Basic Pali Grammar Page 44 of 253 8. Corasmā ari = ……………………………. 9. Senāpatino sārathībhi = ……………………………. 10.Ācariyassa añjalayo = ……………………………. Exercise C : Translate into Pāli. 1. A wave of fire = aggino ũmi 2. Oh, monkey ! = ……………………………. 3. Enemies on the mountain = ……………………………. 4. A depository of a householder = ……………………………. 5. The meditation of a carpenter = ……………………………. 6. With a householder’s a charioteer= ……………………………. 7. In a hand of a monkey = ……………………………. 8. A snake in a fire = …………………………… 9. The oblation with snakes = …………………………… 10.An enemy of a general = …………………………… Exercise D : Decline the word “ahi” (snake) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 45 of 253 Exercise D : Decline the word “ahi” (snake) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 46 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs A Subject and A Verb Pali and English pronouns. Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses Singular plural Person Pali English Pali English Paṭṭhampurisa , first person So He Te They Sã She Tã They Taṃ It Tãni They Majjhimapurisa, second person Tvaṃ You Tumhe You Uttamapurisa, third person Ahaṃ I Myaṃ We Person singular plural The first person -ti -anti The second person -si -tha The third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots hara (to carry) sikkha (to study) mara (to die) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso harati sikkhati marati -ti Tvaṃ harasi sikkhasi marasi -si Ahaṃ harãmi sikkhãmi marãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã haranti sikkhanti maranti -anti Tumhe haratha sikkhatha maratha -tha Myaṃ harãma sikkhãma marãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 47 of 253 Singular Subject : So(He) sikkhati -ti He studies. Sã (She) sikkhati -ti She studies. Taṃ (It) sikkhati -ti It studies. Puriso✷ sikkhati -ti A man studies. Tvaṃ(You) sikkhasi -si You study. Ahaṃ (I) sikkhãmi -mi I study. Plural subject: Te (they) sikkhanti -anti They study. Tã (they) sikkhanti -anti They study. Tãni (They) sikkhanti -anti They study. Purisã✷ sikkhanti -anti Men study. Tumhe (you) sikkhatha -tha You study. Myaṃ (We) sikkhãma -ma We. study. ✷ Note: The subject noun is only a nominative singular or plural Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) 1. ãhara (to bring) 2. ãruha (to climb,ascend) 3. oruha (to descend) 4. yãca (to beg) 5. khan (to dig) 6. vijjha (to shoot) 7. pahara (to hits, strikes) 8. rakkha (to protects) 9. vanda (to worship, salute) 10.sĩ →se, saya (to sleep)
Basic Pali Grammar Page 48 of 253 Exercise B: Translate into English. Basic Pali sentence : Subject + (Object )+ Verb (S+(O)+V) 1. Puriso asiṃ ãharati. = ______________________ 2. Ahaṃ dhammamṃ rakkhãmi. = ______________________ 3. Kapĩ araññasmiṃ maranti. = ______________________ 4. Ahaṃ ãhãraṃ yãcãmi. = ______________________ 5. Myaṃ ariṃ paharãma. = ______________________ 6. Narapati sĩlaṃ rakkhati. = ______________________ 7. Ahayo rukkhasmiṃ sayanti. = ______________________ 8. Tumhe Buddhaṃ vandatha. = ______________________ 9. Kapayo rukkhasmã oruhanti. = ______________________ 10. Ahaṃ puttaṃ rakkhãmi. = ______________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 49 of 253 CHAPTER 10 A.Declension : masculine Noun ending in “ĩ”(long), seṭṭhĩ (millionaire) The pattern of Termination (Endings) Example of Declension of the noun ending in “ĩ” : seṭṭhī (millionaire) Declension of seṭṭhī (millionaire) in English Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si –īĩ Yo –ino, –ī Acc. Aṃ -iṃ, -īnaṃ Yo –ino, –ī Ins. Nā -inā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Dat. Sa –ssa, -ino naṃ -īnaṃ Abl. Smā –ismā, - imhā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Gen. Sa –ssa, -ino Naṃ -īnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ -ismiṃ, -imhi Su –īsu Voc. Si –i Yo –ino, –ī Cases Singular Plural Nom. seṭṭhī seṭṭhino, seṭṭhī Acc. seṭṭhiṃ, seṭṭhinaṃ seṭṭhino, seṭṭhī Ins. seṭṭhinā seṭṭhīhi, seṭṭhībhi Dat. seṭṭhissa, seṭṭhino seṭṭhīnaṃ Abl. seṭṭhismā, seṭṭhimhā seṭṭhīhi, seṭṭhībhi Gen. seṭṭhissa, seṭṭhino seṭṭhīnaṃ Loc. seṭṭhismiṃ, seṭṭhimhi seṭṭhīsu Voc. seṭṭhi seṭṭhino, seṭṭhī
Basic Pali Grammar Page 50 of 253 Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. For example, “seṭṭhinã saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a millionaire” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ seṭṭhinã saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a millionaire”. Nouns ending in “ĩ” declined like seṭṭhī (millionaire) Sāmī owner ; lord ;master, husband Mantī minister senānī general Sakkhī witness yoddhī warrior Karī elephant tapasī hermit Bhanī talkative bhogī wealthy man Medhāvī the wise sikhī peacock Sukhī happy man hatthī elephant etc.. kapaṇī pauper (beggar) Exercise A: Compound these nouns with suffixes, and translate into English. Cases Singular Plural Nom. A millionaire Millionaires Acc. A millionaire Millionaires Ins.* By, with a millionaire By, with millionaires Dat. To, for millionaire To, for millionaires Abl. From millionaire From millionaires Gen. Of a millionaire Of millionaires Loc. On, in, upon a millionaire On, in, upon millionaires Voc. Oh! Millionaire Oh! millionaires
