema desayãma -ma

Basic Pali Grammar Page 115 of 253 Purisã* desenti. Men preach. -nti Tumhe desetha You preach. -tha Myaṃ desema. We preach. -ma *Note: The subject noun is also a nominative singular or plural Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. cint+ṇe/ṇaya→cinte/cintaya(to think) 2. pũj+ṇe/ṇaya→pũje/pũjaya (to honour, to offer) 3.pũr+ṇe/ṇaya→pũre/pũraya(to fill) 4. pĩl+ṇe/ṇaya→pĩle/pĩlaya (to oppress) 5. kath+ṇe/ṇaya→kathe/kathaya (speak) 6. uḍḍ+ṇe/ṇaya→uḍḍe/uḍḍaya (to fly) 7. ud+ṇe/ṇaya→ude/udaya (to (sun of mon) rise 8. rop+ṇe/ṇaya→rope/ropaya ( plant) 9. ãmant+ṇe/ṇaya→ãmante /ãmantaya (to address) 10. nimant+ṇe/ṇaya→nimante/nimantaya (to invite) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. Myaṃ ratanaṃ cintema. =____________________________ 2. Tvaṃ kamalãni ropavasi =____________________________ 3. So udakaṃ pũrayati =____________________________ 4. Sã phalaṃ pĩleti. =____________________________ 5. Ahaṃ ãcariyaṃ kathemi. =____________________________ 6. Sakuṇã uḍḍayanti. =____________________________ 7. Suriyo udeti. =____________________________ 8. kulaṃ rukkhaṃ ropeti. =____________________________ 9.Tumhe khattiyaṃ ãmanteti. =____________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 116 of 253 Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. We think a doctrine with mind. =____________________________ 2. She addresses the man. =____________________________ 3. I plant a lotus. =____________________________ 4. A sun rises. =____________________________ 5. You fly with a family. =____________________________ 6. We say with a teacher. =____________________________ 7. You oppress a lotus. =____________________________ 8. We invite a wise man. =____________________________ 9. He fills water. =____________________________ 10. You think the Buddha. =____________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 117 of 253 CHAPTER 19 A. Declension of Neuter Noun ending in “i” Akkhi : Eye The pattern of Endings and Terminations Declension of akkhi (eye) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si –i Yo –īni, –ī Acc. ṃ -iṃ Yo –īni, –ī Ins. Nā -inā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Dat. Sa –issa, -ino naṃ -īnaṃ Abl. Smā –ismā, –imhā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Gen. Sa –issa, -ino Naṃ -īnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ -ismiṃ, -mhi Su –īsu Voc. Si –i Yo –īni, –ī Cases Singular Plural Nom. akkhi akkhīni, akkhī Acc. akkhiṃ akkhīni, akkhī Ins. akkhinā akkhīhi, akkhībhi Dat. akkhissa, akkhino akkhīnaṃ Abl. akkhismā, akkhimhā akkhīhi, akkhībhi Gen. akkhissa, akkhino akkhīnaṃ Loc. akkhismiṃ, akkhmhi akkhīsu Voc. akkhi akkhīni, akkhī

Basic Pali Grammar Page 118 of 253 Declension of akkhi (eye) in English Nouns ending in “i” declined like akkhi (eye) aṭṭhi bone satthi the thigh vāri water dadhi milk curds sappi ghee acchi eye chadi roof rũpi sliver acci flame etc… Exercise A: Compound these words with suffixes and translate into English. a. aṭṭhi + sa = …………………………… b. satthi + su = …………………………… c. vāri + smiṃ = …………………………… d. sappi + hi = …………………………… e. chadi + naṃ = …………………………… f. acci + yo = …………………………… g. rũpi + si = …………………………… h. acchi + smā = …………………………… i. dadhi + ṃ = …………………………… j. satthi + nā = …………………………… Cases Singular Plural Nom. An eye Eyes Acc. An eye Eyes Ins. By, with, on account of an eye By, with, on account of eyes Dat. To, for an eye To, for eyes Abl. From an eye From eyes Gen. Of an eye Of eyes Loc. In, on, upon an eye In, on, upon eyes Voc. O eye! O eyes

