J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF NOUN
(laKkvksa dk vkèkqfud oxhZdj.k)
NOUN
Countable Noun Uncountable Noun
Countable Noun (dkmUVscy ukmu~) (x.kuh; laKk)µftu laKk 'kCnksa dks ge fxu
ldrs gSa] mls x.kuh; laKk dgrs gSaA tSlsµpen, paper, hand, book, cup, room bR;kfnA
A noun which can be counted is called a countable noun.
Uncountable Noun (vudkmUVscy ukmu~) (vx.kuh; laKk)µftl laKk dks ge ugha
fxu ldrs gSa] mls vx.kuh; laKk dgrs gSaA tSlsµwater, rice, bread, butter, gold
silver, bR;kfnA
A noun which cannot be counted is called an uncountable noun.
Note : Countable Noun osQ igys a/an dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj bldk Plural form
Hkh gksrk gSA tSlsµa girl–girls bR;kfnA Uncountable Noun osQ igys u rks a/an dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj u gh bldk Plural form gksrk gSA tSlsµwood, water bR;kfnA
Practice Exercise
1. Write ‘C’ for countable nouns and ‘U’ for uncountable nouns :
(a) juice __________ (b) apple __________
(c) bag __________ (d) desk __________
(e) pen __________ (f) honey __________
(g) bird __________ (h) stars __________
(i) tea __________ (j) water __________
2. Write the given words under proper headings :
milk orange sugar tree oil
key rice book chair wood
Countable Nouns : _________________________________________________________________
Uncountable Nouns : _______________________________________________________________
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☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2. ;fn Singular Noun osQ var esa ‘-s, -ss, -sh, -ch rFkk -x’ gks] mudk
Plural cukus osQ fy, 'kCn osQ var esa ‘es’ yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
Bench (csap) csap Benches (csafp”k)
Box (ckWDl) lanwd Boxes (ckWfDll)
Bunch (cap) xqPNk Bunches (cafp”k)
Bush (cq'k) >kM+h Bushes (cqf'k”k)
Coach (dksp) xkM+h Coaches (dksfp”k)
Class (Dykl) d{kk Classes (Dykls”k)
Fox (iQkWDl) ykseM+h Foxes (iQkfDl”k)
Gas (xSl) xSl Gases (xSlh”k)
Inch (bap) bap Inches (bafp”k)
Princess (fizafll) jktoqQekjh Princesses (fizfUll)
Tax (VSDl) dj Taxes (VSfDl”k)
Watch (okWp) ?kM+h Watches (oksfp”k)
viokn (Exception) :
Monarch (eksukdZ) lezkV Monarchs (eksukdZ~l)
Ox (vkWDl) cSy Oxen (vkDlu)
Stomach (LVed) isV Stomachs (LVeDl)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 3. ;fn Singular Noun osQ var esa y ls igys dksbZ consonant (O;atu)
gks rks] ‘y’ dks i esa cnydj es tksM+us ls Plural cu tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
Army (vkehZ) lsuk Armies (vkehZ”k)
Baby (csch) cPpk Babies (csch”k)
Body (ckWMh) 'kjhj Bodies (ckWMh”k)
City (flVh) 'kgj Cities (flVh”k)
Country (dUVªh) ns'k Countries (dUVªh”k)
Cry (ØkbZ) ph[k Cries (ØkbZ”k)
Duty (M~;wVh) dÙkZO; Duties (M~;wVh”k)
Enemy (,sfueh) 'k=kq Enemies (,sfueh”k)
Fairy (isQ;jh) ijh Fairies (isQ;jh”k)
Fly (ÝykbZ) eD[kh Flies (ÝykbZ”k)
Lady (ysMh) L=kh Ladies (ysMh”k)
Pony (ikSuh) VV~Vw Ponies (ikSuh”k)
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Basic Grammar
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 4. ;fn Singular Noun osQ var esa ‘y’ ls igys dksbZ vowel gks rks ‘y’ osQ
lkFk ‘s’ tksM+us ls Plural cu tkrk gSA tSls %
Singular Meanings Plural
Bay (cs) [kkM+h Bays (cs”k)
Boy (ckW;) yM+dk Boys (ckW;”k)
Day (Ms) fnu Days (Ms”k)
Donkey (Madh) xèkk Donkeys (Madh”k)
Joy (tkW;) [kq'kh Joys (tkW;”k)
Key (dh) pkch Keys (dh”k)
Monkey (eadh) cUnj Monkeys (eadh”k)
Play (Iys) ukVd Plays (Iys”k)
Storey (LVksjh) eafty Storeys (LVksjh”k)
Way (os) ekxZ Ways (os”k)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 5. ;fn Singular Noun osQ var esa consonant + ‘o’ gks rks ‘es’ tksM+us
ls Plural cu tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
Buffalo (ciSQyks) HkSal Buffaloes (ciSQyks”k)
Cargo (dkjxks) tgkt dk lkeku Cargoes (dkjxks”k)
Echo (bZdks) xw¡t Echoes (bZdkst)
Hero (ghjks) uk;d Heroes (ghjks”k)
Mango (eSaxks) vke Mangoes (eSaxks”k)
Negro (uhxzks) gC'kh Negroes (uhxzks”k)
Potato (iksVSVks) vkyw Potatoes (iksVSVks”k)
Motto (eksVks) mís'; Mottoes (eksVks”k)
Tomato (VkseSVks) VekVj Tomatoes (VkseSVks”k)
Volcano (okYosQuks) Tokykeq[kh Volcanoes (okYosQuks”k)
viokn (Exception) :
Dynamo (Mkbueks) fctyh iSnk djus okyk ;a=k Dynamos (Mkbueks”k)
Photo (iQksVks) fp=k Photos (iQksVks”k)
Piano (fi;kuks) fi;kuks Pionos (fivkuks”k)
Zero (thjks) 'kwU; Zeros (thjks”k)
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☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 6. ;fn Singular Noun osQ var esa vowel + ‘o’ gks rks osQoy ‘s’ tksM+us ls