Basic Pali Grammar Page 51 of 253 1. Sāmī + smā = sāmismā = from the lord 2. Senānī + si = ……………. = ……………………… 3. Mantī + nā = ……………. = ……………………… 4. Sakkhī + smiṃ = ……………. = ……………………… 5. Yoddhī + su = ……………. = ……………………… 6. Karī + smā = ……………. = ……………………… 7. Bhogī + hi = ……………. = ……………………… 8. Medhāvī + sa = ……………. = ……………………… 9. Sikhī + ṃ = ……………. = ……………………… 10.bhaṇī + yo = ……………. = ……………………… 11.tapasī + smī = ……………. = ……………………… 12.mantī + hi = ……………. = ……………………… 13.senānī + su = ……………. = ……………………… 14.hatthī + naṃ = ……………. = ……………………… 15.seṭṭhī + smiṃ = ……………. = ……………………… 16.karī + naṃ = ……………. = ……………………… 17.kapaī + sa = …………… = ……………………… 18.sikhī + you = …………… = ……………………… 19.bhogī + nā = …………… = ……………………… 20.sukhī + su = …………… = ……………………… Exercise B: Translate into Enlgish. 1. seṭṭhino purisā = men of a millionaire. 2. Yoddhissa senāninā = …………………………………. 3. rukkhasmiṃ sikhī = …………………………………. 4. Manusassa hatthimhi = …………………………………. 5. Mantino karino = …………………………………. 6. Yoddhissa kariībhi = …………………………………. 7. Sāmissa sekkhismā = …………………………………. 8. kapaṇīsu sikhīno = ………………………………….
Basic Pali Grammar Page 52 of 253 9. Narassa hatthino = …………………………………. 10.Mantimhā sukhī = …………………………………. Exercise C: Translate into Pāli. 1. From a witness of general = senānissa skkhismā 2. A pauper’s peacock = …………………………… 3. An elephant in a village = …………………………… 4. Warriors of a general = …………………………… 5. A hand of a talkative = …………………………… 6. With witness of a lord = …………………………… 7. O peacock! = …………………………… 8. Elephants of a happy man = …………………………… 9. From a hand of an elephant = …………………………… 10.A peacock of a wise man = …………………………… Exercise D: Decline the word “karī” (elephant) correctly. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………… Exercise E: Decline the word “karī” (elephant) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 53 of 253 Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 54 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Subject pronouns In order to conjugate a verb, you need to know the subject pronouns, so let’s start with review of these. Pali subject pronouns and their corresponding English pronouns. Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. Person Singular plural Pali English Pali English Paṭṭhampurisa , first person So He Te They Sã She Tã They Taṃ It Tãni They Majjhimapurisa, second person Tvaṃ You Tumhe You Uttamapurisa, third person Ahaṃ I Myaṃ We Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots rudh→rundha (to close,restrain) muc→muñca (to free) bhuja→bhu ñja (to eat) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso rundhati muñcati bhuñjati -ti
Basic Pali Grammar Page 55 of 253 For examples in Present tenses Basic Pali sentence : Subject + (Object )+ Verb (S+(O)+V) Singular Subject : So(He) bhuñjati He eats. -ti Sã (She) bhuñjati She ests. -ti Taṃ (It) bhuñjati It eats. -ti Puriso✷ bhuñjati A man eats. -ti Tvaṃ(You) bhuñjasi You eat. -si Ahaṃ (I) bhuñjãmi I eat. -mi Plural subject: Te (they) bhuñjanti They eat. -anti Tã (they) bhuñjanti They eat. -anti Tãni (They) bhuñjanti They eat. -anti Purisã bhuñjanti Men eat. -anti Tumhe (you) bhuñjatha You eat. -tha Myaṃ (We) bhuñjãma We. eat. -ma Note: The subject noun is also a nominative singular or plural Exercise A:Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) 1. pata (to fall) 2. dhova (to wash) 3. iccha (to wish, desire) 4. dasa (to bite) 5. puccha (to question) Tvaṃ rundhasi muñcasi bhuñjasi -si Ahaṃ rundhãmi muñcãmi bhuñjãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã rundhanti muñcanti bhuñjanti -anti Tumhe rundhatha muñcatha bhuñjatha -tha Myaṃ rundhãma muñcãma bhuñjãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 56 of 253 6. pakkosa (to call, summon) 7. khãda (to eat) 8. hana (to kill) 9. otara (to descend) 10. nikkhama (to leave, set out) Exercise B : Translate into English. 1. Ahaṃ davãraṃ rundhãmi. = 2. Tvaṃ sakuṇaṃ muñcasi. = 3. Myaṃ ãhãraṃ bhuñcãma. = 4. Karino patati. = 5. Sukhĩ rukkhaṃ dhovati. = 6. Tvaṃ bhogiṃ icchasi. = 7. Myaṃ medhãviṃ pucchãma. = 8. Buddho dhammaṃ pakkhosati. = 9. Hatthĩ hatthena manussaṃ hananti. = 10. Vãnarã rukkhe khãdanti. = Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. A peacock eats fruits. = 2. An elephant falls. = 3. The wise asks dhamma. = 4. I kill a warrior. = 5. You desire a son. =
Basic Pali Grammar Page 57 of 253 CHAPTER 11 A. Declension :Masculine Noun ending in “u”: Garu The Pattern of Declension of the noun ending in “u” (short) Example of Declension of the noun ending in “u’’ : garu (teacher) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si→u Yo→avo, -ũ Acc. aṃ→uṃ Yo→ avo, -ũ Ins. Nā→nā Hi→ũhi, -ũbhi Dat. Sa→ssa, -no naṃ→ũnaṃ Abl. Smā→smā, -mhā Hi→ ũhi, -ũbhi Gen. Sa→ssa, -no Naṃ→ũnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ→smiṃ, -mhi Su→ũsu Voc. Si→u Yo→ave, -avo Cases Singular Plural Nom. garu garavo, garũ Acc. garuṃ garavo, garũ Ins. garunā garũhi, garũbhi Dat. garussa, garuno garũnaṃ Abl. garusmā, garumhā garũhi, garũbhi Gen. garussa, garuno garũnaṃ Loc. garusmiṃ, garumhi garũsu Voc. garu garave, garavo