Basic Pali Grammar Page 119 of 253 Exercise B: Translate into English. a. Manussassa aṭṭhīni = ……………………………. b. Kapissa akkhi = ……………………………. c. Hatthassa sappīni = ……………………………. d. Accimhi gharo = ……………………………. e. Kumāriyā satthi = ……………………………. Exercise C: Translate into Pāli. a. The thigh of a girl. = ………………………………. b. Bones of human beings. = ………………………………. c. An eye of an elephant. = ………………………………. d. The ghee in the hand. = ………………………………. e. The sliver with the roof. = ………………………………. Exercise D: Decline the word “acchi” (eye) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. ………………………… Acc. ………………….. ………………………… Ins. ………………….. ………………………… Dat. ………………….. ………………………… Abl. ………………….. ………………………… Gen. ………………….. ………………………… Loc. ………………….. ………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 120 of 253 Exercise D: Decline the word “acchi” (eye) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. ………………………… Acc. ………………….. ………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 121 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses So deseti. He preaches. -ti. Sã deseti. she preaches. -ti Taṃ deseti. It preaches. -ti Puriso* deseti. A man preaches. -ti Tvaṃ desesi. You preach. -si Ahaṃ desemi. I preach. -mi Te desenti. They preach. -anti Tã desenti. They preach. -anti. Tãni desenti. They preach. -anti. Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots des+ṇe→dese (to preach) pũj+ṇe→pũje (to honour, offer) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso deseti pũjeti -ti Tvaṃ desesi pũjesi -si Ahaṃ desemi pũjemi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã desenti pũjenti -anti Tvaṃ desetha pũjetha -si Myaṃ desema pũjema -ma

Basic Pali Grammar Page 122 of 253 Purisã* desenti. Men preach. -anti Tumhe desetha You preach. -tha Myaṃ desema. We preach. -ma Note* : The subject noun is also a nominative singular or plural Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. vikki+ṇã→vikkiṇã (to sell) 2. su+ṇã→suṇã (to hear) 3. min+ṇã→minã (to measure) 4. gaṇh+ṇã→gaṇhã (to take) 5. uggaṇh+ṇã→uggaṇhã (to learn) 6. jã+nã→jãnã (to know) 7. ji+nã→jinã (to win) 8. pãpu+ṇã→pãpuṇã (to reach) 9. oci+nã→ocinã (to pick, collect) 10.pahi+ṇã→pahiṇã (to send) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. Ahaṃ rajjuṃ pahiṇãmi. = ________________________ 2. So dhenuyo ocinãti. = ________________________ 3. Sã kãsuṃ pãpuṇãti. = ________________________ 4. Myaṃ dhenũ jinãma. = ________________________ 5. Tvaṃ dhammaṃ jãṇãsi. = ________________________ 6. Myaṃ pãliṃ ugganhãma.= ________________________ 7. Te yãgũ gaṇhãnti. = ________________________ 8. Tumhe kãsuṃ minãtha. = ________________________ 9. Myaṃ vijjuṃ suṇãma. = ________________________ 10. Kumãrikã vatthãni vikkinãti.= ________________________ Exercise C: Translate into Pali.