Plural cu tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
Bamboo (cSEcw) ck¡l Bamboos (cSEcw”k)
Radio (jsfM;ks) jsfM;ks Radios (jsfM;ks”k)
Studio (LVwfM;ks) LVwfM;ks Studios (LVwfM;ks”k)
Video (ohfM;ks) ohfM;ks Videos (ohfM;ks”k)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 7. ;fn Singular Noun osQ var esa f ;k fe gks rks f ;k fe dks v esa cnydj
es yxkus ls Plural cu tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
Calf (dkiQ) cNM+k Calves (dkWyOl~)
Elf (,YiQ) ckSuk Elves (,YO”k)
Knife (ukbiQ) pkowQ Knives (ukbZO”k)
Life (ykbiQ) thou Lives (ykbZO”k)
Leaf (yhiQ) iRrk Leaves (yhO”k)
Wife (okbiQ) iRuh Wives (okbZO”k)
Wolf (oksYiQ) HksfM+;k Wolves (oksYo”k)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 8. ;fn Singular Noun osQ var esa ief ;k oof gks rks osQoy ‘s’ yxkus ls
Plural cu tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
Belief (fcyhiQ) fo'okl Beliefs (fcyhi~Ql)
Chief (phiQ) izèkku Chiefs (phi~Ql)
Grief (xzhiQ) nq%[k Griefs (xzhi~Ql)
Mischief (fefLpiQ) 'kjkjrh Mischiefs (fefLpi+Ql)
Hoof (gwiQ) [kqj Hoofs (gwÝl)
Roof (:iQ) Nr Roofs (:Ýl)
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Basic Grammar
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 9. oqQN Singular Noun dk Plural chp dk vowels cnyus ls cu tkrk
gSA tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
Foot (iqQV) iSj Feet (iQhV)
Goose (xw”k) gal Geese (xh”k)
Gentleman (tSaVyeSu) lTtu Gentlemen (tSaVyesu)
Tooth (VwFk) nk¡r Teeth (VhFk)
Man (eSu) iq#"k Men (esu~)
Mouse (ekÅl) pwgk Mice (ekbZl)
Woman (oqeSu) L=kh Women (oqesu~)
Washerman (ok'kjeSu) èkksch Washermen (ok'kjesu~)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 10. Compound Nouns (la;qDr laKk) dk Plural cukus osQ fy, Principal
Word (eq[; 'kCn) osQ vUr esa s yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls %
Singular Meanings Plural
Lady-doctor (ysMh&MkWDVj) efgyk MkWDVj Lady-doctors (ysMh&MkDVlZ)
Maid-servant (esM&losZUV) lsfodk Maid-servants (esM&losZUV~l)
Step-son (LVSi&lu) lkSrsyk iq=k Step-sons (LVSi&lUl)
Brother-in-law nsoj] tsB Brothers-in-law
(cznj&bu&ykW) lkyk] cguksbZ (cznlZ&bu&ykW)
Commander-in-chief lsukifr Commanders-in-chief
(dekaMj&bu&phiQ) (dekaMlZ&bu&phiQ)
Father-in-law llqj Fathers-in-law
(iQknj&bu&ykW) (iQknlZ&bu&ykW)
Mother-in-law lkl Mothers-in-law
(enj&bu&ykW) (enlZ&bu&ykW)
Passser-by jkgxhj Passers-by
(iklZj&ck;) (iklZjl~&ck;)
Son-in-law nkekn Sons-in-law
(lu&bu&ykW) (lUl&bu&ykW)
Sister-in-law uun Sisters-in-law
(flLVj&bu&ykW) (flLVlZ&bu&ykW)
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viokn (Exception) :
Man-servant lsod Men-servants
(eSu&ljoSaV) (esu~&ljoSaVl)
Lord justice U;k;kèkh'k Lord-justices
(ykMZ tfLVl) (ykMZ tfLVfl”k)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 11. Letters (v{kj) rFkk figures (vad) dk Plural cukus osQ fy, var esa
‘s’ yxk;k tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Singular Meanings Plural
B.A. (ch-,-) dyk Lukrd B.A.’s (ch-,”k-)
M.L.A. (,e-,y-,-) foèkkulHkk dk lnL; M.L.A.’s (,e-,y-,”k)
M.P. (,e-ih-) laln dk lnL; M.P.’s (,e-ih”k)
B (ch) ch B’s (ch”k)
7 (lsou) lkr 7’s (lsoUl)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 12. Pronouns (loZuke) osQ opu fuEu izdkj cnyrs gSaA tSls %
Singular Meanings Plural
This (fnl) ;g These (nh”k) (;s)
That (nSV) og Those (nks”k) (os)
I (vkbZ) eSa We (oh) (ge)
He, She, It (gh] 'kh] bV) og They (ns) (os)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 13. Foreign languages osQ oqQN nouns dk cgqopu vyx <ax ls gksrk gSA
tSls %
Singular Meanings Plural
Radius (jsfM;l) f=kT;k Radii (jsfM;kbZ)
Medium (ehfM;e) eè;e Media (ehfM;k)
Focus (iQksdl) osaQæ&fcanq Foci (iQksdh)
Basis (csfll) vkèkkj Bases (csfll)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 14. fuEufyf[kr Noun oQks ges'kk Plural form esa gh iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls%
Ashes (jk[k)] Cattle (i'kq)] Gentry (f'k"Vtu)] People (yksx)] Shoes (twrs)]
Spectacles (,sud)] Thanks (èkU;okn)] Trousers (iktkek)] Tongs (fpeVk)]
Scissors (oSaQph)A
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Basic Grammar
Practice Exercise
1. Circle the singular nouns and underline the plural nouns :
dog balls door books
trees knives chairs bag
paper windows flower vase
star apple cloud goose
2. Change the following into plural number :
day, monkey; tree; owl; man; storey; calf; eye; child; chief; mother-in-law; donkey;
box; chair; woman; maid-servant; story; army; radio; ship; hero; potato; day;
bush; roof; leaf; mouse; ass; hoof; mango; lady; gentry.
