Functional OBET Book 8

Approved by the Government of Nepal,

Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

FUNCTIONAL

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8Book

Editor Authors
Dr. Deen Bandhu Sharma
Gopal Krishna Subedi
Sudarshan Bikram Basnet

Bishnu Neupane
Deepak Poudyal

SYMPHONY PUBLICATION PVT. LTD.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Web : www.symphonypub.com
E-mail : [email protected]

Name : ....................................................
Class : .................... Roll No. : ...............
Subject Teacher : ...................................
School : ...................................................

Book : Functional

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

Editor : Dr. Deen Bandhu Sharma

Authors : Gopal Krishna Subedi

Sudarshan Bikram Basnet

Bishnu Neupane

Deepak Poudyal

Language Editor : Teknarayan Dhakal

Edition : First, 2072

Copyright : Publisher

Cover : Rajan Maharjan

Graphics : Rajan Maharjan

Publisher : Symphony Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal

ISBN 978-9937-659-11-6

Preface

“Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of the mind to think.”

The saying by Albert Einstein is what inspired us to write this book. In
the course of time, teaching-learning processes, techniques and learners’
preferences have changed a lot. As an attempt to address these changes, we
have presented Functional Occupation, Business and Technology Education,
Book 8. The book fully complies with the syllabus prescribed by Curriculum
Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

This book is unique in itself. It has come through three-year long research,
hundreds of expert’s opinions, and countless feedback from experienced
teachers and inquisitive learners. The contents of this book have been
presented in simple and easily understandable language. Technical terms,
wherever occur, have been defined on the same page. Each lesson begins
with the objectives to be met as well as reasons for studying it. To develop
the learners’ skill of critical thinking and get their attention, a question,
which can be answered through experience or practises in day to-day-life, has
been presented before entering into the main text. To confirm the learners’
participation in the learning process, simple questions have been placed for
each teaching period.

The biggest challenge that we faced while writing the book was to evaluate
learning outcomes. To overcome this, a help from Bloom’s taxonomy (Learning
domains of educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom) has been taken. The
questions that appear at the end of each lesson test all the cognitive levels of the
learners. The subject, as prescribed by CDC, is half theoretical and half practical.
To test the practical ability of students, each lesson includes a project.

Although we have tried our best to include everything that facilitates the
teachers and learners, few things could not appear in this hardcopy. Such
parts as supplementary learning materials have been included in our website
www.symphony.com.

We hope you will go through the page “Note to the Teachers” thoroughly.
We saluate your valuable suggestion and advice regarding this book as our
assets. Thank you for your trust on us.

Authors

Contents

PART I : PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

UNIT 1 : PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Page
Lesson 1: Basic, Middle and Higher Level Profession 9
Lesson 2: Profession and Manpower Related to Medicine 12
Lesson 3: Profession and Manpower Related to Engineering 20
Lesson 4: Profession and Manpower Related to Agriculture 23
Lesson 5: Profession and Manpower Related to Finance 27
Lesson 6: Profession and Manpower Related to Tourism 30
Lesson 7: Profession and Manpower Related to Teaching 33
Lesson 8: Profession and Manpower Related to Public Service 37
Unit Revision 41

UNIT 2 : EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT 42
Lesson 1: International Employment 45
Lesson 2: Institutions that Provide Middle and Higher Level Education 50
Lesson 3: Institutions that Provide Middle and Higher Level Technical Education 54
Unit Revision
55
UNIT 3 : SELECTION OF PROFESSION AND PLANNING PROCESS 59
Lesson 1: Selection of Professional Field and Process of Making Plans
Unit Revision 60
63
UNIT 4 : INFORMATION RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT 66
Lesson 1: Sources of Obtaining Information Related to Foreign Employment 69
Lesson 2: Methods of Obtaining Information Related to Foreign Employment 72
Lesson 3: Basic Information Related to Foreign Employment 75
Lesson 4: Foreign Employment Promotion Board
Lesson 5: Opportunities and Challenges of Foreign Employment
Unit Revision

PART II : BUSINESS EDUCATION 76
79
UNIT 5 : GENERAL VOCATIONAL SKILLS 83
Lesson 1: Decision-Making Skills
Lesson 2: Problem-Solving and Analysis Skills 84
Unit Revision 88
91
UNIT 6 : BUSINESS 94
Lesson 1: Running a Business 98
Lesson 2: Entrepreneurial Education
Lesson 3: Format for a Business Plan
Lesson 4: Local Industries
Unit Revision

UNIT 7 : BUSINESS ORIENTATION 99
Lesson 1: Market Management 101
Lesson 2: Relationship Between Market and Production 103
Lesson 3: Price Determination and Income-Expenditure Management 107
Lesson 4: World Trade Organization 110
Unit Revision

UNIT 8 : VEGETABLE FARMING 111
Lesson 1: Terrace Vegetable Farming 115
Lesson 2: Inter-Crop Vegetable Farming 119
Lesson 3: Mushroom Farming 124
Lesson 4: Vegetable Storage According to Weather 129
Lesson 5: Production and Storage of Vegetable Seeds 132
Lesson 6: Organic Fertilizers 139
Lesson 7: Vermiculture and Vermicomposting 144
Lesson 8: Organic Farming 148
Lesson 9: Integrated Pest Management 153
Lesson 10: Identification of Vegetable Market 156
Lesson 11: Off-Season Vegetable Farming 161
Unit Revision

UNIT 9 : FRUIT FARMING 162
Lesson 1: Growing Fruits from Seeds and Vegetative Reproduction 170
Lesson 2: Training and Pruning Fruit Trees 173
Lesson 3: Storing Fruits 176
Lesson 4: Making Plans for Fruit Farming 179
Unit Revision

UNIT 10 : PREPARATION OF DRY VEGETABLES, FRUITS AND FOOD MATERIALS

Lesson 1: Refining and Use of Dry Fruits and Vegetables 180

Lesson 2: Items of Momo 184

Lesson 3: Different Food Items 188

Unit Revision 199

UNIT 11 : FLOWER AND HERB FARMING 200
Lesson1: Floriculture 206
Lesson 2: Uses of Herbs 213
Unit Revision

UNIT 12 : CARE OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS 214
Lesson 1: Animal Husbandry 220
Lesson 2: Cattle Farming 226
Lesson 3: Poultry Farming 233
Lesson 4: Pig Farming 238
Lesson 5: Fish Farming 244
Lesson 6: Apiculture 250
Unit Revision