Basic Pali Grammar Page 123 of 253 1. A girl sells a clothe. = ________________________ 2. We hear a bird. = ________________________ 3. She measures a hole = ________________________ 4. You learn Pali. = ________________________ 5. He knows a doctrine. = ________________________ 6. We collect money. = ________________________ 7. A cow reaches a house.= ________________________ 8. A teacher takes a man. = ________________________ 9. We send a lotus. = ________________________ 10.You win thieves. = ________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 124 of 253 CHAPTER 20 A. Declension : Neuter Noun ending in “u” :Vatthu (Thing) The pattern of Endings /Terminations Declension of vatthu (thing) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si→ -u Yo→ -ũni, -ũ Acc. aṃ→ -uṃ Yo→ -ũni, -ũ Ins. Nā→ -unā Hi→ -ũhi, -ũbhi Dat. Sa→ -ussa, -uno naṃ→ -ũnaṃ Abl. Smā→ -usmā, -umhā Hi→ -ũhi, -ũbhi Gen. Sa→ -ussa, -uno Naṃ→ -ũnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ→ -usmiṃ, -umhi Su→ -ũsu Voc. Si→ -u Yo→ -ũni, -ũ Cases Singular Plural Nom. vatthu vatthũni, vatthũ Acc. vatthuṃ vatthũni, vatthũ Ins. vatthunā vatthũhi, vatthũbhi Dat. vatthussa, vatthuno vatthũnaṃ Abl. vatthusmā, vatthumhā vatthũhi, vatthũbhi Gen. vatthussa, vatthuno vatthũnaṃ Loc. vatthusmiṃ, vatthumhi vatthũsu Voc. vatthu vatthũni, vatthũ

Basic Pali Grammar Page 125 of 253 Declension of vatthu (thing) in English Nouns ending in “u” declined like vatthu (thing) Dhanu arrow ambu water Dāru wood aru a wound Madhu honey janu the knee Massu the beard vasu wealth Assu a tear vatthu a story Jatu the lac, sealing wax sajjhu money Āyu age chakkhu eye Vapu the body mutthu whey Vatthu a site, ground, field, plot, object, a thing, a substance, etc… Exercise A: Compound these words with suffixes and translate in to English. 1. Dhanu + su = dhanussa = of a bow 2. Dāru + hi = ……………… = ………… 3. Madhu +smiṃ = ……………… = ………… 4. Assu + nā = ……………… = ………… 5. Jatu + sa = ……………… = ………… 6. Cakkhu + yo = ……………… = ………… Cases Singular Plural Nom. A thing Things Acc. A thing Things Ins. By, with, on account of a thing By, with, on account of things Dat. To, for a thing T,o for things Abl. From a thing From things Gen. Of a thing Of things Loc. In. on. Upon a thing In, on, upon things Voc. O thing! O things!

Basic Pali Grammar Page 126 of 253 7. Vasu + smā = ……………… = ………… 8. Aru + si = ……………… = ………… 9. Sajjhu + naṃ = ……………… = ………… 10.Chakkhu + su = ……………… = ………… Exercise B: Translate into English. a. Corassa dhanu = ………………………….. b. Thiyā assũni = ………………………….. c. Rukkhassa jatu = ………………………….. d. Khattiyassa vatthu = ………………………….. e. Bhikkhuno sajjhũni = ………………………….. f. kumārānaṃ cakkhũni = ………………………….. g. matthussa madhu = ………………………….. h. janassa āyũni = ………………………….. i. manussassa vapu = ………………………….. j. turagassa massũ = ………………………….. Exercise C: Translate into Pāli a. the beard of fish = ………………………….. b. a tear of woman = ………………………….. c. the age of a boy = ………………………….. d. the knee of an elephant = ………………………….. e. the water in a body = ………………………….. f. a bow of a king = ………………………….. g. with the honey of a monkey= ………………………….. h. in the eye of a snake = ………………………….. i. from the beard of a millionaire =……………………… j. the age of human beings= …………………………..

Basic Pali Grammar Page 127 of 253 Exercise D: Declension of the word “āyu” (age) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………… Exercise E: Declension of the word “āyu” (age) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………

Basic Pali Grammar Page 128 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses So nivãreti. He prevents. -ti. Sã nivãreti. she prevents. -ti Taṃ nivãreti. It prevents. -ti Puriso*nivãreti. A man prevents. -ti Tvaṃ nivãresi. You prevent. -si Ahaṃ nivãremi. I prevent. -mi Te nivãrenti. They prevent. -anti Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots nivãr+e→nivãre (to prevent) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso nivãreti -ti Tvaṃ nivãresi -si Ahaṃ nivãremi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã nivãrenti -anti Tvaṃ nivãretha -si Myaṃ nivãrema -ma

