Functional OBET Book 8

Method of Making Loops

Take the long end of Pull it gently Slip a needle Hold the needle with
the wool to the top through the loop. through the loop a slipknot in your
of the short end as and pull the ends to hand as shown.
tighten the loop.
shown.

Continue casting more loops until you reach the desire length of loops
on the needle.

Knitting Stitches

There are various kinds of stitches in knitting. The basic stitch is called
the knit stitch.

Hold the needle with Insert the needle without Make sure the working
stitches in left hand and the stitches under the front of yarn lies in the back of your

other in right hand. the first loop. needles.

Manoeuver the needle in such a way as to form a new loop on the needle
without needles and continue till the end. Repeat the process to form a
cap.

NOW YOUR TIME
Make a “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson above.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What are knitting and looping? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of knitting. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT A pplication

3. Make loops on the needle and show it to the class.

4. Determine the number of loops required to make a A nalysis
cap that fits on your head.

5. “Knitting can help the economy of our country.” E valuation
Justify this statement and critically analyse the
current situation.

6. Make a wollen cap by knitting. S ynthesis

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7Lesson Apron

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning to make an apron, you can make
an attractive apron for use at home.
 explain the methods of making an apron.
 make an apron for use at home.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Making an apron is easy and relatively inexpensive than buying
aprons at a department store. By making your own apron, you can
also make it exactly the way you want it. However, many people in
our neighbourhood still buy aprons. How can we reduce this practise?

Make a list of the people who use aprons in
their jobs.

The apron is an outer protective garment worn
around to protect the front of the body while
doing kitchen work. It is also worn by laboratory or
hospital workers to protect clothes from getting
dirty. Hotel chefs also use aprons.

Measurement is essential to make an apron. Before cutting clothes for
an apron, drafting is essential.

Method of Making an Apron

1. Make a pattern by enlarging and
transferring the template to a large
sheet of paper (you may need to join
pieces of paper): each square on the
template represents 10cm square,
giving the apron a finished size of
90cm by 70cm (see illustration).

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2. Cut out the paper pattern and pin in place on your fabric. Cut out
the apron, adding 2.5cm all round. Remove the paper pattern.

3. For the pocket, cut out a 35cm by 25cm rectangle of the main
fabric. Turn under 1cm then 1.5cm along the top edge of the pocket
and top stitch close to the folded edge. Press under 2.5cm along the
three remaining raw edges.

4. For the neck loop and two waist ties, cut three 6cm by 60cm strips
in the same way.

5. Take the main apron piece and press under 1cm then 1.5cm all
round. Top stitch all round close to the folded edge.

6. Position the pocket at the centre of the apron and top stitch around
the side and bottom edges.

7. Stitch each end of the neck loop in place on the reverse of the
apron; and the two remaining strips for tying the apron around the
waist in the same way.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any two “Fill in the blank” questions from the above lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is an apron? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of making an apron. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT A pplication

3. Make a draft for an apron.

4. Take a part an old apron to make draft for a new A nalysis
one.

5. Compare a readymade apron with the one that you E valuation
have made.

6. Make an apron for yourself. S ynthesis

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. Generally, sewing machines are of ____________ and household types.

b. Metric units like ____________ should be used while taking measurement.

c. A button ____________ is made in the cloth to secure a button.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statements. 2
a. Hooks can be used instead of buttons.
b. Darning or patching is done to repair holes in a fabric.
c. Knitting is a method through which a wool yarn is used to make cloth.
d. An apron is used only by hotel chefs.

3. Answer the following questions (any three). 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is sewing? Why is a sewing machine important? Explain.

b. Mention any five advantages of taking measurements.

c. “Drafting reduces the quantity of damaged clothes.” Justify the statement in

your own words.

d. What is knitting? What is the process of making a loop?

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities. 5 x 3 = 15

a. Talk to any three tailors about the requirements and challenges they face in

their centre. Make a report on “Requirements and Challenges of Tailoring

Centres” on the basis of your observations.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. What things will you be able to make for yourself and members of your

family? Decide on the basis of faculties and studies you have studied in this

unit. Make a sample plan as to how and what you plan to make Connecting
INTERNET
on the basis of the following guidelines:

• Name of the item • Draft of the item

• Procedure • Estimated cost

• Precaution Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

2. Viva-voce 5

a. Write any two reasons for Nepali youths not being able to do Visit

minor repair of their clothes on their own.

b. What is darning?

c. Show the method of making a loop.

d. What do you think will happen if we do not use an apron while

cooking food?

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UNIT TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
16 (INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY)

1Lesson Introduction to Indigenous
Technology and its Importance

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The know-how of indigenous technology
encourages and suggests people to be self-
 define indigenous technology. reliant by demonstrating the utilization
 explain the importance of indigenous of locally avaliable resources in the rural
areas.
technology.
 mention various indigenous technologies

used in Nepal.
 differentiate between indigenous

technology and modern technology.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Indigenous technology practises are farmer-friendly, socially
accepted, economic, environmentally sound and suited to the local
and specific environmental conditions. Despite their importance,
indigenous technology practises are neglected and often disregarded
in Nepal, saying it is unscientific.What do you think are the reasons
behind this situation?

Make a list of equipments that you use in your home.

Technology is the practical application of the scientific and artistic
knowledge to improve the way we live or do things. The word ‘technology’
comes from the Greek word “techne” meaning art, skill, cunning of hand
and “logia” meaning collection of tools. Technology as such is an art and
skill of improving and using tools. It is no surprise that technological
development in the world started when people began using tools and
improving them. Depending upon the necessity and availability of
resources, people used what they had around them to improve the
way they lived their lives. Some of these methods are still in use in

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many parts of the world. Such methods that use traditional knowledge
and locally available resources to make tools to do various things are
collectively called as Indigenous Technology.

Importance of Indigenous Technology

1. It helps in passing down knowledge and skill from one generation
to another. So, it is important part of cultural heritage.

2. It is based on the locally available resources so it helps in optimum
use of resources in the area.

3. It is environment-friendly as it uses minimum resources.
4. It is cheap.
5. It helps in preservation of culture, art and tradition of indigenous people.
6. It helps people to fulfill their needs without depending on others

i.e. improves self-sufficiency.
7. It helps rural areas to earn foreign currency and promote tourism.

