Functional OBET Book 8

GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. The female of sheep are called ____________.

b. Foot rot is an acute ____________ infection on the feet of the cattle, usually

starting from the skin between the folds of the digits.

c. Fowl pox is a viral disease characterized by skin _________ in comb or wattle.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statements: 2
a. Anaemia in pigs is caused by the lack of calcium.
b. EUS stands for epizootic ulcerative syndrome.
c. Fish is rich in protein.
d. Bees require a large area for foraging to collect nectar and pollen.

3. Answer the following questions (any three). 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is scabies? What are its symptoms and treatment?

b. Mention any five benefits of fish farming?

c. “Bees play a crucial role in the survival of ecosystem.” Justify the statement

in your own words.

d. What is cattle farming? Why is it important occupation in Nepal? Give any

four reasons.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 1 5 x 3 = 15

a. Talk to a few farm owners about their experience in farm. Make a report on

“Running a Farm” on the basis of your observations.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. How can you help local farmers in your community? Decide on the basis of

information in this unit. Make a sample plan as to how you will Connecting
INTERNET
help them on the basis of the following guidelines:

• Types of animal farms you can help • Method of help

• Preventing disease in animals

• Estimated cost of improving farms Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

• Working area/location

2. Viva-voce 5 Visit

e. Write any two diseases of fish.

f. What is Ranikhet disease?

g. What is pasteurella?

h. What do you think will happen if you do not treat diseases in

animals on time?

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UNIT
13 HANDICRAFT
Paper Box
1Lesson

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The process of making one’s own creations
and noticing other people’s creations
 define handicraft. provides important opportunities for the
 explain the methods of making a paper appreciation of other people’s strengths and
acceptance of one’s own abilities.
box.
 make a kite and an invitation card.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Paper crafts are very simple and affordable ways of developing
children’s power of imagination and creativity, but we do not
encourage our children in making paper crafts. What do you think
are the reasons behind this situation?

Make a list of handicraft items used in your community and fill
up the table given below:

S.N. Handicraft item Purpose of production People involved

Handicraft is a technique of producing useful and decorative objects
by hands using simple tools. It is a creative activity related to making
things with textiles, paper, plant fibers, mouldable materials, etc.
Paper craft is a form of crafting in which paper is used to create three
dimensional objects such as models or sculptures. Paper craft involves
cutting up paper or cardboard and gluing it back together, although
some folding and bending may be involved.

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Examples of Paper crafts

1. Corrugated cardboard

Paper can be used to make various kinds of
crafts. One of them is corrugated cardboard. The
most common type of corrugated cardboard
is single walled, which uses three pieces of
paper. The upper and lower sheets of papers
are flat while the middle layer is wavy.

To make corrugated cardboard, follow the
instructions given below:

i. Lay down one sheet of paper onto the flat surface.
ii. Take another sheet of paper and begin folding it into ½ inch folds,

similar to making a simple paper fan. Fold as many pieces as is
needed to layer the entire piece of paper.
iii. Put a starch glue on the first piece of paper.
iv. Lay down the folded paper until it fills the paper .
v. Put glue onto the lower surface of another piece of paper and lay it
down over the paper in step IV.
vi. Press lightly but not too hard otherwise the folded paper in be-
tween will flatten.
vii. Once dried, the cardboard is ready.

Corrugated paper can resist forces during transportation. It is used to
make boxes for various types of electronic goods.

2. Constructing corrugated cardboard box:

A box is made from the corrugated paper. This process is called
development. Geometrical principles are used to make the box. Suitable
size of the corrugated paper should be selected prior to making a box.

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The box has six faces. The six faces are made by folding the paper.

To make a cardboard box you need a sheet of corrugated cardboard
(called a blank). This blank needs cuts (slots) made to create the top
and bottom flaps (length and width). Next, you need to make the creases
to allow the box to fold at the flaps.

You will also notice a tab at the end of the box. This is called the glue
flap and as the name suggests, it is used to glue the box together.

3. Invitation Card

Invitation cards are used to expressing greetings during festivals,
weddings, birthdays, etc. Such cards can be made on any type of paper
and with sizes. 5”×7”, 4”×6”, 4”×9” are standard invitation card sizes.

To make an invitation card, take a piece of paper double the size of the
required invitation card. Fold the card in half and design borders and
pattern on to the face of the card.

4. Making a Kite

A kite is used for entertainment. It is used
for flying with the help of thread. To make
a kite, follow the instructions given below:

i. Take kite paper 30×40 cm wide. It is
available in any stationery shop in
various colours. Draw a diamond on
the paper and cut with scissors.

ii. Paste the bamboo sticks as shown in the picture.
iii. For the tail, cut the square piece of paper from its diagonals and

stick as shown in the figure.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following.
1. ____________ is a work where useful and decorative objects are

made completely by hands using simple tools.
2. The upper and lower layers are flat while the middle layer is

____________ in corrugated cardboard.

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3. The process of making a box from the corrugated paper is called
____________.

4. _________ cards can be made on any type of paper with any sizes.
5. A kite is used for ____________ with the help of thread.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is handicraft? K nowledge

2. Explain the process of preparing corrugated C omprehension
cardboard.

Connecting PROJECT

3. Construct two corrugated cardboard boxes and A pplication
write how you use it.

4. How do paper crafts compare and contrast with A nalysis
plastic crafts?

5. “Paper products ranging from newspaper to toilet E valuation
paper tubes are one of the most easily accessible
recyclable material.” Justify this statement and
critically analyse the current situation.

6. Design a plan that can be implemented for effective S ynthesis
use of paper crafts in our society.

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2Lesson Basket Weaving

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By making a basket, you create something
that can be used for storing or organising
 explain the uses of bamboo products. your belongings in your home.
 remove skin from bamboos.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Bamboo has various advantages - it has potential to create rural
employment, it is environmentally friendly, it is cheap and abundant.
In case of Nepal, the market for bamboo products is not developed.
What do you think are the reasons behind this situation?

What kinds of baskets are used in your home? Make a list.

