Functional OBET Book 8

UNIT
11 FLOWERS AND HERBS FARMING
Floriculture
1Lesson

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Floriculture business has a tremendous
opportunity with the increasing buying
 define floriculture. capacity of the people in urban areas.
 explain the factors to be considered

while selecting an area for floriculture.
 understand the method of propagating

plants.
 estimate the cost of floriculture.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Though flower business in our country is blossoming, we still need
to import flowers from neighbouring countries, especially India to
meet the demand of flowers in urban areas. What do you think are
the reasons behind this situation?

What kind of flowers are grown in your garden? Make a list of
them. Also, tabulate them by relating with seasons.

Floriculture is a branch of horticulture that deals with production
and cultivation of flowering plants and herbs. Floriculture deal with
garden and pot plants, cut flowers and
various kinds of herbs. Flowering
plants are mostly sold in small poly
bags or pots for use. Cut flowers are
sold in bunches or as bouquets.

For setting up a floriculture
nursery, following things should be
considered:

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Floriculture requires advanced agricultural techniques, therefore
farmers need to be well acquainted with various tools and requisites of
commercial agriculture. They also need to know about the importance
of good soil, water, fertilizer, seeds, and chemicals such as pesticides,
insecticides, as well as various plant diseases and their prevention. Out
of them, the most important one is site selection. For good floriculture,
the site must have fertile soil, plenty of sunlight and water, and easy
access to the market.

a. Soil: For floriculture soil with high organic content or humus is
essential. Some flowers grow well also in sandy and alluvial1 soil.

b. Market: The site for floriculture must be close to the market area
or, at least, must have easy access to roads. Otherwise, it will be
difficult to sell the produce. As flowers and herbs are perishable, it
is good to set nurseries as close as possible to the market.

c. Source of water: A nursery must have permanent access to the
source of water throughout the year. As a garden requires plenty
of watering throughout the day, channels or tubes should be made.
Sprinkling system is best for reducing manpower as well as time
required for watering.

d. Sunlight: The nursery must have good sunlight throughout the
day. It should also be airy and have adequate drainage, otherwise
growth of plants will be adversely affected. Plants also become
weak and appear to be diseased if they lack proper sunlight.

The nursery can be made into any desirable shape and size but the soil
should be mixed with good amount of compost. Plants need to be produced
on the basis of seasonal changes. To minimize the loss of plants due to
frost, it is better to have plastic roofs. Modern floriculture gardens need
good greenhouses. Having a greenhouse will ensure that plants are
protected from insects, birds, etc. Greenhouses also require less water.

Propagation of Flowers (Grafting and Cutting)

Grafting is a technique whereby tissues of one plant are inserted into
those of another so that two types of tissues join together. One plant is
selected for its roots and is called a stock. The other plant is selected

1 Alluvial: made of sand and earth that is left by rivers or floods

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for leaves, flowers or fruits and is called the scion. It is usually done for
plants that do not propagate through cutting. Grafting also helps in
faster maturity and fruit on of plants.

Cutting is a technique where a cut stem of a plant or root is planted
in the soil for propagating plants. It is also called cloning because the
new plants are genetically identical to the parent plant. In this method
a small part or stem of plant is removed and planted in the soil. The
cuttings should be kept in shade and watered properly. Care should be
taken not to disturb the plants. For good cutting the cut pieces should
be around 5-15cm and need to be taken in spring.

Seed Production, Protection and Storage

The kitchen garden may serve as the central feature of an ornamental1,
all-season landscape, or it may be little more than a humble vegetable
plot. It is a source of herbs, vegetables and fruits. This kitchen garden
can be used to produce seeds too. For producing seeds, different types of
flowers should be planted but different species of flowers should not be
mixed together. Regular ploughing, irrigation, pest and disease control
guarantees good quality seeds. Flowers should be plucked only after
seeds are matured for creating seeds.

Protection and Storing of Seeds

Produced seeds should be cleaned
and dried in sunlight 2 to 4 times
before storing. Moisture for storing
should be not more than 10 to 12 % in
accord with species of flowers. Seeds
should be tested in the laboratory
before storage. Seeds of flowers
should be free from seeds of weeds
and grasses. Produced seeds should
be packaged in polythene bags with a label. Nowadays, moistureproof
polythene bags are available, which are very suitable for storing seeds.
Seeds can be treated with pesticides before storing. Seeds should be
stored in a cold, dry place and kept away from birds, rats, etc.

1 Ornamental:used as decoration rather than for a practical purpose

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Use of Flowers

Flowers are used for different purposes - from offering to gods to
decorative purposes. Flowers are presented as a show of affection such
as flowers for Mother’s Day, flowers for Valentine’s Day and flowers for
anniversaries. Flowers also play an important role in our physical and
mental well-being too. Tihar is the festival of flowers in Nepal, when
we decorate our homes with flower garlands. Flowers are also used for
making essential oils, perfumes, etc.

Estimation of Small Quantity Flower Farming

The following estimation is for a carnation flower farming in 1 ropani
space. The carnation flower is of 45 to 75 cm in length. It lives for many
years and it is grown in shed house.

S.N. Particulars (Expenses) Unit Quantity Rate Total
Amount(Rs.)

1 Purchase carnation plant piece 5000 32 160000

2 Area renovation labour 10 300 3000

3 Manure fertilizer quintal 30 500 15000

4 Purchase of chemical kg 50 40 2000
Fertilizer

Purchase of material: 100 100 10000
9 10000 90000
5 a. Plastic sheds bamboo

b. Poly house expenditure

6 Construction of plastic labour 10 300 3000
sheds

7 Plantation labour 5 300 1500

8 Irrigation times 2 300 600

9 Making nets labour 1 300 300

10 Pinching young branches labour 2 300 600

11 Pesticides use labour 2 300 600

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12 Placing first net labour 3 300 900
900
13 Weaving 2nd and 3rd net labour 3 300 900
900
14 Weaving 4th and 5th net labour 3 300 1800
600
15 Extracting buds labour 3 300 900
298500
16 Cutting harvest labour 6 300

17 Cold remedy and store labour 2 300

18 Selling and distribution labour 3 300

Total

Estimation of income of carnation plant is:
50,000 sticks per ropani are produced after 120 days.
Price per stick is Rs.10. So,
Total income = 50,000 × 10 = Rs. 5,00,000
Total profit = 5,00,000 – 2,98,500 = Rs. 2,01,500

Selling, Distribution and Accounts Management

Flowers can be commercially
produced in many parts of the
country. However, there is a great
potentiality in mid-hills and the
Terai region for flower production
as it has got the suitable climate,
topography1, soil, temperature and
rainfall. In addition, people plant
flowers around their homes for
decoration and enhancing beauty of their home. Commercially produced
flowers are sold at haat bazaars, temples to earn money. All expenses
relating to flower farming should be recorded periodically and selling
price of flowers should be determined by adding some percentage of
profit on the cost price.