Practise of Indigenous Technology in Nepal

Using theki and madani to produce
butter is an example of indigenous
technology. Here, a rope is used to
rotate madani (churn staff). Alternate
pulling of the rope wound around the
madani rotates it in clockwise and
anti-clock wise direction which in turn
churns the cream to produce butter.

Similarly, in rural areas people use
traditionaltoolstomakeropesandvariouskindsofwoodenandclayvessels
liketheki,kahataro,ghaito,etc.Thetoolsarealsousedtomakehouses,doors,
windows. Also, these are used to prepare food. Such tools are madani,
jato, dhiki, ghatta, etc. Nepali people also use these technologies to weave
sukul, mandro, namlo, doko, etc. People in rural areas use some of these
tools to weave clothes, galaicha, pashmina, dhaka, etc. These textiles
are famous not only in Nepal but also in many parts of the world.

Halo, juwa, bull and ox are used in our country to plough fields which
is also an important example of indigenous technology used in rural
areas. Tractor is the modern development of this technology. Unlike

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halo, a tractor can be used to plough large areas of land. Indigenous
technology is an early form of modern technology. Therefore, we must
use and develop indigenous technology to use resources in our country
and make our country economically prosperous.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following.
1. Technology that uses traditional knowledge and locally available

resources is called _______________.
2. Combination of theki and madani used to produce _______________

is an example of indigenous technology.
3. We should use indigenous technology to use local _______________

of our country.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is indigenous technology? K nowledge

2. Explain the importance of using indigenous C omprehension
technology.
Connecting PROJECT

3. Produce 250 gm butter on your own using an A pplication
indigenous technology.

4. Examine various indigenous technologies used in A nalysis
Nepal and write how they are improving the lives
of people involved.

5. “Indigenous Technology is knowing and respecting E valuation
the tools, instruments and process which the modern
technology comes from.”Justify this statement and
critically analyse the current situation.

6. Design a plan that can be implemented for the effective S ynthesis
use of indigenous technology in your community.

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2Lesson Development of
Indigenous Technology

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to This lesson assists people in explaining
how indigenous technology is developed and
 know the development of indigenous adapted and passed down from generation
to generation and closely interwoven with
technology. people’s cultural values. Also, it tells them
 understand the progression of how it is echo-friendly.

indigenous technology used in Nepal.
 identify the materials needed for water mill.
 differentiate between jato and panighatta.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Indigenous technology is not yet fully utilized in the development
process. Planners and implementers do not consider whether
indigenous knowledge would contribute to solve existing problems
and achieve the intended objectives. What do you think are the
reasons behind this situation?

You must have seen tools used in your locality. Make a list of
tools used in your locality and mention what they are used for.

Development of any technology takes place in many stages. Technological
development is directly related to the progress of human society. At first,
people started to use silauto and lohoro (mortar and pestle) for grinding,
which is still in use today for pickles and masalas. But grinding
large quantity of food grains proved difficult through it so people
gradually developed Jato. Jato consists of two circular flat pieces of
stone of which the bottom part is attached to the ground or the floor in
the house and has a big nail or wood at the centre to keep the top stone
in place while grinding. The top part however has two holes in it, one
in the middle to keep grains and the other on the side to place a handle
for grinding. The grains are grinded using a circular motion with the
help of the handle and the person should be sitting down to do the
task. In order to free people from the difficult task of grinding, people

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gradually utilized power of flowing water to rotate jato which is called as
panighatta or watermill.

Pani Ghatta or Watermill

The fundamentals of a ghatta are
fairly basic. Water is diverted from
a stream or river and flows down a
chute towards the ghatta’s turbine.
The vertical shaft of the turbine1 runs
up through the floor of the ghatta
house and turns the top stone of a
pair of grinding stones. Grain is stored above the stone in a suspended
woven basket. It slowly falls out through a feeder mechanism at the
bottom of the basket. The top stone has a hole carved in its centre all the
way through it. Grain from the feeder mechanism falls down through
this hole, and is then ground between the pair of stones.

The grinding stones are always placed slightly below the floor of the
ghatta house in a square depression. Typically, the top stone is a little
above the surface, but the bottom is well below. This square depression,
well defined by four wooden boards, keeps the flour from spilling out
onto the floor. The ghatta owner (ghattera) scoops the flour out of this
sunken “box” when the grinding is completed.

Traditionally, most of the components
of the panighatta were made out of
wood and were not very efficient or
long lasting. However, now hydraulic2
turbines with cup shaped blades
have been developed that has greatly
improved the efficiency of panighatta
and life of people in rural Nepal.

Flour Mill
The flour mill is also called grinding mill. Any food grain can be crushed

1 Turbine: a machine or an engine that receives its power from a wheel that is turned by
the pressure of water, air or gas

2 Hydraulic: operated by liquid moving through pipes, etc. under pressure

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into fine powder through the use of the flour
mill. In this also a rotational action is used to
grind. The rotation action is provided either by
a diesel engine or an electric motor.

An electric motor has advantage of controlling
speed so the electric motor is used, if electricity
is available. The grinding action is provided
by the especially made disc that has grinding
teeth. A hopper3 is used for ensuring that food
grains are continually supplied to the mill.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any four “Fill in the blank” questions from the above lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Define a flour mill. K nowledge

2. Explain the process of working of watermill/ C omprehension
panighatta.

Connecting PROJECT

3. Produce 1000 gm of corn flour using a flour mill in A pplication
your community.

4. Survey how much quantity of flour is produced by A nalysis
a watermill in a day.

5. “Panighatta has saved a lot of time and effort E valuation
for women.” Justify this statement and critically
analyse the current situation.

6. Design a plan that can be used to enhance the use S ynthesis
of flour mill in your community.

3 Hopper: a V-shaped container that holds grain, coal, or food for animals, and lets it out
through the bottom

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3Lesson Bhatti and Distillery

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to This lesson explains how indigenous
technology is used to make alcohol and
 define raksi. wine in Nepal.
 know the process of making jaand and

raksi used in Nepal.
 differentiate between bhatti and distillery.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

The home brewing of alcoholic beverages without a license is illegal

but people in Nepal are still engaged in such activities. What do you

think are the reasons behind this situation?