Basic Pali Grammar Page 58 of 253 Translation of Declension of garu (teacher) in English. Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. For example, “garunã saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a teacher” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ garunã saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a teacher. Nouns ending in “u” declined like garu (teacher) Cases Singular Plural Nom. A teacher teachers Acc. A teacher Teachers Ins.* By, with, on accout of a teacher By, with, on accout of teachers Dat. To, for a teacher To, for teachers Abl. From a teacher From teachers Gen. Of a teacher Of teachers Loc. In, on or upon a teacher In, on or upon teachers Voc. Oh! Teacher Oh! teachers Ketu flag jantu creature, live being Pasu goat bandhu relative Babbu a (fishing) cat bikkhu monk Ripu enemy sattu enemy Setu bridge hetu cause Maccu death bāhu arm Pharasu axe taru tree Velu bamboo bhāṇu the sun Ucchu sugar-can ruru a deer Jetu conqueror etc…
Basic Pali Grammar Page 59 of 253 Exercise A: Compound these nouns with the suffixes, and translate in English correctly. 1. Garu + sa = garussa = to a teacher 2. Bhikkhu + smā = …………….. = ……………………. 3. Ripu + nā = …………….. = ……………………. 4. Sattu + sa = …………….. = ……………………. 5. Setu + ṃ = …………….. = ……………………. 6. Hetu + hi = …………….. = ……………………. 7. Babbu + naṃ = …………….. = ……………………. 8. Bandhu + yo = …………….. = ……………………. 9. Pasu + smiṃ = …………….. = ……………………. 10.Jantu + su = …………….. = ……………………. 11.Maccu + sa = …………….. = ……………………. 12.Velu + smā = …………….. = ……………………. 13.bhāṇu + hi = …………….. = ……………………. 14.Ucchu + nā = …………….. = ……………………. 15.Ruru + si = …………….. = ……………………. 16.Jetu + smiṃ = …………….. = ……………………. 17.Bāhu + yo = …………….. = ……………………. 18.Pharasu + smā = …………….. = ……………………. 19.Taru + smiṃ = …………….. = ……………………. 20.Ketu + hi = …………….. = ……………………. Exercise B: Tranclate into English. 1. garūnaṃ banthū = relative of teacher 2. bhikkhussa pau = ……………………………….. 3. loke jantavo = ……………………………….. 4. buddhassa bandhavo = ……………………………….. 5. setumhi hetu = ……………………………….. 6. maccuno sattu = ………………………………..
Basic Pali Grammar Page 60 of 253 7. velumhi ruru = ………………………………... 8. tarusmiṃ rurū = ………………………………... 9. sattumhi pharasu = ………………………………... 10. bhikkhuno garavo = ………………………………… Exercise C: Translate into Pāli. 1. A flag on the tree = tarusmiṃ ketu 2. The death of monks = ………………………………. 3. An arm of a relative = ………………………………. 4. The cause of enemies = ………………………………. 5. By axe of a teacher = ………………………………. 6. A monk on the bridge = ………………………………. 7. A deer in a bamboo = ………………………………. 8. In Buddha’s arms = ………………………………. 9. With the cause of death = ………………………………. 10.Conqueror’s enemies = ………………………………. Exercise D: Decline the word “velu” (bamboo) in Pāli correctly. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 61 of 253 Exercise E: Decline the word “velu” (bamboo) in English correctly. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 62 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Subject pronouns In order to conjugate a verb, you need to know the subject pronouns, so let’s start with review of these. Pali subject pronouns and their corresponding English pronouns. Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Remark: Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses Singular Subject : So(He) rodati He cries. -ti Sã (She) rodati She cries. -ti Taṃ (It) rodati It cries. -ti Puriso✷ rodati A man cries. -ti Tvaṃ(You) rodasi You cry -si Ahaṃ (I) rodãmi I cry -mi Singular plural Pali English Pali English Paṭṭhampurisa , first person So He Te They Sã She Tã They Taṃ It Tãni They Majjhimapurisa, second person Tvaṃ You Tumhe You Uttamapurisa, third person Ahaṃ I Myaṃ We Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 63 of 253 Plural subject: Te (they) rodanti They cry. -anti Tã (they) rodanti They cry. -anti Tãni (They) rodanti They cry. -anti Purisã✷ rodanti Men cry. -anti Tumhe (you) rodatha You cry. -tha Myaṃ (We) rodãma We. cry. -ma ✷Note: The subject noun is also a nominative singular or plural. Exercise A:Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) : Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination 1. dã+a →dadã (to give) 2.ã+dã+a→ãdã (to take) 3.kĩl +a →kĩla (to play) 4. nahãy+a→nahãya(to take a bathe) 5. ãkaḍḍh+a →ãkaḍḍha(to drag) 6. pajah+a →pajaha(to give up, abandonã) 7. labh+a→labha(to get) 8.gam+a→gaccha(to go) 9.sikkh+a→sikkha(to study) 10. ikkh+a→ikkha(to see) Exercise B : Translate into English. 