UNIT 13 : HANDICRAFT 251
Lesson 1: Paper Box 255
Lesson 2: Basket Weaving 258
Lesson 3: Craft from Waste 261
Lesson 4: Wood and Stone Carving 265
Lesson 5: Colouring and Polishing 269
Unit Revision
270
UNIT 14 : POTTERY 273
Lesson 1: Making Pottery Products 277
Lesson 2: Ceramics 280
Lesson 3: Colour and its Use 284
Lesson 4: Sales, Distribution and Accounting of Products
Unit Revision 285
288
UNIT 15 : SEWING AND WEAVING 291
Lesson 1: Sewing Machine 294
Lesson 2: Methods of Measurement 297
Lesson 3: Introduction and Need of Drafting 299
Lesson 4: Buttoning Clothes 302
Lesson 5: Darning and Patching 304
Lesson 6: Knitting Woolen Caps
Lesson 7: Apron 305
Unit Revision 308
(From unit 8 to 15, select any 4 for teaching for an academic year) 311
314
PART III : TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION 316
318
UNIT 16 : LOCAL TECHNOLOGY 320
Lesson 1: Introduction of Indigenous Technology and Importance
Lesson 2: Development of Indigenous Technology 321
Lesson 3: Bhatti and Distillery 328
Lesson 4: Halo and Tractor 333
Lesson 5: Improved Chulo (cooking stove) 336
Lesson 6: Rain Water Harvesting 339
Unit Revision 341
342
UNIT 17 : MODERN TECHNOLOGY
Lesson 1: Introduction of Modern Technology
Lesson 2: Modern Office Appliances
Lesson 3: Alternative Energy
Lesson 4: Use of the Internet
Lesson 5: Code of Conduct in Information and Communication Technology
Unit Revision
Appendix 1

Note to the Teachers

We believe that learning becomes effective if learners are able to connect the ideas gained in
and out of the classroom in their daily lives. Text-to-text, text-to-self and text-to-globe is a
strategy that helps children make such connections. We have tried our best to make this book
learner-friendly. To facilitate this, teachers are requested to note few important things about
handling this book so that it can meet the intended objectives.

What and Why

As soon as the teacher begins a lesson, the first thing that comes to the mind of children is a
set of two questions: What knowledge or skill do we get? And why should we learn it? What
and why portion appearing in the beginning of every lesson will help children get answers to
these questions.

Please explain this portion to make students believe that they are really going to learn
something very useful. After completing the lesson, see whether the set objectives are met or
not. You can add or remove one or more objectives according to the time and situation provided
you do not skip the objectives set by CDC.

Thinking Through Experience

An important aspect of good teaching-learning process is to give learners enough room to
think. When children are not given opportunities to think on their own, it will lead to the
traditional egocentrism and socio-centrism. Children learn a lot without teaching. They have
enough experiences to relate with topics to learn. Thinking through experience section is
designed to develop critical thinking in children and to transfer knowledge and skills from
known to unknown.

Please give enough time to children to think and discuss problems of this section. You can ask
to form groups or pairs to facilitate discussion and let one or more children to present in front
of the class. Children may not submit it in writing but make sure that they think critically.

Now Your Time

This section has a variety of questions which are designed not for the testing purpose but
for ensuring children’s participation in learning process. Most of such questions are left to
children themselves to design and discuss so that they go through the text again and again.
This will also help teachers to plan a lesson as the position of this section is so adjusted that
it comes at the end of a class (40 to 45 minutes).

Some of the activities in this section require use of the Internet such as YouTube and
websites. These are to help children realise the true potential of web in enhancing their learning
experience. Please encourage your students to use web as a source of learning materials.

Test of Cognition

This section consists of questions for evaluation some of which are not the parts of exam-type
questions. The level of thinking you want from a student in an assignment is based on the
level of questions you set for them. Children have following six levels of thinking according to
the theory put forward by Benjamin Bloom:

1. Recalling and recognizing concepts and information,
2. Grasping and interpreting prior knowledge,
3. Transferring selected information to a life problem,

4. Examining a situation and drawing a conclusion,
5. Assessing and criticizing under specific criteria, and
6. Originating and integrating prior knowledge to produce the new one.

The questions given at the end of a lesson test all these levels of thinking in children. Please
do not skip all or part of these questions just because they are not likely to be asked in exams.
Some questions of higher thinking level cannot be judged between right and wrong but by the
way children present their logic and a draw conclusion. Please encourage them if they think
differently from commonly recognized pattern.

Please do not be bound only with these few activities. We request you to extend it to the scope
of all lessons if possible. Supplementary materials will also be made available through our
official website.

Unit Revision

Human brain cannot retain everything learnt. As such, after completing a unit, children
might not keep in touch with concepts gained in earlier lessons. To address this problem,
unit revision is placed at the end of each unit in a pattern designed by CDC which includes
both theoretical and practical parts. Please use this as what we commonly call a ‘class test’.

If children know how to solve problems and achieve on their own, they do not have to be told
what to do but there are many students who want to be told what to do. Please make sure
that when you tell children what to do, you do not overtake their abilities to think on their
own.

Connecting the Internet

This section is placed to pave a way for children for further learning if they want to do so.
This section provides a link to the Internet which consists of learning materials related to the
topic concerned in further details.

Please follow the link yourself first and ask children to do the same and do not forget to take
feedback of their learning. This will help you judge the area of interest of your students.

Did you know?

This section presents interesting facts related to the concepts given in the text. A collection
of such parts may help you design a quiz at any time of teaching. You may also ask children
to bring such facts on their own and share in the class.

Website

We have our own website consisting of stuffs that are essential but not included in the book
itself due to various reasons.

Please connect to our website and ask children to do it frequently. You can also interact
with the authors, publishers and editors via this website in case of any doubts. The website
consists of

• Cumulative revision section which appears like unit revision of the book but is
designed to assess progress of students in all lessons taught from the beginning,

• Terminal test papers designed to help you prepare question paper for terminal
examinations, and

• Other resources asked by the teachers and students along with the progress of the
course.

We wish you a wonderful class ahead. Happy teaching!

UNIT
1 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

1Lesson Basic, Middle and Higher
Level Profession

What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By identifying various levels of profession
you can set your aims in your life.
 define basic level, middle level and
WHAT & WHY higher level professions.

 compare and contrast the three levels of
profession.

 identify the level of a profession on the
basis of knowledge and skills required.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Different professionals working at the same organization do not

have same level of earnings. What do you think are the reasons

behind this?

What do people you know do to earn a living? Make a list of jobs
that they do and fill in the table below.

S.N. Job that they do Earnings Your relation with them

A profession is a type of career-oriented job that requires special
education, trainings and skills. There are different fields of profession
like medicine, engineering, agriculture, forestry, finance, tourism,
education, social service, etc. There is a hierarchy among people involved
in all these professional fields based on the level of education, depth
of study, time duration and intensity of trainings, etc. The main three
categories of professions are basic level, middle level and higher level.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

A basic level profession does not need
intensive knowledge or skills and can be
acquired through basic formal education
and short term trainings. Auxiliary
Health Workers, Sub-overseers, etc. are
basic level professionals in the field of
medicine and engineering respectively
in Nepal.