3. Write the singular form of the given nouns :
(a) Asses; chimneys; flies; histories; roofs; potatoes; passers by; feet; gentlemen;
libraries.
(b) Benches; bones; keys; ladies; knives; children; eyes; monkeys; leaves; teeth;
oases.
4. Change the number of the nouns in the following sentences and make other
necessary changes. One has been done for you :
e.g. : A girl is playing in the garden.
e.g. : Girls are playing in the garden.
(a) The birds are flying. (b) The leaf fell from the tree.
(c) I can read a book. (d) The fox jumped into the well.
(e) The mice were caught. (f) The baby is crying.
(g) Trees give us oxygen. (h) The mountain is very high.
(i) He told me a story. (j) The bus stops here.
5. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct option :
(a) What is the plural of army ?
(i) armys (ii) armies (iii) armyes
(b) What is the singular of valleys ?
(i) valleys (ii) valleye (iii) valley
(c) Which one of the following is the singular noun ?
(i) ways (ii) books (iii) lamp
(d) Which one of the following is the plural noun ?
(i) flower (ii) vase (iii) clocks
(e) What is the plural of deer ?
(i) deeres (ii) deers (iii) deer
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Basic Grammar
Masculine Meaning Feminine
King (fdax) jktk Queen (Dohu)
Lad (ySM) ckyd@yM+dk Lass (ySl)
Lord (ykMZ) ljnkj Lady (ysMh)
Monk (ekad) fHk{kqd Nun (uu)
Man (eSu) vkneh Woman (oweSu)
Mr. (feLVj) Jheku~ Mrs. (fefl”k)
Nephew (uSÝ;w) Hkrhtk Niece (uhl)
Prince (fizal) jktoqQekj Princess (fizalsl~)
Sir (lj) egksn; Madam (eSMe)
Son (lu~) iq=k Daughter (MkWVj)
Stag (LVSx) ckjgflaxk Hind (gkbUM)
Uncle (vady) pkpk] ekek] ekSlk Aunt (vk¡V)
Viceroy (okbljk;) jktiky Vicereine (foljsbZu)
Widower (foMksvj) foèkqj Widow (foMks)
Wizard (fo”kkMZ) tknwxj Witch (fop)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2. 'kCnksa ls ifjorZu fd, fcuk ‘ess’ yxkus ls fuEufyf[kr iq¯Yyax laKk,¡ L=khfyax
esa cny tkrh gSaA tSls %
Masculine Meaning Feminine
Author (vkWFkj) ys[kd Authoress (vkFkZjl~)
Lion (yk;u) flag Lioness (yk;uSl~)
Poet (iks;V~) dfo Poetess (iks;VSl~)
Count (dkÅaV) uokc Countess (dkmUVSl~)
God (xkWM) Hkxoku Goddess (xkWMsl~)
Host (gksLV) es”kcku Hostess (gksLVSl~)
Tailor (Vsyj) nthZ Tailoress (VsyjSl~)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 3. fuEufyf[kr iqfYayx laKkvksa osQ vUr esa ls Vowel fudky fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
‘ess’ yxkdj L=khfyax cuk fn;k tkrk gSaA tSls %
Masculine Meaning Feminine
Actor (,sDVj) vfHkusrk Actress (,sDVªSl)
Headmaster (gSMekLVj) eq[;kè;kid Headmistress (gSMfeLVªSl~)
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Masculine Meaning Feminine
Hunter (gaVj) f'kdkjh Huntress (gUVªsl~)
Inspector (baliSDVj) fujh{kd Inspectress (baliSDVªsl~)
Negro (uhxzks) gC'kh Negress (uhxzsl)
Tiger (VkbZxj) flag Tigress (VkbZxzsl)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 4. vfu;fer <ax ls ‘ess’ yxkus ls Hkh L=khfyax cu tkrk gSA tSls %
Masculine Meaning Feminine
Abbot (,scV) eBkèkh'k Abbess (vccsl~)
Duke (M~;wd) 'kkld Duchess (Mpsl~)
Emperor (,Eijj~) lezkV~ Empress (,seiszl)
Governor (xouZj) jkT;iky Governess (xoZusl~)
Master (ekLVj) ekfyd Mistress (feLVªsl)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 5. Compound Nouns dk gender cnyus osQ fy, eq[; 'kCn esa ifjorZu
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls %
Masculine Meaning Feminine
Brother-in-law cguksbZ Sister-in-law
(cznj&bu&ykW) (flLVj&bu&ykW)
Father-in-law llqj Mother-in-law
(iQknj&bu&ykW) (enj&bu&ykW)
Landlord (ySaMykMZ) edku ekfyd Landlady (ySaMysMh)
Step-brother (LVsi~&cznj) lkSrsyk HkkbZ Step-sister (LVSi~&flLVj)
Grandfather (xzSaMiQknj) nknk Grandmother (xzSaMenj)
Man-servant (eSu&ljoSaV) nkl Maid-servant (esM&ljoSaV)
Milkman (feYdeSu) Xokyk Milkmaid (feYdeSM)
Peacock (ihdkWd) eksj Peahen (ihgSu)
Washerman (ok'kjeSu) èkksch Washerwoman (ok'kjoweSu)
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Basic Grammar
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 6. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks Common Gender osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls %
Common Meaning
Baby (csch) cPpk
Child (pkbYM) cPpk
Cousin (df”ku) ppsjk HkkbZ@cgu
Friend (izsaQM) fe=k
Parent (isjsaV) ekrk ;k firk
Pupil (I;wfiy) f'k";
Person (ilZu) O;fDr
Singer (flaxj) xk;d
Principal (fizafliy) izèkkukpk;Z
Student (LVwMsaV) fo|kFkhZ
Teacher (Vhpj) vè;kid
Practice Exercise
1. Write ‘M’ for masculine and ‘F’ for feminine in front of each word :
(a) tiger __________ (b) bride __________
(c) boy __________ (d) lioness __________