1 Topography: the physical features of an area of land FUNCTIONAL
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NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:

1. Floriculture is a branch of __________ that deals with production
and cultivation of flowering plants and herbs.

2. __________ is a technique whereby tissues of one plant is inserted
into those of another so that two types of tissues join together.

3. For good cutting, the cut pieces should be around ____________
and need to be taken in spring.

4. Regular ploughing, irrigation, pest and disease control
guarantees good quality ____________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is floriculture? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of propagating plants. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a suitable place for growing flowers on your A pplication
rooftop and grow 5 flowering plants.

4. Determine the factors to be considered while A nalysis
setting up floriculture.

5. “Importance of flowers is not restricted only to E valuation
decoration, it also has the industrial importance”.
Justify this statement and critically analyse the
current situation.

6. Formulate an estimation plan for floriculture S ynthesis
business of daisy flower in 2 ropanis land.

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2Lesson Uses of Herbs

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By farming herbs on terraces, you can use
the medicinal qualities of herbs to improve
 define herbs. your life.
 explain the uses of herbs.
 grow herbs on terraces.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Though many herbs rare in other parts of the world are found in

Nepal, several of them are on the verge of extinction. What do you

think are the reasons behind this situation?

You must have used commonly available plants to cure some

health problems. Make a list of such herbs.

Generally, herbs are any plants
used for food, flavour, medicine, or
perfume. Typically, culinary1 use
of the herbs distinguishes herbs as
referring to the leafy green parts of
a plant (either fresh or dried), from a
“spice”, a product from another part
of the plant (usually dried), including
seeds, berries, bark, roots and fruits.

Herbs have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, and spiritual
usage too.

Usage of Herbal Plants

The commercial use of plants as medicines started in Nepal around 300
years ago during the Malla era. Herbal plants are used for medicines,
cosmetics and raw materials for industries.

1 Culinary: concerned with cooking

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a. Medicinal Purposes 207

Barro
Common Name : Myrobalan
Useful part : Fruit
Medicine for : Piles,constipation, fever, diarrohea

Panch Aule
Common Name : Dactylorhiza
Useful part : Root
Medicine for : Energy provider

Gurjo
Common Name : Tinospora
Useful part : Root
Medicine for : Fever, jaundice, diabetes, acidity

Ghyukumari
Common Name : Aloevera
Useful part : Leaf
Medicine for : Burns, liver disease, constipation, fever

Kaalmegh
Common Name : King of Bitters
Useful part : Leaf
Medicine for : Snake bite, cough

Neem
Common Name : Neem
Useful part : Leaf
Medicine for : Cleaning gums, teeth, skin

problem, high blood pressure

Haledo
Common Name : Turmeric
Useful part : Root
Medicine for : Common cold, eye-ache, wounds

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Yarsagumba
Common Name : Cordyceps
Useful part : All
Medicine for : Energy provider

Sarpagandha
Common Name : Serpentine
Useful part : Root
Medicine for : Sleeplessness, high blood pressure

b. Cosmetic Purpose

Ghyukumari
Common Name : Aloevera
Useful part : Leaf
Products : Shampoo, face cream

Kachur
Common Name : White turneri
Useful part : Root
Products : Perfumed oil

Aphim
Common Name : Opium
Useful part : Root
Products : Perfumed oil and perfumes

Chutro
Common Name : Berberis
Useful part : Bark
Products : Extracting colour, colouring

Jatamasi FUNCTIONAL
Common Name : Spikenard
Useful part : Root Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8
Products : Perfumed products

208

Timur
Common Name : Zanthoxylum
Useful part : Fruit
Products : Oil, tooth paste

Dhasingre
Common Name : Gaultheria
Useful part : Leaf
Products : Massage oil

Naagbeli
Common Name : Lycopodium
Useful part : Powder of pods
Products : Lipstick

Neem
Common Name : Neem
Useful part : Leaf
Products : Soap, cream

Shikakai
Common Name : Shikakai
Useful part : Pods, leaf
Products : Shampoo, hair oil

c. Raw materials for Industries

The use of medicinal herbs, spices and natural oils have been a way of
life for Nepalese since ages. But commercial use of herbs was possible
only after the establishment of Jadibuti Production and Processing
Co. Ltd. in Kathmandu in 2038 B.S. It started using Nepalese herbs
for medicines and oils which caught the attention of everyone. As a
result, commercial farming of herbs started in Nepal. Foreign plants like
lemongrass,pamrosa,citronella,Frenchbasil,eucalyptus,andchamomile
were imported. Likewise, the industries extracted essentials from

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plants like titepati, bojho, kachur, dhupi, tarpin tel, dhasingre tel, timur
tel, and exported to the foreign countries.

Packaging of Herbs

Packaging is the process of cleaning,
drying and preserving products
in glass, metal, paper or plastic
containers for protection. Packaging
contains protects, preserves,
transports, informs and sells.

Reasons for Packaging

Packaging provides protection for herbs against mechanical shock,
vibration, electrostatic discharge, compression, temperature, etc.
Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or
dispose of the package or product. The packages and labels are used
by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the products.
Packages can have features that add convenience in distributing,
handling, stacking, display selling, sale, opening, re-closing, using,
dispensing, reusing, recycling, and easing of disposal. Packaging can
play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment.

Structure of Herbs Processing on Small Quantity

Herbs processing method involves washing, grading, cleaning, drying,
grinding and packaging. Process is almost same irrespective of the type
of herbs and products needed. Example of planning of herbs processing
is given below:

Chamomile

Useful part : Flower and leaf

Processing method: Dried in sunlight for

2-3 days and kept in

processing plant

Processing cost : Labor cost, machinery

cost, process cost

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Mentha

Useful part : All parts except roots

Processing method: Oil extraction through

steam distillation

process

Processing cost : Labor and distillation

cost

Dhasingre

Useful part : Leaf

Processing method: Drying and steaming

leaves in shade and

distillation process

Processing cost : Labor and distillation

cost

Structure of Processing Plan

a. Quantity of herbs b. Methods of processing
c. Processing cost d. Quantity of processed products
e. Selling price f. Profit/Loss

Selling, Distribution and Accounts Management

Expenses occur in any business from the day it starts to its closure.
Similarly, expenses occur in herbs farming on labor, seeds, irrigation,
disease control, pest control etc. Similarly, collection, processing,
storing, packaging, selling and distribution of herbs also involve cost.
Therefore, accounts of these costs and expenses should be kept clearly.
Such accounts help in calculating the total cost and revenue and show
the net profit.

Farmers of herbs farming are their own managers. They keep a record
of their daily transactions, which help them in determining price for
their product and selling them.

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NOW YOUR TIME Connecting
INTERNET

Visit www.youtube.com. Search any two medicinal and
cosmetic herbs and make a note from the videos about them.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are herbs? K nowledge

2. Explain the different uses of herbs. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a suitable place for growing culinary herbs A pplication
on your rooftop and grow any five herb plants.