1.Myaṃ bhikkhuṃ ikkhãma. = ___________________________ 2.Sã garunã sikkhati. = ___________________________ 3. Tumhe kĩlatha. = ___________________________ 4. Te puttaṃ labhant. = ___________________________ 5. Ahaṃ setuṃhi tiṭṭhãmi. = __________________________ 6. Bhikkhũ gãmaṃ ãgacchanti. = ___________________________ 7. Puttã nahãyanti. = ___________________________ 8. Ketu setusmiṃ tiṭṭhati. = ___________________________ 9.Sattavo ãgacchanti. = ___________________________ 10. Myaṃ sippaṃ sikkhãma. = ___________________________ Exercise C: Translate into Pali.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 64 of 253 1. I see a monk. = ___________________________ 2. We study with a teacher. = ___________________________ 3. He plays = ___________________________ 4. They stay on a bridge. = ___________________________ 5. We get sons. = ___________________________ 6. She goes to a house. = ___________________________ 7. A teacher takes a bathe. = ___________________________ 8. You give a flag. = ___________________________ 9. Cat come(ãgaccha). = ___________________________ 10. Relatives see an elephant. = ___________________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 65 of 253 CHAPTER 12 A. Declension : Masculine Noun ending in “ũ”:Viññũ The pattern of Endings /Terminations Declension of Viññũ (a wise man) Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si –ũ Yo –uno, – ũ Acc. ṃ -uṃ Yo –uno, – ũ Ins. Nā -unā Hi – ũhi, – ũbhi Dat. Sa –ussa, -uno naṃ - ũnaṃ Abl. Smā –usmā, - umhā Hi – ũhi, – ũbhi Gen. Sa –ussa, -uno Naṃ - ũnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ -usmiṃ, -umhi Su – ũsu Voc. Si – u Yo –uno, –ũ Cases Singular Plural Nom. Viññũ Viññuno, Viññũ Acc. Viññuṃ Viññuno, Viññũ Ins.* Viññunā Viññũhi, Viññũbhi Dat. Viññussa, Viññuno Viññũnaṃ Abl. Viññusmā, Viññumhā Viññũhi, Viññũbhi Gen. Viññussa, Viññuno Viññũnaṃ Loc. Viññusmiṃ, Viññumhi Viññũsu Voc. Viññu Viññuno, Viññũ
Basic Pali Grammar Page 66 of 253 For example, “viññuã saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a wise man” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ nãriyã saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a wise man. Nouns ending in “ũ” declined like Viññũ e.g. Abhibhũ conqueror Kataññũ grateful person Pāragũ gone-beyond/ passed/ crossed one. Vedagũ one who has attained the highest knowledge Sayambhũ an epithet of the Buddha etc… Exercise A: Compound these words with suffixes correctly. 1. Abhibhũ + smiṃ = ………………………………….. 2. Kataññũ + su = ………………………………….. 3. Pāragũ hi = ………………………………….. 4. Vedagũ +sa = ………………………………….. 5. Sayambhũ +si = ………………………………….. Exercise B: Decline the word (kataññũ) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 67 of 253 Exercise C: decline the word “kataññũ” in Englsih. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 68 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Subject pronouns/nouns In order to conjugate a verb, you need to know the subject pronouns, so let’s start with review of these. Pali subject pronouns and their corresponding English pronouns. Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. Person Singular plural Pali English Pali English Paṭṭhampurisa , first person So He Te They Sã She Tã They Taṃ It Tãni They Majjhimapurisa, second person Tvaṃ You Tumhe You Uttamapurisa, third person Ahaṃ I Myaṃ We Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots car+a→cara (to walk) nisĩd+a→n isĩda (to sit) vas+a→va sa (to live) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso carati nisĩdati vasati -ti Tvaṃ carasit nisĩdasi vasasi -si Ahaṃ carãmi nisĩdãmi vasãmi -mi
Basic Pali Grammar Page 69 of 253 For example in Present tenses Singular Subject : So(He) carati He walks. -ti Sã (She) carati She walks. -ti Taṃ (It) carati It walks. -ti Puriso✷ carati A man walks. -ti Tvaṃ(You) carasi You walk -si Ahaṃ (I) carãmi I walk -mi Plural subject: Te (they) caranti They walk. -anti Tã (they) caranti They walk. -anti Tãni (They) caranti They walk. -anti Purisã✷ caranti Men walk. -anti Tumhe (you) caratha You walk. -tha Myaṃ (We) carãma We. walk. -ma ✷ Note: The subject noun is also a nominative singular or plural. Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. ãhiṇḍ+a →ãhiṇḍa (to wander) 2.sannipat+a→sannipata (to assemble) 3. vihar+a→vihara (to dwell) 4. Jĩv+a→jĩva (to live) 5. tiṭṭh+a→tiṭṭha (to stand) 6. uppat+a→uppata (to fly, jump up) 7.tar+a→ tara (to cross (water)) Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã caranti nisĩdanti vasanti -anti Tvaṃ caratha nisĩdatha vasatha -si Myaṃ carãma nisĩdãma vasãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 70 of 253 8.uttar+a→uttara (to come out (of water)) 9.pasĩd+a→pasĩda (to become glad, to be pleased with) 10. cur+ṇe,ṇaya→core, coraya (to steal) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. Myaṃ araññasmiṃ ãhiṇḍãma. 2.Kataññũ gãme sannipanti. 3. Buddho rukkhasmiṃ viharati. 4. Kiṃ Tumhe jĩvatha? 5. Abhibhuno gãme tiṭṭhanti. 6. Ahaṃ na uppatãmi. 7. Tvaṃ tarasi. 8. Pãraguno uttarati. 9. Sayambhu pasĩdati. 10. Theno dhanaṃ corayati. Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. They wander in the forest. 