(e) madam __________ (f) king __________
(g) princess __________ (h) wife __________
(i) father __________ (j) dog __________
2. Match the masculine words in Column ‘A’ with the feminine words in
Column ‘B’ :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
uncle hen
king aunt
cock madam
sir queen
man cow
bull mare
horse woman
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3. Change the gender of the following nouns :
bull; prince; hero; brother-in-law; peacock; dog; uncle; sir; milkman; grandfather;
duke; princess; stag; lad; actor; mare; brother; duke; husband; monk; negro; niece;
cow; king; father; emperor; tiger; god; lion; aunt; wizard; viceroy.
4. Change the gender of the underlined words. Rewrite the sentences by making
other necessary changes. One has been done for you :
e.g. : The milkman met a wizard.
e.g. : The milkmaid met a witch.
(a) The prince had a white horse.
(b) A goose is bigger than a duck.
(c) He was married to a great princess.
(d) A man saw a ram, a lion and a stag.
(e) My sister reads in Class V.
(f) The woman had a little daughter.
(g) The lad made fun of the master.
(h) His nephew and my son paid a visit to the country.
(i) My father, and brother came to meet me.
(j) The woman thanked my uncle for his help.
(k) A tiger killed the son of a washerman.
(l) My uncle lives with his son.
(m) Your husband know Mr. Sharma
(n) Sir, one boy has not brought the book.
5. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct option :
(a) Which one of the following is an example of common gender ?
(i) Sir (ii) Girl (iii) Friend
(b) The feminine gender of uncle is __________.
(i) sister (ii) aunt (iii) teacher
(c) The masculine gender of heroine is __________.
(i) hero (ii) brother (iii) uncle
(d) Select the neuter gender.
(i) Pen (ii) Teacher (iii) Mother
(e) King and prince are __________ gender.
(i) Masculine (ii) Feminine (iii) Common
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1. Personal Pronoun 6. Indefinite Pronoun
2. Possessive Pronoun 7. Interrogative Pronoun
3. Demonstrative Pronoun 8. Distributive Pronoun
4. Emphatic Pronoun 9. Reciprocal Pronoun
5. Reflexive Pronoun 10. Relative Pronoun
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Personal Pronouns osQ Number, Gender vkSj Function osQ fy, uhps nh xbZ
rkfydk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+ks %
FUNCTION
PERSON NUMBER GENDER
Subject Object Possessive
First Singular Common I me my, mine
Plural Common We us our, ours
Second Singular Common You you your, yours
Plural Common You you your, yours
Third Singular Masculine He him his
Singular Feminine She her her, hers
Singular Neuter It it its
Plural Common They them their, theirs
Note 1 : Mine, ours, yours, hers, theirs osQ i'pkr~ dksbZ Noun ugha yxrk gSA
Note 2 : Personal Pronoun osQ lHkh forms ;gk¡ fn, x, gSaA buesa ls My, Our,
Your, His, Her, Its vkSj Their dks Possessive Adjectives dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;s
fdlh&u&fdlh Noun osQ Bhd igys iz;qDr gksrs gSa vkSj Adjective dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA
Examples : This is my watch. His father is a doctor.
Those are your balls. Her sister is a singer.
2. Possessive Pronoun (i”ksflo izksukmu) (vfèkdkjokpd loZuke)µftu loZuke
'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vfèkdkj fn[kkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSa] mUgsa vfèkdkjokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA
tSlsµmine, ours, yours, hers, his and theirs.
The pronouns used to show possession are called possessive
pronouns.
Examples : This house is mine.
That pen is yours.
This dress is hers.
3. Demonstrative Pronoun (fMekULVsªfVo izksukmu) (laosQrokpd loZuke)µftu
loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa dh vksj laosQr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSa] mUgssa
laosQrokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSlsµthis, that, these, those bR;kfnA
The pronouns used to point out the object or objects to which they
refer are called demonstrative pronouns.
Examples : This is a horse. These are toys.
That is a giraffe. Those are books.
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Basic Grammar
4. Emphatic Pronoun (bEi+sQfVd izksukmu) (cyokpd loZuke)µtc myself,
ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, itself vkSj themselves dk iz;ksx okD;
esa fdlh Noun ;k Pronoun ij tksj nsus osQ fy, gksrk gSa] rc bUgsa cyokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, herself, himself, itself and
themselves are called emphatic pronouns when they are used for
the sake of emphasis.