Bamboo can be used to make various kinds of items. Although bamboos
and cane have different nature, we can use them to make our house,
furniture as well as baskets used in the kitchen. Bamboos renewable,
low cost and durable material. It has many advantages.

Tools used in bamboo weaving

1. Hasiya/Knife: It is used to remove
the skin of the bamboo by scraping
off the bamboo culm.

2. Khurpa/Khukuri: It is used to
make bamboo sticks.

3. Hand saw: It is used to cut
bamboo into smaller pieces.

Removing skin from bamboo
Green skin of the bamboo culm1 is removed by scraping off its green

1 Culm: the stem of any type of plant 255

FUNCTIONAL

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surface with the help of a Hasiya. Force is applied evenly along the
culm surface to ensure uniformly coloured bamboo.

The upper edge of the culm section is flattened to facilitate stripping.
A khukuri is used to cut evenly around the edge. The culm section is
divided into slivers of an equal width. The number of slivers depend
upon the diameter of the culm. Cutting is done carefully from the edge
downwards along the length of the culm. The slivers are then completely
separated to form individual pieces.

Layers are separated into fine strips by using both hands. The strips
may be lighter or darker in colour from one another. They are arranged
accordingly.

Weaving Mats

The slivers are arranged in a square
or rectangle to form mats. The warp
is the set of parallel bamboo stripes
providing the foundation on which
plane weaving is done. They are
positioned lengthwise on the work
bench or work area. Wafts are the
bamboo stripes that are inserted
widthwise under and over the warp in order to make a design. Coloured
bamboo slivers are arranged to form a pattern on the mat.

If the slivers of the bamboo are wider, it is faster to weave a mat. Mats
can be made into any shape but rectangular mats are more common.
Circular mats are woven into Nanglo, which are used for wafting grains.

Uses of Mats

In villages, mats are used for drying and storing food grains. It is also
used in cow sheds. In cities, it can be used for making false ceiling works,
and decorating walls in restaurants.

Weaving Baskets

For weaving baskets, straws are used. Straws and Babiyo can be used
to make baskets. Babiyo is used to make the base and then straws are

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used to weave to form a basket. After around 15 to 20 cm of weaving,
the edges must be sealed by closing all the free ends.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Match the following” questions from the lesson
above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What are the tools used for bamboo weaving? K nowledge

2. Explain the process of weaving bamboo mats. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a basket by using straws and sell it on a A pplication
local market.

4. Research on the economic condition of basket A nalysis
weavers in a village.

5. “Bamboo has had a very historical and cultural E valuation
association in Nepal. It is used in almost all
aspects of life from construction, marriage, death
to livelihood.” Justify this statement and critically
analyse the current situation.

6. What changes would you suggest to increase the S ynthesis
market share of bamboo products in Nepal?

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3Lesson Craft from Waste

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The students will learn to make the best use
of waste material lying at home and to try
 define waste. out new things.
 explain the types of waste.
 uses of waste.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Crafts generated from waste malerials have both economical and

environmental benefits yet we do not consider using such crafts in

our home. What do you think are the reasons behind such behaviour?

What are the kinds of materials that you throw away in your
home? Make a list of such materials.

We use a variety of materials in the course of our everyday life. All
these materials when they are discarded form waste. We can classify
the waste into mainly two types - biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
By reusing those biodegradabl materials into useful materials, we can
reduce pollution in the environment as well as save money.

Types of Waste

1. Biodegradable waste

Waste that can disintegrate into
compost in called biodegradable
waste. Vegetable remains, leaves,
and food leftovers are some
examples of biodegradable waste.
Paper and cardboard box are also
biodegradable. The waste can be
converted into compost.

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All biodegradable waste should be converted into compost. It is relatively
easy to make compost. There are numerous methods of making compost
some of them are vermi-composting, aerobic composting and anaerobic
composting. Whichever method is used, compost is excellent fertilizer
that can be used in our fields to replace chemical fertilizers.

2. Non-biodegradable waste

Old garments, glass, plastic bags, milk packets, etc. are some of the
materials which we use in our day-to-day life. Such materials do not
degrade into compost. These materials should be dealt with to produce
other useful materials to manage waste properly.

a. Clothes

Clothes that no longer fit can be sold
as thrift for cheaper prices. This can
help poor people to dress and clothe
themselves. Clothes of children can
especially be used this way. Before
using, they should be washed and
ironed. Clothes that are torn should
be repaired, those without buttons
should be buttoned before using.
Clothes that cannot be reused can be pulverized to make felt which can
then be made into cushions, pillow, and mattresses.

Torn bed sheets can be used to make curtains, etc. Reusing these clothes
not only saves money but also saves environment.

b. Plastic 259

Plastic bottles that can be recycled
should be sent for recycling but
those that cannot be recycled should
be reused to make crafts. Coke
bottles can be used to store water.
Plastic bags can be converted into
threads which can be used to make
doormats, baskets, etc. Using plastic

FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

this way can save environment as well as help in saving money.It also
reduces littering.

NOW YOUR TIME Connecting
INTERNET
Visit www.youtube.com. Type “craft from waste” into
search box and make a craft and show it in your classroom.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What are the main types of waste? K nowledge

2. List out the methods of making compost from bio - C omprehension
degradable waste.

Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a craft using any of non-biodegradable A pplication
wastes.

4. How would you classify the waste generated in A nalysis
your home?

5. “There should be separation of waste before E valuation
disposal.” Justify this statement and critically
analyse the current situation.

6. What changes would you suggest to increase the S ynthesis
use of crafts from waste?

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4Lesson Wood and Stone Carving

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By involving in wood and stone carring,
you can contribute to preservation of our
 name the tools for cutting stones and culture and also sell them to earn money.
wood.

 explain the process of carving.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

The temples in Nepal are sites of magnificent stone and wood
carvings but little attention of the government has been directed
towards preservation and restoration of such ancient places. What
do you think are the reasons behind this situation?

Make a list of wooden items that use carving in your home.

