Some Basic Concepts of English Language
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
ALPHABET
(o.kZekyk)
vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa 26 o.kZ gSaA bUgsa pkj izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gSµNikbZ osQ cM+s o.kZ] NikbZ osQ
NksVs o.kZ] fy[kus osQ cM+s o.kZ rFkk fy[kus osQ NksVs o.kZA fdlh Hkk"kk dks fy[kus osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa
dh t:jr gksrh gS] mu fpg~uksa dks fyfi dgrs gSaA fganh dh fyfi nsoukxjh gS vkSj vaxzsth dh jkseu
gSA vaxzsth i<+uk] fy[kuk vkSj cksyuk lh[kus osQ fy, lgh mPpkj.k vko';d gSA
vaxszth osQ NksVs&cMs+ v{kjksa dks fgUnh osQ Loj&O;atu osQ lkFk xq.kkRed èofu osQ :i esa
bl izdkj le> ldrs gSaA
■ CAPITAL AND LETTERS (cM+s v{kj)
English Letter Pronunciation English Letter Pronunciation
in Hindi in Hindi
vaxzsth v{kj fgUnh mPpkj.k vaxzsth v{kj fgUnh mPpkj.k
A , N ,u
B ch O vks
C lh P ih
D Mh Q D;w
E bZ R vkj
F ,iQ S ,l
G th T Vh
H ,p U ;w
I vkbZ V oh
J ts W MCY;ww
K osQ X ,Dl
L ,y Y okbZ
M ,e Z ”kSM
1
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
■ SMALL LETTERS (NksVs v{kj)
English Letter Pronunciation English Letter Pronunciation
in Hindi in Hindi
vaxzsth v{kj fgUnh mPpkj.k vaxzsth v{kj fgUnh mPpkj.k
a , n ,u
b ch o vks
c lh p ih
d Mh q D;w
e bZ r vkj
f ,iQ s ,l
g th t Vh
h ,p u ;w
i vkbZ v oh
j ts w MCY;w
k osQ x ,Dl
l ,y y okbZ
m ,e z ”kSM
■ LETTERS FOR WRITING (fy[kus esa iz;qDr v{kj)
vaxzsth Nkis osQ cM+s v{kj (Capital Letters in writing)
A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S
T U V W X Y Z
vaxzsth Nkis osQ NksVs v{kj (Small Letters in writing)
a b c d e f g h i j
k l m n o p q r s
t u v w x y z
2
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
■ SCRIPT CAPITAL LETTERS (fLØIV cM+s v{kj)
A B C D E F
G H I J K L
M N O P Q R
S T U V W X
Y Z
■ SCRIPT SMALL LETTERS (fLØIV NksVss v{kj)
a b c d e f
g h i j k l
m n o p q r
s t u v w x
y z
■ SCRIPT LETTERS FOR WRITING (fLØIV fy[kus esa iz;qDr v{kj)
vaxzsth Nkis osQ cM+s v{kj (Capital Letters in writing)
A A A A A B B B B B CC CC C D D D D D E EE E F F F F F G G G G G H H H H H I II I J J J J J
E
I
K K K K K L L L L L M M M M M N N N N N O O O O O P P P P P Q Q Q Q Q R R R R R SS SS S
T T T T T U U U U U V V V V V W W W W W X X X X X Y Y Y Y Y Z Z Z Z Z
vaxzsth Nkis osQ NksVs v{kj (Small Letters in writing)
a a a a a b b b b b c c c c c d d d d d e e e e e f f f f f g g g g g h h h h h i i i i i j j j j j
k k k k k l l l l l m m m m m n n n n n o o o o o p p p p p q q q q q r r r r r s s s s s
t t t t t u u u u u v v v v v w w w w w x x x x x y y y y y z z z z z
3
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
■ ENGLISH VERSION OF HINDI VOWELS (fgUnh Lojksa dk vaxzsth :i)
A AA I EE U OO
v vk b bZ m Å
RE REE LRI LREE
Í Í` y`` y``
E AI O AU AN AH
, ,s vks vkS va v%
■ ENGLISH VERSION OF HINDI CONSONANTS
(fgUnh O;atuksa dk vaxzsth :i)
K KH G GH NG CH
d [k x ?k Ä p
CHH J JH YN T TH
N t > ×k V B
D DH N T TH D
M < .k r Fk n
DH N P PH B BH
èk u i iQ c Hk
M Y R L V SH
e ; j y o 'k
SHA S H KSH TR GN
"k l g {k =k K
4
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
■ BARAH KHARI (ckjg [kM+h)
d dk fd dh oqQ owQ osQ oSQ oQks oQkS oaQ d%
Ka Kaa Ki Kee Ku Koo Ke Kai Ko Kau Kan Kah
[k [kk f[k [kh [kq [kw [kss [kS [kks [kkS [ka [k%
Kha Khaa Khi Khee Khu Khoo Khe Khai Kho Khau Khan Khah
x xk fx xh xq xw xs xS xks xkS xa x%
Ga Gaa Gi Gee Gu Goo Ge Gai Go Gau Gan Gah
?k ?kk f?k ?kh ?kq ?kw ?ks ?kS ?kks ?kkS ?ka ?k%
Gha Ghaa Ghi Ghee Ghu Ghoo Ghe Ghai Gho Ghau Ghan Ghah
Ä Äk fÄ Äh Äq Äw Äs ÄS Äks ÄkS Äa Ä%
Nga Ngaa Ngi Ngee Ngu Ngoo Nge Ngai Ngo Ngau Ngan Ngah
p pk fp ph pq pw ps pS pks pkS pa p%
Cha Chaa Chi Chee Chu Choo Che Chai Cho Chau Chan Chah
N Nk fN Nh Nq Nw Ns NS Nks NkS Na N%
Chha Chhaa Chhi Chhee Chhu Chhoo Chhe Chhai Chho Chhau Chhan Chhah
t tk ft th tq tw ts tS tks tkS ta t%
Ja Jaa Ji Jee Ju Joo Je Jai Jo Jau Jan Jah
> >k f> >h >q >w >s >S >ks >kS >a >%
Jha Jhaa Jhi Jhee Jhu Jhoo Jhe Jhai Jho Jhau Jhan Jhah
×k ×kk f×k ×kh ×kq ×kw ×ks ×kS ×kks ×kkS ×ka ×k%
Yna Ynaa Yni Ynee Ynu Ynoo Yne Ynai Yno Ynau Ynan Ynah
V Vk fV Vh Vq Vw Vs VS Vks VkS Va V%
Ta Taa Ti Tee Tu Too Te Tai To Tau Tan Tah
5
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
B Bk fB Bh Bq Bw Bs BS Bks BkS Ba B%
Tha Thaa Thi Thee Thu Thoo The Thai Tho Thau Than Thah
M Mk fM Mh Mq Mw Ms MS Mks MkS Ma M%
Da Daa Di Dee Du Doo De Dai Do Dau Dan Dah
< <k f< <h <q <w <s <S <ks <kS <a <%
Dha Dhaa Dhi Dhee Dhu Dhoo Dhe Dhai Dho Dhau Dhan Dhah
.k .kk f.k .kh .kq .kw .ks .kS .kks .kkS .ka .k%
Na Naa Ni Nee Nu Noo Ne Nai No Nau Nan Nah
r rk fr rh rq rw rs rS rks rkS ra r%
Ta Taa Ti Tee Tu Too Te Tai To Tau Tan Tah
Fk Fkk fFk Fkh Fkq Fkw Fks FkS Fkks FkkS Fka Fk%
Tha Thaa Thi Thee Thu Thoo The Thai Tho Thau Than Thah
n nk fn nh nq nw ns nS nks nkS na n%
Da Daa Di Dee Du Doo De Dai Do Dau Dan Dah
èk èkk fèk èkh èkq èkw èks èkS èkks èkkS èka èk%
Dha Dhaa Dhi Dhee Dhu Dhoo Dhe Dhai Dho Dhau Dhan Dhah
u uk fu uh uq uw us uS uks ukS ua u%
Na Naa Ni Nee Nu Noo Ne Nai No Nau Nan Nah
i ik fi ih iq iw is iS iks ikS ia i%
Pa Paa Pi Pee Pu Poo Pe Pai Po Pau Pan Pah
iQ iQk fiQ iQh iqQ iwQ isQ iSQ iQks iQkS iaQ iQ%
Pha Phaa Phi Phee Phu Phoo Phe Phai Pho Phau Phan Phah
c ck fc ch cq cw cs cS cks ckS ca c%
Ba Baa Bi Bee Bu Boo Be Bai Bo Bau Ban Bah
6
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
Hk Hkk fHk Hkh Hkq Hkw Hks HkS Hkks HkkS Hka Hk%
Bha Bhaa Bhi Bhee Bhu Bhoo Bhe Bhai Bho Bhau Bhan Bhah
e ek fe eh eq ew es eS eks ekS ea e%
Ma Maa Mi Mee Mu Moo Me Mai Mo Mau Man Mah
; ;k f; ;h ;q ;w ;s ;S ;ks ;kS ;a ;%
Ya Yaa Yi Yee Yu Yoo Ye Yai Yo Yau Yan Yah
j jk fj jh # : js jS jks jkS ja j%
Ra Raa Ri Ree Ru Roo Re Rai Ro Rau Ran Rah
y yk fy yh yq yw ys yS yks ykS ya y%
La Laa Li Lee Lu Loo Le Lai Lo Lau Lan Lah
o ok fo oh oq ow os oS oks okS oa o%
Va Vaa Vi Vee Vu Voo Ve Vai Vo Vau Van Vah
'k 'kk f'k 'kh 'kq 'kw 'ks 'kS 'kks 'kkS 'ka 'k%
Sha Shaa Shi Shee Shu Shoo She Shai Sho Shau Shan Shah
"k "kk f"k "kh "kq "kw "ks "kS "kks "kkS "ka "k%
Sha Shaa Shi Shee Shu Shoo She Shai Sho Shau Shan Shah
l lk fl lh lq lw ls lS lks lkS la l%
Sa Saa Si See Su Soo Se Sai So Sau San Sah
g gk fg gh gq gw gs gS gks gkS ga g%
Ha Haa Hi Hee Hu Hoo He Hai Ho Hau Han Hah
{k {kk f{k {kh {kq {kw {ks {kS {kks {kkS {ka {k%
Ksha Kshaa Kshi Kshee Kshu Kshoo Kshe Kshai Ksho Kshau Kshan Kshah
=k =kk f=k =kh =kq =kw =ks =kS =kks =kkS =ka =k%
Tra Traa Tri Tree Tru Troo Tre Trai Tro Trau Tran Trah
K Kk fK Kh Kq Kw Ks KS Kks KkS Ka K%
Gya Gyaa Gyi Gyee Gyu Gyoo Gye Gyai Gyo Gyau Gyan Gyah
7
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
‘Based on Barakhari’ ckjg [kM+h ij vkèkkfjr
Shyam ';ke Yamuna ;equk
Anju vatq Puna iwuk
Radha jkèkk Babita cchrk
Ganga xaxk Bhopal Hkksiky
Ranchi jk¡ph Car dkj
Calcutta dydÙkk Sun lu
Light ykbZV Moon ewu
Gomti xkserh Mumbai eqEcbZ
Gujarat xqtjkr Kashmir dk'ehj
Delhi fnYyh Sanju latw
Deepak nhid Motor eksVj
Rail jsy Jaipur t;iqj
Kanpur dkuiqj Ganesh x.ks'k
Renu jsuw Shimla f'keyk