Examples : I clean the room myself.
He himself made the delicious cake.
We completed the task ourselves.
5. Reflexive Pronoun (jsÝysfDlo izksukmu) (futokpd loZuke)µftl loZuke
'kCn ls dke dk izHkko&dRkkZ ij iM+uk izdV gks vU; fdlh ij ugha] mls futokpd loZuke dgrs
gSaA tSlsµmyself, himself, themselves, ourselves, yourself, yourselves,
itself bR;kfnA
The pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself,
herself, itself and themselves are called reflexive pronouns when
the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject.
Note : ;s Pronouns lnSo Personal Pronoun esa –self ;k –selves yxkus ls curs gSaA
Examples : Kavita blamed herself. I hurt myself.
The boys hid themselves. We can help ourselves.
6. Indefinite Pronoun (baMsfiQfuV izksukmu) (vfu'p;okpd loZuke)µftl loZuke
'kCn ls fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cksèk ugha gksrk] mls vfu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA
tSlsµsomebody, anybody, some, all, none, many bR;kfnA
An indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in a general way
and does not refer to any person or thing in particular.
Examples : Somebody has stolen my book.
All are clever.
Many of them were escaped.
Nothing is perfect.
7. Interrogative Pronoun (bUVsjksxsfVo izksukmu) (iz'uokpd loZuke)µftu loZuke
'kCnksa dk iz;ksx iz'u djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSa] mUgsa iz'uokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSlsµwho,
whose, whom, which, what bR;kfnA
The pronouns used for asking questions are called interrogative
pronouns.
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Note 1 : Who, Whom, Whose O;fDr;ksa osQ fy,] What oLrqvksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa
(nksuksa) osQ fy, vkSj Which futhZo oLrqvksa osQ fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA
Note 2 : Who dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg] Whom dk iz;ksx Object dh rjg]
Whose dk iz;ksx Possessive Form esa rFkk What vkSj Which dk iz;ksx Subject
vkSj Object nksuksa rjg gksrk gSA
Examples : Who wrote this poem ?
What are you making ?
Where is your pen ?
Which is your book ?
8. Distributive Pronoun (fMfLVªC;wfVo izksukmu) (forj.kokpd loZuke)µtc
each, either vkSj neither dk iz;ksx loZuke osQ :i esa gksrk gS] mUgsa forj.kokpd loZuke
dgrs gSaA
When, each, either and neither are used as pronouns they are
called distributive pronouns.
Examples : Each of you is intelligent.
Either of you can solve this sum.
Neither of the two boys were present.
9. Reciprocal Pronoun (jsflizksdy izksukmu) (ijLijcksèkd loZuke)µtc fdlh
okD; esa each, other vkSj one another dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rc mUgsa ijLijcksèkd
loZuke dgrs gSaA
When each–other and one–another are are used in a sentence,
they called reciprocal pronouns.
Examples : The two boxes hit each other.
They missed one other.
10. Relative Pronoun (fjysfVo izksukmUu) (lacaèkokpd loZuke)µtc loZuke 'kCn
nks okD;ksa dks tksM+rk gS vkSj okD; esa vius ls igys iz;qDr laKk@loZuke ls lacaèk izdV djrk gS] mls
lacaèkokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSlsµwho, whom, whose, which, that bR;kfnA
A relative pronoun is used to join two sentences and it is also
used to relate with noun/pronoun mentioned.
Examples : The girl who is singing is my sister.
Where is the pen which I gave you ?
The house whose walls are pink is mine.
Tell me the name of the boy whom you want to meet.
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Basic Grammar
Practice Exercise
1. Underline the pronouns in each sentence. One has been done for you.
(a) He runs fast. (b) She is sleeping.
(c) Did anyone see my shoes ? (d) My grandma loves me.
(e) I have five balls. (f) Are they sleeping ?
(g) We are going to the market. (h) They are solving puzzles.
2. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns :
I you he she it we they
(a) __________ must work hard.
(b) __________ am a student.
(c) Jatin loves animals. __________ has a dog named Bruno.
(d) Rohit and Mohit are brothers. __________ are very naughty.
(e) I have a car. __________ is red in colour.
(f) Richa is my neighbour. __________ speaks politely.
(g) Priya and I play badminton. Usually, __________ play on Sunday.
3. Use appropriate interrogative pronouns in the following sentences :
which what whose whom who where
(a) __________ is your book, Kavita ?
(b) __________ bag is this ?
(c) __________ do you want to see ?
(d) __________ came here in my absence ?
(e) My father is a teacher, __________ is your father ?
(f) __________ of these shirts do you like best ?
4. Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns :
whose who that whom but
(a) This the book __________ was given to me.
(b) The girl __________ is sleeping is my sister.
(c) This is the boy __________ book was stolen yesterday.
(d) This is the boy __________ all praise.
(e) Pardon me, I didn’t hear __________ you said.
5. Fill in the blanks with suitable reflexive or demonstrative pronouns :
(a) I locked __________ in my room and worked till midnight.
(b) The girl is old enough to take care of __________.
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(c) We can help __________.
(d) They have to blame __________ for their mistakes.
(e) The boy fell off his bicycle and hurt __________.
(f) Both the books are good, but __________ is better than __________.
(g) __________ are my books and __________ are yours.
(h) The climate of Delhi is better than __________ of Shimla.
6. Which pronoun can substitute the underlined phrase in each sentence :
(a) The teacher always give the students homework.
(i) me (ii) you (iii) them
(b) Could you open the door, please ?