Nepali sculptors have spread the fame of Nepal all over the world.
Sculptures made by Nepali sculptors decorate temples and palaces
across the country. These temples and palaces are world famous. These
sculptures are related to the work of art.

1. Tools for Cutting Stone

To cut stones, chisels are used.
Chisels have sharp straight cutting
blade that can cut into stones.
Chisels of various width are used to
cut stones of varying sizes needed
for sculpting.

2. Tools for Cutting Wood

a. Skews: It is a type of chisel. Its cutting edge is inclined at 45°. This
kind of chisel is used for making corners.

b. Gauge: This is also a cutting tool. It is available in different sizes.

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It is used for making concave
curves so it is also called a curve
flutter. Some gauges have their
cutting surface curved like a
spoon and are called spoon
gauge. Spoon gauges are used
to make hollow cavities are
smooth the outer edges.

c. Fishtail gauge: This kind of
gauge has a cutting surface like the tail of a fish. It is used to trim
and carve edges.

d. Back belt gauge: This kind of gauge is used for making convex
surface.

e. Hammer/Mallet: It consists of a wooden head and a handle is used
to hit cutting tools so as to cut wood and make sculptures.

f. Pencil and carbon paper: A pencil and carbon paper are used to
make inlays for cutting designs. The pencil sketches are made onto
the wood and is cut accordingly to make finished product.

g. Emery: Emery paper is used to smoothen wooden surfaces. Emery
comes in different grades. The grades of emery are numbered.
Emery number 60 is the most rough emery whereas that of 100 is
the finest.

3. Selection of Tools

During carving, tools should be selected according to the nature of
design surface. With practise, carvers select proper tools with ease.

4. Care of Tools

Cutting tools should be stored and handled properly and carefully. The
cutting edges should be sharpened regularly. When storing them for
long time, they should be greased to prevent rust. The handles of these
tools might wear and tear due to repeated hammering. They should be
repaired. The tools should always be handled with their handles and
not with cutting edges to prevent accidents.

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5. Selection of Carving Surface

Before carving, right material should be selected. Wood carving should
always be done in seasoned wood. Hard wood should be used for carving
as it is more robust and long lasting. Stones that can resist hammering
should be selected for carving. Stones that easily break are not good for
carving purposes.

6. Preparation before Carving

Before cutting, a planar should be used to level the surface of the wood.
Electric planars are faster and better than hand planers. Wood or stone
should be at least 25 mm for carving. Stone should be leveled by a chisel.

7. Carving Process

Before carving, the design should be made onto the surface to be carved.
This is done with carbon and a pencil. Once the design is inlaid, it is
called pattern. The sculpting is done following this pattern. With
practise, difficult patterns can also be made onto wood.

Fig: Basic Carving Design. 263

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:

1. ____________ is the act of using tools to shape something from a
material by scraping away portions of that material.

2. ____________ are used to cut into stones.
3. The gauge that has cutting surface like the tail of a fish is called

____________ gauge.
4. Back ____________ gauge is used for making convex surface.
5. ____________ and ____________ are used to draw designs on the

surface to be carved.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is carving? K nowledge

2. List out the tools for cutting wood. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Give any five examples of exquisite wood and stone A pplication
carving skills of Nepalese craftsmen.

4. How does stone carving compare/contrast with A nalysis
wood carving?

5. “The Kathmandu valley has been described as an E valuation
enormous treasure house of art and sculptures.”
Justify this statement and critically analyse the
current situation.

6. What changes would you suggest to increase S ynthesis
the exposure of Nepali wooden and stone carved
products to foreign countries?

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5Lesson Colouring and Polishing

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Colouring and polishing is important to
make any kind of crafts attractive and
 define colouring and polishing. shiny.
 explain the process of colouring and

polishing.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Colouring something makes it look attractive. you must have col-
ored hundreds of drawing and sketches and other craft materials
so far. How do you colour a craft or a painting? Make a list of steps
involved in colouring your work.

What items in your home need colouring? Make a list.

Colouring is the act of applying
colours to change the appearance
of the materials to which it is
applied.

Polishing is the process of
creating a smooth and shiny
surface by rubbing it or using a
chemical action, leaving a surface
with a significant reflection.
When an unpolished surface is
magnified thousands of times, it
usually looks like mountains and valleys. By repeated abrasion, those
“mountains” are worn down until they are flat or just like small “hills.”
The process of polishing with abrasives starts with coarse ones and
graduates to fine ones.

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1. Colouring Process

Colouring wood can be useful for craft projects, building work or other
reasons. It can be done in a number of ways. Factors to be considered
while colouring are given below:

Ü Cover your work surface. It is best to cover wherever you are
working with a plastic cloth – newspapers may soak through.
Cover your hands too with rubber gloves.

Ü Make sure your wood is ready to be coloured.
Ü Apply colours in vertical or horizontal direction but be consistent.
Ü Cover the part that needs different colour with tape.
Ü Use hard or soft brush depending on colour and material.
Ü Use big brush for colouring wide area and small brush for narrow

area.

Process for shining colour:

Ü Make the surface of the wood smooth using sand paper.
Ü Apply the primer and let it dry. Primers1 seal the little holes in the

wood. Sometimes it makes the surface of the wood uneven so and
Paper No. 120 should be used.
Ü Apply the first coat on the material and allow it to dry for 6-24
hours, depending upon the size of the wood.
Ü Rub the steel wool on the first coat to scrape off any deposits on the
paint/colour.
Ü Apply the second coat and again let it dry for 6-24 hours.
Ü Apply additional coats for a protective finish.
Ü Wood is ready.

Method of Polishing

Polishing can be done on wooden, metallic or glass surfaces. Sand papers
are used to polish wood and bamboo surfaces. After scrubbing with sand
paper, a varnish is applied many times with the help of a cloth or brush.
The varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily
used in wood finishing and also for other materials. Varnishes are
applied over wood as a final step to achieve a film for gloss and protection.