A middle level profession requires higher academic degree and longer
or more intensive trainings. People involved in this profession work
above the basic level professionals and at times when needed, can
perform a part of the job of higher level professionals temporarily. Health
Assistants, Overseers, etc. are middle level professionals.

A higher level profession requires extensive knowledge, long term
trainings and specialized skills. People in this profession take control
of the lower level professionals. They are usually the decision makers
in their fields. Doctors, Engineers, Researchers, etc. are higher level
professionals.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:

1. The three main categories of a profession are basic level, middle
level and ____________ level.

2. __________ level profession does not require intensive knowledge
and skills.

3. A career oriented job that requires specialized knowledge and
skills is called ____________.

4. A medical doctor is a ____________ level professional.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition
K nowledge
1. What is middle level profession?
2. Mention any five higher level professions.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

3. From the given list of professions, classify the C omprehension
following as basic level, middle level and higher
level profession:

peon, engineer, overseer, dentist, nurse, teacher

Connecting PROJECT

4. Make a list of at least 10 professions in which the A pplication
people of your community are engaged. Categorize
them as basic level, middle level and higher level
professions.

5. Prepare a model questionnaire to judge the
professional level of a person working in any field.

6. Determine the factors that affect the level of a A nalysis
profession.

7. “All three levels of professionals are required E valuation
to run an organization or a business smoothly.”
Justify this statement.

8. Design a plan that can be implemented in your life S ynthesis
to become a higher level professional.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

2Lesson Profession and Manpower
Related to Medicine

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing about the qualifications and
importance of professionals related to
 list six fields and professionals related to medicine, you can choose where to go in
medicine. case of any health problems.

 mention the importance of pharmacist,
dentist, nurse, opthalmician,
physiotherapist and MBBS.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Different professionals are involved in the same field of medicine.

Why cannot the same person provide all the services related to

medicine? Present your views.

You must have seen people working at hospitals or health posts.
List few such posts.
doctor, .................., ..................,

Medical field includes professionals
who work at different levels with
the main objective of taking care of
the health of the people. Pharmacy,
Nursing, Dentistry, Ophthalmology,
Physiotherapy, Radiology etc. are
the various professions related to
medicine.

Pharmacy and Pharmacists

Pharmacy is a health profession that deals with the preparation and
dispensing of medicine to ensure its safe and effective use. The health
care professionals who study and practise in pharmacy are called
pharmacists. They are also called chemists; as they study the effects of
chemicals used in medicines on human body. Pharmacists are responsible

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

for interpreting and communicating specialized information to the
patients. They suggest the patients about the dozes, side effects and
proper ways to use medicines. Pharmacists cannot give medicines to
the patients directly on their own. They need the doctor’s prescription
to dispense drugs.

To study Diploma1 in Pharmacy
which is a 3-year course, SLC with
at least second division is required.
One can join Bachelors in Pharmacy
after passing Diploma in Pharmacy
or 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate
Level from Science stream. Bachelor
in Pharmacy is a four-year course.

Pharmacists protect the public from potential dangers of drug abuse
and misuse. They also guide public about methods of using drug. The
importance of pharmacists is summaried below:

Importance of Pharmacists

Ü Pharmacists manufacture drugs.
Ü Pharmacists dispense2 drugs as prescribed by the doctor.
Ü Pharmacists suggest about the methods of taking or using drugs.
Ü Pharmacists inform the patients about the possible side effects of

drugs.
Ü Pharmacists consult with the doctors about the possible risks of

using drugs prescribed after conversing with the patients.

NOW YOUR TIME 4-year course
pharmacists
Match the following: side effects of drugs
Manufacture and dispense medicines prescription
Basis of giving medicines
Bachelor in pharmacy
Information given by pharmacists

1 Diploma: a degree conferred by an educational institution 13
2 Dispense: to give or provide medicine

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

Ophthalmology and Ophthalmicians

Ophthalmology is the branch of
medicine that deals with the structure,
functions and diseases of the human
eye. The health care professionals who
study and practise in ophthalmology
are called ophthalmicians. They provide
primary health services to the patients
with eye problems. They also suggest
methods to take care of our eyes in
different conditions.

One can study ophthalmology after passing 10+2 or Proficiency
Certificate Level in Science with minimum 50 percent marks.

Opthalmicians are important for assisting opthalmicians. They relive
opthalmoloyists from low level tasks so that they can focus on major
issues. Some other importance of opthalmician are given below:

Importance of Opthalmicians
Ü Opthalmicians diagnose and treat vision problems.
Ü They recommend glasses for vision defects.
Ü They suggest the patients about the ways to take care of their eyes.
Ü They help old people live their normal lives.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. Ophthalmicians treat the diseases of our ___________.
2. The study of eyes, their functions and diseases related to eyes is

called ___________.
3. Ophthalmicians are ___________ level professionals.

Nursing and Nurses

Nursing is a profession within health care sector that deals with
the caring of patients so that they can recover fast to optimal health
conditions. The professionals who study and practise in nursing are

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

called nurses. Nurses are responsible for taking care of the patients,
their medications, dressing, etc. with close consultation with doctors,
therapists, dieticians, patients and their family members.

Nursing education can be attained
through two different ways. One can
become a staff nurse by completing
three years’ nursing course after SLC.
A staff nurse after gaining 3 years
of experience can study Bachelor
of Nursing. It is a 2-year course. They
can then study Master in Nursing.
The other way is to study B.Sc.
Nursing, a four-year course. For this, completion of 10 + 2 or Proficiency
Certificate Level in Science with Biology is required.

We cannot imagine hospitals without nursing care. Nurses assist
doctors in every aspect of tratment. Their importance is summarized as
follows:

Importance of Nurses

Ü Nurses take care of patients.
Ü Nurses help patients take their medicines.
Ü Nurses give moral support to the patients which speeds up the

recovery process.
Ü Nurses regularly communicate with patients and their family members.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. One should complete 10 +2 from ____ stream to study B.Sc. nursing.
2. Professionals who study and practise in nursing are called ______
3. Moral support is necessary to the patients to ______ the recovery

process.

Physiotherapy and Physiotherapists
Physiotherapy is the branch of medicine that deals with helping people

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

who are affected by injury, illness
or disability through movement
exercise, manual therapy, education
and advice. The professionals who
study and practise in physiotherapy
are called physiotherapists. They are
responsible for examining various
affected organs of patients and training
them different therapies so that they
can regain their normal lives.

One can study Physiotherapy after completing 10 + 2 or Proficiency
Certificate Level in Science with minimum 50 percent marks.

Physiotherapists are the essential human resources who run orthopaedic
ward. They are vital in helping patients get full range of motion after an
injury. Some other importance of physiotherapits are summarized below:

Importance of Physiotherapists
Ü They help to reduce pain in the affected organs.
Ü They help in early recovery from diseases.
Ü They help patients remain active and ready for daily work.
Ü They help patients perform regular movements without difficulty.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. The professionals who study and practise physiotherapy are

called _____________.
2. Physiotherapy is done with the help of movement __________.
3. One should obtain at least ____________ percent marks in 10 +2

in Science to study physiotherapy.