Basic Pali Grammar Page 129 of 253 Tã nivãrenti. They prevent. -anti. Tãni nivãrenti. They prevent. -anti. Purisã* nivãrenti. Men prevent. -anti Tumhe nivãretha You prevent. -tha Myaṃ nivãrema. We prevent. -ma Note*: The subject noun is also a nominative singular or plural Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. sakk+a→sakka (to can, is able) 2.parivãr+e→parivãre (to accompany, surround) 3. anubandh+a→anubandha (to follow, chase after) 4. kujjh+a→kujjha (to get angry) 5. namass+a→namassa (to salute, worship) 6. pos+e→pose (to bring up, nourish) 7.vãyam+a→vãyama (to try) 8. nilĩ+ya→nilĩya (to hide) 9. mod+a→moda (to be happy, enjoy) 10. paṭiyãd+e→paṭiyãde (to prepare) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. Ahaṃ ãhãraṃ pativãdemi. = ________________________ 2. Myaṃ modãma. = ________________________ 3. Tvaṃ araññe nilĩyasi. = ________________________ 4. So vãyamati. = ________________________ 5. Tumhe vapuṃ posetha. = ________________________ 6. Myaṃ Buddhaṃ namassãma. = ________________________ 7. Sã kumãrikãya saddhiṃ kujjhati. = ________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 130 of 253 8.Tumhe vadhuyã saddhiṃ parivãretha. = ______________________ 9. Ahaṃ madhuyã modãmi. = ________________________ 10. Te kãtuṃ na sakkanti. = ________________________ Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1.He prepares some food. = ________________________ 2. We enjoy. = ________________________ 3. She hides in a house. = ________________________ 4. They try. = ________________________ 5. You nourish a body. = ________________________ 6.We worship Buddha. = ________________________ 7. He follows a girl. = ________________________ 8. She gets angry. = ________________________ 9. You accompany with a son. = ________________________ 10. He is able to go. = ________________________

Basic Pali Grammar Page 131 of 253 CHAPTER 21 NOUNS : Pakiṇṇasadda (Miscellaneous nouns) There are some nouns which are only declined in their own way, namely; atta self brahma brahma raja king bhagavantu Buddha arahanta saint bhavanta sir satthu teacher pitu father mātu mother mana the mind kamma action go cow puma man sā dog addhaa long time maghava god yuva young child Sakha friend Atta : self Declension of atta (self) in the masculine Cases Singular Plural Nom. attā Acc. attānaṃ Ins. attanā Dat. attano Abl. attanā Gen. attano Attano attano= ofself

Basic Pali Grammar Page 132 of 253 For examples from Buddha’s teachings Attā have jitaṃ seyyo. The top of all the best is self-conquest. Attā sadanto purisassa joti. A well-friend mind is the beacon of happiness. Attanā va kataṃ pāpaṃ attanā saṅkilissati. You are attained by your own evil deeds. Attānañce tathā kayirā yathaññamanusāsati. You should behave yourself as you teach others to behave. Attānaṃ damayanti subbhatā. An honest man learns how to control himself. Attanā cotayattānaṃ. Be your own instructor. Brahma : brahma, a creator Declension of brahma (brahma) in the masculine Loc. attani Voc. atta Cases Singular Plural Nom. Brahmã Brahmāno Acc. brahmānaṃ Brahmāno Ins. Brahmunā Brahmehi, brahmephi Dat. Brahmuno brahmānaṃ Abl. brahmunā Brahmehi, brahmephi Gen. Brahmuno brahmānaṃ Loc. Brahmani Brahmesu Voc. Brahme Brahmāno

Basic Pali Grammar Page 133 of 253 RÃja : king Declension of rāja (king) in the masculine rāja adding the female mark “ inī→ rājinī (queen) declined like Nārī in the Feminine mahÃrÃja : king, the great Declension of mahārāja (king, the great) in the masculine Cases Singular Plural Nom. Rājā Rājāno Acc. Rājānaṃ Rājāno Ins. Raññā Rājũhi, rājubhi Dat. Rañño, rājino rājũnaṃ Abl. Raññā Rājũhi, rājubhi Gen. Rañño, rājino rājũnaṃ Loc. Raññe, rājini Rājũsu Voc. Rāja Rājāno Cases Singular Plural Nom. Mahārājā Mahārājāno Acc. mahārājānaṃ Mahārāje Ins. Mahārājena mahārājehi, mahārājebhi Dat. Mahārājassa, mahārājāya, mahārājathaṃ mahārājānaṃ Abl. Mahārājasmā, Mahārājamhā, Mahārājā mahārājehi, mahārājebhi Gen. Mahārājassa Mahārājānaṃ