1 Primer: a type of paint that is put on wood, metal, etc. before it is painted to help the paint
to stay on the surface

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Process of Varnishing

Finishing wood with the varnish preserves it from stains, scratches
and damage from liquid. The varnish also beautifies wood pieces and is
essential for prolonging the life of the wood. Use the following steps to
apply wood varnish:

a. Prepare the wood for varnish:

Sand the wood to remove any imperfections on the surface. The varnish
will not be effective on an uneven surface. Clean the wood. Use a damp
cloth to remove any remaining dirt or debris. Leave the wood to dry
completely.

b. Making and applying varnish:

Mix wood varnish with pure turpentine. This thins the wood varnish
and helps to seal the wood. Apply a thinned mixture as a first coat and
let it dry overnight. Sand the first coat. Wipe the wood with a dry cloth
to remove the loose dust. Apply the first regular coat of varnish with a
brush and let it dry. Smoothen the surface with steel wool and apply
last coat of varnish.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. __________ is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface

by rubbing it or using a chemical action.
2. Colouring is the act of applying _______________ to change the

appearance of the materials to which it is applied.
3. Colour should be applied in ___________ or ___________ direction.
4. Hard or ________ brush is used according to colour and material.
5. ____________ is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film pri-

marily used in wood finishing and also for other materials.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is colouring and polishing? K nowledge

2. Explain the process of varnishing. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT A pplication

3. Make a wooden craft. Then apply colour and polish it.

4. Investigate the process used by a furniture shop in A nalysis
colouring and polishing wooden crafts.

5. “There should the separation of waste before E valuation
disposal.” Justify this statement and critically
analyse the current situation.

6. Organize a colouring and polishing competition in S ynthesis
your locality.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. The process of making a box from the corrugated paper is called __________.

b. The warp is the set of ____________ bamboo stripes providing the foundation

on which plane weaving is done.

c. Aerobic____________ is a method of making a compost.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statements: 2
a. Waste that can disintegrate into compost is called biodegradable waste.
b. Carving is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by

scraping away portions of that material.
c. Varnish is a type of colour.
d. Bamboo can be used only for making mats.

3. Answer the following questions (any three). 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is handicraft? Why should our country encourage handicraft business?

Explain.

b. Mention any five benefits of crafts from waste.

c. “Waste disposal is a major problem for Nepal.” Justify the statement in your

own words.

d. What is colouring and polishing? What are the factors to be considered while

colouring?

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Talk to a few handicraft workers. Make a report on “Challenges of Handicraft

Workers” on the basis of your observations.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions. Connecting
INTERNET
c. How can you make crafts from waste? Decide on the basis of the

information you have studied in this unit and other websites.

Make a sample plan as to how you can use waste on the basis of

the following guidelines: www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

• Type/Nature of the waste • Source of the waste Looking throughout

• Type of the craft • Method used in making craft

• Estimated cost • Precautions

2. Viva-voce 5 Visit

a. Write any two reasons for using waste to make craft.

b. Write the importance of bamboo.

c. What tools are required for carving?

d. What do you think will happen if our craft is not coloured or pol-

ished properly?

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UNIT
14 POTTERY
Making Pottery Products
1Lesson

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By making pottery products, you can utilize
your idle time doing creative activities and
 define pottery. discover the joy and a sense of satisfaction
 explain the process of making pottery to create things.

products such as flower vase, animals, etc.
 make simple pottery products.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Pottery making has been the primary family occupation of some of the
ethnic groups in Nepal but still they need to do other supplementary
occupation to earn and sustain their living. What do you think are
the reasons behind this situation?

Make a list of earthenware used at your home and fill up the
table given below:

S.N. Name of the earthenware Shape Colour

Pottery is the act of making earthenware FUNCTIONAL
such as flower vases, pots, plates,
statues, etc. Pottery is made by forming Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8
a clay body into objects of required
shape and size and heating or drying
to remove all the water from the clay
to harden them. Heating the pottery in
a kiln induces reactions which increase
the strength of pottery.

270

Process of Making a Flower Vase/Animals
A flower vase is an open container made of glass or soil for holding flowers.
A flower vase made out of clay can be made in the following way:

a. Preparing clay
Clay must be prepared by moistening with adequate water. Then it
needs to be kneaded. Kneading helps to ensure even moisture content
throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay needs to be removed.
This is called de-airing and done by wedging.

b. Shaping
After preparing clay it needs to shape. It can be shaped by either a
potter’s wheel or through a mould. Shaping thorough a mould is easy
for beginners.

c. Drying
After shaping, the pottery needs to be dried. It can be decorated by
carving and minerals. Once fully dried, it is then made ready for firing
in the kiln or mounds of straw. Pottery fired in a kiln are stronger than
those sintered in straw fire. Normally, potteries are fired at around
1000°C to 1800°C.

d. Painting
After firing, the pottery can then be painted to make it look attractive.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. __________ is made by forming a clay body into objects of required

shape and size and heating or drying to remove all the water
from the clay to harden them.
2. Clay must be prepared by moistening with adequate ____________.
3. Removal of air trapped within clay is known as ____________.
4. Pottery is fired in a ____________.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is pottery? K nowledge

2. Explain the process making of pottery. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Choose a suitable place for pottery on your home A pplication
and make a flower vase and an animal.

4. Determine the factors that affect pottery. A nalysis

5. “Pottery requires hard labour and effort without E valuation
a good return. Therefore, it is not considered as a
major occupation in Nepal.” Justify this statement
and critically analyse the current situation.

6. Formulate a plan that can be implemented for S ynthesis
increasing the sales of pottery products in your
community.

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2Lesson Ceramics

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By making items of cerawies you can
produce dishes which are strong and heat
 define ceramics. resistant.
 explain the process of creating products

using ceramics.
 point out uses of ceramics.
 make a comparison between ceramic

products and non-ceramic products.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Ceramic products are not widely used as aluminium and plastic

products in Nepal. What do you think are the reasons behind this

situation?

What kind of ceramic items do you use in your home? Make a list.

The word “ceramic” is derived from
the Greek word (keramikos) which
means “of pottery” or “for pottery”.
Ceramicisaninorganic,non-metallic
solid clay prepared by the action
of heat and subsequent cooling.
Ceramic dishes are stronger than
normal dishes.