4. Investigate the methods used to process herbs for A nalysis
the cosmetic use.

5. “Nepalese herbs have a great potential to export”. E valuation
Justify this statement and critically analyse the
current situation.

6. Design a plan that can be implemented for S ynthesis
facilitating herb farming in a village.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. ____________ is a technique whereby tissues of one plant are inserted into

those of another so that two types of tissues join together.

b. The commercial use of plants as medicines started in Nepal around 300 years

ago during ____________ era.

c. The most useful part of chamomile is ____________.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statement: 2
a. A nursery should have fixed size and shape.
b. Seeds should be tested before storing.
c. Neem is used for snake bite.
d. Aloevera is also called ghyukumari.

3. Answer the following questions (any three). 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is propagation? Why do we propagate plants? Explain.

b. Mention any five important points of storing and protecting seeds.

c. “Herbs are the major source of earning foreign currency in Nepal.” Justify

the statement in your own words.

d. What is packaging? Give reasons for packaging.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities. 5 x 3 = 15

a. Talk to any few nursery owners about how they run their nursery. Make a

report on “Running a Nursery” on the basis of your observations.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. How can you use plants or foods to cure some common diseases? Decide on the

basis of information in this unit. Make a sample plan as to how you Connecting
INTERNET
can use the herbs on the basis of the following guidelines:

• Name of herb • Drawing of the herb

• Part of the herb that is useful • Disease it can cure

• Using method Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

2. Viva-voce 5

a. Write any two reasons for Nepal importing flowers during Visit

Dashain and Tihar.

b. What is stock?

c. What are the requirements of a small herb processing factory?

d. What do you think will happen if we sell herbs directly to

country like India and others instead of processing them before

selling?

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UNIT
12 CARE OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS
Animal Husbandry
1Lesson

What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning to farm sheep in a proper way,
you can prevent lossess of sheep due to
 define animal husbandry. diseases and increase profits.
 explain the methods of sheep farming.
WHAT & WHY  rear sheep in a farm.
 plan for sheep farming.
 identify the disease of the sheep.
 suggest measures to control disease of

the sheep.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Our country has a great scope for sheep farming because sheep can
be farmed in the high mountains with rough grasses. Despite this
fact, in order to meet demand in our country we are forced to import
wool as well as sheep from other countries. What do you think can be
done to improve this situation?

You must have seen sick animals. Make a list of symptoms that
you find common in such animals.

Animal husbandry is breeding, feeding and management of animals,
or livestock, for the production of food, fiber, work and pleasure.
Efficient and modern methods of animal husbandry concentrate on
feeding good animal feed, growth stimulation by various means and
vaccination against diseases and their prevention.

Sheep Farming

Sheep farming is the raising and breeding of domestic sheep. It is a
branch of animal husbandry. Sheep are raise for meat, lamb, milk, wool

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and skin. In our country, sheep is
usually for meat, wool and leather.
The female of sheep are called ewes.
They are pregnant for five months.
They have one to three lambs per
birth. Sheep take around two years
to grow fully and can weigh up to
100 kg. Sheep live for ten to twelve
years.

Disease of Sheep

PPR

PPR is the short form of Peste des
petits ruminants, which is a highly
contagious and infectious viral
disease of sheep and other domestic
animals. It is caused by Peste
des petitis ruminants’ virus. It is
extremely contagious. It can spread
and kill the entire herd of sheep.

Symptoms

1. Fever appears within two to six days after infection with temperature
of more than 40°C.

2. Animals appear depressed and sleepy.
3. A clear watery discharge appears on eyes, nose and mouth, which

becomes thick and yellow later.
4. Animals have difficulty in breathing and opening eyelids.
5. Affected animals cannot open their mouths because of pain.
6. Diarrhea appears after two to three days of fever which is foul

smelling and contains blood.
7. Death occurs within ten days in lack of treatment.

Treatment

1. Animals that show symptom of any disease should be removed
from the herd and kept separately.

2. They should be given vaccination against PPR.

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Diarrhoea

It is a disease in which sheep have
watery faeces. Faeces may contain blood
or mucous and be smelly. It is caused
by many factors. It may be caused
by bacteria such as Escheria coli,
Salmonella, etc. Viruses like rotavirus
andcoronavirusmayalsocausediarrhea
in sheep. Besides, it may be caused by
parasites or overfeeding, poor sanitation and poor quality of water.

Symptoms

1. Decrease in weight and appetite.
2. Become weak with sunken eyes.

Treatment

1. Diarrhea should not be considered illness instead it is a symptom
so the cause should be diagnosed to give proper care.

2. Drugs such as nebolon, purgocare can be given.
3. If sheep are suffering from parasites then appropriate medicine

should be given.
4. Sanitation and cleanliness should be maintained.

Pneumonia

It is a disease in which sheep have
infection in the lungs. Pneumonia is a
disease with many causes but mostly
it is caused by bacterial infection.

Symptoms

1. Animals become depressed and avoid eating.
2. They cough and have breathing problems.
3. They have a fever.
4. They may die in lack of treatment.

Treatment

1. Give them antibiotic treatment.
2. Keep infected sheep away from the herd.

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Mastitis

It is a disease in which sheep have
infection of the mammary gland. It
is caused by bacterial infection. The
bacteria that commonly causes mastitis
in ewes is Staphylococcus.

Symptoms

1. Mammary glands of ewe become discoloured, dark, swollen and warm.
2. Infected ewe becomes reluctant to walk.
3. She may not permit her lambs to nurse.

Treatment

1. Antibiotic1 and anti-inflammatory2 drugs should be given.
2. Proper sanitation should be maintained.

Bloat

It is a disease in which sheep have more
gas in their rumen3. It is mainly caused
by nutritional reasons such as excess
consumption of leguminous4 forages5 or
wet grass or consuming grain that is
too finely ground.

Symptoms

1. Rumen becomes distended.
2. The skin on the left side of the animal behind the last rib becomes

swollen.
3. It is the most common cause of sudden death in livestock.

Treatment

1. Sheep should be fed with rough grass that contains less water content.
2. Feed should not be too finely ground.

1 Antibiotic: a substance, for example penicillin, that can destroy or prevent the

growth of bacteria and cure infections

2 Anti-inflammatory: used to reduce inflammation

3 Rumen: the first chamber of alimentary canal of ruminant animals

4 Leguminous: relating to plants of the legume family

5 Forages: food for horses and cows

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3. Feeding cooking oil may help in some cases.
4. If an animal is dying, then a needle should be inserted in the abdomen

as a last resort.

Benefits of Sheep Farming

There are many benefits of sheep farming. Some of them are:

1. Meat production
2. Production of milk and milk products. Sheep’s cheese can be

exported to foreign countries. Butter can be used as medicine.
3. Production of wool and lamb’s wool.
4. Production of leather.
5. Production of compost manure from faeces.