Gita xhrk Orissa mM+hlk
■ USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS (cM+s v{kjksa dk iz;ksx)
1- izR;sd okD; (sentence) dk izFke v{kjA
2- O;fDrokpd laKk (fdlh euq";] LFkku] ns'k] igkM+] unh bR;kfn osQ uke) 'kCnksa dk izFke v{kjA
3- ekl vkSj lIrkg osQ fnuksa osQ uke dk izFke v{kjA
4- fdlh iqLrd osQ 'kh"kZd ;k euq"; dh mikfèk dk izFke v{kjA
5- lkèkkj.k v{kj 1 vkSj 0 tc 'kCn dh rjg iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
6- ;fn fdlh O;fDr }kjk dgs gq, okD; dks T;ksa&dk&R;ksa fy[kk tkrk gS] rks ml dFku osQ
izFke 'kCn dk izFke v{kjA
7- bZ'oj dk uke rFkk mlosQ fy, iz;qDr loZuke (pronoun) dk izFke v{kjA
8- vaxzsth dfork dh izR;sd iafDr osQ izFke 'kCn dk izFke v{kjA
■ USE OF SMALL LETTERS (NksVs v{kjksa dk iz;ksx)
cM+s v{kjksa osQ iz;ksx osQ vykok 'ks"k lHkh LFkkuksa ij NksVs v{kjksa (small letters) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
■ WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION (ys[ku rFkk mPpkj.k)
vaxzsth o.kks± dh vusd èofu;k¡ gSaA blfy, muosQ mPpkj.k dh dksbZ fuf'pr ;kstuk fuèkkZfjr ugha
gks ldrh gSA fHkUu&fHkUu o.kZ dbZ ckj leku èofu mRiUu djrs gSaA vaxzsth 'kCnksa osQ 'kq¼ mPpkj.k
dks lquuk cgqr vko';d Hkh gS vkSj lokZfèkd Js;"dj HkhA vr% gesa jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku vkfn
ij izlkfjr izksxzkeksa dks vo'; gh fu;fer :i ls lquuk pkfg,A o.kks± dh èofu;ksa dks Bhd izdkj
ls le> ysus ij gh vkidks cgqr ykHk gksxkA
8
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
VOWELS (okWosYl) Loj vkSj CONSONANTS (dkWUlksusUV~l)
vaxzsth esa oqQy Alphabet dh la[;k 26 gksrh gSA buesa ls ik¡p Vowels vFkkZr~ Loj gksrs gSa rFkk
21 Consonants vFkkZr~ O;atu dgs tkrs gSaA English osQ alphabates dks ge Capital
letters rFkk Small Letters esa fy[k ldrs gSaA Print djus rFkk fy[kus esa Hkh 'kCnksa dh
fHkUurk gksrh gSA vaxzsth osQ v{kjksa dks vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk ;fn tksM+k tk, rks mudh èouh ;k
mPpkj.k dks ge ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj izR;sd v{kj vkSj 'kCnksa dks le>us osQ fy,
Phonetic Symbols dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkb, ge ns[krs gSa fd vaxzsth o.kZekyk dks
fdl izdkj fy[kk] Nkik rFkk mPpkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ge ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd izR;sd alphabet
dk phonetic symbol D;k gSA
VOWELS Table-1
In Printing In Writing
(Nkius esa) (fy[kus esa) Pronunciation Sound Phonetic
Capital Small Capital Small (mPpkj.k) (vkokt) Symbol
(cM+s) (NksVs) (cM+s) (NksVs)
A a A a , v] vk] v% ∂, b
E e E e bZ b e
I i I i vkbZ b I
O o O o vks vkS O
U u U u ;w m v υ, Λ
CONSONANTS Table-2
In Printing In Writing
(Nkius esa) (fy[kus esa) Pronunciation Sound Phonetic
Capital Small Capital Small (mPpkj.k) (vkokt) Symbol
(cM+s) (NksVs) (cM+s) (NksVs)
B b B b ch c b
C c C c lh d] l c
D d D d Mh M] n d
F f F f ,iQ iQ f
G g G g th x] t g
H h H h ,p g h
J j J j ts t j, dz
K k K k osQ d k
L l L l ,y y l
9
10
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
VOWELS (okWosYl) Loj vkSj CONSONANTS (dkWUlksusUV~l)
O;atu dk egÙo (A, An dk iz;ksx)
Vowels A, E, I, O and U ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCn_ tSls µ
A for Apple, E for Elephant, I for Inkpot, O for Orange, U for Umbrellaµbu
'kCnksa osQ igys An dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS % An apple (,su ,Iiy) ,d lsc] An elephant
(,su ,yhiSQUV) ,d gkFkh] An inkpot (,su badikWV) ,d L;kgh dh nokr] An orange (,su
vkWfjUt) ,d larjk] An umbrella (,su vEczsyk) ,d NkrkA
'ks"k lHkh 21 v{kjksa osQ igys ,d dk vFkZcksèk djkus osQ fy, "A" dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
A boy (, Cok;) ,d yM+dkA A zebra (, tsczk) ,d tsczkA ;s v{kj O;atu (Consonants)
gksrs gSaA
vaxzsth esa NCchl v{kjksa osQ Kku osQ ckn izR;sd v{kj ls lacafèkr 'kCn Kku fuEufyf[kr
gS µ
o.kZ osQ lkFk oLrq ;k pht dk uke fl[kkus osQ fy;s for (iQkWj) (okLrs) yxkuk gksrk gSA tSls µ
A for Apple
o.kZ For (okLrs) mPpkj.k fgUnh vFkZ o.kZ For (okLrs) mPpkj.k fgUnh vFkZ
A Apple ,Iiy lsc N Nest usLV ?kksalyk
B Ball ckWy xsan O Orange vkWjsat larjk
C Cat oSQV fcYyh P Parrot iSjV rksrk
D Dog MkWx oqQÙkk Q Queen Dohu jkuh
E Elephant ,yhiSQaV gkFkh R Rat jSV pwgk
F Flag ÝySx >aMk S Swan Loku gal
G Gun xu canwd T Tiger Vkbxj 'ksj
H Horse gkWlZ ?kksM+k U Umbrella vEczsyk Nkrk
I Inkpot badikWV L;kgh dh nokr V Van oSu xkM+h
J Jackal tsdky xhnM+ W Watch okp ?kM+h
K Kite dkbV irax X X-Ray ,Dl&js ,Dl&js
L Lion ykW;u 'ksj Y Yellow ;syks ihyk
M Monkey eadh canj Z Zebra ”ksczk ”ksczk
11
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
■ RULES OF PRONUNCIATION (mPpkj.k osQ fu;e)
dbZ o.kks± dk mPpkj.k fHkUu fLFkfr esa fofHkUu gksrk gSA uhps fn, x, fu;eksa ls bldk Kku izkIr gksxkA
1. ‘C’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ;fn ‘c’ osQ igys ;k ckn ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘r’ ;k ‘u’ o.kZ gks rks ‘c’ dh èofu ^d* gksrh gSA tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Cat oSQV fcYyh Car dkj dkj
Can oSQu lduk Cut oQV dkVuk
Cage osQt fiatM+k Cap oSQi Vksih
Act ,DV dke Duck Md cÙk[k
Cot dkWV pkjikbZ Luck yd HkkX;
Cow dkÅ xk; Suck ld pwluk
Cobra dkscjk lk¡i Crane ozsQu lkjl
Cub dc 'ksj dk cPpk Crow Øks dkSok
Cup di I;kyk Falcon iQkYdu ckt
Cuckoo oqQd~dw dks;y Crab oSzQc osQdM+k
(b) ;fn ‘c’ osQ ckn ‘e’, ‘i’ ;k ‘y’ vk tk, rks ‘c’ dh èofu ^l* gksrh gSA tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Centre lsUVj osQUæ Cycle lkbZfdy lkbZfdy
Cinema flusek py&fp=k Icy vkbZlh ciQhZyk
City flVh uxj Ice vkbZl ciZQ
Cell lsy d{k
(c) ;fn ‘c’ osQ ckn ‘ea’, ;k ‘ia’ vk, rks ‘c’ dh èofu ^'k* gksrh gSA tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Social lks'ky lkekftd Ocean vks'ku egklkxj
Special Lis'ky fo'ks"k
2. ‘E’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
'kCn osQ vafre ‘e’ dk mPpkj.k ugha gksrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Lame yse y¡xM+k Base csl vkèkkj
Fine iQkbZu lqUnj Race jsl nkSM+
Kite dkbZV irax] phy Pace isl dne
Love yo izse Face isQl psgjk
12
13
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
(b) ‘s’ ;fn ‘u’ ls igys vk tk, rks ‘s’ dh èofu ^';* gksrh gSA tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Sure ';ksj fuf'pr viokn (exception)
Assure ,';ksj izfrKk djuk Support liksVZ lgkjk
Surety ';ksjVh tekur Sub lc lgk;d
Supper lij laè;k dk Hkkstu
Suit lwV oL=kksa dk tksM+k
(c) ‘s’ ls igys ;fn ‘i’, ‘y’ ;k ‘w’ vk tk, rks ‘s’ dh èofu ^t* gksrh gSA tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Rise jkbZ”k mBuk viokn (exception)
Ways os”k rjhosQ This fnl ;g
Wise okbZ”k cqf¼eku
Laws ykWt fu;e
His fg”k mldk
(d) ‘Sch’ dk mPpkj.k ^Ld* Hkh gksrk gS vkSj ^l* rFkk ^'k* Hkh] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Scheme Ldhe ;kstuk Scholar LdkWyj fo}ku
School LowQy fo|ky; Schedule'ksM~;wy fuf'pr
(e) ‘Sci’ dk mPpkj.k ^lkb* Hkh gksrk gS vkSj ^l* rFkk ^'k* Hkh] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Scissors lhtlZ oSaQph Conscience
Science lkbal foKku dkWu'kal foosd