Dentistry and Dentists

Dentistry is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of diseases or disorders of teeth or oral cavity
as a whole. The professionals who study and practise in dentistry are

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

called dentists. Dentists are responsible for identifying and treating
various diseases of our teeth.

One can study Bachelor of Dental
Surgery (B.D.S.) after completing
10 + 2 in Science with biology as
a major subject with minimum 50
percent marks. The duration of
this course is 5 years and 6 months
which include a year of internship1.

Dentists help relieve patients from
the pain in their teeth and mouth. They also perform some cosmetic
dental works. Few other ways in which dentists help us are:

Importance of Dentists

Ü Dentists diagnose and treat dental diseases.
Ü They help us remove damaged teeth.
Ü They suggest us ways to take care of our teeth.
Ü They scale our teeth to prevent decaying and make our smile

attractive.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. The profession of diagnosing and treating the diseases of teeth is

called ____________.
2. After four and half years of study, there is a year of ____________

in dentistry course.
3. Full form of B.D.S. is Bachelor in Dental ____________.

MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) and
Doctors

MBBS is the Bachelor degree in medical science. One can become a
doctor after completing MBBS and receiving license from Medical Council.

1 Internship: any official or formal program to provide practical experience for beginners in
any occupation or profession

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

The doctor is responsible for the
diagnosis and treatment of various
diseases and in critical cases they
refer to the specialists. The specialists
are the doctors who have received
MD1 degree after completing MBBS.
MD is a two-year course specialized
in one field of medicine.

One who has completed 10 + 2 or
Proficiency Certificate Level in Science with minimum 50 percent
marks can study MBBS after passing the entrance examination. MBBS
is a course of 5 years and 6 months which include a year of internship.

Every hospital has a team of doctors who involve in the diagnosis of
diseases and provide treatment to the patients. Some of the vital roles
that the doctors can play are given below:

Importance of Doctors

Ü They identify the diseases and provide proper treatments.
Ü They prescribe medicines to the patients.
Ü They regularly examine the conditions of patients admitted in hospitals.
Ü They suggest the patients about diet, rest, clothing, etc.
Ü They help to create healthy manpower and hence contribute to the

development of the country.

AGAIN YOUR TIME

Make any 3 “Fill in the blanks” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

2. Mention the requirements to study Bachelor in K nowledge

Pharmacy.

1 MD: Doctor of Medicine FUNCTIONAL
18
Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

3. From the given list of jobs, identify the jobs of a C omprehension
pharmacist:

Dispensing drugs, prescribing medicines, informing
about side effects of medicines.

4. Explain the importance of dentists and
physiotherapists.

5. How do opthalmicians help patients?
6. Write the duties of a physiotherapist.

Connecting PROJECT

7. Prepare a debate for the topic “Nursing is human A pplication
service”.

8. Make a chart mentioning profession, main job,
duration, qualification and importance of any six
professionals related to medicine and put on your
display board.

9. Prepare a model questionnaire to judge the
professional level of a person working in any
medical field.

10. Mention any 10 health problems you have A nalysis
encountered in your life. Who do you visit in case
of such problems? Categorize them.

11. Who is more important for patients – a doctor or a E valuation
nurse? Give some reasons to support your answer. S ynthesis

12. What sort of problems do the people in rural areas
face where there are enough pharmacies but no
doctors? Predict and answer.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

3Lesson Profession and Manpower
Related to Engineering

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By identifying various levels of profession
related to engineering field, you can set
 define engineering and explain the your aims in your life.
importance of engineering field.

 list the qualifications required to be an
engineer and an architect.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Municipalities and metropolitan offices require designs of buildings

made by engineers. Why cannot we make such designs ourselves?

You must have seen people in the construction sites. List few
such people and write what they do.

Engineering is a branch of science that deals with the use of scientific
knowledge and skills to invent, design, build and improve structures,
systems and processes. The professionals who study and practise in
engineering are called engineers. Engineering is a very wide field which
includes people with general to specialized knowledge.

One who has completed 10 + 2 in Science majoring physics and
mathematics can study engineering after passing the entrance
examination. It is a four-year course.

Engineering and Engineers

There are various branches of engineering. Some of them are

Ü Civil engineering Ü Mechanical engineering
Ü Electrical engineering Ü Electronic engineering
Ü Survey engineering Ü Computer engineering

A person who has completed Bachelor in civil engineering is called
a civil engineer; similarly a person who has completed Bachelor in
mechanical engineering is called a mechanical engineer and so on.

20 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

An engineer is responsible for designing, constructing and using various
machines, materials and scientific processes of the respective field. They
play important role in the development activities in the country. Some
other importance of engineers are given below:

Importance of Engineers

Ü They help in the development of infrastructures.
Ü They promote the use of modern technology.
Ü They provide safety to the growing human population.
Ü They direct the ways of using natural resources.
Ü They invent and construct new machines and designs which help

in long term economic development of a country.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. A person who has completed ____________ in civil engineering is

a civil engineer.
2. Professionals who study and practise in engineering are called

____________.
3. To study engineering, one should complete 10+2 with Physics

and ____________ as major subjects.

Architects

An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction
of buildings so that the buildings and their surroundings become safer,
more attractive and convenient. Architects work to design various
structures from simple houses to huge buildings and shopping complexes.
They are responsible for managing optimum facilities in a limited space
of construction.

An architect can play significant role in the development of our nation.
Some of them are as follows:

Importance of Architects

Ü They add beauty and safety to construction.
Ü They protect art and culture.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

Ü They contribute to the development of infrastructure.
Ü They manage outdoor spaces.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. Professionals who study and practise in Architecture are called

____________.
2. Architects add ____________ and ____________ to construction.
3. Architects play an important role to protect and preserve our

____________ and ____________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is engineering? K nowledge
2. Who is an architect?

3. Why is an architect considered as a professional C omprehension
related to engineering field?

4. Explain the qualification required to become an
engineer.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Prepare a sample dialogue between your Principal A pplication
and an Engineer about designing your school
building so that it becomes a better place for
learning.

6. Differentiate between an engineer and an architect. A nalysis

7. If you are asked to choose a profession between E valuation
engineering and architecture, which one will you
choose? Give your opinion to support your choice.

8. Plan a new arrangement of your classroom so that S ynthesis
it becomes more spacious and learner-friendly.

22 FUNCTIONAL

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4Lesson Profession and Manpower
Related to Agriculture

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By becoming an agriculture expert or a
veterinary doctor, you can contribute to the
 define agriculture expert and explain development of your country.
the importance of agricultural field

 list the qualifications required to be a
veterinary doctor.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Why do farmers not use traditional seeds for growing crops?