Uses of Ceramics

Ceramic is being used since ancient
times but its use is increasing day
by day. Ceramics are all around us.
This category of materials includes things like tile, bricks, plates, glasses,
and toilets. Ceramics can be found in products like watches (quartz
tuningforks-thetimekeepingdevicesinwatches),automobiles(sparkplugs

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and ceramic engine parts found in race cars), and phone lines. They
can also be found on space shuttles, appliances (enamel coatings), and
airplanes (nose cones). Ceramics melt at a high temperature.

Steps in Making Ceramic Products

Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen
elements, powders, and water and shaping them into desired forms.
Once the ceramic has been shaped, it is fired in a high temperature
oven known as a kiln1.

Steps in the ceramic process are:

a. Wedging is the process of mixing the clay by rotating and pressing
a clay ball on a table using hand. The purpose is to thoroughly
homogenize the clay and to remove all air bubbles. This is
particularly important, as the presence of air bubbles in the clay
will result in explosions in the kiln as the air pockets expand and
burst.

b. After the clay has been thoroughly wedged, it may be formed into a
variety of methods: slab, wheel, coil, pinch, and mould.

c. When the clay bag is opened, the drying process begins. As clay
dries, it loses water, becomes stiffer, and begins to shrink. After
forming pieces, they should be wrapped in soft sheets of plastic
(without holes) and placed on the shelves in the damp room.

d. After the products have dried for a few days, they will have stage
of partial dryness referred to as leather hard. This stage of drying
is characterized by a loss of water through evapouration that
results in the clay’s stiffening and losing some flexibility. This is an
excellent time to refine the piece: carving excess clay, adding
handles or decorative elements, trimming the foot ring of a bowl, etc.

e. When the product has dried completely, it is referred to as a
piece of greenware. This means it has lost all the water through
evapouration and has no flexibility. Bending it will break it. You
cannot add anything to it.

f. Green wares are loaded into the kilns for the first of two firings.

1 Kiln: a large oven for baking clay and bricks, drying wood and grain, etc.

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This firing is approximately 1800o F. This hardens the ware,
making it easier to handle without breaking during the glazing
process. Clay fired at this temperature still retains its porosity.
However, the porosity of a material refers to its ability to absorb a
liquid. So, the bisque process is simply done to make glazing easier.
The bisque firing takes a total of 3 days from start to finish. After
that, it is set on lower temperature.

g. Now the glazing process begins. The glaze, a mixture of ground
glass, clays, colouring materials and water, is applied to the bisque2
pot by dipping, pouring, spraying, brushing, sponging, or some
combination of these techniques.

h. After the glaze firing temperature of 2350o F has been reached, the
pots cool, and on day three, are unloaded and stored in the room.

i. Sometimes, additional firings are done to achieve colour and surface
effects which is not possible in the glaze firing. These over glaze
techniques are fired at extremely low temperature (1300o F).

NOW YOUR TIME Connecting
INTERNET

Visit www.youtube.com. Type “ceramic” in the search box
and see a video about ceramic. Summarise the things you learned.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is ceramics? K nowledge

2. Explain the process of making ceramic products. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Show the process of making ceramic products in A pplication
Nepal.

2 Bisque: unglazed white ceramic 275

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4. Determine the factors that affect ceramic products. A nalysis
E valuation
5. “Clay water pots are everywhere in villages, even S ynthesis
with the spread of plastic, because of their utilitarian
value and durability.” Justify this statement and
critically analyse the current situation.

6. Organize a ‘ceramic fair’ to sell ceramic products
produced in your community.

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3Lesson Colour and its Use

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Colour has a powerful subconscious effect on
every part of our lives, without even saying
 define colour. a word. Understanding of colour meanings
 explain types of colours. in business gives us an invaluable tool to
 state uses of colours. get the best response to our marketing and
 differentiate between the primary and promotional efforts and ultimately to create
a successful business.
secondary colours.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Colour has been known to have a powerful psychological impact on
people’s behaviour and decisions. This knowledge has been used all
too well by designers and marketers. Colour can often be the sole
reason someone purchases a product. What do you think are the
reasons behind such decisions?

Make a list of the types of colours that you know.
Colour is the aspect of things that is caused by differing qualities of light
being reflected or emitted by them. To see colour, you need light. When
light shines on an object, some colours bounce off the object and others
are absorbed by it. Our eyes only see the colours that are bounced off or
reflected.

Types of Colours
There are three types of colours:

1. Primary colours
Red, yellow and blue are the primary colours. They are also called the
most basic colours. You cannot make them by mixing any other colours.

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2. Secondary colours
Secondary colours are made by mixing two primary colours. Orange,
green and purple are the secondary colours. For instance, mixing red
and yellow gives orange.

3. Complementary colours
Complementary colours are pairs of colours which, when combined,
cancel each other out. This means that when combined, they produce
black or white. Red and green are examples of complementary colours.

Use of Colours
a. to improve object recognition,
b. to enhance meaning,
c. to convey structure,
d. to establish identity, and
e. to stand for symbolism.

Using colour on clay products
Products are properly cleaned and
they are coloured using different
types and size of brushes. Acrylic1
colours are the best because they are waterproof. Sometimes, clay
products are also coloured according to the local traditions and patterns.

Colouring process
Scrubber (No. 100) is used to smoothen the first layer of products. Choose
the brush according to colour to be used and design to be coloured.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Match the colour” questions from the above
lesson.

1 Acrylic: made of a substance produced by a chemical process from a type of acid

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What do you need to see colour? K nowledge

2. Explain three types of colours. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make any five pottery products and apply different A pplication
colours.

4. Determine the factors to be considered before A nalysis
applying colour on clay/ceramic products.

5. “The meaning of colours varies depending on one’s E valuation
culture, race, gender, age, and situation.” Justify
this statement.

6. Develop a colour plan for making a brochure of a S ynthesis
business along with your reasons for choosing such
colour combinations for each type of business.

