Basic Pali Grammar Page 244 of 253 Exercise 1. What is Samãsa? 2. How many types of compounds are there? 3. Indentify the following compounds; Kammadhãraya, Digu,and Abyayĩbhãva samãso. 4. Tell the name of these Compounds; 1. Mahãpuriso = _________________________________ 2. Sattaviseso = _________________________________ 3. Kãkasũro = _________________________________ 4. Khattiyamãno = _________________________________ 5. Buddharatanaṃ = _________________________________ 6. Ekapuggalo = _________________________________ 7. Gãmagato = _________________________________ 8. Rãjaputto = _________________________________ 9. vanapupphaṃ = _________________________________ 10. pattacĩvaraṃ = _________________________________ 11. hatthĩassarathapattikaṃ = __________________________ 12. paṭivãtaṃ = _________________________________ 13. tiropabbataṃ = _________________________________ 14. Katapuñño = _________________________________ 15. patitaphalo = _________________________________ 16. Santacitto = _________________________________ 17. Bahunadiko = _________________________________ 18. Urasilomo = _________________________________ 19. Asihattho = _________________________________ 20. Sukarapeto = _________________________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 245 of 253 CHAPTER 29 TADDHITA : NOMINAL DERIVATIVES Words fromed by adding suffixes to the bases of substantives, primary or derived from roots, adjectives, etc. are called “Taddhita” . That means that compound of 37 the bases of substantives by using suffixes instead of another word, such as; Taddhita : syãme jãto = syãmiko, one who was born in Thailand. (using the suffix “ṇika” instead of “jãta, born”.) Samãsa : syãme jãto = syãmajãto, one who was born in Thailand. In Pali Samãsa there are three types, namely; 1. Sãmañña taddhita 2. Bhãva taddhita 3. Abyya taddhita In Sãmaññataddhita it is divided into 13 types38 according to , namely; Types Paccayas -suffixes instead of Gottataddhitaṃ ṇa,ṇãyana,ṇãna, ṇeyya, ṇi, ṇika, ṇava, ṇera gotta,apaccaṃ, faminly Taratyãtaddhitaṃ Ṇika Tarati ,to cross etc. Rãgã taddhitaṃ Ṇa rattaṃ, to dye Jãtã taddhitaṃ ima, iya, kiya Jãta, to be born samuhataddhitaṃ kaṇa, ṇa, tã Samuho, to assemble Ven. Narada, Thera, An Elementary Pali Course, p. 126. 37 Somdet Phra Mahã Samaṇa Chao Krom Phraayã Vajirañaṇavarorasa, Pali Grammar, pp. 135-154. 38
Basic Pali Grammar Page 246 of 253 Remark : 1. Suffixes that end in “ṇa” often undergo Vuddhi substitute in case the initail vowel, not followed by a double consonants, and “ṇ” is dropped;for examples; a → ã paca+ ṇa = pãca I → e nĩ+ṇa = ne u → o→ava bhũ+ ṇa = bho, bhãva Ṭhãnataddhitaṃ Ĩya ṭhãnaṃ/arahati, hita, bhava Bahulataddhitaṃ ãlu pakati and bahula Seṭṭhataddhitaṃ tara, tama, iyissaka, iya, iṭṭha, Comparative Tadassatthitaddhitaṃ vĩ, sa, sĩ, ika, ĩ, ra, vantu, mantu, ṇa atthĩti Pakatitaddhitaṃ Maya pakata and vikãra Pũraṇataddhitaṃ tiya, tha, ṭha, ma, ĩ Pũraṇa saṃkhyãtaddhitaṃ Ka Parimãṇa Vibhãgataddhitaṃ dhã, so Vibhãga
Basic Pali Grammar Page 247 of 253 Examples of Sãmaññataddhita Types Paccayas -suffixes and examples Gottataddhitaṃ (using suffixes instead of apaccaṃ or gotta, a family) ṇa : gotamassa apaccaṃ = gotamo, Gotama’s family ṇãyana : moggalliyã apaccaṃ = moggallãyano ṇãna : moggalliyã apaccaṃ = moggallãno ṇeyya : rohiṇiyã apaccaṃ = rohiṇeyyo ṇi : vasavassa apaccaṃ = vãsavi ṇika : skayaputtassa apaccaṃ = skayaputtiko ṇava : manuno apaccaṃ = mãnavo ṇera : samaṇassa apaccaṃ = sãmaṇero Taratyãtaddhitaṃ (using ṇika instead of tarati,etc.) Ṇika : nãvãya taratĩti = nãviko, one who crosses with a boad. Rãgã taddhitaṃ (using ṇa instead of ratta, to dye etc.) Ṇa : kãsãvena rattaṃ vatthaṃ = kãsãvaṃ, a cloth that was dyed with shore tree. Jãtã taddhitaṃ (using suffixes instead of jãta etc.) ima : pure jãto = purimo, one who was born before iya : manussajãtiyã jãto = manussajãtiyo, one who was born in human being kiya : andhe niyutto = andhakiyo, one who does in the dark corner. samuhataddhitaṃ (using samuha instead of suffixes) kaṇa : manussãnaṃ samuho = manusako, human beings’ assembly ṇa : manussãnaṃ samuho = manuso, human beings’ assembly tã : gãmãnaṃ samuho = gãmatã, villagers’ assembly Ṭhãnataddhitaṃ (using suffixes instead of ṭhãna, arahati, hita and bhava) Ĩya : bandhanassa ṭhãnaṃ = bandhanĩyaṃ, a place of tying Eyya : dassanaṃ arahatĩti = dassanĩyo, one who should see
Basic Pali Grammar Page 248 of 253 Bahulataddhitaṃ (using ãlu instead of pakati and bahula) ãlu : sĩtaṃ assa pakati = sĩtãlu Or sĩtaṃ Ettha bahulaṃ = sĩtãlu, a country where is always cold,or so cold Seṭṭhataddhitaṃ (using suffixes indicating comparatives) tara, tama, iyissaka, iya, iṭṭha, for examples sabbe ime pãpã, ayamimesaṃ vissena pãpoti= pãpataro, pãpatamo, pãpiyissako, pãpiyo, pãpiṭṭho Tadassatthitaddhita ṃ (using suffixes instead of assa atthĩti) vĩ : medhã assa atthĩti = medhãvĩ, one who is wisdom sa : sumedhã assa atthĩti = sumedho, one who is wisdom sĩ: tejo assa atthĩti =tejasĩ, one who has power ika : attho assa atthĩti= atthiko, one who has desire ĩ : sukhĩ assa atthĩti = sukhĩ, one who is happy ra : mukhaṃ assa atthĩti = mukharo, one who has a mount vantu: paññã assa atthĩti = paññavã, one who has wisdom mantu : cakkhu assa atthĩti = cakkhumã, one who has an eye ṇa : saddhã assa atthĩti = saddho, one who has faith Pakatitaddhitaṃ (using Maya instead of pakata or vikãra) Maya: suvaṇṇena pakataṃ = Suvaṇṇamayaṃ, a container which is made of gold, a golden container Pũraṇataddhitaṃ (using suffixes instead of pũraṇa) Tiya : dvinnaṃ pũraṇo = dutiyo, the second th : catunnaṃ pũraṇo = catuttho, the fourth ṭha : channaṃ pũraṇo = chaṭṭho, the sixth ma : pañcannaṃ pũraṇo = pañcamo, the fifth ĩ: ekãdasannaṃ pũraṇo = ekãdasĩ, the eleventh (11-18) saṃkhyãtaddhitaṃ (using ka instead of parimãṇa) Ka : dve parimãṇãni assãti = dvikaṃ, a twoquanity
Basic Pali Grammar Page 249 of 253 In Bhãva taddhita, there are six suffixes, tata, ṇaya, tatana, tã, ṇa, kaṇa, instead of “Bhãva” tata : candassa bhãvo = candattaṃ, the state of moon ṇaya : samaṇassa bhãvo = sãmaññaṃ, the monkhood tatana : puthujjanassa bhãvo = puthujjanattanaṃ, the laypeople tã : sahãyassa bhãvo = sahãyatã, friendhood ṇa : sucino bhãvo = socaṃ, cleanness kaṇa : ramaṇĩyassa bhãvo = rãmaṇĩyakaṃ, enjoyableness In Abyyataddhita,there are two suffixes, namely; thã, thaṃ, instead of “pakãra”, for examples; thã: Yo pakãro = yathã, how thaṃ : Ko pakãro = kathaṃ, how ayaṃ pakãro = itthaṃ, thus Upamãtaddhita uses the suffix “ãyitta” instead of “viya dissati” e.g. Dhũmo viya dissatĩti = Dhũmãyittaṃ (vatthu) Nissitataddhita uses the suffix “la” instead of “nissita and ṭhãna”. e.g. Daṭṭhuṃ vatthuṃ nissitaṃ = Duṭṭhullaṃ (kammaṃ) Vibhãgataddhitaṃ (using suffixes instead of vibhãga) dhã : ekena vibhãgena = ekadhã, by one part so : suttena vibhãgena = suttaso, by sutta
Basic Pali Grammar Page 250 of 253 Exercise Answer these questions. 1. What is Taddhita? 2. Explain difference between Samãsa and Taddhita 3. How many types of taddhita are there? 4. How many suffixes are there in Gottataddhita? 5. Write suffixes of tadassatthitaddhita. 6. Write the names and suffixes of taddhia words; 1. Medhãvĩ = 2. ayomayaṃ = 3. Ditiyo = 4. ekathã = 5. sahãyatã = 6. Pãpataro = 7. Nãviko = 8. Sãmaṇero = 9. Sĩtãlu = 10. Mãnuso =