Quality Control and Storage

Only healthy sheep can produce healthy meat. Meat should always be
stored in a refrigerator in order to maintain its quality. Meat should be
processed and stored in a clean and hygienic manner. The wool should be
washed and dried. Milk products should also be stored in a refrigerator.
The vessels in which milk is stored should be steriled and cleaned
thoroughly.

Department of Food and Drug Administration has now started to
monitor the quality of produced meat, milk and other food products and
punishing vendors that sell low quality dairy products and meat.

Preservation, Protection and Transportation

Products obtained from animals should be preserved properly. Meat
should be put into pack and proper containers so that they can be stored
in a hygienic way, free from contamination from flies or germs. They
should be transported in refrigerated vehicles.

Wool should be packaged in plastic or jute bags. They should then be
transported for further processing into woolen products.

Market Management

Meat should be sold before it has time for spoilage. Live animals can also
be sold to butchers. In our country demand for meat surges during the

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Dashain and other festivals. Selling meat products during these festivities
is more profitable. Before farming animals, farmers should find a market
for their products and then keep animals according to the demand.

Project Planner for Sheep Farming

S.N Particulars Unit Quantity Rate Total Amount Rs.
1. Investment

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:

1. _________ farming is the raising and breeding of domestic sheep.
2. The female of sheep are called ____________.
3. PPR is caused by Peste des petitis ruminants’ ____________.
4. _________ is a disease in which sheep have infection in the lungs.
5. The bacteria that commonly causes mastitis in ewes is ___________.
6. Bloat is mainly caused by ____________reasons.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is PPR? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of controlling diseases of the C omprehension
sheep. A pplication
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a plan for sheep farming.

4. Determine the factors that affect profits from A nalysis
sheep farming.

5. Summarise the method of sheep farming. E valuation

6. Visit a sheep farm and complete a project planner S ynthesis
for sheep farming.

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2Lesson Cattle Farming

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning cattle farming you can prevent
and treat diseases of your cattle reducing
 define cattle farming. losses in your farm.
 explain the methods of cattle farming.
 conserve pastures in your locality.
 differentiate between diphtheria and

mastitis.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Modern cattle farming is important to improve the economic
condition of our country. Despite attempts from our government, our
country cannot produce enough meat or dairy products to meet the
needs. What could be the possible reason for this situation?

How do you rear cows/buffaloes in your farm? Make a list of
things required to raise them.

Cattle farming is the breeding, feeding and management of cows, buffaloes
and yaks for the production of meat and dairy. Efficient and modern
methods of animal husbandry concentrate on feeding good animal feed,
growth stimulation by various means and vaccination against diseases
and their prevention.

The cattle are taken to graze in
pasturesandneedplenty ofsoft grass
in their diet. For a farmer pastures
with soft grass are essential for
cattle farming and they should be
maintained well.

Conservation of Pastures
Soft fields of grass are essential for cattle farming. Farmers have

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nowadays started to manage private pastures by using hybrid grass
seeds for better milk and meat production. For fodder grasses such as
oat, vetch, shaftal, teosinte. rye grass, white clover and stylo are best in
Nepal. If plenty of good grasses are available, cattle’s need less legumes
and food grains which can lower the cost of production.

Diseases of Cattle

Diptheria

It is a bacterial disease caused by
Fusobacterium necrophorum. So the
disease is also called as necrobacillosis.

Symptoms

1. Initially, animals develop swollen cheek which later leads to high fever.
2. They have high coughing which is moist and painful.
3. They find difficulty in chewing, breathing and swallowing.
4. They suffer from pneumonia and constipation.
5. Faeces from cattle contain blood and water and cattle rattle1 their

teeth. Infected cattle can die within 6-8 hours if we fail to provide
treatment on time.

Treatment

1. Prompt treatment is much more effective.
2. Separate infected animals from the herd and isolate them.
3. Sulpho-antibiotics such as oxycetrocyclin and chloramphenicol and

pain killers are effective in most cases.
4. Get veterinary advice.

Foot Rot

Foot rot is an acute necrotic infection
on the feet of the cattle, usually
starting from the skin between the
folds of the digits2. Injuring and
thinning of the hoof3 or puncture

1 Rattle: to make a series of short loud sounds as it moves somewhere 221
2 Digit: a finger, thumb or toe
3 Hoof: the hard part of the foot of some animals

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wounds are necessary to provide entrance points for infectious agents.

Bacteria are the major cause of foot rot. Most bacteria are present in the
faeces. That is why controlling them is difficult.

Symptoms

1. Severe lameness (animals hold leg in air to relieve pain),
2. Swelling on feet,
3. Fever,
4. Loss in appetite, and
5. Reduced milk production.

Treatment

1. Anitseptic such as Lorex should be applied after cleaning the feet
with 1% potash and alum solution.

2. Drugs such as hemax or lorexane should be used to heal wounds.
3. It is good to get veterinary advice.
4. Sanitation and ceanliness should be maintained.

Gutworms

It is a disease caused by parasitic
worms in the gut of the cattle such
as roundworm, hookworm, etc.

Symptoms

1. Animals are depressed and
they avoid eating due to liver
problems.

2. There is swelling on cheek.
3. Faeces are watery and have a foul smell.

Treatment

1. Treat all animals in the herd by anti-helminthes.
2. Drugs such as Zenide bolus should be used 1gm per 100 kg. Facinex

1 bolus can also be used.
3. Liver tonic should be given.

Mastitis
It is a disease in which cattle have infection of the mammary gland

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and udder. It is caused by the
bacterial infection. The bacteria
that commonly causes mastitis in
ewes is Staphylococcus.

Symptoms

1. Swelling, heat, hardness or
redness and pain appearsin the
udder.

2. Milk looks like water in which pus is often present.
3. Milk production may reduce.
4. Loss of appetite and movement of animals can be noticed due to the

pain in the udder.

Treatment

1. NSAID1 are drugs that are used for the treatment of mastitis.
2. Udder should be dipped in Povidone Iodine solution.
3. Hands and utensils used for milking should be sanitized.

Benefits of Cattle Farming

There are many benefits of cattle farming. We get the following from
the cattle:

1. Meat production from buffaloes,
2. Dairy products from cow and buffalo,
3. Leather for garments,
4. Compost manure from faeces, and
5. Bones useful for bone meal production as well as handicrafts.

Quality Control and Storage

Only healthy buffaloes can produce healthy meat. Meat should always
be stored in a refrigerator in order to maintain its quality. Meat should
be processed and stored in a clean and hygienic manner. Milk should be
stored in hygienic utensils and collected for cold storage.

Department of Food and Drug Administration has now started to monitor
the quality of produced meat, milk and other food products and punish

1 NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are class of drugs that kill pain, reduce
fever and inflammation

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vendors that sell low quality dairy and meat products.

Preservation, Protection and Transportation

Products obtained from animals should be preserved properly. Meat
should be put into packs and proper containers so that they can be
stored in a hygienic way free from contamination from flies or germs.
They should be transported in refrigerated vehicles.