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4Lesson Sales, Distribution
and Accounting of Products

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to The knowledge of sales and distribution
of products helps in making plan and
 define packaging. formulating strategies to succeed in your
 explain the methods of keeping accounts. business. The information about how to
 describe why goods are produced. attract and retain customers is necessary
 understand the importance of keeping because the product cannot sell itself. You
have to use your knowledge to do it.
accounts.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Sales and distribution bring in the money that enables a business
to survive and grow. The right sales and distribution strategy can
make the difference between a business gone and a business growing.
What do you think are the reasons behind such events?

See the package of any item that you have bought and write
down all the information that is given in the package.

Goods should be produced according to their
demand and nature of the market. The product
should be of good quality. The finished product
must look good and be strong. It must not be
damaged, weak and defective. Care should be
taken especially in transportation. In order
to reduce damages during transportation and
delivery, it must be packaged properly.

Packaging

Packaging must be done in good quality boxes. They must protect pottery
from moving or other forces during transportation, so they must be held
tight by using foam. The packaging must include the following details:

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i. Name of the Product

ii. Name and Address of the Manufacturer Company

iii. Date of Manufacture

iv. Expiry Date of the Product

v. Direction for Use Nutrition Ingredients
vi. Ingredients Used Labeling List
vii. Warranty if available
Date Mark

Customers buy the product with Food Recall Name and
the trust in given information so Information Description of Food
the information provided should
be true. Good packaging attracts Storage
customers and increases the Requirements
chance of products being sold.
Country of
Origin

Percentage Allergy Food
Labelling Statement Additives

A company should give some part of their profit to the society in which it
operates. It is called their social responsibility. The company can fulfill
such responsibility by investing in social welfare giving donations,
providing scholarship to students, etc. It is better if such companies
mention that certain percent of the profit goes to such good causes.

Proper management of

selling and distribution

activities of the products

determine the success or

failure of the product. The

company should not charge

excess price for more profit.

The pricing should be

based on cost of production

and some percentage as

profit. Accounts of every

transaction should be kept

in the chronological order.

Accountants prepare

annual reports and financial

statements for planning

and decision making. An

accountant is a qualified

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person who is trained in book keeping and in preparation, auditing and
analysis of accounts.

Advantages of Book-keeping

Advantages of keeping of accounts are:

Ü Situation of the company and product is known.
Ü It facilitates in making credit policy with knowledge about debtors

and creditors.
Ü Comparison can be done with other companies as well as with own

company with the previous year accounts.
Ü It helps in making future planning and strategies.
Ü It helps in identifying and improving shortcomings.
Ü Net profit/loss can be calculated.

Methods of Book-keeping

Record of income: All incomes should be recorded in this account. It
is called ledger. Accounts of sold products are recorded here.

S.N. Date Invoice No. Particulars Amount Notes

Record of expenses: All expenses should be recorded in this account.
Voucher of every expenses is made and this expense ledger is filled on
the basis of those vouchers.

S.N. Date Invoice No. Particulars Amount Notes

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NOW YOUR TIME
Make a “Match the following” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is packaging? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of book-keeping. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Prepare income and expenses accounts of a A pplication
vegetable farmer for the period of one year.

4. Determine the factors that affect packaging of goods. A nalysis

5. “Book keeping may look like a great time waster E valuation
to the most small business owners but it is a
silent factor that can either make or break your
business”. Justify this statement and critically
analyse the current situation.

6. Formulate a selling and distribution strategy for S ynthesis
herbal products in your community.

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Removal of the air trapped within clay is known as ____________.
b. The word “ceramic” is derived from the Greek word ____________.
c. You need ____________ to see colour.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statements. 2
a. Pottery is the act of making pictures.
b. Ceramic dishes are stronger than normal dishes.
c. Green is a primary colour.
d. An accountant fixes price of the product.

3. Answer the following questions (any three). 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is pottery? Explain the process of making a flower vase.

b. Mention any five uses of ceramics.

c. “Packaging does not mean just protection during transit and distribution.”

Justify the statement in your own words.

d. What is colour? What are the types of colour?

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities. 5 x 3 = 15

a. Talk to a few potters about the problems that they face. Make a report on

“Problems Faced by Potters” on the basis of your observations.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. How can you maintain accounts of a ceramic factory? Make a sample of books

of accounts of a ceramic factory on the basis of the following guidelines:

• Name and location of factory • Amount investment

• Records of income • Records of expenses Connecting
INTERNET
• Calculation of profit

2. Viva-voce 5

a. Write any two reasons for Nepali youths who are not interested Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

in the pottery industry.

b. What are primary colours?

c. How can you calculate assets? Visit

d. What do you think will happen if a firm does not maintain its

books of accounting?

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UNIT
15 SEWING AND WEAVING
Sewing Machine
1Lesson

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning to use a sewing machine, one
can sew a variety of garments and do simple
 define sewing. repairs of garments which can save money
 show and label different parts of a and time.

sewing machine.
 distinguish different types of the sewing

machine and its components.
 make a bobbin roll of thread.
 draw the model of a sewing machine.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Learning to sew clothes is one of the basic skills in housekeeping. It
can save money and time, but many people in urban areas go to the
tailor for basic repairs of garments. Some people just throw away
their clothes whilst many people lack good clothes. How do you think
we can improve this situation? Also, what do you think are the effects
of throwing away clothes that can be used with simple repairs?

What kind of clothes that you wear need a visit to a tailor’s?
Make a list of such clothes.

Sewing is the art of attaching objects using stitches made with a needle
and thread. It can be done with hands or a machine. As sewing with
hands is time-consuming, sewing machines are widely used in modern
time. The sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and
productivity of the clothing industry. Generally, sewing machines are
of industrial and household types. Mostly used household sewing
machines are by hand operated. Other are treadle (operated by foot)
and electric sewing machines.