Basic Pali Grammar Page 251 of 253 Reference A.K. Warder, Introduction of Pāli. London: Pāli Text society 1963 Revised Edition, 2006 A.P.Buddhatta Mahathera, Aids to Pali conversation and translation,The colombo Apothecaries Co.,LTD, Colombo, Ceylon, Srilanka. Allan R. Bomhard, An Introductory Grammar of the Pali Language. Charieston Buddhist Fellowship Charleston, SC USA, 2012. A.P.Buddhadata Mahāthera, Conscise Pāli-English Dictionary, Reprint: Delhi, 1997 A.P.Buddhadata Thera, The new Pāli Course Part 1. Colombo: the Colombo apotecarie’s Co., 1949 A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, New 7th edition, Oxford University Press, 2005 Buddhist Proverbs in Pāli, Thai and English languages product by Thammasapa & Bunluentham Institution B.E. 2532. Charles Duriosells, A Practical of Grammar of Pāli Grammar, third Edition, 1997 Diana Lea, Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus, A dictionary of synonyms, Oxford University Express 2007 Edward Müller, Truübner’s collection of Simplified Grammars of the Pāli Language, London 1884 Huang Yaobao, New age Thai-English Dictionary, Thai ways Publications Co.,LTD, Bangkok 2006 James D’alwis, Introduction to Kachchayana’s Grammar of the Pāli Language with an introduction, Colombo, 1863
Basic Pali Grammar Page 252 of 253 L.De silva, Pāli Primer. Igatpuri: Vipassanā Research Institute, 1995 Longman dictionary of contemporary English, the living dictionary, Fourth edition with writing assistant, London, 2005 Major Suteera Trakuldit, English Grammatical Structure and Usage, Bangkok, Asia press, 2529. Nārada Thera, an Elementary Pāli course,1952 O. Frankfurter, Handbook of Pāli course, London, Williams and Norgate 1883 Steven Conllins, A Pāli Grammar form Students, Printed in Thailand O.S. Printing House 2003 Thomas Oberlies, Pali, A grammar of the Language of the Theravada Tipitaka, Walter de Gruyter, Berlim, New York, 2001. Ven. U Silananda, Pāli roots in Saddhanīti, USA, 2005 Venerable Balangoda Ananda Maitreya, Pali made easy, Buddhist Culture Centre, Srilanka,1992. Wilhelm Geiger, A PÃLi GRAMMAR, The Pali Text Society, Oxford, 2005. สมเดจพระมหาสมณเจา กรมพระยาวชรญาณวโรรส, บาลรไวยากรณ โรวพมพมหามกฎ ราชวทยาลย กรงเทพมหานคร สมเดจพระมหาสมณเจา กรมพระยาวชรญาณวโรรส, ธมมปทกถา ๑-๒-๓-๔ โรวพมพ มหามกฎราชวทยาลย กรงเทพมหานคร พระมหาพล อาภากโร (ป.ธ.๙.Ph.D) มหาเรยนภาษาองกฤษ โรงพมพมหาจฬาลงกรณ ราชวทยาลย กรงเทพฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๔๕ พระมหานยม อตตโม, หลกสตรยอบาลไวยากรณ สนกเรยนวดธาต ขอนแกน โรงพมพ เลยงเชยง กรงเทพฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๒๓
Basic Pali Grammar Page 253 of 253 ศ.พเศษ เสฐยรพงษ วรรณปก ราชบณฑต, บาลเรยนงาย เลมท ๑ หจก. หอรตนชยการ กรงเทพมหานคร ๒๕๔๓ พระมหาสมคด จนตามโย คมอหลกเกณฑการแปลบาล ประโยค ๑-๒ และ ปธ.๓ โรง พมพเลยงเชยง กรงเทพมหานคร ๒๕๓๘ พระเทพปรยตโมล (ทองด สรเตโช ป.ธ.๙) หลกการแปลไทยเปนมคธ โรงพมพมหาจฬา ลงกรณราชวทยาลย กรงเทพมหานคร ๒๕๓๓ พระมหาชยศร กตตปญโญ (ป.ธ.๙ พธ.ม) สนกเรยนวดสรอยทอง ศลปะการใชศพท และการแปลประโยค บรษท ธนาเพรส แอนด กราฟฟค จกด พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๕ Websites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali http://www.buddhanet.net/budas/ebud/dict-ep/index.htm http://www.metta.lk/ http://www.buddha.net http://atbu.org/node/23 https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/causative-verbs-active-andpassive/