Market Management

Dairy and meat products in our country fall short to meet demands. In
order to meet demands we have to import meat and dairy from India.
So there is plenty of scope for cattle farming in Nepal.

Project Planner for Cattle Farming

S.N Particulars Unit Quantity Rate Total
Amount
Purchasing 10-15 litre
1. milk producing lactating Number 10 80,000 800,000

cow 200000

Cow shed construction 40000
2 with per cow 50 sq feet Area 500 400
50000
area at 400 per sq feet 100000
90000
Calf shed with per calf 12,80,000
3 getting 20 sq feet area at Area 200 200

200 per sq feet

4 Composting and Biogas Number 1 50000

5 Tools and Equipment Number 1

6 Miscellaneous

TOTAL

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Match the following” questions from the lesson
above.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is cattle farming? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of cattle farming. C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT

3. Grow some soft grasses in your open area to make A pplication
a pasture.

4. Determine the factors that affect profits from cattle A nalysis
farming.

5. Summarise the preventive measures of cattle E valuation
diseases.

6. Design a project planner for rearing 100 cattle. S ynthesis

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3Lesson Poultry Farming

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By farming chickens, you can supplement
income as well as produce meat and eggs to
 define poultry farming. fulfil local demands.
 explain the methods of poultry farming.
 treat diseases of poultry.
 design a poultry farm house.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) led the widespread panic few years
ago. Millions of birds were killed and buried in order to prevent
transmission of the disease to humans. Such panic led reduction in
demands of meat and eggs that caused many poultry farms to incur
heavy losses. What do you think could have been done to handle the
situation well?

Make a list of things you have seen in a poultry farm.

Poultry farming is the breeding,
feeding and management of ducks
and hens for the production of
meat and eggs. Ducks and hens are
foraging birds. If suitable land for
hens and wetland for ducks are
provided, poultry farming can be
done with minimum use of feed.

For better meat and egg production,
however, the poultry should be fed with feed and farming should be
done in closed poultry farms by using hybrid breeds.

Conservation of Foraging Area
Local breed of poultry can be farmed by providing suitable foraging

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area. Ducks need wetlands whereas hens need grassland or vegetable
garden. Poultry forage on leaves and insects, which reduces extra feed
and cost of production.

Disease of Poultry

Ranikhet/New-castle disease

It is a highly fatal disease of fowls. It
is caused by RNA1 virus. Mortality
varies from 50% to 100%.

Symptoms

1. Birds are seen sneezing, gasping and coughing.
2. Twisting of head and neck is seen.
3. Circling and complete paralysis, may be resulted.
4. Birds may have swelling of eyes and necks.
5. There can be reduction in egg production.

Treatment

1. Prompt treatment is much more effective.
2. You should separate infected birds and isolate them.
3. Viral vaccine should be given to the infected brids.

Fowl Pox

Fowl pox is a kind of viral disease
characterized by skin lesions on
comb or wattle2.

Symptoms

1. Watery eruptions and scabs
appear on combs and wattles.

2. Fowls may suffer from
depression.

3. There can be poor growth in egg production.
4. Fowls become blind due to warts around eyes.

1 RNA: Ribo-Nucleic Acid, a chemical present in all living cells 227
2 Wattle: a piece of red skin that hangs down from the throat of a bird

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Treatment

1. Vaccination is the only treatment. It should be done before infection
on 7 to 8 week old chicks.

2. Infected birds should be isolated and given antibiotics.

Infectious Bursal Disease, IBD, Gumboro

It is a disease caused by the virus
called Birnavirus. It attacks the
immune system of the fowl.

Symptoms

1. Animals are depressed and
avoid eating.

2. They have an unsteady gait1.
3. They may suffer from diarrhoea.
4. Fowls shiver and appear sleepy.

Treatment

1. Vaccines should be given to all birds.
2. Hygiene and sanitation should be maintained.
3. Multivitamins can be given to help in recovery.

Fowl Cholera

It is a disease caused by the bacteria
Pasteurella. All infected birds may
die within few hours after symptoms
are seen in case there is lack of
prompt treatment.

Symptoms

1. Fowls may have ruffled2 feathers and loss of appetite.
2. They may suffer from diarrhoea.
3. There may be swelling of combs and wattles.
4. Circling and lameness is seen.
5. Faeces is light green in colour.

1 Gait: a way of walking
2 Ruffled: to disturb the smooth surface of something, so that it is not even

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Treatment

1. Infected birds should be separated.
2. Sulphonamide should be given for a period of a week.
3. Hostra or tetracyclines can also be given.

Coccidiosis

It is a disease caused by protozoa.
It mainly attacks the intestines of
fowls of 8-10 weeks.

Symptoms

1. The feet and face of fowls may
go yellow.

2. There may be fainting and
depression.

3. Chicks make a group together closing their eyes.
4. Intestinal bleeding results and finally they die egesting blood in

their faeces.

Treatment

1. Cleanliness should be maintained.
2. Sulphonamide should be given for a period of a week.

Benefits of Poultry Farming

There are many benefits of poultry farming. Some of them are:

1. We can have meat products from fowls.
2. Production of compost manure from faeces is easy.
3. Egg and feather can be produced in a large scale.

Quality Control and Storage

Only healthy poultry can produce healthy meat. As poultry meat is rich
in protein, it becomes soft and starts to spoil quickly. It should always
be stored in a refrigerator as quickly as possible in order to maintain its
quality. Eggs should be collected in egg-stands to prevent breakage and
taken to the market in a safe means of transportation. Feathers should
be collected in a clean bag immediately after killing the birds.

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Preservation, Protection and Transportation

Usually poultry farms are run away from the market. So they need to
be transported to the market safely and in a proper way. If possible,
live ducks and chicks should be transported to the butchers to
minimize the cost of refrigeration. Eggs need to be collected in stands to
prevent breakage and should be sent to the market in the safe means of
transportation.

Market Management

Poultry farmers should avoid the existence of brokers as far as possible.
They should try to fulfill local needs first. Fulfilling local needs increases
earning of the poultry farms and reduces chances of brokers taking
unnecessary benefits.

Project Planner for Poultry Farming for 500 layers

Particulars Requirement Rate (sq.ft) Cost (Rs.) Total Cost
Rs.
Construction of 1 sq. ft per a 150 500*300
1,50,000
house chick
45,000
Store & Office 300 sq.ft 150 300*150 1,95,000

Total expenditure for construction of house

Estimated expenses for materials and furniture:

Particulars Number Quantity Rate Total Amount(Rs.)
1000 2,000
Brooder 2 250 chicks 300 3,000
250 2,500
Feeder 10 5 kg/50 chicks 10,000
1000 1,000
Water pot 10 5 ltr./50 chicks 150 300

Furniture

Weighing Scale 1

Broiler crate 2 250 capacity

Transport & 3,000
Communication

Total expenditure 21,800

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Statement of current capital expenses:

Particulars Rate (Rs.) Quantity Total
Amount (Rs.)