2. I assemble with sons. 3. We live in the temple. 4. You come to home. 5. The wise man stands on the tree. 6. We cross the river. 7. Birds fly. 8. Elephants come. 9. Peacocks fly. 10. A Buddhist monk do not steal money.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 71 of 253 CHAPTER 13 A. Declension: Feminine Noun ending in “ã” kaññà ,virgin The pattern of Ending / Termination Example of declension of kaññā (virgin) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si –ā Yo – āyo, –ā Acc. ṃ -aṃ Yo – āyo, –ā Ins. Nā -āya Hi – āhi, – ābhi Dat. Sa – āya naṃ - ānaṃ Abl. Smā – āya Hi – āhi, – ābhi Gen. Sa – āya Naṃ - ānaṃ Loc. Smiṃ - āya, -āyaṃ, Su – āsu Voc. Si –e Yo – āyo, –ā Cases Singular Plural Nom. kaññā kaññāyo, kaññā Acc. kaññaṃ kaññāyo, kaññā Ins. kaññāya kaññāhi, kaññābhi Dat. kaññāya kaññānaṃ Abl. kaññāya kaññāhi, kaññābhi Gen. kaññāya kaññānaṃ Loc. kaññāya, kaññāyaṃ, kaññāsu Voc. kaññe kaññāyo, kaññā
Basic Pali Grammar Page 72 of 253 Declension of kaññā (virgin) in English Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. For example, “kaññãya saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a virgin” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ kaññãya saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a virgin. Nouns ending in “ã” declined like kaññā (virgin) Saddhā faith medhā intelligence Vijjā science paññã wisdom taṇhā lust, thirst mettā love icchā desire bhikkhā begged-food gāthā stanza mālā garland khiḍḍā play, sport pũja honour senā army chāyā shadow nāvā boat pipāsā thirst gīvā throat velā time accharā nymph nāsā a nose ābhā light, luster, radiance ikkhaṇikā female fortune-teller īsā pole of a plough ũkā a louse ukkā torch ojā nutritive essence, juice Cases Singular Plural Nom. A virgin Virgins Acc. A virgin Virgins Ins.* By, with, on account of a virgin By, with, on account of virgins Dat. To, for a virgin To, for virgins Abl. From a virgin From virgins Gen. Of a virgin Of virgins Loc. In, on, upon a virgin In, on, upon virgins Voc. Oh! Virgin Oh! Virgins
Basic Pali Grammar Page 73 of 253 kacchā loin-clothe gadā a kind of weapon, an iron bar ghaṭikaā a small bowl, knot cetanā intention churikā a dagger japā china-rose tārā star thavikā bag dārikā girl dolā swing, palanquin dhārā stream, a torrent nārā halo bāhā arm bhāsā language lākhā lac, lac insect sālā hall silā stone hanukā chin etc… Exercise A: Compound these nouns with suffixes and translate into Englsih correctly. 1. Velā + si = velā = a time 2. Nāsā + hi = ……………… = ……………………… 3. Pujā + smiṃ = ……………… = ……………………… 4. Nārā + smā = ……………… = ……………………… 5. Bāhā + su = ……………… = ……………………… 6. Tārā + ṃ = ……………… = ……………………… 7. Paññã + nā = ……………… = ……………………… 8. Dārikā + hi = ……………… = ……………………… 9. Silā + sa = ……………… = ……………………… 10.Gīvā + naṃ = ……………… = ……………………… 11.Medhā + smā = ……………… = ……………………… 12.Senā + su = ……………… = ……………………… 13.taṇhā + hi = ……………… = ……………………… 14.vijā + yo = ……………… = ……………………… 15.saddhā +smā = ……………… = ……………………… 16.japā +nā = ……………… = ……………………… 17.icchā + sa = ……………… = ……………………… 18.mettā + su = ……………… = ………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 74 of 253 19.bhikkhā + smiṃ =……………… = ……………………… 20.bhāsā + yo = ……………… = ……………………… Exercise B: Translate into English 1. kaññā bhikkaṃ bhujjhati. (to eat) = a virgin eats any food. 2. Manussassa bhāsā lokemhi atthi (to have) = ……………….. 3. ikkhaṇikā dārikaṃ ikkhati. (to see) = ……………………... 4. japāyo sālāya atthi = …………………… 5. accharāyo datikābhi dibbanti. (to pl) = ……………………… 6. janā ukkāhi gacchanti. (to go) = ……………………… 7. Ācariyo mālāya pũjāyaṃ karoti. (to do) = …………….………... 8. Tārāyo nabhāya atthi. = …………………… 9. Kaññāyo nāvāya gacchanti. = …………………… 10.Ukāyo ikkhaṇikāya kacchāyaṃ vasanti. (to live) = ……………… Exercise C: Translate into Pāli. 1. Hands of a nymph = ………………………….. 2. Stars on the sky = ………………………….. 3. China-roses in a hall = ………………………….. 4. Buddha’s haloes = ………………………….. 5. A female fortune-teller’s a dagger = ……………………… 6. A man’s windows = ………………………….. 7. The time of the language = ………………………….. 8. A girl’s a swing = ………………………….. 9. Garlands in an arm = ………………………….. 10.A begged-food’s a nutritive essence = ……………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 75 of 253 Exercise D: Decline the word “velā” (time) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………… Exercise E: Decline the word “velā” (time) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 76 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal terminations Remark: Before -mi and -ma of the present tense, the a of the base is lengthened. Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses You open. -si Ahaṃ vivarãmi. i open -mi So vivarati. He opens. -ti. Sã vivarati. she opens. -ti Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots virar+a→vivara (to open) nacc+a→nacca (to dance) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso vivarati naccati -ti Tvaṃ vivarasi naccasi -si Ahaṃ vivarãmi naccãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã vivaranti naccanti -anti Tumhe vivaratha naccatha -si Myaṃ vivarãma naccãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 77 of 253 Taṃ vivarati. It opens. -ti Puriso✷vivarati. A man opes. -ti Tvaṃ vivarasi. You open. -sii Te vivaranti. They open. -anti Tã vivaranti. They open. -anti. Tãni vivaranti. They open. -anti. Purisã✷ vivaranti. Men open. -anti Tumhe vivaratha You open. -tha Myaṃ vivarãma. We open. -ma Note: The subject noun is also a nominative singular or plural Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1.nikkhip+a→nikkhipa (to put) 2. uṭṭhah+a→uṭṭhaha (to get up) 3. phus +a→phusa (to touch) 4. anusãs+a→anusãsa (to instruct) 5. ovad+a→ovada (to advise) 6. saṃhar+a→saṃhara (to collect) 7. ãsiñc+a→ãsiñca (to sprinkle) 8. akkos+a→akkosa (to scold) 9. bhind+a→bhinda (to break) 10. pib/piv+a→pibva/piva (to drink) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. Ahaṃ udakaṃ pivãmi.= _________________________ 2. Accharã tãrãyaṃ bhindati.= _________________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 78 of 253 3. Dãrikãyo ikkhaṇikaṃ akkosanti.= _____________________ 4. Tvaṃ japã ãsiñcasi.= _________________________ 5. Myaṃ thavikãya dhanaṃ saṃharãma. = _________________ 6. Buddho paññaya bhikkhũ ovadati. = _________________ 7. Ãcariyo sãlãyaṃ anusãsati. = _________________ 8. Paññã bhãsãya phusanti. = _________________ 9. Dãrakãyo uṭṭhãhanti. = _________________ 10. Tvaṃ ĩsaṃ nikkhipasi. = _________________ Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. She collects a china-rose. = _________________ 2. We drink water. = _________________ 3. A stone breaks. = _________________ 4. A teacher teaches with the language. = _________________ 5. Teachers advise with wisdom. = _________________ 6. Girls sprinkle stars. = _________________ 7. You scold a girl. = _________________ 8. We get up. = _________________ 9. Buddhist monks do not touch a woman. = ____________ 10. I put the torch in the hall. = ________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 79 of 253 CHAPTER 14 A. Declension of feminine Noun ending in “i” ; ratti (night) The pattern of Ending / Termination Example of Declension of ratti (night) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si –i Yo –iyo, –ī Acc. ṃ -iṃ Yo –iyo, –ī Ins. Nā -yā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Dat. Sa –yā naṃ -īnaṃ Abl. Smā –yā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Gen. Sa –yā Naṃ -īnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ -yā, -yaṃ Su –īsu Voc. Si –i Yo –iyo, –ī Cases Singular Plural Nom. ratti rattiyo, rattī Acc. rattiṃ rattiyo, rattī Ins. rattiyā rattīhi, rattībhi Dat. rattiyā rattīnaṃ Abl. Rattiyā, ratyā rattīhi, rattībhi Gen. rattiyā rattīnaṃ Loc. rattiyā, rattiyaṃ, ratyaṃ rattīsu Voc. ratti rattiyo, rattī
Basic Pali Grammar Page 80 of 253 Declension of ratti (night) in English Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. For example, “nãriyã saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a woman” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ nãriyã saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a woman. Nouns ending in “i” declined according to ratti (night) aṇguli ginger aṭavi forest mutti deliverance piti joy rati attachment khanti patience bhũmi earth, ground keḷi amusement satti ability nandi joy patti attainment mati understanding tuṭṭhi satisfaction āsatti attachment vuddhi increase dhũri dust ruci splendor tanti a string chavi the skin gati going, rebirth cuti disappearance sati recollection Cases Singular Plural Nom. A night Nights Acc. A night Nights Ins.* By, with, on account of night With, on account of nights Dat. To, for a night To, for nights Abl. From a night From nights Gen. Of a night Of nights Loc. In, on upon a night In, on upon nights Voc. Oh! Night Oh! nights
Basic Pali Grammar Page 81 of 253 diṭṭhi sight, belief āṇi a nail, linch pin iddhi psychic power īti calamity ukkhali rice pot ũmi wave kaṭi the hip, waist gaṇḍi bell jalli the outer covering of a tree, the outer bark of a tree paṇhi a heel laddhi a view or theory vati fence yaṭṭhi a stick, staff, a pole, walking stick, etc. Exercise A: Compound these nouns with terminations (suffixes) and translate into English correctly. 1. Mati + sa = matiyā = of the understanding 2. Vati + smiṃ = ……….. = ……………………… 3. Yatthi + hi = ……….. = ……………………… 4. Jalli + su = ……….. = ……………………… 5. Cuti + naṃ = ……….. = ……………………… 6. Ukkhali+ si = ……….. = ……………………… 7. ganḍhi + smā = ……….. = ……………………… 8. chavi + yo = ………… = ……………………….. 9. iddhi + nā = ………… = ……………………….. 10.vuddhi + naṃ = ………… = ……………………….. 11.ruci + sa = ………… = ……………………….. 12.kati + ṃ = ………… = ……………………….. 13.panhi + hi = ………… = ……………………….. 14.āni + si = ………… = ……………………….. 15.īti + smiṃ = ………… = ……………………….. 16.khanti + su = ………… = ……………………….. 17.tanti + sa = ………… = ……………………….. 18.dhũri + hi = ………… = ……………………….. 19.anguli + yo = ………… = ……………………….. 20.bhũmi + sa = ………… = ………………………..