(i) it (ii) us (iii) them
(c) Can you help me and my sister ?
(i) her (ii) us (iii) me
(d) I read a story to my little brother every night.
(i) him (ii) her (iii) us
(e) My mother and my father love me.
(i) we (ii) they (iii) I
(f) I and my friends play cricket daily.
(i) you (ii) they (iii) we
(g) Shweta and Richa are good friends.
(i) He (ii) She (iii) They
(f) The rich man had a lot of cars.
(i) She (ii) We (iii) He
7. Underline the pronoun in each sentence and also state its kind :
(a) The house is mine. __________
(b) Who teaches you English ? __________
(c) I know the boy who broke this table. __________
(d) I myself saw the thief. __________
(e) Each of these boys get a prize. __________
(f) Take what you want. __________
(g) None can do this. __________
(h) They helped each other. __________
(i) Nothing is perfect. __________
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Basic Grammar
3. THE ADJECTIVE (fo'ks"k.k)
laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dks fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls % A red rose; an
honest man; a bad habit, six pens, etc.
An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or pronoun.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
(fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksn)
vc ge buosQ ckjs esa foLrkjiwoZd vè;;u
djsaxsµ Quality
Quantity
1. Adjective of Quality (,M~tsfDV~o
Proper
vkWiQ DokfyVh) (xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k)µlaKk
osQ xq.k ;k izdkj dks izdV djus okys 'kCn dks Number
Adjectives
xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsµsweet, Distri-
butive
beautiful, long, short, hard,
clever, old bR;kfnA Demon-
strative
Posses-
The word describing the quality sive
Interro-
of a noun is known as adjective gative
of quality.
Examples : Richa has black hair.
Fox is a clever animal.
This is a beautiful scenery.
Note : Adjectives of Quality lnSo ‘Of what kind ?’ osQ iz'u dk mÙkj nsrs gSaA
2. Adjective of Quantity (,M~tsfDV~o vkWiQ DokfUVVh) (ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k)µ
ftl 'kCn ls oLrq dh ek=kk izdV gks] mls ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsµMuch money;
little bread; enough water; sufficient labour; some milk; no sense
bR;kfnA
Adjectives of quantity shows how much of a thing is meant.
Examples : Give me some money.
He has enough food.
There was a little water.
Note : Adjectives of Quantity lnSo ‘How much ?’ iz'u dk mÙkj nsrs gSaA
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3. Adjective of Number (,M~tsfDV~o vkiQ uacj) (la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k)µftl
'kCn ls oLrq dh la[;k izdV gks] mls la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSa] tSlsµseven; third; few;
all; several; double bR;kfnA
Adjective of number tells how many persons or things are meant.
Examples : We have two hands.
The dog has one tail and two eyes.
Some women are upset.
Adjectives of Number osQ varxZr vkus okys 'kCn one, two, three, four, etc. dks
Cardinals dgrs gSa vkSj first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, etc. dks
Ordinals dgrs gSaA
Note : Adjectives of Number lnSo ‘How many ?’ iz'u dk mÙkj nsrs gSaA
4. Demonstrative Adjective (fMekaLVªsfVo ,M~tsfDV~o) (laosQrokpd fo'ks"k.k)µftl
fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx oLrqvksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa dks lwfpr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] mls laosQrokpd
fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsµThis, that, these, those bR;kfnA
The adjective used to point out a specific noun or nouns is called a
demonstrative adjective.
Examples : This man will teach you.
I did not like that boy.
These/Those balls are mine.
Note : Demonstrative Adjectives lnSo ‘which’ iz'u dk mÙkj nsrs gSaA
5. Interrogative Adjective (bUVSjksxsfVo ,M~tsfDV~o) (iz'uokpd fo'ks"k.k)µtks
fo'ks"k.k iz'u iwNus dk dk;Z djsa] mls iz'uokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsµWhat, which,
whose, bR;kfnA
Adjectives which are used with nouns to ask questions are known
as interrogative adjectives.
Examples : What is your name ?
Which book is yours ?
Whose pen is this ?
6. Possessive Adjective (ikW”ksflo ,M~tsfDV~o) (lacaèkokpd fo'ks"k.k)µftu
fo'ks"k.k ls vfèkdkj ;k lacaèk dk Hkko izdV gks mls lacaèkokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsµme, our,
your, his, her, its, their bR;kfnA
Possessive adjectives show possession or relation.
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Basic Grammar
Examples : My brother is a pilot.
Its colour is blue.
Her dress is new.
7. Distributive Adjective (fMfLVªC;wfVo ,M~tsfDV~o) (forj.kokpd fo'ks"k.k)µtc
each, every, either vkSj neither osQ ckn dksbZ laKk iz;qDr gksrk gS] rc mls forj.k fo'ks"k.k
dgk tkrk gSA
When each, every, either and neither are followed by a noun, they
are known as distributive adjectives.
Examples : Each child has a pen. (each dk iz;ksx nks ;k nks ls vfèkd osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA)
Every man has his own duty. (every dk iz;ksx ges'kk nks ls
vfèkd O;fDr;ksa rFkk oLrqvksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA)
Either way you can go.
Neither of the answers is correct.
(either vkSj neither dk iz;ksx nks osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA)
Note : Distributive Adjective osQ ckn iz;qDr ‘Noun’ osQ igys ‘article’ dk iz;ksx
ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA
8. Proper Adjective (izkWij ,M~tsfDV~o) (O;fDrokpd fo'ks"k.k)µO;fDrokpd laKk
ls cus fo'ks"k.k dks O;fDrokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsµIndian, American, Spanish
bR;kfnA
Adjectives made from proper nouns are called proper adjectives.