5. ‘T’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ‘T’ dh lkèkkj.k èofu ^V* gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Put iqV j[kuk Bit fcV VqdM+k
But cV ijUrq Stop LVkWi Bgjuk
Bat cSV cYyk Bet csV 'krZ yxkuk
Beat chV ihVuk
14
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
(b) ‘T’ dbZ LFkkuksa ij ^p* dh Hkh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Nature uspj LoHkko Lecture ysDpj O;k[;ku
Future Ý;wpj Hkfo";
(c) ‘T’ ^'k* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Motion eks'ku xfr Ration js'ku jk'ku
Nation us'ku jk"Vª InventionbUosU'ku vkfo"dkj
6. ‘Th’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ‘Th’ ^Fk* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Thing fFkax oLrq Thin fFku iryk
Think fFkad lkspuk Bath ckFk Luku
Tenth VsaFk nlok¡ Rath jkFk Øksèk
Threat FkszV èkedh
(b) ‘Th’ ^n* dh èofu Hkh nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
There nsvj ogk¡ That nSV og
Thus nl oSls The nh og
This fnl ;g
(c) ‘Th’ ^V* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Thames VsEl unh dk uke Thomas Vksel uke
7. ‘Ch’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ‘Ch’ ^p* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Chair ps;j oqQlhZ Cheer ph;j g"kZ ([kq'kh eukuk)
Chain psu tathj Chalk pkWd pkWd
Chance pkal volj Change psat cnyuk
Charm pkeZ vkd"kZ.k Chap pSi Nksdjk
Cheat phV diVh Chat pSV xIi gk¡duk
Cheap phi lLrk Chart pkVZ pkVZ
Cheek phd xky Cheese pht iuhj
15
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
(b) ‘Ch’ dbZ ckj ^'k* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Chemise'kSeht L=kh osQ Hkhrjh oL=k Chandelier
Chic f'kd pkrqjh 'kSyh 'kSaMfyvj iQkuwl
(c) ‘Ch’ dbZ ckj ^d* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Chemist oSQfeLV nokbZ foØsrk Chord dkWMZ thok
Character Cholera dkWyjk gStk
osQjDVj pfj=k Christ ØkbLV bZlk&elhg
ChlorineDyksjhu ,d xSl
8. ‘Gh’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ‘Gh’ dh lkekU; èofu ^?k* ;k ^x* gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Ghost ?kksLV] xksLV izsr Ghee ?kh ?kh
(b) ‘Gh’ dbZ ckj ^iQ* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Cough diQ [kk¡lh Tough ViQ dBksj
Laugh ykWiQ g¡luk
(c) ‘Gh’ dbZ ckj ewd (Silent) Hkh gksrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Brought CkzkWV yk;k Fought iQkWV yM+k
Though nks gkyk¡fd Sought lkWV ryk'k fd;k
Thought FkkWV fopkj
9. ‘W’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ‘W’ dh lkèkkj.k èofu ^o* gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Wagon oSxu pkj ifg;k xkM+h Wave oso ygj
Wall okWy nhokj Way os ekxZ
Walk okWd pyuk Weak ohd nqcZy
Water okWVj ikuh Week ohd lIrkg
Wait osV izrh{kk djuk War okWj ;q¼
Wake osd tkxuk Want okWUV pkguk
16
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Ward okMZ okMZ Weep ohi jksuk
Warn okuZ psrkouh Well osy oqQvk¡
Warm okeZ xje Wet osV xhyk
Wash ok'k èkksuk West osLV if'pe
(b) ‘R’ ls igys vkus ij ‘W’ (mPpkj.k&jfgr) ewd (Silent) gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Write jkbZV fy[kuk Wrong jk¡x xyr
Wrap jSi yisVuk Wrist fjLV dykbZ
Wrestle jSly oqQ'rh djuk
10. ‘X’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ‘x’ izk;% ^,Dl* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
X-Ray ,Dl&js lw{e jf'e;k¡ Excel ,Dlsy cf<+;k djuk
Excuse ,DlD;wt {kek djuk Exclaim ,Dlyse vk'p;Z ls ph[kuk
(b) ‘x’ dbZ ckj ^t* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Xanthic tSfUFkd clUrh Xyster ftLVj tjkZg dk ;a=k
(c) ‘e’ osQ ckn ;fn ‘x’ vk tk, rks og ^Xt* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Examination Excult ,XtYV izlUu gksuk
,Xtkfeus'ku ijh{kk
11. ‘Ph’ osQ mPpkj.k lacaèkh fu;e
(a) ‘Ph’ dh lkekU; èofu ^iQ* gksrh gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Phase isQ”k :i Phone iQksu nwjHkk"k
Phaesant iSQtUV rhrj Photo iQksVks iQksVks
Phial i+Qkbvy NksVh 'kh'kh Phrase izsQt eqgkojk
(b) ‘Ph’ dbZ ckj ^i~g* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSlsµ
mPpkj.k vFkZ mPpkj.k vFkZ
Upheavevi~gho mFky&iqFky gksuk Uphill vi~fgy dBksj
UpholstervIgksYLVj ltkuk Uphold vi~gksYM leFkZu djuk
17
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
■ SILENT LETTERS (ewd v{kj)
vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa oqQN Letters dh èofu dk yksi gks tkrk gSA ,slk ml le; gksrk gS] ftl le;
os fdlh nwljs O;atu osQ lkFk vk tkrs gSa] tSlsµ
'kCn mPpkj.k vFkZ Silent okyk Letter
Doubt MkmV la'k; B
Debt MsV Í.k B
Thumb FkEc v¡xwBk B
Plumber IyEcj uy&lkt B
Comb dWEc da?kk B
Scent lsaV lqxaèk C
Science lkb±l foKku C
Scene lhu n`'; C
Budget ctV ctV D
Cudgel dty ykBh D
Hedge gst ckM D
Bridge fczt iqy D
Name use uke E
Age ,t vk;q E
Hate gsV uiQjr E
Sign lkbu gLrk{kj G
Resign fjtkbu R;kxi=k nsuk G
Plough Iyks gy Gh
Haughty gkVh ?keaMh Gh
Naughty ukVh 'kjkjrh Gh
Honest vkWusLV bZekunkj H
Honour vkWuj lEeku H
Hour vkoj ?kUVk H
Humble gEcy fouez H
18
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
'kCn mPpkj.k vFkZ Silent okyk Letter
Knife ukbZiQ pkowQ K
Knight ukbV 'kwjohj K
Knock ukWd nLrd K
Know uks tkuuk K
Knee uh ?kqVuk K
Alms vkEl fHk{kk L
Balm cke ejge L
Palm ike gFksyh L
Walk okd pyuk L
Talk Vkd ckrsa djuk L
Hymn gkbe Lrks=k N
Solemn lksye xEHkhj N
Psychology lkbdksykWth euksfoKku P
Pneumonia fueksfu;k ,d chekjh P
Island vkbySaM Vkiw S
Batch cSp ny T
Catch oSQp idM+uk T
Match eSp [ksy T
Listen fylsu lquuk T
Catch oSQp idM+uk T
Plague Iysx ,d chekjh U
Guard xkWMZ j{kd U
Building fcfYMax bekjr U
Tongue Vax thHk U
Colleague dkWyhx lgdehZ U
19
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
NUMBER
(fxurh)
■ NUMBERS (fxurh)
fdlh Hkk"kk osQ v{kj Kku osQ lkFk&lkFk vad Kku (fxurh) dh tkudkjh gksuk vfr
vko';d gSA bl ij gh iwjk foKku] bathfu;fjax dk ys[kk&tks[kk fuHkZj djrk gSA vaxzsth esa
la[;k ;k fxurh dks ge Numbers osQ uke ls tkurs gSaA
vaxzzsth esa vad (Figure) nks izdkj ls fy[ks tkrs gSaµvjch vad (Arabic Figure) rFkk jkseu
vad (Roman Figure)A fgUnh osQ lHkh vaad ,d izdkj ls gh fy[ks tkrs gSaA
vaxzsth vad vaxzsth fyfi mPpkj.k jkseu vad vFkZ fgUnh vad
1 One ou I ,d û
2 Two Vw II nks ü
3 Three Fkzh III rhu ý
4 Four iQksj IV pkj þ
5 Five iQkbo V ik¡p ÿ
6 Six flDl VI N% ö
7 Seven lsou VII lkr ÷
8 Eight ,V VIII vkB ø
9 Nine ukbu IX ukS ù
10 Ten Vsu X nl ûú
11 Eleven bysou XI X;kjg ûû
12 Twelve V~osYo XII ckjg ûü
13 Thirteen FkVhZu XIII rsjg ûý
14 Fourteen iQksVhZu XIV pkSng ûþ
15 Fifteen fiQÝVhu XV iaæg ûÿ
16 Sixteen flDlVhu XVI lksyg ûö
17 Seventeen lsosUVhu XVII l=kg û÷
18 Eighteen ,Vhu XVIII vBkjg ûø
19 Nineteen ukbUVhu XIX mUuhl ûù
20 Twenty V~osaVh XX chl üú
21 Twenty-one V~osaVh ou XXI bDdhl üû
22 Twenty-two V~osaVh Vw XXII ckbZl üü
23 Twenty-three V~osaVh Fkzh XXIII rsbZl üý
20
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
24 Twenty-four V~osaVh i+Qksj XXIV pkSchl üþ
25 Twenty-five V~osaVh i+Qkbo XXV iPphl üÿ
26 Twenty-six V~osaVh flDl XXVI NCchl üö
27 Twenty-seven V~osaVh lsou XXVII lÙkkbZl ü÷
28 Twenty-eight V~osaVh ,V XXVIII vV~BkbZl üø
29 Twenty-nine V~osaVh ukbu XXIX murhl üù
30 Thirty FkVhZ XXX rhl ýú
31 Thirty-one FkVhZ ou XXXI bDrhl ýû