Make a list of alcholic beverages that are sold in your community.

Bhatti

Bhatti is the traditional distillery
where traditional Nepali alcohol
called as Jaand and Raksi is made.

The picture alongside shows the two
distinct method of making alcohol
in our community. These two kinds
of alcohol made this way are Jaand
and raksi. The right side of the
picture is the method of making jaand and the left is of making raksi.

Jaand is quiet simple to make compared to the former. For making jaand
we need phosi; the bottom container containing water for steam. Top of
the phosi is potasi containing rice soaked in water for few hours. It is
then slowly cooked with the help of the steam coming from underneath.
This container is then covered to minimize the steam from escaping and
maximizing the cooking of the rice. After the rice is cooked it is then

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spread on cloth for slight cooling and is mixed yeast to ferment the warm
rice. It is then covered for few hours to increase the fermentation and
then transferred to another big vessel known as Ghyampo. The rice at
this stage is still dry. The Ghyampo is then covered tightly to minimize
the air entering. The content is then left for minimum 7 days after
which desired content of water is mixed to get the rice wine (locally
called Jaand) which is white in colour.

Raksi is made from millet grains. The millet grains are sieved through
a colander1 and mixed with water before bringing it to boil. Cooked
millet after simmering lightly, is transferred to a basket to let it
ferment for three days. The fermented mix is transferred to an
earthenware called ghyampo to remain there for the next 15 days. It is
then distilled through the set of vessels as shown in the picture above.
In the lowermost the fermented mix from ghaympo is kept and heated.
The middle vessel consists of collection is called poini where the cooled
alcohol fumes collect. The topmost vessel consists of water and provides
cooling surface.

Distillery

Modern distilleries use powerful machines to carry out the process
of distillation. They produce a variety of alcoholic beverages such as
beer, whisky, wine, etc. In addition to alcoholic beverages, they are also
important for production of distilled water. Modern distilleries are
industries established after paying tax to the government. The quality
of alcohol produced in a distillery is much better.

Improper distillation of alcohol can lead to death due to formation
of poisonous chemicals. Similarly, production of alcohol in Bhatti is
prohibited in our country as they operate without paying tax.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any four “Match the following” questions from the lesson
above.

1 Colander: a metal or plastic bowl with a lot of small holes in it, used for draining water
from vegetables, etc. after washing or cooking

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Define bhatti. K nowledge

2. Explain the process of making rakshi. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Prepare a report on someone’s death caused by A pplication
consumption of alcohol without proper distillation
in your community.

4. Investigate the number of licensed people engaged A nalysis
in this profession in your area.

5. “The alcoholic content of distilled alcohol is E valuation
higher than that of jaand or raksi.” Justify this
statement.

6. Design a plan that can be used to improve the S ynthesis
homemade brewing technique and thus improving
the quality of alcohol produced in your community.

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4Lesson Halo and Tractor

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The reader will be aware of the traditional
and modern agricultural tools and
 define halo and tractor. equipment used in Nepal.
 describe the benefits of tractor over halo.
 differentiate between halo and tractor.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Halo is still the main tool for ploughing the field in hilly regions.

What do you think are the reasons behind this situation?

Make a list of agricultural tools used in your farm.

Halo

A halo is a traditional tool used
for ploughing the field. The halo
consist of fali, anau, haris, juwa and
jotara. All these parts are connected
to bulls or oxen to plough the land.
In this, the principle of lever is used to plough the land. A halo is made
of wood. A karuwa is used to attach fali in the tip. Karuwa and fali are
both made by using iron. Fali is straight and pointed whereas Karuwa
is U shaped in structure. Fali is attached by driving in karuwa into the
wood. Karuwa strengthens the fali, which is the part that ploughs the
land.

Tractor

A tractor is a modern agricultural equipment that is fuelled by a diesel
engine. It is made into a four wheeled vehicle. A tiller1 can be attached
to the back for ploughing land. It can at once cover a large land area and

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plough wet as well as dry land.

It is faster than other traditional methods and
need no human labour. A driver can easily run
a tractor.

The tractor can also be used to carry heavy
loads. With a harvesting attachment, it can be
used to harvest crops as well. Therefore, it has
helped modernize agriculture compared to any
other tools in our country.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any four “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Define a halo and a tractor. K nowledge

2. Explain the benefits of a tractor over a halo. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Choose a suitable place and use any one traditional A pplication
tool for ploughing in that place.

4. Construct a cost-benefit analysis chart of using a A nalysis
tractor and a halo in a field.

5. “Using a tractor can reduce a farmer’s labour cost E valuation
and increase productivity.” Justify this statement
and critically analyse the current situation.

6. Formulate a plan that can be applied to increase S ynthesis
the number of farmers using tractors.

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5Lesson Improved Chulo (Cooking Stove)

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The reader will learn that improved
cooking stoves improve rural women’s
 define an improved chulo health and save time for household chores.
 describe the benefits of the improved Moreover, forests will be preserved to keep
the ecosystem intact.
chulo over the traditional chulo.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Despite the economical and ecological benefits of an improved

chulo, its adoption and use is relatively low.What do you think are

the reasons behind this situation?

What kind of cooking stove do you use at your home?

Chulo

A chulo is a cooking stove
used in rural areas. Wood
is used in a chulo for fire.
Traditionally, it is made by
using mud and clay. Due
to the lack of oxygen inside
the stove, a lot of smoke is
produced inside the kitchen.
The smoke in the kitchen
in rural areas is the main reason of women suffering from respiratory
diseases. The smoke also results in poor visibility.

Improved Chulo
An improved cooking stove consists of combustion chamber, chimney

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and raised potholes. It is gaining
popularity among rural households
in mid-hills due to the reduction
in the use of firewood and the
improvement of health. It can
be one-pot, two-pot or three-pot
depending upon the size of the
family. It also reduces burns and
scalds due to raised potholes.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make a “Match the following” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Define an improved chulo. K nowledge

2. Explain the benefits of an improved chulo over the C omprehension
traditional chulo. A pplication
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a model of an improved cooking stove using
household items.