Basic Pali Grammar Page 134 of 253 Nouns declined like Mahārāja Anurāja a young king Abhirāja a great king Uparāja second king Cakkavattirāja a king of universal monarch Devarāja a king of a deity Nāgarāja a king of cobra Migarāja a king of beast Supaṇṇarāja a king of fairy bird Haṇsarāja a king of swan Bhagavantu : Buddha Declension of bhagavantu (the Buddha) in the masculine Loc. Mahārājasmi, Mahārājamhi, Mahārājāje Mahārājesu Voc. Mahārāja Mahārājāno Cases Singular Plural Nom. Bhagavā Bhagavantā, bhagavanto Acc. bhagavantaṃ Bhagavante, bhagavanto Ins. Bhagavantā bhagavantehi, bhagavantebhi Dat. Bhagavanto bhagavantaṃ, bhagavantānaṃ Abl. Bhagavantā bhagavantehi, bhagavantebhi Gen. Bhagavanto bhagavantaṃ, bhagavantānaṃ Loc. Bhagavanti, bhagavante Bhagavantesu Voc. Bhagava, bhagavā Bhagavantā, bhagavanto

Basic Pali Grammar Page 135 of 253 Note. 1. Nouns which are declined like Bhagavantu consisted of three suffixes “-vantu,-mantu, and –imantu” of tadassatthitaddhita,(Compound noun) for example; Āyasmantu venerable guṇavantu virtuous cakkhumantu endowed with eyes jutimantu brilliant dhanamantu rich, wealthy dhitimantu energetic, resolute paññamantu wise, intelligent puññamantu possessing merit, virtuous bandhumantu having relatives, rich in kinsmen satimantu thoughtful; careful 2. Bhagavantu (the Buddha) and āyasmantu (venerable) are both a noun and an adjective but are declined in the masculine only. 3. guṇavantu (virtuous) to santimantu (thoughtful; careful) are adjective .They are declined in three genders, changing the ending of the word following; in the masculine declined like bhagavantu in the feminine changing the end of ntu→nta, then adding “I” suffix of the feminine → nti, declined like Nārī, for example; guṇavantī etc… in the Neuter declined like bhagavantu, except Nom. and Acc. Person Singular Plural Nom. guṇavaṃ guṇavantāhi Acc. guṇavantaṃ guṇavantāhi

Basic Pali Grammar Page 136 of 253 4. Bhagavantā and bhagavante are “dvivacana” meaning “two persons”, but “bhagavanto” is plural meaning “a lot of Buddhas” 5. Bhagavantu is used in three numbers : ekavacna (singular), bahuvacan (plural) and dvivacana (two persons). Arahanta : one who has attained the summum bonurn Declension of arahanta in dvilinga (two genders). In the Masculine declined like bhagavantu, except the nominative singular used in Arahā, arahaṃ. In the Feminine adding “ĩ”suffix arahanta-i to arahantī declined like Nārī Cases Singular Plural Nom. Arahā, Arahaṃ Arahantā, Arahanto Acc. Arahantaṃ Arahante, Arahanto Ins. Arahatā Arahantehi, Arahantebhi Dat. Arahato Arahantaṃ, Arahantānaṃ Abl. Arahantā Arahantehi, Arahantebhi Gen. Arahato Arahantaṃ, Arahantānaṃ Loc. Arahati, Arahante Arahatesu Voc. Araha, Arahā Arahantā, Arahanto