32 Thirty-two FkVhZ Vw XXXII cÙkhl ýü
33 Thirty-three FkVhZ Fkzh XXXIII rSarhl ýý
34 Thirty-four FkVhZ i+Qksj XXXIV pkSarhl ýþ
35 Thirty-five FkVhZ i+Qkbo XXXV iSarhl ýÿ
36 Thirty-six FkVhZ flDl XXXVI NÙkhl ýö
37 Thirty-seven FkVhZ lsou XXXVII lSarhl ý÷
38 Thirty-eight FkVhZ ,V XXXVIII vM+rhl ýø
39 Thirty-nine FkVhZ ukbu XXXIX murkyhl ýù
40 Forty iQksVhZ XL pkyhl þú
41 Forty-one iQksVhZ ou XLI bDrkyhl þû
42 Forty-two iQksVhZ Vw XLII c;kyhl þü
43 Forty-three iQksVhZ Fkzh XLIII rsrkyhl þý
44 Forty-four iQksVhZ i+Qksj XLIV pkSokyhl þþ
45 Forty-five iQksVhZ i+Qkbo XLV iSarkyhl þÿ
46 Forty-six iQksVhZ flDl XLVI fN;kyhl þö
47 Forty-seven iQksVhZ lsou XLVII lSarkyhl þ÷
48 Forty-eight iQksVhZ ,V XLVIII vM+rkyhl þø
49 Forty-nine iQksVhZ ukbu XLIX mupkl þù
50 Fifty fiQÝVh L ipkl ÿú
51 Fifty-one fiQÝVh ou LI bD;kou ÿû
52 Fifty-two fiQÝVh Vw LII ckou ÿü
53 Fifty-three fiQÝVh Fkzh LIII frjsiu ÿý
54 Fifty-four fiQÝVh i+Qksj LIV pkSou ÿþ
55 Fifty-five fiQÝVh i+Qkbo LV ipiu ÿÿ
56 Fifty-six fiQÝVh flDl LVI NIiu ÿö
57 Fifty-seven fiQÝVh lsou LVII lÙkkou ÿ÷
58 Fifty-eight fiQÝVh ,V LVIII vV~Bkou ÿø
59 Fifty-nine fiQÝVh ukbu LIX mulB ÿù
60 Sixty flDlVh LX lkB öú
61 Sixty-one flDlVh ou LXI bdlB öû
21
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
62 Sixty-two flDlVh Vw LXII cklB öü
63 Sixty-three flDlVh Fkzh LXIII frjslB öý
64 Sixty-four flDlVh i+Qksj LXIV pkSalB öþ
65 Sixty-five flDlVh i+Qkbo LXV iSalB öÿ
66 Sixty-six flDlVh flDl LXVI fN;klB öö
67 Sixty-seven flDlVh lsou LXVII lM+lB ö÷
68 Sixty-eight flDlVh ,V LXVIII vM+lB öø
69 Sixty-nine flDlVh ukbu LXIX mugÙkj öù
70 Seventy lsouVh LXX lÙkj ÷ú
71 Seventy-one lsouVh ou LXXI bdgÙkj ÷û
72 Seventy-two lsouVh Vw LXXII cgÙkj ÷ü
73 Seventy-three lsouVh Fkzh LXXIII frgÙkj ÷ý
74 Seventy-four lsouVh i+Qksj LXXIV pkSgÙkj ÷þ
75 Seventy-five lsouVh i+Qkbo LXXV fipgÙkj ÷ÿ
76 Seventy-six lsouVh flDl LXXVI fNgÙkj ÷ö
77 Seventy-seven lsouVh lsou LXXVII lrÙkj ÷÷
78 Seventy-eight lsouVh ,V LXXVIII vBgÙkj ÷ø
79 Seventy-nine lsouVh ukbu LXXIX mU;klh ÷ù
80 Eighty ,^h LXXX vLlh øú
81 Eighty-one ,^h ou LXXXI bD;klh øû
82 Eighty-two ,^h Vw LXXXII c;klh øü
83 Eighty-three ,^h Fkzh LXXXIII frjklh øý
84 Eighty-four ,^h i+Qksj LXXXIV pkSjklh øþ
85 Eighty-five ,^h i+Qkbo LXXXV fiP;klh øÿ
86 Eighty-six ,^h flDl LXXXVI fN;klh øö
87 Eighty-seven ,^h lsou LXXXVII lÙkklh ø÷
88 Eighty-eight ,s^h ,V LXXXVIII vV~Bklh øø
89 Eighty-nine ,^h ukbu LXXXIX uoklh øù
90 Ninety ukbUVh XC uCcs ùú
91 Ninety-one ukbUVh ou XCI bD;kuos ùû
92 Ninety-two ukbUVh Vw XCII ckuos ùü
93 Ninety-three ukbUVh Fkzh XCIII frjkuos ùý
94 Ninety-four ukbUVh i+Qksj XCIV pkSjkuos ùþ
95 Ninety-five ukbUVh i+Qkbo XCV iUpkuos ùÿ
96 Ninety-six ukbUVh flDl XCVI fN;kuos ùö
97 Ninety-seven ukbUVh lsou XCVII lUrkuos ù÷
98 Ninety-eight ukbUVh ,V XCVIII vV~Bkuos ùø
99 Ninety-nine ukbUVh ukbu XCIX fuU;kuos ùù
100 Hundred gUMªsM C lkS ûúú
22
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
vaxzsth vad vaxzsth fyfi mPpkj.k jkseu vad vFkZ fgUnh vad
100 Hundred gUMªsM C ,d lkS û00
200 Two hundred Vw gUMªsM CC nks lkS ü00
300 Three hundred Fkzh gUMªsM CCC rhu lkS ý00
400 Four hundred i+Qksj gUMªsM CD pkj lkS þ00
500 Five hundred i+Qkbo gUMªsM D ik¡p lkS ÿ00
600 Six hundred flDl gUMªsM DC Ng lkS ö00
700 Seven hundred lsou gUMªsM DCC lkr lkS ÷00
800 Eight hundred ,V gUMªsM DCCC vkB lkS ø00
900 Nine hundred ukbu gUMªsM CM ukS lkS ù00
1]000 One thousand ou Fkkmts+UM~ M ,d gtkj û]000
10]000 Ten thousand Vsu Fkkmts+UM~ I nl gtkj û0]000
1]00]000 Hundred thousand g.MªsM Fkkmts+UM~ X ,d yk[k û]00]000
10]00]000 Million fefy;u M nl yk[k û0]00]000
1]00]00]000 Ten million Vsu fefy;u — ,d djksM+ û]00]00]000
10]00]00]000 Hundred million g.MªsM fefy;u — nl djksM+ û0]00]00]000
1]00]00]00]000 Thousand million FkkmtS.M fefy;u — ,d vjc û]00]00]00]000
10]00]00]00]000 Billion fcfy;u — nl vjc û0]00]00]00]000
21 ls ysdj 99 rd (30] 40] 50] 60] 70] 80] 90) dks NksM+dj vaxzsth 'kCnksa
esa la[;k fy[krs le; chp esa hyphen (;kstd) vo'; yxk;saA tSls&
Twenty-four, Thirty-nine, Eighty-six vkfnA
ORDINAL NUMBERS (ozQeokpd fxurh)
vaxzsth 'kCn mPpkj.k fgUnh vFkZ vaxzsth 'kCn mPpkj.k fgUnh vFkZ
First iQLVZ igyk ;k izFke Sixth flDLFk NBk ;k "k"Be~
Second lsoQUM nwljk ;k f}rh; Seventh lsosUFk lkrok¡ ;k lIre~
Third FkMZ rhljk ;k r`rh; Eighth ,V~Fk~ vkBok¡ ;k v"Ve~
Fourth iQksFkZ pkSFkk ;k prqFkZ Ninth ukbUFk uok¡ ;k uoe~
Fifth fiQÝFk ikpok¡ ;k iape Tenth VsUFk nlok¡ ;k n'ke~
23
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
MULTIPLICATIVE NUMBERS (xq.kkRed fxurh)
vaxzsth 'kCn mPpkj.k vFkZ vaxzsth 'kCn mPpkj.k vFkZ
Single flaxy ,d Six times flDl VkbEl N% xquk
Double Mcy nqxquk Seven times lsou VkbEl lkr xquk
Triple fVªiy frxquk Eight times ,V VkbEl vkB xquk
Four times iQksj VkbEl pkSxquk Nine times ukbu VkbEl ukS xquk
Five times iQkbo VkbEl ik¡p xquk Ten times Vsu VkbEl nl xquk
FRACTIONAL NUMBERS
(viw.kk±d ;k fHkUukRed fxurh)
la[;k vaxzsth mPpkj.k vFkZ
1/2 Half gki+Q vkèkk Hkkx
3/4 Three-fourth Fkzh&i+QksFkZ rhu pkSFkkbZ Hkkx
2/3 Two-third Vw&FkMZ nks frgkbZ Hkkx
1/4 One-fourth ou&i+QksFkZ pkSFkk Hkkx
1/5 One-fifth ou&fi+QÝFk ik¡pok¡ Hkkx
1/6 One-sixth ou&flDLFk NBk Hkkx
1/7 One-seventh ou&lsoUFk lkrok¡ Hkkx
1/8 One-eighth ou&,V~Fk~ vkBok¡ Hkkx
1/9 One-ninth ou&ukbUFk uok¡ Hkkx
1/10 One-tenth ou&VsUFk nlok¡ Hkkx
NUMERICAL SYSTEM (vad iz.kkyh)
Unit (;wfuV) ¾ bdkbZ
Dozen (Mtu) ¾ 12 bdkbZ] ntZu
Score (Ldksj) ¾ 20 bdkbZ] dksM+h
Quare (Dok;j) ¾ 24 dkxt] nLrk
Gross (xzksl) ¾ 12 ntZu] 144 bdkbZ] xzql
Ream (fje) ¾ 480 dkxt] 20 nLrs] 40 ntZu
Bundle (caMy) ¾ 960 dkxt] 2 fje
Bale/Gattha (csy@xV~Bk) ¾ 4800 dkxt] 5 caMy] 10 fje
HOW TO WRITE AND SPEAK DATES
(rkjh[kksa dks dSls fy[ksa vkSj cksysa)
,slk dgk x;k gSµ'Speaking without thinking is shooting without taking aim',
(fcuk lksps&fopkjs cksyuk ,slk gh gS tSlkfd y{;ghu xksyh pykuk)A vr% oqQN Hkh cksyus ls igys ml
ij fopkj dj ysuk vfuok;Z gSA vaxzsth esa Dates, Months rFkk Year fy[kus vkSj cksyus dk lgh rjhdk
D;k gS\ vc ge ml ij fopkj djsaxs rkfd budk lgh mPpkj.k djus esa dksbZ Hkze u jgsA
24
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
■
■ DATES :
■
■
■
Date (rkjh[k) dks fuEufyf[kr rhu rjhdksa ls fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
Method 1. 13.02.202__ Method 2. Feb 13th, 202__
Method 3. 13 Feb, 202__
A. rkjh[k fy[kus osQ mijksDr rhu rjhosQ lgh gSaA
B. ijUrq rkjh[k fy[kus osQ rhljs Method (13 Feb, 202__) dks izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A
C. nwljk Method (Feb 13th, 202__) lHkh rkjh[kksa osQ fy;s lgh gS] ysfdu bldks rhljs Method
osQ ckn Preference feyuk pkfg,A
D. igys Method dks de gh iz;ksx esa ykuk pkfg, D;ksafd blesa dkiQh Hkze gks ldrk gSA blosQ iz;ksx
osQ English System vkSj American System esa dkiQh vUrj gSA English System
esa fnukad dk Øe date/day – month – year ijUrq American System esa fnukad dk
Øeµ Month–date–year gksrk gS ftlls fnukad le>us esa xyrh gks ldrh gSA For
example:
13.02.202__ dk English System esa vFkZ gksxkµ 13 February, 202__ tcfd
American System esa bls i<s+axsµ February 13, 202__.