Examples : I am an Indian.
He studies in an American University.
Practice Exercise
1. Select the correct adjective and complete each sentence :
(a) The Taj Mahal is a __________ monument. (beautiful / ugly)
(b) Monkeys have __________ tails. (long / short)
(c) The fox is a __________ animal. (clever / foolish)
(d) Rajat is a __________ boy. (clever / red)
(e) I saw __________ stars. (many / full)
(f) My mother bakes __________ cakes. (delicious / sour)
(g) This is a very __________ building. (tall / deep)
(h) Mumbai is a __________ city. (small / big)
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2. Match the adjectives in Column ‘A’ with the nouns in Column ‘B’ :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
Green Tea
Blue Knife
Sweet Grass
Sharp Sky
Hot Mango
3. Underline the adjectives in the following sentences and state thier kinds.
One has been done for you :
(a) I have five pencils. five : Adjective of number
(b) Rohit has a blue cap.
(c) Please give me some milk.
(d) The fifth man was very tall.
(e) The naughty boy had few friends.
(f) He is an Indian student.
(g) She had not much money.
(h) He has lost all his wealth.
(i) All men are mortal.
(j) Many of them were killed.
(k) The little boy had no fear.
4. Write an adjective that describes each picture with the help of given words :
green, old, hot, tall, delicious, empty
__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
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Basic Grammar
Adjective as a Degrees of Comparison
(rqyukRed n`f"V ls fo'ks"k.k dk cnyrk Lo:i)
rqyuk fn[kkus osQ fy, Adjective (fo'ks"k.k) viuk :i cnyrs gSa] ftUgsa Degrees of
Comparison dgrs gSaA bu rhuksa Degrees of Comparison osQ uke bl izdkj gSaµ
1. Positive Degree ewykoLFkk % tc dksbZ fo'ks"k.k vius ljy :i esa jgrk gS] rc bls
ewykoLFkk dgk tkrk gSA tSlsµweak, old, fat, big, sweet, brave, intelligent
bR;kfnA
When an adjective is in its simple form, it is said to be in the
positive degree.
Examples : Rohit is a weak boy.
Pankaj is very fat.
2. Comparative Degree mÙkjkoLFkk % tc fo'ks"k.k ls nks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa osQ xq.kksa
dh rqyuk dk cksèk gksrk gS] rc bls mÙkjkoLFkk dgk tkrk gSA tSlsµweaker, older, fatter,
bigger, sweeter, braver, more intelligent bR;kfnA
When an adjective is used to compare the qualities of two persons
or things together, it is said to be in the comparative degree.
Examples : My brother is weaker than my friend.
My house is bigger than yours.
3. Superlative Degree mÙkekoLFkk % tc fo'ks"k.k ls rhu ;k rhu ls vfèkd O;fDr;ksa
rFkk oLrqvksa dh rqyuk dk cksèk gksrk gS] rc bls mÙkeokLFkk dgk tkrk gSA tSlsµweakest,
oldest, fattest, biggest, sweetest, bravest, most intelligent bR;kfnA
When an adjective is used to compare the qualities of three or
more than three persons or things together, it is said to be in the
superlative degree.
Examples : Rohit is the best student in the class.
This is the oldest building in my town.
Comparative rFkk Superlative cukus osQ fu;e
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 1. ,d syllable osQ Adjective osQ lkFk ‘er’ tksM+us ls Comparative
degree rFkk ‘est’ tksM+us ls Superlative degree cu tkrh gSA tSls %
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Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Bold (cksYM) lkglh bolder (cksYMj) boldest (cksYMsLV)
Bright (czkbV) pedhyk brighter (czkbVj) brightest (czkbVsLV)
Cheap (phi) lLrk cheaper (phij) cheapest (phisLV)
Deep (Mhi) xgjk deeper (Mhij) deepest (MhisLV)
Fast (iQkLV) rhoz faster (iQkLVj) fastest (iQkLVsLV)
Few (Ý;w) oqQN fewer (Ý+;wvj) fewest (Ý;w,sLV)
Great (xzsV) egku~ greater (xzsVj) greatest (xzsVsLV)
Kind (dkbaM) n;kyq kinder (dkbaMj) kindest (dkbaMsLV)
Long (ykax) yEck longer (ykaxj) longest (yk¡xsLV)
Loud (ykWmM) tksj louder (ykWmMj) loudest (ykWmMsLV)
Poor (iqvj) fuèkZu poorer (iqvjj) poorest (iqvjsLV)
Rich (fjp) èkuh richer (fjPkj) richest (fjpsLV)
Sweet (LohV) ehBk sweeter (LohVj) sweetest (LohVsLV)
Strong (LVªk¡x) cyoku stronger (LVªk¡xj) strongest (LVk¡xsLV)
Tall (VkWy) yEck taller (Vkyj) tallest (VkysLV)
Young (;ax) NksVh (vk;q) younger (;axj) youngest (;axsLV)
Weak (ohd) fucZy weaker (ohdj) weakest (ohosQLV)
Warm (okeZ) xeZ warmer (okeZj) warmest (okjesLV)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2. ;fn ,d syllable okys fo'ks"k.k dk Adjective dk vfUre v{kj ‘-e’ gks rks
osQoy ‘-r’ rFkk ‘-st’ tksM+us iM+rs gSaA tSls %