4. Point out the problems in adopting improved A nalysis
cooking stoves in villages.

5. “Women and children are mostly affected by the E valuation
indoor pollution in villages.” Justify this statement
and critically analyse the current situation.

6. Organize a meeting in a village community and S ynthesis
educate them about the negative impacts of a
traditional chulo.

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6Lesson Rain Water Harvesting

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Rainwater harvesting is a valuable tool for
the minimisation of existing water-related
 define rainwater harvesting. problems in urban areas, underprivileged
 analyse the benefits of rainwater communities and households.

harvesting.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

In spite of the benefits associated with rainwater harvesting, peo-

ple are reluctant to the installation of rainwater harvesting systems.

What do you think are the reasons behind this situation?

What are the sources of water in your home? Make a list.

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a method of collecting rainwater and storing it
for the use in the future. The rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house by using gutters and pipes. The collected water is stored in a tank
or a well. It can be used for drinking, washing, etc.

Harvesting rainwater uses
water that would otherwise
be wasted. It reduces chronic
water shortages in areas
that do not have good supply
of water. It also reduces soil
erosion.

As the water in the land surface is heated by the sun, it gets converted
into vapour which forms clouds. As the cloud condenses, it falls to
the earth in the form of rain. Therefore, rainwater is free from most
impurities in land and a very important source of fresh water.

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Most rainfall in our country occurs during monsoon season. It can be
collected through rainwater harvesting. The collected rainwater can
also be used to recharge a well, which can then be used in summer.

Rainwater harvesting can be made very cheaply by using materials
available locally. The gutter, which is the channel for collecting water
can be made by cutting through a 4-inch HDPE1 pipe. A tank or a drum
made of plastic or cement can be used to store water. The water can also
be stored in an underground tank or well.

A filtration device can be used to purify the water further before it is
collected. The roof and gutter also needs periodic cleaning.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make “Match the following” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is rainwater harvesting? K nowledge

2. Explain the benefits of rainwater harvesting. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Choose a suitable place in your community and A pplication
build rainwater harvesting.

4. Survey how many homes in your locality have built A nalysis
rainwater harvesting.

5. “Rainwater harvesting is good from the economic, E valuation
environmental and hygienic point of view.” Justify
this statement and critically analyse the current
situation.

6. Organize an awareness campaign in your community S ynthesis
regarding the advantages of rainwater harvesting.

1 HDPE: High Density Polyethylene is commonly used plastic for making vessels, pipe, etc.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. The word technology comes from the Greek word ____________.

b. Ghatta and ____________ are still being used for grinding.

c. ____________ is the traditional distillery where traditional Nepali alcohol

called jaand and raksi is made.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following. 2

a. A flour mill is also called a grinding mill.

b. Tiller is used for ploughing land.

c. A chulo is an utensil used in making jaand.

d. Rainwater harvesting can be made very cheaply by using materials locally

available.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is indigenous technology? Why should our country try to protect and

develop indigenous technology? Explain.

b. Mention any five important points of panighatta.

c. “Improper distillation of alcohol can lead to death due to formation of poisonous

chemicals.” Justify the statement in your own words.

d. What is rainwater harvesting? Why is it important in Nepal? Give any four

reasons.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Visit any town in and around your locality to observe the indigenous

technology that people use in their day-to-day life. Make a report on “Indigenous

Technology in Our Locality” on the basis of your observations.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions. Connecting
INTERNET
c. How can you promote improved chulo in our country? Make a

sample plan as to how you will promote it on the basis of the

following guidelines:

• Design of an improved chulo • Materials required Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

• Benefits of an improved chulo • Estimated cost

• Brochure including these details.

2. Viva-voce 5 Visit

a. Write any two reasons for Nepali women suffering from

respiratory problems in rural areas.

b. Who is a ghattera?

c. Differentiate between a halo and a tractor?

d. What do you think will happen if our country does not protect

indigenous technology?

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UNIT TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
17 (MODERN TECHNOLOGY)

1Lesson Introduction of
Modern Technology

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The understanding of mechanism and
technique of operating modern domestic
 explain the importance of modern appliances will make life easier and faster.
technology.

 describe the mechanism of refrigeration.
 assess the function of domestic

appliances.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Unlike China and India, Nepal is very backward regarding the use
of science and technology. Even simple scientific equipment should
be imported in Nepal from our neighbouring countries. What do you
think are the reasons behind this situation?

Make a list of modern gadgets used in your day-to-day life.

Modern Technology

In the previous chapter, we learnt that technology is the practical
application of scientific and artistic knowledge to improve the way we
live or do things by developing tools and techniques. Human beings
have continually improved the way we make or use tools. However,
in the last few decades the pace of developing tools and techniques
has seen a substantial progress, leading to a revolution in the field of
engineering and industires. This technological revolution that has led
to the production of wide variety of machineries and tools is collectively
referred to as Modern Technology.

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Modern technology has led to a significant breakthrough in the field
of communication, medicine, transportation, computers, etc. Today, a
country can no longer progress without using modern technology in
industries. The branch of science that deals with the study and
improvement of technology is called engineering.

Importance of Modern Technology

1. It has helped to make lives of people easier and faster.
2. It has helped us earn more by producing products in a large scale.
3. It has revolutionized medical sector by producing better medicines

and diagnostic techniques.
4. It has helped us remain connected to our friends and relatives

through the internet, mobiles, etc.
5. It has given us an access to information and data and helped in

education.

Domestic Appliances

One of the most important applications of modern technology can be
seen in the field of domestic appliances. Domestic appliances are modern
tools, devices and gadgets that are used in homes to make life easier
and faster. Some of these tools are washing machines, air conditioners,
geysers, refrigerators, solar lamps, heaters, etc.

1. Washing Machine

A washing machine is a device used for washing clothes. Washing
machines immerse, dip, rub and scrub clothes in water with detergent.
The simplest machine may just simply agitate clothes in water, while
automatic machines fill, empty, wash, spin and heat clothes during
washing. Most of washing machines remove water from clothes at
the end of washing after which clothes should be removed for drying.
However, some modern machines can also dry clothes as well.