Purchase of chicks 28 500 14000

Feed (no.1 for 8weeks) 1.6 kg per chick
17 760 kg 12920

(mortality 50)

6.1 kg per hen

Feed (no.2 for 7-20 weeks) 16 2897kg 46352

(mortality 0)

42.7 kg per hen

Feed(no.1 for 20-72 weeks) 17 20282 kg 344794

(Mortality 0)

Vaccine 20 500 10,000

Workers 2000 18 months 36,000

Maintenance, electricity, 10,000
etc.

Total current capital expenses 4,74,066

Income statement:

Particulars Average Rate (Rs.) Amount Total Amount (Rs.)
Sold Layers:
2.5 kg 85 1125 95,625
Meat 280 eggs 3.50 980 4,41,000
Eggs
Faeces per sack 2,500
Total income 5,39,125

Total saving: 539125 – 474066 = 65,059

NOW YOUR TIME
Make any five “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson above.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is poultry farming? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of farming poultry. C omprehension
3. Describe any two diseases of poultry with their A pplication

symptoms and preventive measures.
Connecting PROJECT

4. Make a house for poultry for 10 layers.

5. Determine the factors that can affect profits from A nalysis
a poultry farm.

6. Visit a neighbourhood farm and assess the measures E valuation

taken for preventing diseases in the farm.

7. Design a plan for a poultry farm with 10,000 layers. S ynthesis
8. Suggest some ways to prevent and control diseases

of the poultry.

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4Lesson Pig Farming

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By farming pigs properly, farmers can
increase their earnings. Pig farming in
 define pig farming. cities can also help use wasted foods for
 explain the methods of controlling meat production.

diseases of the pig.
 farm pigs.
 summarise the diseases of the pigs.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Spread of swine flu few years back led to heavy losses to pig farmers.
Due to the prompt measures to control diseases of the pig, the
situation has improved. What do you think farmers need to prepare
for such a condition in the future?

You must have seen pig farms in your locality. Make a list of
things used in pig farms.

Pig farming is the breeding, feeding and management of pigs for the
production of meat and skin.

Pigs can be farmed as large scale commercial units or small scale farm-
ing. Here pigs are allowed to wander around a village and raised in
simple shelter. Pigs need a diet with less fiber content 5 to 6 % of green
grass, yam or nettle or food leftovers. In cities, food leftovers from
restaurants are used to maintain pig farms.

Pig diseases

Diphtheria

It is a bacterial disease in which there
is swelling in throat and neck which
causes difficulty in swallowing and
breathing.

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Symptoms

1. Initially, animals develop swollen cheek which later leads to high
fever.

2. They may have high coughing, which is moist and painful.
3. They may have difficulty in chewing, breathing and swallowing.

Treatment

1. Prompt treatment is much more effective.
2. You should separate infected animals from the herd and isolate them.
3. Sulpho-antibiotics such as sulphadimidin and tetracyclin are

effective in most cases.
4. You should get veterinary advice.

Foot Rot

Foot rot is an acute necrotic infection on the feet of the pig, usually
starting from the skin between the folds of the digits. Injuring and
thinning of the hoof or punctured wounds are necessary to provide
entry points for infectious agents.

Bacteria are the major cause of foot rot. Most bacteria are present in the
faeces so it is quite difficult to control them.

Symptoms

1. Severe lameness due to pain in feet,
2. Swelling on feet,
3. Fever,
4. Pimples on face, mouth and

tongue, and
5. Excessive saliva production.

Treatment

1. Cleaning the feet with 1% potash and alum solution.
2. Veterinary advice
3. Proper sanitation and cleanliness

Anaemia

It is caused by the lack of sufficient red cells in the blood. This is mainly
a disease of the piglet because it is born with limited supplies of iron, a

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vital component in blood cells. If the piglet does not have access to iron
in the first 2 - 3 weeks, its red cell capacity to absorb oxygen is impaired.
Anemic animals are susceptible to infertility.

Symptoms

1. Pale skin,
2. Rapid breathing,
3. Slight yellow appearance of skin,
4. Plae mucous membranes of the eyes,
5. Scour, sloppy diarrhoea,
6. Signs of hemorrhage,
7. Symptoms of specific disease,
8. Weakness, and
9. Possibility of increased stillbirths1.

Treatment

1. First dose of 1 ml iron injection should be given after 3 days of the
birth of piglets.

2. Second dose of 1 ml iron injection after 10 days.
3. Diet rich in iron should be fed.

Scabies

It is a disease caused by mites. It is irritant and uncomfortable for the
pig, causing it to rub and damage the skin.

Symptoms

1. Skin irritation or allergy,
2. Reddening of skin,
3. Ear shaking and thick scabs or

seen with slight bleeding, and
4. Poor growth of piglets.

Treatment

1. Golden lotion, himex, actomin 5 ml should be mixed in 5 litres of
water and the pigs should be washed with the solution.

2. Infected animals should be separated from the herd.

1 Stillbirth: a birth in which the baby is born dead 235

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Swine Fever

It is a disease caused by a virus. The virus is spread around the world
and pig is the only natural host. The virus is spread from pigs via dis-
charges from nose, mouth, urine or faeces.

Symptoms

1. Loss of appetite with high fever,
2. Conjunctivitis1 and sudden death,
3. Excessive thirst, diarrhea,
4. Appearance of blue dots in the skin,

and
5. Pneumonia.

Treatment

1. Vaccine should be given to piglets when they are 2 months old.
2. Female pigs should be vaccinated every year.

Benefits of Pig Farming

There are many benefits of cattle farming. Some of them are:

1. Production of meat
2. Production of compost manure from faeces.
3. Establishment of food industries of sausages, bacon, ham etc.
4. Income generation with small investment

Quality Control and Storage

Hybrid species of pigs are used for farming. They grow and bulk up
quickly. These varieties also need less feed. Pigs are high in fat content
so the pigs between 6-8 months are the best for meat. Pig farming is
profitable and requires minimum investment. Once butchered, they
should be stored in cold, dry place.

Preservation, Protection and Transportation

Products obtained from animals should to be preserved properly in
cold store or deep freeze. Meat should be put into proper containers so
that they can be stored in a hygienic way. Products like sausage, ham,

1 Conjunctivitis: an infectious eye disease that causes pain and swelling in part of the eye

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bacon should be packaged in cold store. They should be transported in
refrigerated vehicles.

Market Management

Farmers butcher more than 80% pigs and boars themselves and sell
them in the market. Remaining 20% are sold to local collectors and
middlemen and they sell them on a local market(haat bazar). There
has been increasing the demand of Dharane Black Boar’s meat in
Kathmandu, Pokhara and Silgudi(India).