vr% fnukad le>us esa dfBukbZ u gks] blds fy, mfpr Method iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
YEAR (o"kZ)
o"kZ ;k lu~ fy[kus dh dksbZ fofHkUu fof/;k¡ ugha gSa ijUrq Year crkrs gq, mPpkj.k ij fo'ks"k lkoèkkuh
cjruh pkfg;sA
A. iwjh 'krkfCn;ksa dk mPpkj.k bl izdkj djsaµ
1800 – Eighteen Hundred 1900 – Nineteen Hundred
➥ ;gk¡ gesa One Thousand Eight Hundred or Nine Hundred ugha cksyuk pkfg,A
B. 2000 vFkok mlls vkxs osQ vadksa dk mPpkj.k bl izdkj gksxkµ
2000 – Two Thousand 2001 – Two Thousand One
2010 – Two Thousand Ten
➥ ;gk¡ Twenty Hundred vFkok Twenty Ten vFkok Twenty Hundred Ten dguk
fu'p; gh xyr gksxkA
C. ;fn year esa Hundred dh la[;k osQ lkFk bdkbZ osQ LFkku ij 1 ls 9 rd dk vad yxkuk gS
rks bldk mPpkj.k bl izdkj gksxk %
1805 – Eighteen Hundred and Five 1902 – Nineteen Hundred and Two
2001 – Two Thousand and One
➥ ;gk¡ Eighteen Five, Nineteen Two vFkok Twenty One dguk fcYoqQy xyr gksxkA
D. ;fn Hundreds osQ ckn 10 ls vf/d dh la[;k yxkuh gks rks bl rjg cksysaxsµ
1630 – Sixteen Thirty 1947 – Nineteen Forty-Seven
1964 – Nineteen Sixty-Four
➥ ;gk¡ Sixteen Hundred Thirty, Nineteen Hundred Forty Seven vFkok Nineteen
Hundred Sixty Four dguk fcYoqQy xyr gksxkA
25
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
TIME AND PERIOD (le; rFkk dky)
Second (lsosQaM) = lsdaM Minute (feuV) = feuV
Hour (vkoj) = ?kaVk Day (Ms) = fnu
Week (ohd) = lIrkg Fortnight (iQksVZukbV) = ikf{kd (i[kokM+k)
Month (eaFk) = ekg] ekl Quarter (DokVZj) = frekgh
Half year (gkiQ bvj) = v¼Z o"kZ] Nekgh Year (bvj) = o"kZ] lky
Decade (MsosQM) = n'kd] nl lky Century (lsUpqjh) = 'krh] 'krkCnh
Millennium (feysfu;e) = lglzkCnh Morning (ekW²ux) = lqcg
Before noon (fciQksj uwu)= iwokZUg Midnoon (feM uwu) = nksigj
After noon (vkÝVj uwu) = vijkÉ Evening (bZofuax) = lk;adky] laè;k
Night (ukbV) = jkf=k] jkr Midnight (feMukbV) = v¼Zjkf=k
Mid-day (feM&Ms) = eè;kÉ dky To-night (Vw&ukbV) = vkt jkr
Tomorrow (Vwekjks) = dy (vkus okyk) Today (VwMs) = vkt dk fnu
Yesterday (;sLVjMs) = dy (chrk gqvk) Noon (uwu) = nksigj
Dawn (MkWu) = m"kkdky Dusk (MLd) = laè;k] xksèkwfy csyk
A.M. (,-,e-) = jkr 12 cts osQ P.M. (ih-,e-) = nksigj 12 cts osQ
ckn o nksigj 12 ckn o jkr osQ 12
cts rd cts rd
12 MONTHS AND DAYS (ckjg eghus vkSj fnu)
January (tSU;qvfj) = tuojh 31 February (isQczqvfj) = iQjojh 28@29
March (ekpZ) = ekpZ 31 April (,fizy) = vizSy 30
May (es) = ebZ 31 June (twu) = twu 30
July (tqykbZ) = tqykbZ 31 August (vkWxLV) = vxLr 31
September (lSIVsacj) = flrEcj 30 October (vkWDVkscj) = vDVwcj 31
November (uoEcj) = uoEcj 30 December (fMlEcj) = fnlEcj 31
Leap Day (yhi Ms) 29 iQjojh dks dgrs gSaA
Leap Year (yhi b;j) vfèk&o"kZ dks dgrs gSaA
pkj o"kZ esa ,d ckj iM+us okyk o"kZ ftlesa 366 fnu gksrs gSa] mls yhi o"kZ dgrs gSaA ;g o"kZ pkj ls
foHkkftr gksrk gSA
26
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
DAYS, SEASONS, DIRECTIONS/CARDINAL
POINTS AND JUBILEES (fnu] ½rq,¡] fn'kk,¡@t;afr;k¡)
8 Days Wednesday (oSMulMs) ¾ cqèkokj
Sunday (luMs) ¾ jfookj Thursday (FklZMs) ¾ xq#okj
Monday (eaMs) ¾ lkseokj Friday (ÚkbZMs) ¾ 'kqØokj
Tuesday (V~;w”kMs) ¾ eaxyokj Saturday (lSVjMs) ¾ 'kfuokj
8 Seasons 8 Directions/Cardinal Points
Autumn (vkWVe) ¾ ir>M+ North (ukWFkZ) ¾ mÙkj
Spring (fLizax) ¾ olar East (bZLV) ¾ iwoZ
Summer (lej) ¾ xzh"e South (lkmFk) ¾ nf{k.k
Rainy season (jsuh lh”ku)¾ cjlkr West (osLV) ¾ if'pe
Winter (foaVj) ¾ 'kjn~@lnhZ North-east (ukWFkZ&bZLV) ¾ mÙkj&iwoZ
North-west (ukWFkZ&osLV) ¾ mÙkj&if'pe
8 Jubilees
Silver Jubilee (flYoj tqcyh) ¾ jtr t;arh (25 o"khZ;)
Golden Jubilee (xksYMu tqcyh) ¾ Lo.kZ t;arh (50 o"khZ;)
Diamond Jubilee (Mk;eaM tqcyh) ¾ ghjd t;arh (60 o"khZ;)
Centenary (lsUVhujh) ¾ 'kro"khZ; (100 o"khZ;)
Post-Centenary Silver Jubilee (iksLV&lsUVhujh flYoj tqcyh) ¾ 125 o"khZ;
Post-Centenary Golden Jubilee (iksLV&lsUVhujh xksYMu tqcyh) ¾ 150 o"khZ;
Post-Centenary Diamond Jubilee (iksLV&lsUVhujh Mk;eaM tqcyh) ¾ 160 o"khZ;
Quatercentenary (DokVj&lsUVhujh) ¾ 400 o"khZ;
Pentacentenary (isUVk&lsUVhujh) ¾ 500 o"khZ;
27
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
TIME PERIODS (le;kof/)
Week 7 days Decade 10 years
Year 52 weeks Vecennial Every 20 years
Year 12 months Half century 50 years
Year 365 days Century 100 years
Leap year 366 days Bicentennial 200 years
Month 28-31 days Centennial Every 100 years
Biennial 2 years Decenial Every 10 years
Triennial Every 3 years Tercentenary 300 years
Olympiad Every 4 years Quadricentennial Every 400 years
Quadrennial Every 4 years Quincentennial Every 500 years
Half-decade 5 years Half-millennium 500 years
Quinquennial Every 5 years Millennium 1000 years
Sexennial Every 6 years Sesquicentennial Every 150 years
Septennial Every 7 years Sexcentenary 600 years
TIME INTERVALS (le; varjky)
Annual : izR;sd o"kZ vkus okyk
Biannual : ,d o"kZ esa nks ckj vkus okyk
Bimonthly : izR;sd nks eghus ckn vFkok ,d eghus esa nks ckj vkus okyk
Biweekly : izR;sd nks lIrkg ckn vFkok ,d lIrkg esa nks ckj
Diurnal : izR;sd fnu vFkok nSfud
Perennial : ,d o"kZ osQ var rd pyus okyk vFkok dbZ o"kks± rd pyus okyk
Semi-annual : ,d o"kZ esa nks ckj
Semi-diurnal : ,d fnu esa nks ckj
Semi-weekly : ,d lIrkg esa nks ckj
Trimonthly : gj rhu eghus ckn
Triweekly : gj rhu lIrkg ckn vFkok ,d lIrkg esa rhu ckj
Thrice weekly : ,d lIrkg esa rhu ckj
28
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
■ WORDS CONTAINING ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR,
FIVE AND SIX LETTERS
(,d] nks] rhu] pkj] ik¡p] ,oa Ng v{kjksa okys 'kCn)
I. One and Two Words Letters (,d vkSj nks v{kjksa okys 'kCn)
A (,) ,d If (biQ) vxj] ;fn
Am (,e) gw¡ In (bu) vUnj
An (,su) ,d Is (bt) gS
As (,st) tSlk] ,slk It (bV) og] ;g
At (,sV) ij] ikl Of (vkiQ) dk
Be (ch) gksuk Oh (vksg) vjs
By (ckbZ) ikl] }kjk On (vkWu) Åij
Do (Mw) djuk Or (vkWj) ;k
Go (xks) tkuk Ox (vkWDl) cSy
He (gh) og So (lks) ,slk
Me (eh) eq>s To (Vw) dks] rd
My (ekbZ) esjk Up (vi) Åij
No (uks) ugha Us (vl) gesa
I (vkbZ) eSa We (oh) ge
II. Three Words Letters (rhu v{kjksa okys 'kCn)
Add (,SM) tksM+uk Bad (cSM) cqjk
Aid (,M) lgk;rk Bag (cSx) FkSyk
And (,.M) vkSj End (,UM) fljk] vUr
Air (,vj) gok Bay (cs) [kkM+h