Types of Washing Machines:

i. Top Loading Washing Machine
ii. Twin Tub Washing Machine
iii. Front Loading Machine

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Top Loading Washing Machine

In this type of washing machine, clothes are loaded
through the top of the machine which is covered with
a hinged door. The machine consists of water retaining
tub with a finned water pumping agitator at the centre
of the bottom of the basket. While washing, the agitator
circulates the water with detergent towards the edge of
the tub that cleans the clothes.

Twin Tub Washing Machine

In this type of washing machine, clothes are loaded
through the top of the machine. There are two separate
tubs for washing clothes. In one tub, the machine uses
detergent to rinse clothes, after which the clothes should
be removed and loaded in the second tub for washing
with clean water. These mahines have generally been replaced by the
top loading washing machines.

Front Loading Washing Machine

It is a new kind of washing machine which involves
loading clothes from the front in the cylinder by opening
door located at the front of the machine. The cylinder
rotates and the clothes are lifted by the paddles on the
inside wall and then dropped. This motion effectively
cleans the clothes. This machine requires less soap and
water than any other machines but it is expensive.

Method

Ü Plug the wire of washing machine to the socket.
Ü Check the water inlet pipe and ensure supply of the water.
Ü Load detergent in the detergent tray.
Ü Fill the tub with clothes and close the door.
Ü Switch on the proper setting, having a look at the extent of washing

required.
Ü After removing clothes, switch off and unplug the cable.

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Precautions

Ü Do not touch electric switches with wet hands.
Ü Make sure the water inlet and water outlet pipes are working properly.
Ü Do not overload the washing machine with clothes.

2. Geyser

A geyser is a device used for heating water before it comes out of a tap.
The hot water can be used for bathing, washing and cooking. There are
mainly two kinds of geysers: electric geyser and gas geyser.

a. Electric Geyser

This kind of geyser heats water by using electricity. The
devices consist of a tank in which the cold water comes
through inlet. The base of this tank is fitted with a heating
coil. As the device is switched on, the cold water gets heated
and hot water comes out through the outlet.

Method

Ü Plug the wire of the geyser to the socket.
Ü Check the water inlet pipe and ensure the supply of water.
Ü Set appropriate temperature in the thermostat.
Ü Open the tap to get hot water.

Precautions:

Ü Do not touch electric switches with wet hands.
Ü Make sure the water inlet pipe is working properly and there is

water in the geyser.
Ü Switch off and unplug the cable when it is not in use.

b. Gas Geyser

This kind of geyser heats water by using gas instead of
electricity. The device does not have a tank. It heats the
water as it passes through the copper coils by a gas burner.
There are automatic as well as manual gas geysers. In
a manual gas geyser, a lighter is used to light the geyser whereas in
automatic and digital gas geysers the burner burns automatically.

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Method

Ü Plug the gas supply pipe to a regulator and turn it on.
Ü Check the water inlet pipe and ensure the supply of water.
Ü Turn the knob or switch to light the burner.
Ü Set the appropriate temperature and water flow required.

Precautions

Ü Do not use in poorly ventilated rooms as gas requires oxygen to burn.
Ü Make sure the water inlet pipe is working properly and there is water.
Ü Switch off the regulator when it is not required.

3. Refrigerator

A refrigerator, also called a fridge, is a common
household appliance. It consists of a thermally insulated
compartment and a heat pump that transfers heat from
the inside of the fridge to its external environment so
that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature
below the temperature of the room. It works by
electricity.

The cold temperature in the refrigerator prevents food from being
spoiled. Domestic refrigerators are mostly divided into upper and lower
compartment. The upper compartment which is called freezer, is used
for storing ice or frozen food. The lower compartment is bigger and is
used for storing vegetables and other cooked food items.

Mechanism of Refrigerator

The domestic refrigerator works by compresssion cycle. In this cycle, a
circulating refrigerant gas enters a compressor1 as low pressure vapour.
The vapour is compressed and exits the compressor as high pressure
superheated vapour. The superheated vapour travels through coils of
the condenser which cools the vapour and changes into liquid. As the
refrigerant gas leaves the condenser, the liquid refrigerant is forced
through a pin hole size expansion valve to an area of low pressure.
This causes the refrigerant to cool causing the cooling action. The
refrigerant then goes back to the compressor and cooling cycle continues.

1 Compressor: a machine that compresses air or other gases

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This technology is called vapour compressed refrigeration.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

It is an older method, which not used for making domestic refrigerators.
It is used only where LPG gas should be used for refrigeration.

Method

Ü Plug the refrigerator to electricity.
Ü Turn the regulator to the temperature required.
Ü Open the refrigerator to store food in required compartments.

Precautions:

Ü Do not keep hot food instantly into the refrigerators. Wait for them
to cool down and then only keep them into the refrigerator.

Ü Make sure the inside of the refrigerator is cleaned regularly.
Ü Leave some space between the wall and the back of the refrigerator

for the condenser1 coils to cool down.

4. Solar Lantern

A solar lantern is a device used for lighting purpose. It consists of a
photovoltaic panel either mounted on the top or towards its sides. When
light falls on the photo voltaic panel, electricity is produced. This is
stored inside the batteries. When required, they can be switched on
for light. Use LED’s or CFL lamps. Once discharged, they should be
charged by placing them in sunlight.

Method

Ü Place the lantern in sunlight to charge in the daytime.
Ü When fully charged, take it into the required room.
Ü Switch it on through on/off switch.

Precautions:

Ü Do not overdrawn the batteries. When the light becomes dim,
switch it off for recharging.

Ü Make sure to prevent it from falling as it can break.
Ü Replace batteries when the charge does not last long.

1 Condenser: device that cools gas in order to change it into a liquid

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5. Solar Water-Heater

A solar water-heater is a device used for
heating water. It consists of a panel with pipes
coated with a black paint through which heat
in the sunlight is absorbed to heat the water.
The hot water is collected in the tank during
the day. When required, the hot water comes
out through the tap. The panels and the tank
are kept on the rooftop.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make a “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is a refrigerator? Write its mechanism. K nowledge

2. Explain any two types of washing machines. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Choose any one domestic appliance and describe A pplication
its mechanism.