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. Pigs need diet with less ____________ content.
2. Difficulty in chewing, breathing and _________ are the symptoms

of diphtheria in pigs.
3. ____________ are major causes of foot rot.
4. Anemic animals will be susceptible to ____________.
5. Scabies is a disease caused by ____________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is swine fever? K nowledge

2. Explain the symptoms of swine fever. C omprehension
3. Describe the symptoms of anaemia. A pplication

Connecting PROJECT

4. Make a suitable place for farming pigs.

5. Determine the factors that affect profits from pig A nalysis
farming.

6. Visit a pig farm and assess the measures for E valuation
controlling diseases of the pig in the farm.

7. Design a plan for farming 20 pigs. S ynthesis

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5Lesson Fish Farming

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By fish farming, farmers can supplement
income as well as reduce the activity of over
 define fish farming. fishing of rivers and lakes.
 explain the diseases of fish with their

symptoms and preventive measures.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Fish farming is gaining popularity in Nepal. Several fish farms have
opened up in our country, yet we have to import fish from India.
Imported fish are undygenic because they are preserved by using
chemicals that are toxic to health whereas local fish farms produce
hygienic fish. What do you think we can do to reduce import of fish?

What types of fish are available in the market in your comunity?
List any five.

Fish farming means raising fish in
tanks and enclosures usually for
food. It is not expensive to run a
fish farm and it is easy to sell fish
in high price.The type of fish to
raise depends on the topography
(mountains, hilly, or plain area);
climate and temperature; and type
of water available (still water like
in a pond, or running water).

Fish search for natural and artificial foods in water. Fish like common
carp and grass carp prefer artificial food but silver carp and bighead
carp thrive on natural food. Both kinds of food should be made available
in the pond where they are farmed.

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Diseases of Fish

Trichodina

It is a highly infectious parasitic
disease which affects their skin,
gills and fins that can ultimately
lead them to death. Dead fish float
in the water.

Symptoms

1. Grayish film on their skin and gills,
2. White, pin-head sized bumps,
3. Gasping for air at the surface, and
4. Dead fish floating daily in the water.

Treatment

1. Treating chemically with Clout, Formalin (25 ppm) and Malachite
Green (0.25 ppm).

2. Flushing the system may reduce infestation levels.
3. Dip fish in 2-3% saline water for 5-10 minutes.
4. All fish should be treated on time.

Gyrodactylus

It is caused by a parasite that
affects skin, gills and fins causing
their damage. Large numbers of
parasites can be seen on the skin
when the fish does not move.

Symptoms

1. Colour of the skin is faded,
2. Fish come to surface to breathe, and
3. Fish do not move or swim when they are on the surface.

Treatment

1. 0.25 ppm diterex and 0.25 ppm formalin should be used.
2. Acriflavine-ms is used at 1 teaspoon per 10 gallons of water.

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EUS

EUS stands for epizootic ulcerative
syndrome, which is a fungal disease
affecting more than 100 fish species.
It occurs mostly during periods of
low temperatures and after heavy
rainfall. It has become a severe
problem for last 20 years but there
is no effective treatment.

Symptoms

1. Red spots on skin.

Treatment

1. Improvement of water quality by liming.
2. Removal of infected fish.
3. Addition of 15 kg limestone per 340 sq. m of a lake or a pool.

White dot disease

It is a disease caused by protozoa.
It is one of the most common and
persistent diseases. It is difficult to
control. Skin colour becomes green.

Symptoms

1. Loss of appetite,
2. Rapid breathing,
3. Hiding abnormally,
4. Resting at the bottom, and
5. Upside-down swimming near the surface.

Treatment

1. Quarantining new fish for two weeks.
2. Dipping in saline water for 3-4 minutes.
3. Using 0.1 ppm malachite green, formalin, copper sulfate.
4. Increasing the water temperature.

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Argulus

Argulus is a disease caused by a
crustacean1 which is also called the
fish louse. In this disease, the louse
sucks the fish blood and wounds
appear on skin.

Symptoms

1. Scratching on walls,
2. Erratic swimming, and
3. Poor growth.

Treatment

1. Dip the infected fish in 3% saline water for 3-4 minutes.
2. Use dipterex 0.25 ppm in the pool.

Benefits of Fish Farming

There are many benefits of fish farming. Some of them are:

1. It is a good source of income.
2. It is a source of protein as the fish contains around 20% protein,

vitamin A, D, phosphorus, calcium and iron.
3. It promotes food industries that produce sausages, crackel, etc.
4. Income generation with small investment is possible.

Quality Control and Storage

As fish is high in protein, it degrades fairly quickly so it has to be stored
in cold temperature. Fish with diseases are not fit for consumption. As
fish transportation requires refrigeration, they should not be harvested
all at once. Live fish can be transported in fish boxes to be slaughtered
if they are required to maintain their freshness.

Preservation, Protection and Transportation

Once caught or harvested, fish can be preserved in a variety of ways.
Some ways are:

1 Crustacean: any creature with a soft body that is divided into sections, and a hard outer shell

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a. Drying: In this method, fish are degutted and cleaned thoroughly.
After that, a pit up to a depth of 1 to 2 feet is dug to light fire. The
fish should then be barbequed in the bamboo sticks or metal wires
so that all sides of the fish become dry and crisp. This is also called
as the domestic method of fish preservation.

b. Drum or Chamber drying: In this method, fish are also dried
over a fire. Metal wires or mesh is used to hold the fish over a
chamber made of bricks. The chamber measures 4×4×5 sq. feet.
Every feet of the chamber has a metal rod so as to weave a mesh for
holding the fish. The fish is then moved in all the sides to barbeque
and dried properly.

c. Solar drier: This solar oven available in the market is used to
dry fish. Because of the use of sunlight, it saves energy. In order
to have smoky flavor, there are separate inlet and outlet tubes for
smoking.

d. Salting method: This is an old method in which the gutted fish
are dipped in salt solution and made dry in a cold storage. After the
fish are dry, they are stored in a box with about 1 inch of salt. After
laying down the fish into the box, they are layered again with about
1 inch of salt till the box is completely filled. After the last layer of
the salt, the boxes can be stored for about 15 days. After removing
the fish from the box, they should be dried by using either of the
methods described above.

e. Cold storage: In this method, the harvested fish is stored after
cleaning it at 4° C. Once frozen, the fish should be put into insulated
boxes and taken to the market.

f. Canning method: This method is yet to come in our country. In
this method, machines are used to can the fish. Ready-made fish in
cans are imported to our country which can then be consumed after
removing them from cans.

Market Management

Fish can be conserved in rivers, lakes and pools. After harvesting, they
should be taken to the consumer. In our country most of the fisheries are

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located in the Terai. The market for most of the fish in these fisheries
is in Kathmandu and Pokhara. The farmers sell their production to the
broker who then sell it to the stores or retailers. Some farmers directly
sell their produce to the retailers.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following.
1. Fish like common carp and ____________ prefer artificial food.
2. Grayish film on their skin and gills are symptoms of ____________.
3. __________ is caused by a parasite that affects skin, gills and fins.
4. White dot disease is caused by ____________.
5. Argulus is also called ____________ louse.
6. There is no effective treatment for ____________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is fish farming? K nowledge
2. What is Argulus? Write symptoms of fish suffering

from it.