Ant (,sUV) phaVh Bee (ch) 'kgn dh eD[kh
Are (vkj~) gSa Beg (csx) Hkh[k ek¡xuk
Arm (vkeZ) cktw Big (fcx) cM+k
Bar (ckj) NM+ Bit (fcV) VqdM+k
All (vkWy) lc Box (ckWDl) lUnwd
Any (,uh) dksbZ Boy (ckW;) yM+dk
Ass (,sl) xèkk Bud (cM) dyh
Ate (,sV) [kk;k Buy (ckbZ) [kjhnuk
Bed (csM) iyax But (cV) ijUrq
29
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Bat (cSV) pexknM+ Fed (isQM) f[kyk;k
Can (oSQu) lduk Few (Ý;w) oqQN
Cat (oSQV) fcYyh Fee (iQh) iQhl
Cap (oSQi) Vksih Fig (fiQx) vathj
Cow (dkÅ) xk; For (iQkWj) okLrs] fy,
Cup (di) I;kyk Fox (iQkDl) ykseM+h
Cut (dV) dkVuk Fun (iQu) rek'kk] e”kkd
Cry (ØkbZ) ph[kuk Fly (ÝykbZ) mM+uk
Day (Ms) fnu Get (xsV) izkIr
Dew (M~;w) vksl God (xkWM) ijekRek] Hkxoku~
Dig (fMx) [kksnuk Got (xkWV) izkIr fd;k
Did (fMM) fd;k Gum (xe) xksan] elw<+k
Dog (MkWx) oqQÙkk Hat (gSV) Vksi
Dot (MkWV) fcUnq Had (gSM) j[krk Fkk
Die (MkbZ) ejuk Her (gj) ml L=kh dk
Dim (fMe) èk¡qèkyk Hen (gsu) eqxhZ
Due (M~;w) mfpr Hid (fgM) fNik;k
Ear (bvj) dku Him (fge) mls
Eat (bZV) [kkuk His (fgt) mldk
Ill (by+) jksxh Hit (fgV) pksV ekjuk
Ink (bad) L;kgh Hog (gkSx) lwvj
Inn (bu) ljk; Hot (gkWV) xje
Jar (tkj) erZcku How (gkÅ) oSQls
Jag (tx) yksVk Hum (ge) fHkufHkukuk
Kid (fdM) cdjh dk cPpk Hut (gV) oqQfV;k] >ksaiM+h
Key (dh) pkch Old (vksYM) iqjkuk] cqM~<+k
Lad (ySM) yM+dk] fd'kksj Out (vkÅV) ckgj
Lay (ys) ysVuk One (ou~) ,d
Leg (ysx) Vk¡x Pan (iSu) d<+kbZ
Eye (vkbZ) vk¡[k Pat (iSV) FkiFkikuk
Egg (,sx) v.Mk Pad (iSM) xn~nk
Fat (iSQV) eksVk Pay (is) osru
Fan (iSQu) ia[kk Pen (isu) dye
30
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
Pit (fiV) xM~<+k Pot (ikWV) crZu
Lid (fyM) <Ddu Put (iqV) j[kuk
Lot (ykWV) <+sj Ran (jSu) nkSM+k
Low (yks) uhps Rat (jSV) pwgk
Lie (ykb) ysVuk] >wB cksyuk Red (jSM) yky
Man (eSu) vkneh Rag (jSx) fpFkM+s
Mad (eSM) ikxy Ray (js) fdj.k
Map (eSi) ekufp=k Rib (fjc) ilyh
Mat (esV) pVkbZ Rod (jkWM) MaMk] NM+
May (es) lduk Row (jks) iafDr] ykbu
Met (esV) feys Rub (jc) jxM+uk
New (U;w) u;k Rug (jx) dEcy] xyhpk
Net (usV) tky Run (ju) nkSM+uk
Nib (fuc) fuc Sat (lSV) cSBk
Not (ukV) ugha Sit (flV) cSBuk
Now (ukÅ) vc Sea (lh) leqæ] lkxj
Nut (uV) isap] lqikjh Sag (lSx) èkaluk] >qduk
Oil (vkW;y) rsy Say (ls) dguk
Owl (vkÅy) mYyw Toe (Vks) ik¡o dk vaxwBk
Set (lsV) lgh djuk Too (Vw) Hkh
Sin (flu) iki Top (Vksi) fljk] yV~Vw
Son (lu) csVk Two (Vw) nks
Sun (lu) lw;Z] lwjt Try (VªkbZ) ;Ru djuk
Sow (lks) cksuk Use (;w”k) iz;ksx djuk
See (lh) ns[kuk War (okWj) ;q¼] yM+kbZ
Saw (lk) ns[kk] vkjh Way (os) ekxZ
Sky (LdkbZ) vkdk'k Wet (osV) Hkhxk] xhyk
Six (flDl) Ng Wit (foV) cqf¼
Ten (Vsu) nl Why (OgkbZ) D;ksa
Tie (VkbZ) ck¡èkuk] VkbZ Who (gw) dkSu
Toy (VkW;) f[kykSuk Win (fou) thruk
Tub (Vc) ukan Yes (;l) gk¡
You (;w) rqe
31
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
III. Four Words Letters (pkj v{kjksa okys 'kCn)
Able (,cy) ;ksX; Care (osQvj) fpUrk
Ball (ckWy) xsan Case (osQl) voLFkk
Bank (cSad) unh dk fdukjk Camp (oSQEi) rEcw
Bark (ckoZQ) HkkSaduk Cave (osQo) xqiQk
Bend (csaM) >qduk] >qdkuk Cane (osQu) csar
Bent (csaV) >qdh gqbZ Calf (dkiQ) cNM+k
Belt (csYV) isVh] dejcaèk Cast (dkLV) Mkyuk
Bare (csvj) uaxk Cell (lsy) dksBjh] cSVjh
Base (csl) vkèkkj Chew (P;w) pckuk
Bale (csy) xV~Bk Coal (dksy) dks;yk
Bail (csy) tekur Cold (dksYM) BaMk] lnhZ
Bade (csM) vkKk Cook (oqQd) jlksb;k] idkuk
Back (cSd) ihB Cool (owQy) BaMk] 'khry
Bell (cSy) ?kaVh Come (de) vkuk
Beat (chV) ihVuk Duck (Md) cÙk[k
Bold (cksYM) cgknqj East (bZLV) iwoZ
Book (cqd) iqLrd Ease (bZ”k) vkjke
Boar (cksj) lwvj Best (csLV) lcls vPNk
Bone (cksu) gM~Mh Bear (ch;j) Hkkyw] lgu djuk
Boot (cwV) twrk Beam (che) fdj.k] 'kgrhj
Boil (ckW;y) mcyuk] mckyuk Bit (fcV) VqdM+k
Bomb (ckWEc) ce Bite (ckbV) dkVuk
Bull (cqy) cSy] lkaM Bind (ckbaM) ck¡èkuk
Bulk (cYd) >q.M Boon (cwu) ojnku
Call (dkWy) iqdkjuk Bond (ckUM) izi=k
Card (dkMZ) xÙkk Comb (dkWEc) da?kh
Cake (osQd) osQd Cost (dkLV) ewY;
Came (osQe) vk;k Cord (dkSMZ) jLlh
Cart (dkVZ) xkM+h Corn (dkWuZ) vukt
Cask (dkLd) ihik Crow (Øks) dkSvk] ckax
32
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
Cock (dksd) eqxkZ Fair (isQvj) esyk
Coat (dksV) dksV Fate (isQV) HkkX;
Curd (dMZ) ngh Fade (isQM) eqj>kuk
Curl (dyZ) ?kqa?kjkys Free (Úh) Lokèkhu
Dark (MkoZQ) vaèksjk Feel (iQhy) vuqHko djuk
Date (MsV) rkjh[k] frfFk Felt (isQYV) vuqHko fd;k
Damp (MSEi) rj Feet (iQhV) ik¡o
Deep (Mhi) xgjk Fell (isQy) fxjuk] fxjkuk
Dear (Mh;j) I;kjk] eg¡xk Fear (iQhvj) Mj] Mjuk
Dead (MSM) e`r Feed (iQhM) f[kykuk
Deal (Mhy) O;ogkj djuk Find (iQkbUM) ikuk
Deed (MhM) dk;Z Fine (iQkbu) vPNk] tqekZuk
Deem (Mhe) fopkj djuk Fire (iQk;j) vkx
Dine (Mkbu) Hkkstu djuk Fish (fiQ'k) eNyh
Dish (fM'k) Fkkyh Fill (fiQy) Hkjuk
Dice (Mkbl) ikls Five (iQkbo) ik¡p
Dose (Mkst) [kqjkd Fond (iQk¡M) 'kkSdhu
Door (Mksj) njoktk Fold (iQksYM) yisVuk] rg
Dove (Mkso) cÙk[k Fool (iwQy) ew[kZ
Dome (Mkse) xqEcn Fort (iQksVZ) fdyk
Done (Mu) fd;k gqvk Foul (iQkmy) xUnk
Does (Mt) djrk gS Fowl (iQkÅy) i{kh
Down (MkÅu) uhps Form (iQkWeZ) 'kDy
Draw (Mªk) [khapuk From (ÚkWe) ls
Dust (MLV) èkwy Hire (gk;j) fdjk, ij ysuk
Food (iwQM) Hkkstu Hide (gkbM) fNikuk
Fall (iQky) fxjuk High (gkbZ) Å¡pk
Fame (iSQe) ;'k Hill (fgy) igkM+h
Farm (iQkeZ) [ksr Hold (gksYM) idM+uk
Fare (isQvj) fdjk;k Hook (gqd) dk¡Vk
Fail (isQy) vliQy gksuk Hole (gksy) fNæ
33
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Home (gkse) x`g Heal (ghy) ,Mh
Hour (vkoj) ?kaVk Lead (yhM) jkg crkuk
Horn (gkuZ) lhax Lead (ySM) lhlk
Hope (gksi) vk'kk djuk Leaf (yhiQ) iÙkk
Game (xse) [ksy Life (ykbiQ) thou
Gain (xsu) ykHk Lime (ykbe) pwuk] [kV~Vk
Gate (xsV) iQkVd Link (fyad) dM+h
Gill (fxy) eNyh dk xyiQM+k Live (fyo) thfor jguk
Give (fxo) nsuk Look (yqd) ns[kuk
Girl (xyZ) yM+dh Long (ykSax) yEck
Goal (xksy) y{; Love (yo) I;kj djuk
Gold (xksYM) lksuk Lost (yksLV) [kks;k gqvk
Goes (xks”k) tkrk gS Idea (vkbfM;k) fopkj
Gone (xkWu) x;k gqvk Just (tLV) Bhd] U;k;iw.kZ
Good (xqM) vPNk Jail (tsy) dkjkokl
Grow (xzks) mxuk] c<+uk Kite (dkbV) irax] phy
Hall (gky) cM+k dejk Kill (fdy) ekj Mkyuk
Harm (gkeZ) gkfu Know (uks) tkuuk
Hard (gkMZ) dfBu Lamp (ySEi) nh;k
Hare (gsvj) [kjxks'k Lane (ysu) xyh
Hair (gsvj) cky Lace (ysl) iQhrk] xksVk