4. How does a gas geyser compare and contrast with A nalysis
an electric geyser? E valuation

5. “Solar lanterns are the means of environment
-friendly way of lighting your homes.” Justify
this statement and critically analyse the current
situation.

6. Develop a programme that can be executed for S ynthesis
educating people about the appropriate way of
using gas geysers.

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2Lesson Modern Office Appliances

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Modern office appliances have become
a necessity for smooth flowing of daily
 define office appliances. operations. They reduce expenses and
 explain the functions of office appliances. enhance the satisfaction of employees,
customers and general public.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Modern pieces of office equipment, such as fax machines, computers,
scanners and copiers, have now become common in businesses
around the world but most of the government offices in Nepal still
do not have these pieces of equipments. What do you think are the
reasons behind this situation?

What are the pieces of equipment used in offices in your
community? Make a list of them.

Modern Office Appliances

Modern technology is important for the smooth and proper functioning
of an office nowadays. Telephone, fax, photocopiers, printers, routers,
air conditioners, security systems, etc. are used in modern offices for
the smooth functioning of administration.

Modern office appliances improve working conditions of the office too.
Further, they help in storing records and making them available when
they are required. They are vital for maintaining financial records as
well as good public relations. Modern office appliances also help public
in ensuring proper access to information. They are essential for any
advertisement nowadays. Some of the widely used modern appliances
are explained below:

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1. Automated Teller Machine

A teller is an officer in the bank that pays out
money over the counter against cheque. He/
She is also called a cashier. An automated teller
machine does the same work without the need
of a human cashier. Automated teller machine
is an electronic device that helps the customers
perform financial transactions by inserting a
plastic identity card. It consists of a magnetic
stripe/chip that contains a unique card number and account details.
Before doing a transaction, customers have to enter a personal
identification number to verify themselves. ATM machines can help to
make a variety of transactions such as cash withdrawals, check balances
or credit mobile phones. They can also convert currency and transfer
balances, pay bills, etc.

Method

Ü Insert the card through the slot.
Ü Enter the pin as requested.
Ü Perform the transactions according to the information in the screen.
Ü After use, wait for the card to come out and take the print out from

the slot.

Precautions:

Ü Do not force the card through the slot.
Ü Take the card and the cash from the required slots.
Ü Ask for help if the card does not come out.
Ü Do not leave the card in the slot after transaction.
Ü Report immediately to the bank in case of the loss of the card.

2. Air Conditioner

An air conditioner is a device that
improves the quality of indoor air by
either heating, cooling or filtering the
air inside the room. Air conditioners
can also maintain humidity of the air. They are used in homes, offices,
restaurants, buses, cars, aeroplanes, etc.

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Air conditioners allow people to work in extreme cold and hot climates
by regulating the temperature of indoor air. They work similar to
refrigerators. But instead of cooling the inside of the refrigerator, the
refrigerant gas flows through copper tubes in front of a fan that blows
cold air inside the room.

There are many types of air conditioners such as window air conditioners,
split type AC, hvac, etc. depending upon the need. An appropiate one is
installed in an office or home.

Method

Ü Connect the AC to the power mains and switch it on.
Ü Use the remote control to set the desired temperature of the room.

Precautions:

Ü Close windows to reduce effect of the outdoor air.
Ü Make sure the outdoor unit is protected from extreme heat and cold.
Ü Clean the filters regularly.

3. Multimedia

Multimedia refers to the

use of pictures, video, audio Television Tutorial/
and animations to present Presentation
Radio

variety of information in

a meaningful way. Multi- Film
media tools allow us to Entertainment
Multimedia

create, edit and present

any piece of information. Game ICT
It includes computer, video

camera, audio recorder, Printing Music

microphone, transmission

and editing equipment, projector, LCD screens, etc.

Any multimedia tool has found its way into education, journalism,
engineering and information and communication technology. Today, we
can use multimedia technology to carry out video conferencing between
people from one continent to an other. Multimedia technology has also
created a rich area for employment.

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4. Photocopier

It is a machine used for making paper copies of
documents and other visual images quickly and
cheaply. A photocopy machine uses xerography
which involves the use of electrostatic charge on
a light-sensitive photoreceptor to transfer toner
particles onto paper to form an image. Heat is
then used to fuse the toner onto the paper.

A photocopy machine is widely used in offices, colleges and schools to
copy documents.

5. Video Conferencing

It is a set of telecommunication
technology which allows two or
more locations to communicate
simultaneously by two-way video
and audio. A computer connected to
a web camera, a high speed internet
connection and a microphone can
be used for video conferencing at a
relatively low cost.

A video conferencing service is essential for video conference. Some
free services such as SKYPE, VIBER, Google Hangouts, etc. should be
installed in the computer in addition.

6. Scanner

A scanner is a device that scans images, printed
text, handwriting, etc. and converts it into a
digital image.

In this, the required document is placed on the
scanner. The lid is then closed and software in
the computer connected to the scanner is used
to get a digital image of the document in the
computer.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following.
1. Nowadays, ____________ is important for smooth functioning of

an office.
2. Use of pictures, audio, video, etc. for better communication is

called ____________.
3. A scanner converts images, text, etc. into ____________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are modern office appliances? K nowledge

2. Explain the advantages of using modern office C omprehension
appliances.
Connecting PROJECT

3. Give an example of the office having adequate A pplication
number of modern office appliances. Why do you
think it has so many appliances?

4. Categorize the government offices of Nepal as A nalysis
having modern appliances and not having modern
appliances.

5. “Every kind of business can now find modern office E valuation
equipment to suit their needs.” Justify this statement
and critically analyse the current situation.

6. Design a plan that can be implemented for effective S ynthesis
and efficient placing of office appliances.

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3Lesson Alternative Energy

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Alternative energy/Renewable energy refers
to energy sources that do not have any
 define alternative energy. undesired consequences. Alternative energy
 describe the benefits of alternative energy. will help ensure humankinds’ survival in
 give examples of alternative energy. the 21st century and beyond.
 differentiate between the non-renewable

energy and renewable/alternative energy.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Although Nepal has huge hydropower potential, we are unable to
utilize this potential and compelled to be conditioned with the long
hours of load shedding during the winter seasons. What do you think
are the reasons behind this situation?