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The basic structure of
a sewing machine is
same whether it is hand-
operated treadle1 or
electric. It has a needle
in which the thread
is inserted. Inside the
machine there is a bobbin
case, where thread is
rolled and kept. When
the machine is operated
by keeping cloth on the feed dog, the needle makes holes in the cloth
simultaneously with a thread inside the needle. Lock stitch is the
familiar stitch performed by most household sewing machines. Most
industrial “single needle” sewing machines perform with two threads,
one passed through a needle and the other coming from a bobbin or
shuttle. Each thread stays on the same side of the material being sewn,
interlacing with the other thread at each needle hole by means of a
bobbin driver. As a result, a lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the
material being sewn.

Many materials are needed to sew clothes. First of all, selected garment and
matching thread are needed. Machine oil, scissors and needle are needed
for smooth functioning of the sewing process. Similarly, chalk, iron, ruler,
measuring tape, guidelines drawn on paper or cloth are required. Ironing
board, pin and strong cloth or garment are also necessary.

Beginners should not directly sew cloth in a sewing machine as the
machine and garment can be damaged. First of all, they should try
it on paper (used as cloth) making paper cap, pants and other simple
designs. After being good on simple designs, they should move to sewing
clothes on a sewing machine.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make a “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson above.

1 Treadle: a device worked by the foot to operate a machine FUNCTIONAL
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NOW YOUR TIME
Identify the following parts of a sewing machine.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is a sewing machine? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of using a sewing machine. C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a bobbin roll from a given thread by using a A pplication
sewing machine.

4. Compare hand operated and electric sewing A nalysis
machines.

5. “Learning to sew is the best way to save money. It E valuation
is important for good housekeeping.” Justify this
statement.

6. Design a simple paper bag by using a sewing S ynthesis
machine.

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2Lesson Methods of Measurement

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using measurement, you can sew tight-
fitting clothes.
 give reasons for the necessity of proper
measurement before sewing.

 take measurement of a person for drafting.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have been to a tailor’s to stitch your clothes. Then you
must recall a time when your ordered garment was not a good fit.
What do you think are the reasons behind a tailor producing a
garment that does not fit?

What are the tools used for measurement? Make a list.

Measurement of your body
is an important part of
sewing and weaving. It is
done to make sewn clothes
attractive and fit to the
body. For this purpose,
measurement of the related
person whose clothes
are to be made should be
done. Proper care should
be taken while taking the
measurement which helps
in saving time and money.

Process of Measurement

There is a proper way of taking measurements to give the best finish
when making a garment. You should keep an accurate record of all the

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measurements, and check them each time. Consider these points given
while measuring:

Ü Use metric measurements like inch and cm.
Ü Round the metric measurement to the whole number but do not

round measurements in inches.
Ü Take the measurement of height, bust, waist and hips at first and

record them.
Ü Take the measurement of shoulder length, waist height from the

floor, front waist length, hand and feet as well.

Advantages of Measurement

Taking measurement is the first step before sewing and weaving. Some
advantages of taking measurement are:

Ü Produce good drafts that ensure clothes fitting.
Ü Reduce complaints about finished clothes.
Ü Save clothes by reducing wastage.

Precautions

You should take the following precautions before taking measurement:

1. Take measurements according to the body parts.
2. Do not take measurements wearing jackets, sweaters, etc.
3. Use a measuring tape and record all the measurements clearly.
4. Record the measurements like front and back serially.
5. Draw special requirements of the sewer.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. Measurement of ____________ is an important part of sewing.
2. Metric measurements like____________ and ____________ should

be used while taking measurement.
3. ____________ your measurement to whole number.
4. Jackets, sweaters, etc. should be ______ for taking measurement.
5. Use a ___________ tape and record all the measurements clearly.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are the precautions before taking K nowledge
measurement?

2. Explain the methods of taking measurement. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Take the measurement of your friend for sewing A pplication
pants and a shirt.

4. Assess the importance of measurement. A nalysis

5. What choice would you have made if a tailor E valuation
stitched your clothes that did not fit well?

6. Develop a form to record measurements. S ynthesis

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3Lesson Introduction and Need
of Drafting

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By drafting before tailoring, you can ensure
clothes that fit well and have guideline for
 define terrace drafting, sewing.
 explain the methods of drafting,
 trace drafts of c

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have been to a tailor’s to stitch your clothes. Then you
must have seen tailors using chalk to put marks on clothes before
they are sewn. Despite this, many people are not very happy with
their finished product. How do you think that they can improve on
their products through proper drafting?

Make an outline of a book by choosing appropriate scale.

Drafting is the paper or
cardboard template from
which the parts of a garment
are traced onto garment
before cutting. There is a
little chance of clothes being
damaged if clothes are cut
according to draft. It saves
time and cloth and provides
guideline for sewing. Two
copies of draft should be
made. One should check
whether parts to be cut and
sewn are available or not
If the cloth is of shrinking
type, it should at first be soaked in water and dried.

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Process of Drafting

Some points or drafting process are as follows:

Ü While drafting, cloth should be laid on smooth surface and folded
in such a way that joined parts of the cloth should be kept towards
oneself and the other part to the other side.

Ü Pins, scissors and paper draft should also be ready.
Ü Draft should be properly kept over the cloth. When everything

is ready, a pin is used to attach the cloth. Now it is ready for
cutting.

Advantages of Drafting

The advantages of drafting are:

Ü It reduces the chances of clothes being damaged due to improper
cutting.

Ü It ensures clothes that fit well.
Ü It acts as a guide line while sewing.

Precautions
Ü Cloth that shrink needs to prewashed and dried before drafting.
Ü Pins should be used to hold the fabric properly before drafting.
Ü Drafting should be done on a drafting table with a pencil.
Ü Drafting scales should be used for better quality of drafts.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:
1. ____________ is the paper or cardboard template from which the

parts of a garment are traced onto garment before cutting.
2. Shrinking type of clothes should be soaked in ____________ and

dried before the sewing process.
3. While drafting, cloth should be laid on ____________ surface.
4. ______ should be used to hold the fabric properly before drafting.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is drafting? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of drafting. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a draft of your old clothes by removing A pplication
stitches and trace the outline of it over paper.