Basic Pali Grammar Page 137 of 253 Bhavanta : prosperous Declension of bhavanta used as dvilinga (two genders) : Masculine In the Feminine adding “ī” in the end of bhavanta-i → bhavantī declined like Nārī Satthu : teacher Declension of sa4hu (teacher) in the Masculine Cases Singular Plural Nom. bhavaṃ bhavantā Acc. bhavantaṃ bhavante, bhavanto Ins. bhavantā bhavantehi, bhavantebhi Dat. Bhavanto, bhoto bhavantaṃ, bhavantānaṃ Abl. Arahantā, photā bhavantehi, bhavantebhi Gen. Bhavanto, bhoto bhavantaṃ, bhavantānaṃ Loc. bhavanti, bhavante bhavantesu Voc. Bho bhavantā, bhavanto, bhontā, bhonto Cases Singular Plural Nom. Satthā Satthāro Acc. Satthāraṃ Satthāro Ins. Satthārā, Satthunā Satthārehi, Satthārebhi Dat. Satthu, Satthuno Satthārānaṃ Abl. Satthārā Satthārehi, Satthārebhi Gen. Satthu, Satthuno Satthārānaṃ Loc. Satthari Satthāresu Voc. Satthā Satthāro

Basic Pali Grammar Page 138 of 253 Nouns declined like satthu Kattu an agent khattu a digger Nātu a knower Dātu a giver Nettu a grandson Netu a guide Bhattu a husband; one who supports or brings up Vatu a speaker Sotu a teacher Hantu a killer Jetu a conqueror Pitu father mātu mother Pitu : Father Declension of Pitu (father) in the masculine *For addressing instead of Pitā, and Pitaro, E.g. Tāta, ahaṃ na gaccāmi. = Dady! I do not go. Nouns declined like Pitu Bhātu, brother Jāmātu, brother-in-law Cases Singular Plural Nom. Pitā Pitaro Acc. Pitaraṃ Pitaro Ins. Pitarā, Pitunā Pitarehi, Pitarebhi, Pitũhi, Pitũphi Dat. Pitu, Pituno Pitarānaṃ, Pitũnaṃ Abl. Pitarā Pitarehi, Pitarebhi, Pitũhi, Pitũphi Gen. Pitu, Pituno Pitarānaṃ, Pitũnaṃ Loc. Pitari Pitaresu, Pitũsu Voc. Pitatã, tãta Pitaro, tãtã*

Basic Pali Grammar Page 139 of 253 Mãtu : Mother Declension of mātu (mother): The Feminine * Vocative case “Mātā and Mātaro” in addressing using Amma and Ammã instead. E.g. Amma, kuhiṃ kho āgaccasi = Where did you come from? Mum A noun declined in Matu is Dhītu, daughter Mana : mind Masculine (Male) Declension of mana (mind) : dvilinga (two genders; Masculine and Neuter) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Mātā Mātaro Acc. Mātaraṃ Mātaro Ins. Mātarā, Mātuyā Mātarāhi, Mātarābhi, Mātũhi, Mātũbhi Dat. Mātu, Mātuyā Mātarānaṃ, Mātũnaṃ Abl. Mātarā Mātarāhi, Mātarābhi, Mātũhi, Mātũbhi Gen. Mātu, Mātuyā Mātarānaṃ, Mātũnaṃ Loc. Mātari Mātarāsu, Mātũsu Voc. Mātā *amma Mātaro *ammā Cases Singular Plural Nom. Mano *(N. manaṃ) manā Acc. Manaṃ mane Ins. Mana-sā Manehi, Manebhi

Basic Pali Grammar Page 140 of 253 In the Neuter declined like the masculine except Nom.sl. Manaṃ pl. Manāhi only. The twelve Nouns declined like Mana Aya iron ura breast Ceta thought tapa heat Vaca discourse vaya age Tama darkness Teja power Paya a beverage Yasa glory, fame Sira the head Mana mind (M./N.) All of twelve nous declined like Mana are masculine, except mana used in both Masculine and Neuter Kamma : Deed Declension of kamma (deed, action, job, work) : neuter Dat. Mana-so manānaṃ Abl. Mana-sā Manehi, Manebhi Gen. Mana-so manānaṃ Loc. Mana-si Manesu Voc. Mana Manā Cases Singular Plural Nom. kammaṃ Kammāni Acc. kammaṃ Kammāni Ins. Kammunā Kammehi, Kammebhi Dat. Kammuno Kammānaṃ