You must have seen people working in fields. List some of them
who work in fields and mention the things we get from them.

Agriculture is the art and science of growing plants and other crops
and the raising of animals for food, other human needs and economic
gain. The general convention about agriculture in Nepal is that it
is a field which does not require any special knowledge and skills.
This is not true. Like any other profession, agriculture also requires
professionalism. Agriculture Experts and Veterinary Doctors are
higher level professionals in agricultural sector.

Agriculture Experts 23

There are different fields in
agriculture. It includes horticulture1,
fishery, vegetable farming, land
management, food and nutrition,
animal care, livestock management,
etc. A person who has special
knowledge and skills in any one
of these is called an agriculture

1 Horticulture: the cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants.

FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

expert. An agriculture expert is responsible for providing technical
assistance to farmers for better production by preventing diseases,
using modern technology, selecting proper seeds and breeds, etc.

One with B. Sc. in Agriculture degree is qualified to work as an
agriculture expert. To study B. Sc. in agriculture, 10 + 2 in Science or
Diploma in Agriculture is required.

Agriculture Experts are important for good agricultural practises in the
country. The role that they can play in strengthening agriculture are
given below:

Importance of Agriculture Experts
Ü They provide technical assistance to produce and store crops.
Ü They recommend seeds according to the climate, geography and

quality of soil of a place.
Ü They diagnose and treat various diseases in crops and vegetables.
Ü They contribute to the economic development of the country.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. Like in other professions, agriculture also requires____________.
2. A person with ______________ degree is qualified to work as an

agricultural expert.
3. Agriculture experts provide ____________ to produce and store

crops and vegetables.
4. Professionals who help the farmers by preventing and treating

diseases of domesticated animals and birds are called __________.
5. One should study ____________ to become a veterinary doctor.

Veterinary Doctors

Veterinary doctors are the professionals who study and practise medicine
by treating diseases, disorders and injuries in birds and animals. Birds
and animals are domesticated for milk, meat, egg and many other
purposes. They frequently suffer from diseases and injuries. Veterinary
doctors help farmers to prevent and treat them.

24 FUNCTIONAL

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One can become a veterinary doctor
by completing a four-year course of
Veterinary Science for which 10 +2
or Proficiency Certificate Level in
Science or Diploma in Veterinary
Science is required.

Veterinary doctors play key the role
in limiting transmission of animal
diseases treating to human beings
by animals on time. Some other roles of veterinary doctors are given
below:

Importance of Veterinary Doctors

Ü They prevent and treat diseases in birds and animals.
Ü They suggest food and medicine for animals.
Ü They ensure normal birth of domesticated animals.
Ü They recommend improved breeds of animals.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson.
One has been done for you.
1. Veterinary doctors prescribe ____________ for sick animals.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Who is an agriculture expert? List different fields K nowledge
of agriculture where agriculture experts are
required.

2. Mention the qualifications required to be a
veterinary doctor.

3. Describe the importance of an agriculture expert C omprehension
to the country like Nepal.

FUNCTIONAL 25

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

Connecting PROJECT A pplication
A nalysis
4. Make a group of 5 to 7 among your friends.
Select them as experts of vegetable farming, E valuation
Fishery, Horticulture, Floriculture and Animal S ynthesis
Science. Prepare a chart listing the duties of each
expert and present in your class.

5. Determine the factors that make an agriculture
expert different from a veterinary doctor.

6. If you are asked to choose a profession between an
agriculture expert and a veterinary doctor, which
one will you choose? Give your opinion to support
your choice.

7. Suggest an idea by which people of remote areas
can get expert advice related to agriculture without
approaching an agriculture expert or a veterinary
doctor.

26 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

5Lesson Profession and Manpower
Related to Finance

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By auditing the books of accounts, you can
prove the authenticity of your financial
 define auditing and explain the records.
importance of auditing.

 list the qualifications required to be an
auditor and a finance manager.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Records of financial activities will not be legally correct until they

are audited. Why is auditing required?

You must have seen people working at a bank or a finance
company. List posts of such people. How do they help us?

Finance is a branch of economics which deals with the process of acquiring
funds and management of money. Knowledge about finance is required
from personal level to the corporate and public sector. Professionals like
accountant, auditor and finance manager work in this field.

Auditing and Auditors

Auditing is the act of examining the books of accounts maintained by
the accountant of an organization to test the accuracy of the data and
to identify errors and frauds in any. Accountants regularly keep the
records of income and expenditure of an organization which become
valid only when they are examined by an auditor.

Auditing can be internal or final. Internal auditing is done in order to
find errors and rectify1 them as soon as possible. It is usually done by
professionals having BBS2 or BBA3 degree. It is a continuous process
in an organization. Final auditing is done once a year by an auditor

1 Rectify: to make, put, or set right; remedy; correct
2 BBS: Bachelor of Business Studies
3 BBA: Bachelor of Business Administration

FUNCTIONAL 27

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

licensed by the Office of the Auditor General4. It is done to prove the
validity of the financial records. An independent report is prepared
after final auditing is done.

One should complete a course of Accounting Technician or Chartered
Accountancy to be an auditor. To enter into these courses, completion of
10 +2 or Proficiency Certificate Level is required.

Auditors are important to check whether the books of accounts are
sound and follow the rules and regulations of the country. They are
equally important as:

Importance of Auditors
Ü They examine the books of accounts of

private as well as government offices.
Ü They support tax system of the country.
Ü They check errors and frauds and recom-

mend suggestions.
Ü They provide legality to financial documents.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson.

Finance Management and Managers

The act of planning, monitoring, organizing and controlling of the
resources involving money is called finance management. The profes-
sional who plays a leading role in carrying out such activities is a finance
manager. The manager of any organization is responsible for creating
environment for smooth and regular functioning of the organization.

One should complete 10 + 2 or Proficiency Certificate Level to enter
into Bachelor in Finance Management or Accounting Management. It
is a four-year course. Two years of Master in finance management is
required for becoming finance experts.

Financial Managers are important to plan and manage investment and
capital. They are equally important to:

4 Auditor General: government official responsible for auditing public accounts

28 FUNCTIONAL

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Importance of Finance Managers
Ü Minimize expenses and maximize income of an organization.
Ü Look for source of funds.
Ü Ensure smooth functioning of an organization.
Ü Mobilize and motivate human resources.
Ü Check the leakage of funds.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any three “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Who is a finance manager? List different fields of K nowledge
finance where managers are required.

2. Mention the qualifications required to be an auditor.

3. Describe the importance of an auditor.
4. Differentiate between internal auditing and final C omprehension

auditing.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Make a list of duties performed by the finance A pplication
manager of your school or any nearby office and
present it to your class.

6. Determine the factors that make an auditor A nalysis
different from a finance manager.

7. If you are asked to choose a profession between E valuation
auditing and finance management, which one will
you choose? Give your opinion to support your choice.