What do you use in your home for lighting when there is power
cut off?

Alternative Energy

Alternative energy refers to any source of energy other than fossil fuel.
In general, it is a source of energy that does not release carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere.

All our devices and machines need energy to work. Some of them run
on electricity whilst others run on fuels such as petrol, diesel, kerosene,
LPG, etc. Petrol, diesel, kerosene, LPG etc. are extracted through
mining. They are the remains of plants that lived millions of years ago.
So they are called fossil fuel. They are limited in quantity and do not
regenerate. Such fossil fuel is a non-renewable resource and will
deplete eventually. Furthermore, whenever we use fossil fuel, carbon
dioxide gas is released which in turn causes global warming.

However, alternative energy refers to the sources of energy that never

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deplete. These resources are therefore called perpetual energy resources.
They also do not cause global warming.

Types of Alternative Energy

Solar energy

Solar energy can be trapped by means
of a photovoltaic (PV) panel and stored
in batteries. The trapped energy can be
used to power all electrical and electronic
equipment in our homes such as television,
water pump, computer, lights, etc.

The PV panel mounted on the rooftop can use the sunlight to produce
electricity during the day. It can then be stored in the batteries. At
night, the batteries can be connected to the inverter, which converts
direct current in batteries to alternating current. It can be used to run
a variety of household appliances.

The PV panel is durable. It lasts for more than 25 years. The batteries
need to be maintained and changed regularly.

Hydropower

It is the process through which energy in the flowing water is used to
produce electricity. Depending on the scale of power generated, we can
classify hydropower into two types. They are:

a. Peltric Set/Micro-Hydropower

It is a type of hydroelectric power plant that
produces 50 to 100 kw of energy by using
natural flow of water. These stations can
provide power to a home or small community.
As there are numerous rivers and streams
unused in our rural areas, they can provide
economical source of energy without buying
fuel. Micro-hydro is usually accomplished by
a peltric set. A peltric set uses a pelton wheel
connected to a generator.

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Water from a high altitude is made to flow through a narrow tube
directly into the cup-shaped structures of the pelton wheel which drives
a generator to produce electricity.

b. Hydro-Powerhouse
It is a type of hydroelectric power plant that produces energy in
hundreds of megawatts. These stations require huge construction and
budget.

NOW YOUR TIME
Make a “Match the following” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is alternative energy? K nowledge

2. Explain the benefits of alternative energy. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Construct a model of solar lamp and describe how A pplication
you made it.

4. Examine any alternative energy sources used A nalysis
in Nepal and deduce its condition in terms of
effectiveness, usefulness, cost and benefit.

5. “Nepal also has huge potential for solar energy.” E valuation
Justify this statement and critically analyze the
current situation.

6. Find out any unusual source of alternative energy S ynthesis
that can be implemented in Nepal.

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4Lesson Use of the Internet

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The Internet has been the most useful
technology of the modern times which helps
 define the Internet. us not only in our daily lives, but also in the
 describe the benefits of the Internet. development of personal and professional
 examine the effect of the Internet in skills.

communication.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Today, use of the Internet has become the most important tool for
self-development and progress in the country but many villages of
Nepal have not even heard of the Internet facilities.What do you
think are the reasons behind this situation?

How do you use thte Internet in your day-to-day life? Make a list.

The Internet

The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks
that use the standard internet protocol
(TCP1/IP2) to link devices worldwide.
The Internet carries extensive range of
information resources and services such
as world wide web, email, telephone and
file sharing networks. It is sometimes
simply referred to as WEB.

The Internet system originated as a
research conducted by the USA in 1960

1 TCP: transmission control protocol, is the protocol used by computer to deliver email and
transfer files from one location to another

2 IP: Internet Protocol Suite, a networking protocol used with TCP

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to build a robust, fault tolerant communication system through the use
of computers.

Use of the Internet

Ü Communication: The Internet is used for a variety of
communication purposes like chatting, messaging, sending email,
video conferencing, etc.

Ü File sharing: The Internet is used for sharing files and information
over the web. All kinds of digital files can be shared through the
Internet.

Ü Searching: The Internet can also be used to search for the
required files and data through search engines like Google, Yahoo,
Bing, etc.

Ü Advertising: The Internet can be used to advertise products and
services over to the internet users across the world.

Ü E-Commerce: The Internet can be used to buy and sell products
and services. It can be used to transfer money and funds and
perform banking functions.

Ü Governance: The Internet is being increasingly used by the
government of Nepal to broadcast public information. It is also
used to file for citizenship, vote, application forms, passports,
driving licenses, etc.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. The Internet system uses standard Internet ______________.
2. The Internet system originated as a result of research conducted

by ______________ in ______________
3. E-commerce is the use of the Internet to ______________ and

______________ goods and services.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is the Internet? K nowledge

2. Explain the benefits of using the Internet in C omprehension
communication.

Connecting PROJECT

3. Construct a model showing how the Internet A pplication
works.

4. Specify the factors that are necessary for using the A nalysis
internet.

5. “Today the Internet is used for different purposes E valuation
depending upon the requirement.” Justify this
statement and critically analyze the current
situation.

6. Design a plan that can be implemented for the S ynthesis
effective Internet surfing all over Nepal.

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5Lesson Code of conduct in Information
and Communication Technology

What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Information and communication technology
has created challenges beyond the control
 examine the negative effects of the of a single person or a country. Therefore,
Internet. a code of conduct is made, which is a set
of principles and expectations that are
WHAT & WHY considered binding on any person/country.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Even though the government of Nepal has made a provision of a code

of conduct in using ICT, the crimes relating to ICT are in a growing

trend. What do you think are the reasons behind this situation?

What are the crimes commited by the Internet users? Make a
list of those crimes.

Code of Conduct in ICT

Information and communication technology can provide us with various
kinds of pieces of information and tools to communicate. But they can
also be used to harm innocent people.