Basic Pali Grammar Page 141 of 253 For example16 Sāni kammāni nayanti duggatiṃ One’s own bad kammas (actions) lead oneself to hell. Tañca kammaṃ kataṃ sadhu yaṃ katvā nānutappati. A good kamma is one that does not cause its doer to regret. Na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sadhu yaṃ katvā nanutappati. A bad kamma is one that cause its doer to regret. Go : cow Declension of Go (cow) in masculine Go in the Masculine is changed to be Goṇa declined like Purisa Go in the Feminine is changed to be Gāvī declined like Nārī Abl. Kammunā Kammehi, Kammebhi Gen. Kammuno Kammānaṃ Loc. Kammani Kammesu Voc. Kamma Kammāni Cases Singular Plural Nom. Go Gāvo Acc. Gāvaṃ, Gāvuṃ Gāvo Ins. Gāvena Gohi, Gobhi, Gāvehi, Gāvebhi Dat. Gāvassa Gunnaṃ, Gāvānaṃ Abl. Gāvasmā, Gāvamhā, Gāvā Gohi, Gobhi, Gāvehi, Gāvebhi Gen. Gāvassa Gunnaṃ, Gāvānaṃ Loc. Gāvasmiṃ, Gāvamhi, Gāve Gosu, Gāvesu Voc. Gāva Gāvo Buddhist Proverbs 16

Basic Pali Grammar Page 142 of 253 Six Nouns : Differently-declined nouns Puma, sā, addhā, maghava, yuva, Sakha Words Gender Declension (used in some cases) Puma (man) Masculine Nom. Pumā used only in singular form Sā (dog) Dvilinga(two genders),Masculin e and Feminine Nom. Sā used only in singular form Sã formed in two genders Sã→M. Sunakkha declined like purisa Sã→F. Sunakkhī declined like nārī Addhā ( a long time) Masculine used only in singular form of Nom., Acc., Ins., Dat.Gen, and Loc. Nom. Addhā Acc. addhānaṃ Ins. Addhunā Dat. Gen. addhuno Loc. Addhā Maghava (godmaghav a) Masculine Nom. Maghavā used only in singular form Yuva (a youth) Dvilinga(two genders) Masculine and Feminine Yuva →Masculine :Nom. Yuvā used only in singular form Yuva formed in Feminine →Yuvatī declined like nārī Sakha (friend) Dvilinga (two genders) Masculine and Feminine Sakha →Masucline :Nom. Sakhā used only in singular form Sakkha formed inFeminine →Sakhī declined like nārī

Basic Pali Grammar Page 143 of 253 TENSE : PAST TENSE (Active Voice) Ajjattanĩ (Aorist) In Pali there are three sets of terminations to form the past tense ; Parokkhã, Hiyattanĩ and Ajjatanĩ. Ajjattanĩ however is often used in the past sentence. Terminations of Ajjattanĩ (Aorist) Active voice Remark : 17 1. The first person singular “ĩ” is sometimes shortened “i” , such as “pucchi - quested and plural “uṃ” is often changed into “aṃsu, or iṃsu, such as “adaṃsu -said, akariṃsu - made. 2. The augment “a” is optionally used before the root, such as “ahosi - was, adãsi - gave. 3. The vowel preceding “ttha” and “mhã” is changed into “i”, such as “ akarittha” and “akarimhã”- made 4. The second person “o” is mostly changed into “i”, such as “akari” or “kari” - made 5. The “s” Aorist is used when the root or stem ending in a vowel “e” or “ã”. It is added before the suffix, such as “ dã- to give : a+dã+s+i = adãsi - gave Persons Singular Plural First Person ĩ uṃ Second Person o ttha Third Person iṃ mhã Niyom Uttamo,Phramaha, Pali Grammar, (Bangkok,: Liengchiang press,2516), pp. 17 106-107