8. Suggest an idea by which people of remote areas S ynthesis
can get their books of accounts audited without
approaching a professional auditor.

FUNCTIONAL 29

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

6Lesson Profession and Manpower
Related to Tourism

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By the help of a hotel manager, coordination
between all departments of a hotel can be
 define hotel management and explain maintained.
the importance of a hotel manager.

 list the qualifications required to be a
hotel manager and a tourist guide.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Tourists usually come with necessary information about the places

they are visiting. Then why can they not travel on their own? Why do

they need tourist guides?

List the profession of people that work in travels and tours and
hotels. Who commonly come to receive their services?

Tourism is a collection of activities,
services and industries that delivers
a travel experience. This includes
transportation, accommodations,
eating and drinking establishments,
retail shops, entertainment
businesses and other hospitality
services provided for individuals or
groups travelling away from home.
The people who travel to other places for short period are called tourists.
In Nepal, tourism is one of the best sources of earning foreign currency
which is a symbol of economic development of the country. Professionals
like Hotel Manager and Tourist Guide are involved in this sector.

Hotel Management and Managers

Hotel management is the set of management techniques which includes

30 FUNCTIONAL

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hotel administration, catering,
food and beverage management,
maintenance, housekeeping and
marketing. The professionals
who study and practise hotel
managements, are hotel managers.
Hotel managers are responsible for
managing hospitality services and
other facilities to the visitors.

One should complete Bachelor in
Hotel Management to become a
hotel manager. To study Bachelor
in Hotel Management (BHM),
completion of 10 +2 or Proficiency
Certificate Level in science or subjects related to hotel management is
required.

Hotel managers help in smooth functioning of hotels. Some other
responsibilities of hotel managers are given below:

Importance of Hotel Managers

Ü To fulfill the expectations of the guests.
Ü To coordinate among various departments of the hotel.
Ü To create peaceful, safe and happy environment in the hotel.
Ü To manage other facilities like transportation, luggage management,

etc.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. Professionals like tourist guide, hotel manager work in the field

of ________________.
2. Full form of BHM is Bachelor in ________________.
3. Fulfilling the expectations of guests in a hotel is the main duty of

a ________________.

FUNCTIONAL 31

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Who is a hotel manager? List different fields of hotel K nowledge
management where managers are required.

2. Mention the qualifications required to be a hotel
manager.

3. Describe the importance of a hotel manager. C omprehension

4. Differentiate between a hotel manager and a

tourist guide.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Prepare any five questions to be asked to a A pplication
hotel manager about the day to day activities of the
hotel. A nalysis
E valuation
6. Visit a nearby hotel or restaurant or teashop and S ynthesis
talk to the manager about his/her business and
roles to be played to attract customers. Design
a short drama or a role play and present to your
class.

7. Determine the factors that affect the success of a
hotel.

8. If you are asked to choose a profession between
a hotel manager and a tourist guide, which one
will you choose? Give your opinion to support your
choice.

9. Suggest an idea by which people of remote areas
can manage their hotels without approaching a
professional hotel manager.

32 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

7Lesson Profession and Manpower
Related to Teaching

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing the qualifications of a teacher,
you can understand the importance of a
 define teaching and explain the teacher and set your aim to be a teacher.
importance of a teacher and a rector.

 list the qualifications required to be a
teacher and a lecturer.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Teaching is one of the most challenging professions in Nepal due
to the lack of resources and technology. However, teachers are not
getting enough respect and earnings which they deserve. What can
be the reason behind this?

List the posts of teachers in your school and also fill in the table
below:

S.N. Name Position Qualification

The set of activities carried out to provide education to others is called
teaching. The person who provides knowledge and skills is called a
teacher. Learning is the most important goal of teaching. Learning
is the process of gaining knowledge and skill by studying, practising,
being taught and experiencing. Teachers, Lecturers, Principals,
Professors, etc. are the professionals involved in the teaching field.

Teachers and Lecturers

Teachers are the professionals who teach at schools. Teachers are
responsible for all-round development of students. Duty of a teacher
is not just to teach the concerned subject matter but also to run extra-
curricular activities in school. The outcome of teaching should be

FUNCTIONAL 33

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

reflected in the behaviour of the
students.

Qualification of a teacher is different
for different levels. For elementary
level (grade 1 to 8), the qualification
of a teacher is 10 + 2 in Education
or in any discipline with training in
education from a recognized college.
For secondary level, it is Bachelor in Education (B.Ed.) or Bachelor
degree in the concerned subject with one-year B.Ed.

Lectures are the professionals who teach at 10 + 2 level and above.
One should hold Master’s degree in the related subject to be a lecturer.
Lecturers are responsible for imparting higher level knowledge and
skills and facilitating the students’ learning.

Teachers and lectures are important for any academic institution. Some
other importance of these professions are:

Importance of Teachers and Lecturers
Ü They motivate students and provide quality education.
Ü They produce competitive manpower.
Ü They act as role models for growing children.
Ü They contribute in the development of the country.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Match the following” questions from the above
lesson.

Principals and Rectors

The principal is a primary leader in schools. He/She manages the
expectations of students, staff members and parents. A similar person
in colleges is called the rector. These professionals are responsible to
create a learning environment in schools and colleges.

To be a principal or a rector one should have qualifications and
experiences as prescribed by the law or by-law of the institution.

34 FUNCTIONAL

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Every school/college has a principal or a rector. The role that they play
can be summarised as:

Importance of Principals and Rectors
Ü They help in smooth running of day-to-day activities of the school

and college.
Ü They help in inspecting and managing teaching learning activities.
Ü They help in mobilizing the human resources.
Ü They help in implementing the plans and policies of the school or

college.

Relationship between Education and Profession

Education and profession are very closely related. When there is
demand of the professions in the market, the supply is made through
education. One cannot hold a profession without education. Education
provides knowledge and skills required for a profession. Education is
also needed to carry on a profession because technology and systems
change with time. Different colleges, technical schools and training
centres are established to produce skilled manpower by providing
education.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any three “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson
above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Who is a teacher? List different levels of teachers in

schools of Nepal. K nowledge
2. Mention the qualifications required to be a principal

or a rector.

3. Describe the importance of teachers. C omprehension
4. Differentiate between a teacher and a lecturer.

FUNCTIONAL 35

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

Connecting PROJECT

5. Make a profile of all your subject teachers and
principal on the basis of following points:

• Name • Age A pplication
• Subject taught • Qualifications
• Experience • Trainings received A nalysis
E valuation
6. Prepare a lesson of your choice and perform a S ynthesis
model teaching like one of your favourite teachers.
Collect suggestions from your friend and teachers.

7. “A teacher is more important than a textbook.”
Prepare a debate on this.

8. Compare the challenges and prospects of teachers
who teach any three subjects you study.

9. Suggest an idea by which students of remote areas
can get quality education without having trained
and qualified teachers.