Basic Pali Grammar Page 82 of 253 Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. dhammasmiṃ rati = ……………………………… 2. gharassa vatiyo = ……………………………… 3. purissa yaṭṭhi = ……………………………… 4. jalliyā chaviyo = ……………………………… 5. buddhassa iddhiyo = ……………………………… 6. sanghasmiṃ nandi = ……………………………… 7. ukkhaliyā tantiyo = ……………………………… 8. dhammassa mati = ……………………………… 9. manussa khanti = ……………………………… 10.sāmaṇero āṇiyā davāraṃ rundhati. (to close, prevent) = ……………………………………………….. Exercise C: translate into Pāli. 1. the joy in Dhamma = ………………………………… 2. the power of a wave = ………………………………… 3. understanding in patient = ………………………………… 4. going of a night = ………………………………… 5. a fence of a forest = ………………………………… 6. the dust on the ground = ………………………………… 7. the psychic power of the earth = ………………………………… 8. the dust in the rice pot = ………………………………… 9. a calamity of a human being = ………………………………… 10.a view of a woman = …………………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 83 of 253 Exercise D: Decline the word “gati” (going) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………… Exercise E: Decline the word “gati” in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 84 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses So dibbati He plays. -ti Sã dibbati She plays. -ti Taṃ dibbati It plays. -ti *Puriso dibbati. A man plays. -ti Tvaṃ dibbasi. You play. -si Ahaṃ dibbãmi. I play. -mi Te dibbanti. They play. -anti Tã dibbanti. They play. -anti. Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots div+ya→dibba (to play) siv+ya→sibba (to sew) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso dibbati sibbati -ti Tvaṃ dibbasi sibbasi -si Ahaṃ dibbãmi sibbãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã dibbanti sibbanti -anti Tumhe dibbatha sibbatha -si Myaṃ dibbãma sibbãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 85 of 253 Tãni dibbanti. They play. -anti. *Purisã dibbanti. Men play. -anti Tumhe dibbatha You play. -tha Myaṃ dibbãma. We play. -ma Note*: The subject noun is only a nominative singular or plural Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. div+ya→dibba (to play) 2. siv+ya→sibba (to sew) 3. budh+ya→bujjha (to enlighten) 4. khĩ+ ya→khĩya (to be exhausted, to waste way, to become dejected) 5. muh+ya→muyha (to be stupid) 6. mus+ya→mussa (to forget) 7. raj+ya→rajja (to dye, to stain) 8. lip+a/e→limpa / limbe(to smear, to stain, to anoint) 9. bhid+a/e→bhinda/bhinde (to break) 10.bhuj+a/e→bhunja/bhunje (to eat) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1.Ahaṃ hetthena ãhãraṃ bhunjemi. = ______________________ 2. Tvaṃ sattiyã bhindesi. = ______________________ 3. So gãmaṃ limbeti. = ______________________ 4. Sã vatthaṃ rajjati. = ______________________ 5. Myaṃ mussãma. = ______________________ 6. Tvaṃ muyhasi. = _____________________ 7. Iddhiyo khĩyanti. = ______________________ 8. Buddhã dhammaṃ bujjhanti. = _____________________ 9. Ahaṃ tantiyã vatthaṃ sibbãmi. = ______________________ 10. Dãrakã gãme dibbanti. = __________________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 86 of 253 Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. We play in the house. = __________________________ 2. You sew the clothe with a string. = ______________________ 3. He enlightens the doctrine. = ______________________ 4.Calamities are exhausted. = _____________________ 5. She is stupid in entertainment. = ______________________ 6. He forgets a rice pot in the house. = ______________________ 7. She dyes the skin. = ______________________ 8. We smear the house with hands. = ______________________ 9. They break a house. = _____________________ 10. I eat at night. = _____________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 87 of 253 CHAPTER 15 A.Declension : Feminine Noun ending in “ĩ” : nãrĩ(woman) The pattern of Ending / Termination Example of Declension of nārī : woman Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si –ī Yo –iyo, –ī Acc. ṃ -iṃ, -iyaṃ Yo –iyo, –ī Ins. Nā -iyā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Dat. Sa –iyā naṃ -īnaṃ Abl. Smā –iyā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Gen. Sa –iyā Naṃ -īnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ -iyā, -iyaṃ Su –īsu Voc. Si –i Yo –iyo, –ī Cases Singular Plural Nom. nārī nāriyo, nārī Acc. nāriṃ, nāriyaṃ nāriyo, nārī Ins. nāriyā nārīhi, nārībhi Dat. nāriyā nārīnaṃ Abl. nāriyā nārīhi, nārībhi Gen. nāriyā nārīnaṃ Loc. nāriyā, nāriyaṃ nārīsu Voc. nāri nāriyo, nārī
Basic Pali Grammar Page 88 of 253 Declension of nārī (woman) in English Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. For example, “nãriyã saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a woman” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ nãriyã saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a woman. Nouns ending in “ĩ” declined like “nārī” above. paṭī canvas bārāṇasī benares lakkhī prosperity rājinī queen sīhī lioness dabbī spoon pātī bowl bhisī mat kumārī girl sakhī a female friend brāhmaṇī a Brahmin woman taruṇī young woman bhikkhunī nun kākī a female crow vānarī ape mahī the earth yakkhī ogres migī a doc devī nymph vāpī a reservoir, tank gharanī house wife thī woman dhānī city paṭhavī earth mātulānī aunt vījanī fan simbalī the silk-cotton tree etc… Cases Singular Plural Nom. A woman Women Acc. A woman Women Ins.* By, with, on account of a woman By, with, on account of women Dat. To, for a woman To, for women Abl. From a woman From women Gen. Of a woman Of women Loc. In, on upon a woman In, on upon women Voc. O woman! O women!