The government of Nepal has developed the following code of conduct to
control indiscriminate and illegal use of the Internet:

a. The use of ICT to cause public defamation and insult is prohibited.
A person engaged in such activity will be punished to the full
extent of the law.

b. ICT cannot be used to exchange secret documents of the country. If such
a case is found, the concerned office can take actions as per the law.

c. Sharing of password is prohibited. If any other person uses your
password because of personal negligence, you will be held responsible.

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d. The Internet is regarded as a vast ocean of knowledge. Any
knowledge, picture, or information that adversely affects society
should not be accessed.

e. Hacking is a punishable offence under the law.
f. ICT cannot be used to incite hatred and disturb peace. Any material

that incites hatred and disturbs peaceful relations must be removed.
g. ICT cannot be used as a means of blackmail or torture. Any person

engaging in such activity can be imprisoned as per the law.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following.
1. Information technology can be used to harm people and conduct____
2. Sharing of ___________ prohibited as per the ICT code of conduct.
3. Hacking is ____________ offence under the cyber law.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition
1. What is code of conduct? K nowledge

2. Explain the code of conduct of ICT in Nepal. C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT A pplication
A nalysis
3. Show the negative effects of the Internet in our
society with an example. E valuation
S ynthesis
4. Point out the positive sides of imposing a code of
conduct in ICT.

5. ICT has not only provided new possibilities and
opportunities, but also created threats.” Justify
this statement and critically analyze the current
situation.

6. Suggest what code of conduct in ICT should be added
in the context of Nepal.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. The branch of science that deals with the study and improvement of

technology is called ____________.

b. A teller is an officer in the bank that pays out money over the counter against

____________.

c. Solar energy can be trapped by means of a photo ____________ panel and

stored in batteries.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statements. 2
a. Multimedia refers to the use of pictures, video, audio and animations to

present a variety of information in a meaningful way.
b. Geyser is a device used for cooling water before it comes out of a tap.
c. Photocopier is a machine used for making paper copies of documents and

other visual images quickly and cheaply.
d. The use of ICT to cause public defamation and insult is prohibited.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is modern technology? What are the domestic appliances used in our

everyday lives? Explain.

b. Mention any five benefits of video conferencing.

c. “The Internet has made our world smaller.” Justify the statement in your own words.

d. What is ICT? Why is it important to have a code of conduct in ICT? Give any

four reasons.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Visit any three offices in your locality. Make a report on “Technology used in

Offices” on the basis of your observations.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher Connecting
INTERNET
and get them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. How can we promote the use of alternative energy? Make a sample

plan to make people aware of the alternative energy on the basis of

the following guidelines: Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

• Alternative energy source • Materials required

• Estimated cost • Method of installation

• Benefits of using it • Financial incentives if any

2. Viva-voce 5 Visit

a. Write any two examples of modern office appliances.

b. What is a scanner?

c. What is a peltric set?

d. What do you think will happen if our country does not enforce

the ICT law?

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Appendix 1

A Sample of Teaching Technique : Multiple Intelligences
Topic Title: OFF-SEASON VEGETABLE FARMING

1. Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence
Complete the crossword below:

1
2

3 6 Down
4
5 1. Highly trained or skilled
people
7
4. Hormone required by
plants to grow

6. A long narrow passage
way

Across

2. Degree of hotness or
coldness of a body

3. Plants like cauliflower,
cabbage, spinach, etc.

5. Method of planting crops
7. Not in season

You may ask students to do the activities like reading, informing,
writing, discussing, debating, copying, story telling, etc. for this
type of intelligence.

2. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

Estimate the selling price of cauliflower in order to make 20% profit
on the basis of farming plan given below:

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S.N Particulars Unit Rate Total
(Rs) Amount (Rs)
1 Saplings 100
2 Fertilzers 20kg 5
3 Irrigation System(Drip Irrigator) 40
5 2,000

Now calculate:

Total estimated expenditure: Profit:
Total estimated selling price: Selling price per kg:

Activities like measuring, ordering, analyzing, classifying and
problem solving are also based on logical intelligence.

3. Visual/ Spatial Intelligence

Draw a diagram and paint it showing the plastic tunnel farming of
tomato. Include the following things in your diagram:

Ü Plastic tunnel Ü Fertilizers to be used

Ü Tomato plants with proper spacing Ü Irrigation system

Ü Farmer working in the tunnel Ü Fencing

You may also plan activities like mine mapping, sculpture, designing,
flash cards, decorating, etc. for this intelligence.

4. Body/Kinesthetic Intelligence

Make a group of eight students and number them from 1 to 8.
Perform a play to demonstrate the methods of vegetable farming in
plastic huts. Characters of the play are given below:

Ü Plastic Hut Ü Sun

Ü Insect Ü Rain

Ü Tomato, Chilly, etc or any other vegetable Ü Farmer

Ü Buyer

Make sure that your play conveys real information about methods
of vegetable farming, possible problems and their solutions.

Dance, physical exercise, making models, repairing, craftwork,
mimic, etc. are also based on body/kinesthetic intelligence.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

5. Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence

Read the given lyrics and compose music for it. Present it in front
of the class.

All vegetables don’t grow
in all the seasons,
Some grow in Terai,
some in hilly regions.

We can get the vegetables
all year-round,
Off-season vegetable farming,
in the barren ground.

We can use plastic huts,
Tunnels or bags,
Produce, pack and sell,
putting price tags.

Activities like singing, playing the musical instruments or rhyming
can also be given for musical/rhythmic intelligence.

6. Interpersonal Intelligence

Make groups of five each and discuss the following topics. Let the
team leaders present the following in front of the class.

Ü Selection of land for off-season vegetable farming at your schoolyard
Ü Use off-season vegetable farming technology in farming
Ü Reducing the use of chemicals in vegetable farming

Youmayalsosetactivitieslikeinterviews,brainstorming,counseling,
leading, mediating for interpersonal intelligence.

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence

Suppose you are a farmer and commercially produce 10 quintals
of potatoes every year following the off-season vegetable farming
techniques. Now, write a diary mentioning all the activities you do
while growing such vegetables.

Activities like evaluating, composing poems, setting goals are also
based on intrapersonal intelligence.

344 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8