36 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

8Lesson Profession and Manpower
Related to Public Service

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing the qualifications of a
section officer and the office chief, you can
 define public service and explain the understand the importance of public
importance of a section officer. service provider and set your aim to be a
section officer or the office chief.
 list the qualifications required to be a
section officer and the office chief.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Corruption has become one of the worst problems existing in
public service. Public Service Commission recommends the best
people among thousands of candidates for public service. What
should be done to control corruption?

You must have seen people working in the government offices.
List few such professions.
kharider, ........................, ........................, ........................

Service provided by the government or its agency to its citizens is called
public service. Public service sector covers a wide range of activities.
Education, health, security, justice, finance, agriculture, etc. fall under the
public service sector. These entire fields require qualified professionals
of different levels to deliver services. Government, Semi-government,
Non-government offices as well as public enterprises or corporations
have professionals based on public service. Section officer, Office Chief
and Manager are some posts in the public service system.

Section Officers

Public service has a division of authority through various departments
and sections in order to ease service delivery process. Each section is led
by a section officer. A section officer is responsible for effective functioning
of the respective section.

FUNCTIONAL 37

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

One who holds Bachelor degree in any discipline can become a section
officer after passing exams conducted by Public Service Commission.

Office Chiefs

Each office is led by a professional called office chief. Office chiefs are
appointed to deliver services to the general public smoothly and in a
transparent manner. They work at central body of the government,
public enterprises, district offices, etc. Chief District Officer (CDO) acts
as an office chief in District Administration Office, Local Development
Officer (LDO) in District Development Committee, District Education
Officer in District Education Office, and so on.

The Office Chief is responsible for monitoring, inspecting and
supervising all the sections of the office, transparent distribution of
financial resources and mobilization of human resources.

NOW YOUR TIME Connecting
INTERNET
Visit www.psc.gov.np. Go to the introduction section and
write how people are selected for public service.

Managers

Public enterprises controlled by government and many non-government
organizations have a manager as the head of the organization. Manag-
ers are responsible for running the organization smoothly and mobiliz-
ing the human resources. They prepare strategic plans and policies for
the upliftment of their enterprises, get approved by the government or
higher body and implement them.

Managers are appointed in organizations like Nepal Telecom, Nepal
Electricity Authority, Nepal Airline Corporation, etc.

One should possess Bachelor degree to be appointed as the Manager in
most of the organizations but some require Master degree as well. Man-
agers are high level staff that help to maintain and run organization
properly. The roles of managers are:

38 FUNCTIONAL

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Importance of Managers
Ü They manage environment for quick and smooth delivery of goods

and services.
Ü They mobilize the manpower.
Ü They formulate plans and policies and implement them.

NOW YOUR TIME
Solve the given crossword.

12

3

4 Across
1. Minimum qualification required to be a
5
section officer
Down 3. Organizations having more than 50%
2. Full form of
ownership of government and controlled
CDO by government

6 4. Head of a section/division
5. Responsible for monitoring and super-

vising all sections of the office
6. Head of a public enterprise

FUNCTIONAL 39

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is public service? K nowledge
2. Mention the qualifications required to be a section

officer.

3. Describe the importance of a section officer. C omprehension
4. Differentiate between an office chief and a manager.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Make a list of qualifications and duties of a Section A pplication
Officer, the Office Chief and the Manager.

6. Why are organizations like Nepal Electricity A nalysis
Authority and Nepal Airline Corporation called
Public Enterprises?

7. Why is the role of managers important in an
organizaton? Give reasons.

8. “Effective public service is the main factor of good E valuation

governance.” Justify the statement.

9. Formulate a plan to mobilize public service S ynthesis
providers so that people get easy and prompt
services from them.

40 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. _____________ is the Bachelor degree in Medical Science.
b. One should complete a course of _____________ to be an auditor.
c. Principal is the _____________ leader of a school.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2

a. A person who has completed Bachelor degree in civil engineering is called an

architect.

b. Veterinary doctors suggest food and medicine for animals.

c. One should complete 10+2 in Hotel Management to become a hotel manager.

d. A section officer is responsible for the effective functioning of all the sections

of the office.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Mention any five basic, middle and higher level professions.

b. After studying this unit, what profession would you select for yourself when

you grow up? Why? Write in brief how you will achieve your goal.

c. How do engineers help us? Explain with examples.

d. Suppose your friend wants to be a veterinary doctor? What advice will you

give him/her to achieve his/her goal? Write.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Talk to any five friends in your class and ask what they would like to do

when they grow up. Then write a letter to one of them explaining how they

can achieve their goal.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. What are the challenges faced by the teachers in your school. Connecting
INTERNET
Talk to three teachers in your school about the problems that

they face. How can you help solve some of their problems? Write

a report based on the following points: www.symphonypub.com

• Introduction • Problems faced by teachers Looking throughout for cumulative revision.

• Sources of Problems and your plan to solve them

• Conclusion and suggestion

2. Viva-voce 5 Visit
a. Mention any two objectives of CTEVT.
b. Who is a nurse?
c. What does an office chief do?
d. What is the qualification of an agriculture expert?

FUNCTIONAL 41

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

UNIT EDUCATION, TRAINING
2 AND EMPLOYMENT

1Lesson International Employment

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By working in international organizations,
you can practise new skills and technology
 define international employment and required for the development of your own
explain its importance. country. By studying this lesson you can
learn almost the basic necessities of
 list various multinational companies enternational employment.
working in Nepal and mention their
importance.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Many people are employed in international organizations but most

of these people tend to go abroad and settle there. Why are we not

able to stop such brain drain?

You must have seen many organizations run by foreign
countries but operating in our country. Find out few such
organizations and fill in the table given below:

S.N. Name of the organization Function Job opportunities provided

The job done or service provided in offices, organizations or institutions
of international level is known as International Employment. These
organizations are established by a country or a group of countries
in other countries. Employment created by these organizations is
international employment.

United Nations Organization, International Labour Organization,

42 FUNCTIONAL

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World Trade Organization, World
Population Fund, etc. provide
international employment. Besides,
agencies like UNICEF1, UNESCO2,
UNDP3, Save the Children, etc. also
Create significant opportunities of
employment. Multinational companies,
some schools and universities are also
among the institutions that create
International Employment.

Features of Organizations/Institutions providing International
Employment

Ü They have their head office in one country and operate through
Branch Offices in other countries.

Ü They run by international aid.
Ü They deliver services which are favourable in terms of geography,

culture and religion.
Ü The multinational companies
Ä use new technology to manufacture goods and export them to

other countries,
Ä manufacture goods as per the income level and living

standard of the people,
Ä change the quality and quantity of production according to the

feedback gained from users, and
Ä invest quite a lot in advertisements.

When these organizations and companies run, they need manpower for
service, production, advertisement, transportation etc. which lead to
the creation of international employment.