Basic Pali Grammar Page 89 of 253 Exercise A: Compound these words with the termination (suffixes) and translate into English. 1. Simbalī + sa = simbaliyā = of the silk-cotton tree 2. Mātulānī + si = …………….. = ………………… 3. Devī + hi = …………….. = ………………… 4. Vakkhī + smā = …………….. = ………………… 5. Kumārī + nā = …………….. = ………………… 6. Vījanī + su = …………….. = ………………… 7. Thī + smiṃ = …………….. = ………………… 8. Migī + yo = …………….. = ………………… 9. Mahī + sa = …………….. = ………………… 10.Kākī + si = ……………. = ………………… 11.taruṇī + su = …………….. = ………………… 12.ītī + ṃ = …………….. = ………………… 13.bhisī + hi = …………….. = ………………… 14.skhī +si = …………….. = ………………… 15.brāmanī + smā = …………….. = ………………… 16.vānarī + su = …………….. = ………………… 17.gharaṇī + nā = …………….. = ………………… 18.devī + hi = …………….. = ………………… 19.dhānī + su = …………….. = ………………… 20.rājanī + smiṃ = …………….. = ………………… Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. Kumāriyo dhāniyā dibbanti. (to play) = ……………………………………… 2. Rājiniyo dabbiya āharaṃ bhuñjanti. (to eat) = ……………………………………… 3. Kumārī sakuṇaṃ deseti. (to see) = ……………………………………… 4. Mātulāniyo dhāniṃ gacchanti. (to go) = ………………………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 90 of 253 5. Deviyo nãriyã saddhiṃ bārāṇsiyaṃ vasanti. (to live) = ……………………………………… 6. Bhikkhuniyo buddhassa dhammaṃ suṇanti. (to listen to) = ……………………………………… 7. Vānariyo gharaṇyā dhāniyaṃ vasanti. = ……………………………………… 8. Nāriyā vījanī atthi. (to have) = ……………………………………… 9. Manussā paṭhaviyaṃ sayanti. (to sleep) = ……………………………………… 10. Paṭavĩ khĩyanti. = ……………………………………… Exercise C: Translate into Pāli. 1. The spoon of queen. = ………………………........ 2. A nymph on the mat. = ………………………….... 3. A female crow in the earth. = ………………………….... 4. A doe of an ogress. = …………………………… 5. Brahmin women in the city. = …………………………… 6. Young women of a housewife. = …………………………… 7. An aunt of a woman. = …………………………… 8. The ground of the silk-cotton tree = …………………………… 9. Apes on the tank = …………………………… 10. The city of Benares = …………………………… Exercise D: Decline the word “vānarī” (ape) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 91 of 253 Exercise E: Decline the word “vānarī” (ape) in English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 92 of 253 B. Conjugation of Verbs Pattern of the termination of verbs in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations Conjugation of the verb to agree with a subject and a verb in the sentence. For example in Present tenses So suṇã-ti. He listens. -ti. Sã suṇã-ti. she listens. -ti Taṃ suṇã-ti. It listens. -ti Puriso*suṇã-ti. A man listens. -ti Tvaṃ suṇã-si. You listen. -si Ahaṃ suṇã-mi. I listen. -mi Te suṇã-nti. They listen. -nti Tã suṇã-nti. They listen. -nti. Tãni suṇã-nti. They listen. -nti. Purisã* suṇã-nti. Men liten. -nti Person Singular Plural First person -ti -nti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Subjects /Roots su+ṇã→suṇã (to listen to) v+ṇã→vuṇã (to thread) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso suṇãti vuṇãti -ti Tvaṃ suṇãsi vuṇãsi -si Ahaṃ suṇãmi vuṇãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã suṇãnti vuṇãnti -nti Tumhe suṇãtha vuṇãtha -si Myaṃ suṇãma vuṇãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 93 of 253 Tumhe suṇã-tha You listen. -tha Myaṃ suṇã-ma. We listen. -ma *Note: The subject noun is only a nominative singular or plural. Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs like the table above. (Orally) (Pattern of Verbs : Root + Conjugational ending+Termination) 1. kĩ+nã→kĩnã (to buy) 2. ji+nã→jinã (to win) 3. dhu+nã→ (to get rid of) 4. ci+nã→cinã (to collect) 5. lu+nã→lunã (to cut, to harvest) 6. ñã+nã→jãnã (to know) 7. phu+nã→phunã (to winnow, to sprinkle) 8. gah+ṇhã→gaṇhã (to hold of, to take, to seize) 9.tan+o→tano (to extend, to stretch, to radiate) 10. kara+o→karo (to do) Exercise B: Translate into English. 1. kumãriyo kammaṃ karonti. = __________________________ 2. Buddho dhãniyã ãbhaṃ tanoti. = ________________________ 3. gharaṇĩ vĩjaniṃ gaṇhãti. = __________________________ 4. Ahaṃ gãmasmiṃ dãnaṃ phunãmi. = ________________________ 5. Tvaṃ dhammaṃ jãnãsi. = __________________________ 6. Myaṃ rukkhaṃ lunãma. = __________________________ 7. So puññaṃ cinãti. = __________________________ 8. Te gharaṇiṃ dhunanti. = __________________________ 9. thĩ jinanti. = __________________________ 10 tumhe gaṇḍiṃ kĩnãtha. = _________________________