4. Determine the factors that can affect drafting. A nalysis

5. “Drafting is important before sewing.” Justify this E valuation
statement.

6. Visit a tailoring centre and help him/her in drafting S ynthesis
so that you can produce draft of any one cloth of
your choice and show it to your classmates.

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4Lesson Buttoning Clothes

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By buttoning, one can learn to do repairs
on the garments and produce a complete
 list the methods of buttoning a garment. garment.
 explain the methods of buttoning.
 button clothes.
 differentiate between press buttons and

regular buttons.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Buttoning a shirt with loose buttons is very easy. Yet many people

lack the skill to replace worn out buttons. What do you think can be

done to improve this situation?

What clothes do you have with buttons on them? Make a list.

Buttoning is an age-old technique of stitching fabric. In many cases,
you cannot produce a garment without buttoning. Nowadays, zipper
can be used instead of buttons. Laces can also be used instead of
buttons. Many kinds of buttons are available in the market.

Process of Buttoning

Before a button is sewn, a mark should be placed on the fabric. All the
button marks should be placed equally.

After marking, buttons should be placed on the fabric and sewn with the
help of a needle. Multiple stitching through the button holes are necessary
to hold the button in place. A button hole should be made on the other side
of the fabric for the button. Some methods are described as follows:

a. Method of using press button:

Press buttons are metallic (usually brass) round discs pinched through
the fabric. They are often found on clothing, in particular on denim

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pieces such as pants and jackets.
They are more securely fastened to
the material. As they depend on a
metal rivet1 attached securely to the
fabric, stud buttons are difficult to
remove without compromising the
fabric’s integrity. They are made of
two couples: the male stud couple
and the female stud couple. Each
couple has one front (or top) and rear (or bottom) side (the fabric goes
in the middle).

b. Method of using hooks:

Instead of buttons, a hook can also
be used. The fabric on the other end
of the cloth has eyes through which
hooks can be secured tightly.

c. Method of making buttonholes:

A buttonhole is made on the cloth
to secure a button. In this, a slit is
made on the cloth with the help of
scissors and the fabric is stitched
along the edges of the slit.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in each of the following:

1. Buttoning is an age ____________ technique of stitching fabric.
2. Before a ________ is sewn, a mark should be placed on the fabric.
3. Press buttons are ____________ round discs pinched through the

fabric.
4. A button ____________ is made on the cloth to secure a button.

1 Rivet: a metal pin that is used to fasten two pieces of leather, metal, etc. together 295

FUNCTIONAL

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is buttoning? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of buttoning a shirt. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT A pplication

3. Make a suitable buttonhole for a shirt.

4. Determine the precautions that should be kept in A nalysis
mind before buttoning.

5. “Learning to button is very important for every E valuation
one.” Justify this statement.

6. Make buttons for clothes by using discarded S ynthesis
materials.

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5Lesson Darning and Patching

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning to darn and do patchwork, one
can repair worn out clothes to save money
 define darning and patching. and minimize wastage of clothes.
 explain the methods of darning and

patching.
 use darning and patching to repair torn

garments.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Learning to darn and patch is important to avoid the practice of
throwing out clothes that have small tears. Patching new clothes for
fashion is also very popular. But people throw away their old clothes
that need patching. What could be reasons for this?

What are the materials that you need to repair clothes? Make a
list.

Darning is a sewing technique for
repairing holes and worn areas in
fabric, or knitting using a needle
and thread alone. It is often done
with hands, but it is also possible to
darn with a sewing machine. Hand
darning employs the darning stitch,
a simple running stitch in which
the thread is “woven” in rows along
the grain of the fabric, with the stitcher reversing direction at the end of
each row, and then filling in the framework thus created, as if weaving.
Darning is a traditional method for repairing fabric damage or holes
that do not run along a seam. Where patching is impractical or would
create discomfort darning is useful.

FUNCTIONAL 297

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

Method of darning

a. First of all, you should cut the loose end of threads along a tear to
remove fluff.

b. You should select the thread the same colour of the fabric.
c. You should begin a good distance away from the hole in order to

strengthen the thin parts of the fabric.
d. You should use a simple running stitch to sew through the fabric.

Importance of Darning and Patching

Nowadays clothes are becoming expensive. In order to repair and reuse
expensive but torn clothes we can use darning or patching methods. We
can use these methods to mend clothes and use them at home. As far as
it is possible, darning should be done with the thread of the same colour
as the fabric. Patchwork can be done if the area of tear is large.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make a “Fill in the blank” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is darning? K nowledge

2. Explain the methods of darning. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT A pplication

3. Repair your worn out clothes by darning.

4. Determine the importance of darning. A nalysis

5. “Darning clothes can help people to live within E valuation
their means.” Justify this statement and critically
analyse the current situation.

6. Use patches to repair clothes that look attractive. S ynthesis

298 FUNCTIONAL

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8

6Lesson Knitting Woolen Caps

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning to knit a cap, you can wear it
during the winter season.
 define knitting.
 explain the methods of knitting and

looping.
 make a cap by knitting.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Knitting to produce garments is very important to a country like
Nepal as we import a variety of knitted garments from India and
China. What do you think can be done to promote knitting in our
country?

You must have seen people knitting sweaters, caps, etc. What
are the requirements of knitting? Make a list.

Knitting is a method through which a wool yarn is used to make cloth.
Knitted fabric consists a number of consecutive rows of loops called
stitches. As each row progresses, a new loop is pulled through an existing
loop. The active stitches are held on the needle until another loop can be
passed through them. This action eventually forms a fabric.

There are various kinds of knitting needles such as those made of wood,
aluminium and plastic. Knitting needles should be selected according
to the thickness of the wool. In order to knit a cap a border is essential.
Bordering is done with a smaller knitting needle. Loops should be placed
on the knitting needles before knitting a cap. The number of loops
depends on the length of the fabric required. For caps one should
measure the head size. The length of loops on the knitting needle should
be same as the size of the head. For example, if the size of the head is
50cm, then the length of loops on the needle should be 50cm too.

FUNCTIONAL 299

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 8