Importance
Ü To attract foreign investments.
Ü To uplift living standard of people.
Ü To introduce new technology.
Ü To create diversity in production of goods and services.
Ü To learn new skills and knowledge.

1 UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
2 UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
3 UNDP: United Nations Development Program

FUNCTIONAL 43

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. Employment created by international organizations is called

_______________________.
2. International organizations run with the help of __________ aids.
3. Companies which manufacture and deliver goods and services in

various countries are____________________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is international employment? K nowledge
2. Mention the importance of international

employment.

3. Describe any one organization that provides C omprehension
international employment in Nepal.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Mention any five international organizations and A pplication
make a list of benefits that Nepal gets from these
organizations by categorizing them into short-term
and long-term benefits.

5. How does international employment help to A nalysis
improve economic condition of the country?

6. “International employment has played an E valuation
important role to solve unemployment problems
in Nepal.” Justify the statement.

7. Formulate a plan to advertise a product of a S ynthesis
multinational company.

44 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

2Lesson Institutions that Provide Middle
and Higher Level Education

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By having knowledge of universities, you
can choose a suitable university to study in.
 mention different faculties under
universities of Nepal.

 explain the programs offered by some
universities.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Although universities have grown in numbers, quality of education

has not made much progress in Nepal. Do you agree? Why or Why

not?

You must have seen your elder brothers and sisters joining a
college. Make a list of different colleges that they go through
and subjects they are studying.

School level education in Nepal is divided into elementary level and
secondary level. Education provided above the secondary level is known
as Higher level education. Different universities and colleges affiliated
to these universities provide higher level education. These universities
have separate departments and faculties to provide education on
various subjects.

Some Faculties

Faculty of Humanities

This faculty aims to produce specialized human resources on the area of
humanities. Subjects like Nepali, English, Geography, Population, Art,
Journalism, etc. are taught under this faculty1.

Faculty of Management
The main objective of this faculty is to educate students for professional busi-

1 Faculty: one of the departments of learning, as theology, medicine, or law, in a university

FUNCTIONAL 45

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

ness, management, industry and for self-employment. Students under this
faculty gain specialized knowledge on trade, commerce, finance, economics,
etc. This faculty offers subjects like Accounting, Finance, Economics,
Business Studies, Hotel Management, Hospitality Management, etc.

Faculty of Education

This faculty aims to provide education in order to produce teachers,
teacher educators/trainers and other manpower needed for the
development of education sector. Students of education learn about
theoretical and practical aspects of curriculum, teaching methods,
teaching aids, evaluation system, learners’ psychology, etc.

Faculty of Law

This faculty produces manpower capable of solving legal problems
in daily life, organizations and courts. Students of law are highly
skilled in interpreting and explaining the provisions mentioned in the
constitutions, Laws or other rules and regulations.

Faculty of Science and Technology

This faculty produces manpower capable of promoting the use of
technology through vigorous scientific researches. Subjects like
Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Microbiology, Meteorology are
taught under this faculty.

Universities and their programs

Universities are the institutions established for higher level education
and research that provide academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A
university comprises several faculties, departments and colleges.

Tribhuvan Unversity

It is the oldest university of the
country which was established in
1959 A.D. (2016 B.S.). The Central
Administrative Office and the
Central Campus of the university
are located at Kirtipur. Tribhuvan
University consists of 38 central
departments and 4 research centres.

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The university was established with the following objectives:

Ü To prepare capable human resources required for the overall
development of Nepal,

Ü To impart standard higher education.
Ü To protect and develop national culture and tradition, and
Ü To involve in extensive, emperical and timely creation of knowledge

and research in the fields of arts, science, technology and vocation.

Tribhuvan University offers subjects like Education, Engineering,
Medicine, Science, Mathematics, Geography, Nepali, English, Forestry
and many more.

Nepal Sanskrit University

Nepal Sanskrit University was
established in 1986 A.D. (2043 B.S.)
with the name of Mahendra Sanskrit
University.Itscentralofficeislocated
at Beljhundi, Dang whereas liaison1
office is at Basantapur, Kathmandu.
The main objective of this university
is to systematize Sanskrit education
up to higher level and develop Nepal
into a centre of learning Sanskrit Language and literature in the world.
Besides Sanskrit language and Literature, subjects like Ayurveda,
Jyotisha, Yogic Sciences and Naturopathy2 are taught in this university.
It also runs classes in modern subjects like Nepali, English, Economics,
Mathematics, Political Science and Pure Science keeping in view the
demand of time and need of the country.

Kathmandu University

Kathmandu University was established in 1991 A.D. (2048 B.S.). Its
central office is located at Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok. The university

1 Liaison: a person or an organization that initiates and maintains contact or commu-

nication between two parties for cooperation

2 Naturopathy: a system or method for treating diseases that employs no surgery or synthetic

drugs but uses special diets, herbs, vitamins, massage, etc. to assist the natu-

ral healing processe

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is currently running various
undergraduate, graduate and
postgraduate programs in Science,
Engineering, Medicine, Management,
Education, Arts, Pharmacy,
Environment, Music, Human and
Natural resources, Information
Technology and Biotechnology3.
Around 5 thousand students are
studying at this university and more than 10 thousand students at its
constituent campuses and affiliated4 colleges.

Purbanchal University

Purbanchal University was established in 1995 A.D. (2052 B.S.) as
the first national university in the Eastern Nepal. Its central office is
located at Puspa Lal Chowk, Biratnagar. The university aims to provide
general, commercial and technical education in different fields. At
present, Purbanchal University offers graduate and post graduate
courses in Science and Technology, Management, Fine Arts, Education,
Law, Medicine and Applied Sciences.

Pokhara University

Pokhara University was established in 1997 A.D. (2054 B.S.) with a
vision of becoming a leading institution in the promotion of education
through quality higher education, health and community services.
Its central office is located in Pokara, Kaski. The university has four
constituent schools and 49 affiliated colleges. The university offers
graduate and postgraduate courses in Science and Technology,
Management, Humanities and Social Sciences.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson.

3 Biotechnology: the use of living organisms or other biological systems to make drugs or
other useful things for human benefit

4 Affiliated: closely connected to a group or an organization

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: provides Level of Cognition
K nowledge
1. What is a university?
2. Mention any five faculties of universities. C omprehension

3. Describe any one organization that
international employment in Nepal.
Connecting PROJECT

4. Fill up the following table

S.N. University Date of Main Faculties Remarks
Estab- Objective

lishment

A pplication

5. Mention the faculty from which you want to A nalysis
receive your higher education. Why do you want to E valuation
study in that faculty? Give reasons. S ynthesis

6. Why are universities established?

7. There are many universities established in
Nepal but very few of them offer technical courses
as their major part. Contrast this situation with
the present need of the country.

8. There are some more universities apart from those
mentioned in the lesson. List them and rearrange
these universities in the alphabetical order.

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