Hand (gSaM) gkFk Lake (ysd) >hy
Hate (gsV) ?k`.kk djuk Lark (ykoZQ) yok
Have (gSo) j[kuk Last (ykLV) fiNyk
Half (gkiQ) vkèkk Land (ySaM) Hkwfe
Heat (ghV) xehZ Lame (yse) yaxM+k
Heap (ghi) <+sj Late (ysV) nsj
Hell (gsy) ujd Laid (ysM) j[kk
Hear (fgvj) lquuk Left (ySÝV) ck¡;k] NksM+k
Heed (ghM) è;ku fnykuk Lend (ySaM) mèkkj nsuk
Head (gsM) flj Mill (fey) pDdh] dkj[kkuk
34
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
Mine (ekbu) esjk] [kku Meat (ehV) ek¡l
Mind (ekb.M) fnekx Made (esM) cuk;k
Mice (ekbl) pqfg;k Meet (ehV) feyuk
Milk (feYd) nwèk Mend (esaM) lqèkkjuk
Moon (ewu) pk¡n Melt (esYV) fi?kyuk
Mole (eksy) fry Meal (ehy) Hkkstu
More (eksj) vfèkd Mere (ehvj) osQoy
Move (ewo) fgyuk Pair (isvj) tksM+k
Most (eksLV) cgqr Pale (isy) ihyk
Must (eLV) vo'; Paid (isM) vnk fd;k
Much (ep) vfèkd Pray (izs) izkFkZuk djuk
Near (uhvj) lehi] utnhd Play (Iys) [ksyuk
Neat (uhV) lkiQ&lqFkjk Pain (isu) ihM+k
Nail (usy) dhy] uk[kwu Peep (ihi) >k¡duk
Name (use) uke Pill (fiy) xksyh
Next (uSDlV) vxyk Pice (ikbl) iSlk
Neck (uSd) xnZu Pipe (ikbi) uyh
Nest (uSLV) ?kksalyk Poor (iqvj) fuèkZu
Need (uhM) t:jr Pour (iksj) Mkyuk
Nine (ukbu) ukS Pole (iksy) MaMk
Lord (ykMZ) Lokeh Pool (iwy) iks[kj
Lock (ykd) rkyk Port (iksVZ) cUnjxkg
Lose (ywt) [kksuk Post (iksLV) Mkd] pkSdh
Make (esd) cukuk Race (jsl) nkSM+
Mare (esvj) ?kksM+h Rank (jSad) in] ntkZ
Mark (ekoZQ) fpÉ Rare (jsvj) nqyZHk
Male (esy) iq#"k Rain (jsu) o"kkZ
Mail (esy) Mkd Nice (ukbl) vPNk
Mate (esV) lkFkh Noon (uwu) nksigj
Many (esuh) cgqr None (uu) dksbZ ugha
Main (esu) fo'ks"k Nose (ukst) ukd
35
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Open (vksiu) [kksyuk Side (lkbM) rjiQ
Over (vksoj) lekIr] Åij Sigh (LkkbZ) vkgsa Hkjuk
Once (oal) ,d ckj Sold (lksYM) cspk
Obey (vkscs) vkKk ekuuk Tend (VsaM) ns[kHkky djuk
Past (ikLV) Hkwrdky Tore (Vksj) iQkM+k
Ride (jkbM) p<+uk Rail (jsy) yksgs dh iVjh
Root (:V) tM+ Rate (jsV) Hkko] nj
Roar (jksvj) ngkM+uk Reap (jhi) dVkbZ djuk
Ring (fjax) ctkuk] vaxwBh Rest (jsLV) foJke
Rock (jkWd) pV~Vku Read (jhM) i<+uk
Rope (jksi) jLlh Real (jh;y) vlyh
Road (jksM) lM+d Ripe (jkbi) idk gqvk
Sake (lsd) okLrs Rise (jkbt) mBuk
Send (lsaM) Hkstuk Rice (jkbl) pkoy
Same (lse) ogh Shoe ('kw) twrk
Sale (lsy) fcØh Stop (LVki) Bgjuk
Said (lsM) dgk Sole (lksy) ryok
Save (lso) cpkuk Soul (lksy) vkRek
Safe (lsiQ) lqjf{kr] frtksjh Soil (lksby) feV~Vh
Sand (lSaM) jsr Sort (lksVZ) Nk¡Vuk] izdkj
Seek (lhd) <w¡<+uk Some (le) oqQN] dksbZ
Sell (lsy) cspuk Soup (lwi) 'kksjck
Seal (lhy) eksgj Such (lp) ,slk
Seed (lhM) cht Suit (lwV) eqdíek
Sent (lsaV) Hkstk Tall (VkWy) yEck
Seen (lhu) ns[kk x;k Tale (Vsy) dgkuh
Seat (lhV) LFkku Tank (VSad) rkykc
Sing (flax) xhr xkuk Tame (Vse) ikyuk] ikyrw
Song (lkSax) xhr This (fnl) ;g
Sink (flad) Mwcuk That (og) og
Silk (flYd) js'ke Tail (Vsy) iw¡N
36
37
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Cheer (phvj) [kq'kh eukuk Doing (Mwbax) dj jgk gS
Class (Dykl) d{kk Daily (Msyh) nSfud
Chirp (piZ) pgpgkuk Early (vjyh) tYnh
Cruel (Øw,y) funZ;h Every (,sojh) izR;sd
Child (pkbYM) cPpk First (iQLVZ) igyk
Clean (Dyhu) LoPN Fight (iQkbV) yM+uk
Clock (DykWd) ?kM+h Flash (Ý+yS'k) ped
Below (fcyks) uhps Flesh (Ýys'k) ek¡l
Break (czsd) rksM+uk Frame (Úse) <+k¡pk
Brake (czsd) cszd Fresh (iszQ'k) rktk
Bride (czkbM) nqYgu Fraud (ÚkM) èkks[kk
Brain (czsu) fnekx Front (ÚaV) lkeus
Black (CySd) dkyk Queen (Dohu) jkuh
Boast (cksLV) 'ks[kh ekjuk Quick (fDod~) rst
Chair (psvj) oqQlhZ Reach (jhp) igq¡puk
Fruit (ÚwV) iQy Right (jkbV) lgh] nkfguk
Great (xzsV) cM+k] egku Small (Leky) NksVk
Green (xzhu) gjk Shall ('kSy) xk] xs] xh
Going (xksbax) tk jgk gS Smell (Lesy) [kq'kcw
Grass (xzkl) ?kkl Spell (Lisy) fgTts djuk
Grant (xzkaV) eatwjh Speak (Lihd) cksyuk
Grand (xzkaM) 'kkunkj Stand (LVSaM) [kM+k gksuk
Heavy (gSoh) Hkkjh Stool (LVwy) frikbZ
Climb (DykbEc) p<+uk Short ('kksVZ) NksVk
Chief (phiQ) izeq[k] izèkku Sheep ('khi) HksM+
Cause (dkt) dkj.k Sharp ('kkiZ) rst
Close (Dykst) cUn djuk Sleep (Lyhi) lksuk
Coast (dksLV) leqæh rV Since (flal) ls] D;ksafd
Drink (fMaªd) ihuk Sixth (flDLFk) NBk
Dirty (MVhZ) eSyk Serve (loZ) lsok djuk
Drive (Mªkbo) gk¡duk Story (LVksjh) dgkuh
38
Some Basic Concepts of English Language
House (gkÅl) ?kj Their (nsvj) mudk
Horse (gkWlZ) ?kksM+k Train (Vªsu) jsyxkM+h
Judge (tt) U;k;kèkh'k Third (FkMZ) rhljk
Juice (twl) jl Those (nkst) os
Large (yktZ) cM+k These (nht) ;s
Laugh (ykiQ) g¡luk Under (vUMj) uhps
Leave (yho) NksM+uk Uncle (vady) pkpk
Light (ykbV) izdk'k] gYdk Verse (olZ) dfork
Mango (eSaxks) vke Woman (oweSu) L=kh] efgyk
Might (ekbV) ldk White (OgkbV) lisQn
Mind (ekbUM) fnekx Write (jkbV) fy[kuk
Mouse (ekÅl) pwgk Start (LVkVZ) izkjEHk djuk
Month (eUFk) eghuk Shore ('kksj) fdukjk
Mouth (ekÅFk) eq¡g Stone (LVksu) iRFkj
Never (usoj) dHkh ugha Snake (Lusd) lk¡i
Night (ukbV) jkr Stick (fLVd) NM+h
Owing (vksbax) dkj.k Thick (fFkd) eksVk
Order (vkMZj) vkKk Table (Vscy) est
Other (vnj) nwljk Think (fFkad) lksp
Paper (isij) dkxt Wrong (jk¡x) xyr
Power (ikoj) 'kfDr Where (Ogsvj) dgk¡
Prose (izkst) x| Which (fOgp) dkSu&lk
Teach (Vhp) i<+kuk Would (oqM) xk
Timid (fVfeM) Mjiksd Woods (oqMt~) taxy] ou
Touch (Vp) Nwuk Widow (foMks) foèkok
Throw (Fkzks) isaQduk Watch (okp) ?kM+h
There (nsvj) ogk¡ Worst (oLVZ) lcls cqjk
Thine (nkbZu) rsjk Wheel (Oghy) ifg;k
39
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
V. Six Words Letters (Ng v{kjksa okys 'kCn)
Before (fciQksj) igys Singer (flaxj) xk;d
Behind (fcgkb.M) ihNs Second (lsosQ.M) nwljk
Bitter (chVj) dM+ok Spider (LikbMj) edM+h
Eleven (bysfou) X;kjg Strave (LVkoZ) Hkw[ks ejuk
Father (iQknj) firk Starch (LVkpZ) ekaM
Flower (Ýykoj) iwQy Street (LVªhV) xyh] lM+d
Finger (fiQaxj) vaxqyh String (fLVaªx) Mksjh
Ginger (ftatj) vnjd Strong (LVªk¡x) cyoku
Ground (xzkm.M) Hkwfe Twelve (VqosYo) ckjg
Little (fyfVy) NksVk Yellow (;syks) ihyk
Minute (feuV) feuV Corner (dkWuZj) dksus
Mother (enj) ekrk People (ihiy) yksx
Pencil (isafly) isafly Rabbit (jSfcV) [kjxks'k
Pretty (izsVh) lqUnj Radish (jsfM'k) ewyh
Beside (fclkbM) ikl esa Forest (iQkWjsLV) taxy
Beware (fcosvj) lkoèkku Potato (iksVSVks) VekVj