3. Explain the methods of preservation of fish. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT A pplication

4. Make a suitable pond for fish farming.

5. Determine the factors that can affect profit from a A nalysis
fish farm.

6. Visit a fish farm and summarise the information E valuation
collected to write a report on fish farming.

7. Design a plan for a fish farm. S ynthesis

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6Lesson Bee Farming

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to After studying this lesson you will learn the
basics of managing apiary so that you can
 define apiculture. supplement your income through it.
 explain the methods of bee keeping.
 make an apiary.
 differentiate between American and

European foulbrood.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Keeping an apiary in farm supplements income of the farmer. It also
helps in proper pollination. But the use of insecticides in farm has
led to the reduction in number of bees. What can be done to improve
this situation?

You might have seen a bee farm in your locality. How are they
kept? Make a list of things used for keeping bees.

Apiculture is the breeding, feeding
and management of bees for the
production of honey and beeswax.
Beekeeping is an important source
of income, nutrition and medicine.
Also, the bees themselves are even
more important as pollinators for
agriculture and natural ecosystem.

Bees feed on pollen and nectar from
various types of flowering plants. Flowering plants are very important
for bee keeping. Bees require a large area for foraging to collect nectar
and pollen. Bee pastures with a variety of seasonal flowering plants
should be conserved for good honey production. Plants such as chestnut,
schima, shorea, rhododendron, rice, wheat and mustard should be
planted around bee hives.

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Diseases of honeybee

European Foulbrood

European foulbrood is the bacterial
disease that infects the gut of bee larva.
It is less harmful than the American
foulbrood. This disease usually spreads
from Europe to other countries. This
disease is more common in the spring.

Symptoms

1. Dead and dying larvae appear curled upwards, brown or yellow.
2. Dead bees appear to be rubbery or dried out.

Treatment

1. Bee hives should be cleaned with Nitric Acid or salt solution.
2. The adult bees should be transferred to a new hive box after removing

and destroying all the old brood comb.
3. Bees should be fed with sugar solution mixed with oxytetracycline.

American foulbrood

It is caused by the bacterium Paeni-
bacillus. Larvae up to 3 days old ingest
the bacterial spores with food. The
spores of the bacteria are resistant to
high temperatures, cold and chemicals.
So this disease has resulted in the loss
of colonies across the world.

Symptoms

1. The infected larva changes colour from yellow to brown.
2. A sticky thread like semi-liquid material is seen when trying to

pull the diseased or dead larva with forceps1.

Treatment

1. As it is difficult to cure through any means, the best treatment is
the complete destruction of the colony by burning.

1 Forceps: an instrument used by doctors, with two long thin parts for picking up and holding things

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Thai sacbrood

It is a disease caused by virus which infects the abdomen of young
larvae and is then excreted. The disease is then transferred to other
young larvae by workers during nursing and cleaning. The disease
spread to Nepal during 1990’s and destroyed more than 90% of managed
bee colonies.

Symptoms

1. The infected larva is positioned abnormally in the cell usually at the wall.
2. Such larvae changes colour from yellow to black.
3. The skin of the larva becomes soft and swells becoming a sac,

containing light yellow or brown liquid inside.

Treatment

1. Always keep the colony strong and make sure it has sufficient food.
2. Select the disease resistant colonies.
3. Requeen with a new queen if available.
4. Destroy and burn diseased combs and frames.

Chalk brood

It is the larval disease caused by fungus.
The fungus produces spores which
enter into the stomach of the young
larvae with food where they multiply.

Symptom

1. The infected larva becomes as hard, white and dry as chalk.

Treatment

1. Avoid dampness and maintain strong colonies.
2. Ensure the colonies have sufficient food.

Nosema

It is a disease caused by the protozoa called Nosemaapis. It affects the
digestive system of adult honey bees and causes diarrhoea.

Symptoms

1. The faeces is seen inside the hive.

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2. Diseased bees have swollen stomach.
3. Storage of honey and pollen is low.
4. The excreta of infected bees has a

foul odour.

Treatment

1. Re-hive with new hives.
2. 20gm of fumagilin should be

dissolved in 1 litre water and sprayed over all the bees.

Benefits of Honey Bee
There are many benefits of beekeeping:

1. Honey production: Bees collect nectar and convert them into
thick sugary semi-liquid substance called honey. The honey can be
collected from the hive, processed and then stored. Honey processing
means reducing humidity content of the honey. Honey has around
17–20% relative humidity. Honey should be heated to 65°C for 5–10
minutes. It should not be heated to high temperatures.

2. Beeswax: Worker bees have pairs of wax glands which secrete
wax. Worker bees use this wax to make hives. Beeswax is light
yellow to white. Pure beeswax can be extracted as follows:

a. Cut the combs into pieces and wash with clean water and soak
for 24 hours.

b. Put the cleaned combs into stainless steel pots, add water to
cover and heat gently until the wax is completely melted.

c. Filter the melted wax through a cloth bag and collect in a clean pot.
d. Keep the wax safely in a room until solidified usually within 24

hours.
e. Remove the solid wax block from the pot and scrape off the

residue at the base of the block with a knife.
f. The wax can be used to make cosmetics, creams and polish. It

is also used to make inks, paints, plastics, sweets, chocolate and
candles.

3. Pollen: Bees collect pollen and store it in their hives. Collected
pollen can be dried in the shade which can be used as the source of
protein. It is also used for medicnal purposes.

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Quality Control and Storage

Honey mixed with sugar solution is sold at the market, which is a wrong
practise. The purity of honey can be easily checked by seeing whether
or not it readily dissolves in water. If it dissolves quickly in water, it
is considered to be tainted with sugar. If it does not dissolve easily, it
is considered to be pure. This is a general way of checking the quality
of honey. Laboratory testing is another way of checking standard and
purity of honey.

Honey, wax and pollen should be stored in sealed container and protected
from sunlight. All the products should be stored in a cold dry place.

Preservation, Protection and Transportation

Honey, wax and pollen can be stored for a long time if the place is dry,
dark and cold. They can be sealed in bottles, cans, drums and boxes and
transported easily.

NOW YOUR TIME 1
Solve the given crossword.

Across 4 2
4. A disease caused by bacteri- 3

um Paeni bacillus (American 5
foulbrood)
6. A disease caused by protozoa 6
nosema apis (nosema)

Down
1. Breeding, feeding and man-

agement of bees (apiculture)
2. A type of larva disease

caused by fungus (chalk
brood)
3. A bacterial disease that in-
fects gut of larvae (European
foulbrood)
5. Wax used to make hives
(beeswax)

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is apiculture? K nowledge
2. When should a hive be requeened?

3. Explain the methods of producing beeswax. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT A pplication

4. Make a suitable apiary for your school farm.

5. Determine the factors that affect honey production. A nalysis

6. Visit a local apiary and summarise the collected E valuation
information in a report.

7. Design a plan for keeping an apiary. S ynthesis

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