Rather (jknj) cfYd Active (,fDVo) pqLr
Should ('kqM) pkfg, Action (,D'ku) dk;Z
40
Basic Grammar
BASIC GRAMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH
('kCn&Hksn)
okD; esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa dks muosQ iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj vkB Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSa] ftUgsa Parts of
Speech ('kCn&Hksn) dgrs gSaA
The words are divided into eight groups according to their function
they do in a sentence. Each group of words is called part of speech.
'kCn&Hksn vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
1. Noun (ukmu~) (laKk)
2. Pronoun (izksukmu~) (loZuke)
3. Adjective (,sM~tSfDVo) (fo'ks"k.k)
4. Verb (ocZ) (fØ;k)
5. Adverb (,sM~ocZ) (fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k)
6. Preposition (izhiksft'ku) (lacaèkcksèkd)
7. Conjunction (dUtaD'ku) (leqPp;cksèkd)
8. Interjection (baVjtsD'ku) (foLe;kfncksèkd)
Let us read them in detail : (vkb,] ge bUgsa foLrkj ls i<+saA)
1. THE NOUN (laKk)
fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] xq.k] dk;Z ;k voLFkk dks izdV djus okys 'kCnksa dks laKk dgrs gSaA
A Noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, action, quality
and state.
People (O;fDr) % Mohit, Richa Places (LFkku) % Delhi, Circus
Things (oLrq,¡) % Pencil, Book Actions (dk;Z) % Theft, Work
Qualities (xq.k) % Beauty, Softness States (voLFkk)% Youth, Sleep
A noun is also known as a Naming Word.
41 41
Proper
Noun
Abstract Common
Noun Noun
Material
Noun Collective
Noun
42
Basic Grammar
(b)lacafèk;ksa osQ lkekU; uke % mother, father, brother, sister, uncle, aunt,
niece, nephew, etc.
(c) i'kq] i{kh] dhV osQ lkekU; uke % cow, dog, rat, ant, parrot, snake, etc.
(d) LFkkuksa osQ lkekU; uke % school, village, town, city, country, etc.
(e) 'kkjhfjd vaxksa osQ lkekU; uke % head, foot, eye, ear, hand, leg, tooth,
tail, nail, etc.
(f) phtksa@oLrqvksa osQ lkekU; uke % pen, pencil, bench, desk, table, chair,
bus, train, etc.
3. Collective Noun (lewgokpd laKk)µftl laKk 'kCn ls O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa osQ
lewg dk cksèk gks] mls lewgokpd laKk dgrs gSA tSlsµi'kqvksa dks bdV~Bk ns[kdj ge mls i'kqvksa
dk >qaM (A herd of cattle) dgrs gSaA vr% herd (>q.M) lewgokpd laKk gSA
A collective noun is the name given to a number of persons or
things taken as a whole, group or collection.
Read the examples of collective noun :
1. An army of soldiers 2. A bouquet of flowers
3. A bunch of keys/grapes 4. A bundle of sticks
5. A colony of ants 6. A crowd of people
7. A fleet of ships 8. A flock of birds
9. A galaxy of stars 10. A gang of robbers
11. A herd of cattle 12. A litter of puppies
13. A pack of wolves 14. A pride of lions
15. A shoal of fish 16. A team of players
Note : Collective Noun lnk ,dopu esa gksrs gSaA ;fn mudk cgqopu gks rks mls
Common Noun dgk tkrk gSA
4. Material Noun (æO;okpd laKk)µftl laKk 'kCn ls fdlh inkFkZ ;k èkkrq dk cksèk
gks] mls æO;okpd laKk dgrs gSA
A material noun is the name of a material or a substance.
Examples : water, milk, gold, silver, iron, wood, paper, honey, ghee,
oil, etc.
Note : Material Noun dh lnk ek=kk gksrh gS] la[;k ugha gksrhA vr% ge mudks ekirs ;k
rksyrs gSa] fxu ugha ldrsA ;s lnk ,dopu esa jgrs gSa vkSj muls igys dksbZ Article (a, an, the)
ugha yxkrsA
43 43
J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
5. Abstract Noun (Hkkookpd laKk)µftl laKk 'kCn ls xq.k] voLFkk] fopkj ;k Hkko
osQ uke dk cksèk gks] mls Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA Hkkookpd laKk dks Nqvk rFkk ns[kk ugha tk ldrk]
osQoy vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
An abstract noun is the name of some quality, state, feeling or
idea that we can only think of or feel but cannot see or touch.
Examples : freedom, kindness, wisdom, childhood, joy, darkness,
knowledge, honesty, beauty, youth, etc.
Practice Exercise
1. Circle the noun in each row :
(a) Rishi Go Smile
(b) Bank Sleep Happy
(c) Eat Table Write
(d) Teacher Old Cold
(e) Hot Mango Sharp
(f) Clean Wet School
2. Match the common noun to the proper noun :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Boy (a) Ganga
2. River (b) Jatin
3. Month (c) Lotus
4. Flower (d) Pink
5. Colour (e) May
3. Select a collective noun from the list below :
team bunch pack gang herd flock
(a) __________ of thieves
(b) __________ of players
(c) __________ of keys
(d) __________ of cattle
(e) __________ wolves
(f) __________ of birds
44
Basic Grammar
4. Complete each sentence with the kind of noun indicated :
(a) The sun gives us __________. (Abstract)
(b) __________ is the capital of India. (Proper)
(c) The cow gives us __________. (Material)
(d) The __________ grows wheat. (Common)
(e) Kavita has a __________ of keys. (Collective)
5. Underline the nouns in the given sentences. Say whether they are proper,
common, collective, material or abstract. One has been done for you :
e.g. : Richa is eating a bunch of grapes.
e.g. : Richa is a proper noun and bunch is a collective noun.
(a) Ravi is playing with a ball. (b) Health is wealth.
(c) Sunday is the first day of the week. (d) The wood cutter was cutting wood.
(e) Truth brings happiness. (f) Kavita has a pet dog.
(g) The children sat on the grass. (h) The boys saw a band of wolves.
(i) Pooja plucked a flower. (j) The ring is made of gold.
(k) We should show kindness to animals. (l) Plants prepare their own food.
(m) India is a big country. (n) Children drink milk.
6. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct option :
(a) Car is an example of __________ noun.
(i) proper (ii) common (iii) abstract
(b) Mitali is an example of __________ noun.
(i) common (ii) collective (iii) proper
(c) Which is an example of material noun ?
(i) Wood (ii) Class (iii) Sun
(d) Wisdom is an example of __________ noun.
(i) collective (ii) abstract (iii) common
(e) Which is an example of collective noun ?
(i) Ganga (ii) Class (iii) Paper
(f) Mohit is a __________ noun.
(i) concrete (ii) proper (iii) abstract
(g) Coffee is a __________ noun.
(i) common (ii) material (iii) proper
45 45