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Able (,cy) ;ksX; abler (,cyj) ablest (,cysLV)
Brave (czso) ohj braver (czsoj) bravest (czsosLV)
Gentle (tsaVy) lTtu gentler (tsaVyj) gentlest (tsaVysLV)
Large (yktZ) fo'kky larger (yktZj) largest (yktsZLV)
Noble (ukscy) oqQyhu nobler (ukscyj) noblest (ukscysLV)
Simple (flEiy) ljy simpler (flEiyj) simplest (flEiysLV)
Wise (okbZ”k) cqf¼eku wiser (okbZ”kj) wisest (okbZlsLV)
White (OgkbV) lisQn whiter (OgkbVj) whitest (OgkbVsLV)
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☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 3. ;fn ,d syllable okys Adjective dk vfUre v{kj consonant gks vkSj
mlls iwoZ dksbZ vowel gks rks ‘-er’ rFkk ‘-est’ yxkus ls igys vfUre consonant dks
double dj fn;k tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Big (fcx) cM+k bigger (fcxj) biggest (fcxsLV)
Fat (iSQV) eksVk fatter (isQVj) fattest (iSQVsLV)
Fast (iQkLV) rst faster (iQkLVj) fastest (iQkLVsLV)
Hot (gkWV) xeZ hotter (gkWVj) hottest (gkWVsLV)
Red (jsM) yky redder (jSMj) reddest (jsMsLV)
Thin (fFku) iryk thinner (fFkUuj) thinnest (fFkUusLV)
Wet (osV) Hkhxk gqvk wetter (osVj) wettest (oSV~VsLV)
Sad (lsM) mnkl sadder (lsMj) saddest (lSMsLV)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 4. tc Positive :i dk vfUre v{kj ‘y’ gks vkSj ‘y’ ls iwoZ consonant
(O;atu) gks rks y dks i esa cnydj mlosQ lkFk ‘er’ rFkk ‘est’ tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Dirty (MVhZ) xUnk dirtier (MVhZvj) dirtiest (MVhZ,LV)
Early (vyhZ) igys ;k tYnh earlier (vyhZvj) earliest (vfyZ,LV)
Easy (bZth) ljy easier (bZthvj) easiest (bZth,LV)
Happy (gSIih) izlUu happier (gSIihvj) happiest (gSIih,LV)
Heavy (gSoh) Hkkjh heavier (gSoh;j) heaviest (gSoh,LV)
Lucky (ydh) HkkX;'kkyh luckier (ydhvj) luckiest (ydh,LV)
Pretty (fizVh) lqUnj prettier (fizVhvj) prettiest (fizVh,LV)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 5. Positive :i osQ lkFk ‘more’ ;k ‘most’ yxkus ijA tSlsµ
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Active (,fDVo) pqLr more active most active
(eksj ,fDVo) (eksLV ,sfDVo)
Beautiful lqUnj more beautiful most beautiful
(C;wVhiqQy) (eksj C;wVhiwQy) (eksLV C;wVhiwQy)
Difficult eqf'dy more difficult most difficult
(fMfi+QdYV) (eksj fMfi+QdYV) (eksLV fMfi+QdYV)
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Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Tired (Vk;MZ) Fkdk gqvk more tired most tired
(eksj Vk;MZ) (eksLV Vk;MZ)
Urgent vko';d more urgent most urgent
(vtsZUV) (eksj vtsZUV) (eksLV vtsZUV)
Useful mi;ksxh more useful most useful
(;w”kiqQy) (eksj ;w”kiqQy) (eksLV ;w”kiqQy)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 6. fcYoqQy vyx 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx }kjkA tSlsµ
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Bad (cSM) cqjk worse (olZ) worst (oLVZ)
Evil (bZoy) cqjkbZ worse (olZ) worst (oLVZ)
Far (i+Qkj) nwj farther (i+Qkjnj) farthest (iQkjnsLV)
Fore (i+Qksj) vkxs former (iQksjej) foremost (iQksjeksLV)
Good (xqM) vPNk better (cSVj) best (cSLV)
Little (fyVy) NksVk less (ySl) least (yhLV)
Many (eSuh) vusd more (eksj) most (eksLV)
Much (ep) cgqr oqQN more (eksj) most (eksLV)
Out (vkmV) ckgj outer (vkmVj) utmost (vVeksLV)
Up (vi) Åij upper (vij) upmost (vieksLV)
Adjective osQ iz;ksx lEcUèkh mi;ksxh ckrsa %
1. leku xq.k okyh oLrqvksa dh rqyuk osQ fy, as ..... as dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSlsµ
Ram is as good as Rahul. (Positive)
2. Negative esa leku xq.kksa dh rqyuk osQ fy, not as ..... as ;k not so ..... as dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSlsµ
Apples are not so sweet as grapes.
3. nks vleku xq.kksa okys O;fDr;ksa ;k LFkkuksa dh rqyuk esa Comparative degree osQ ckn
than yxkrs gSaA tSlsµ
A river is wider than a stream.
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4. nks ls vfèkd vleku xq.kksa okys O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa vkfn dh rqyuk osQ fy, Superlative
degree ls igys the vkSj Noun osQ i'pkr~ of ;k in yxkrs gSaA tSlsµ
Mohan is the cleverest boy in the class.
Mohan is the cleverest of all.
5. xq.k dh èkhjs&èkhjs o`f¼ osQ fy, nks Comparative degree dks and ls tksM+rs gSaA tSlsµ
Sudama grew poorer and poorer.
Practice Exercise
1. Write down the comparative and superlative degrees of the following words :
Deep, dry, early, mad, fast, bright, cold, fair, clean, faithful, wise, far, dirty, poor,
tall, big, good, much, weak, able, little, great, beautiful, noble, sweet, fine, fat,
useful, pretty, difficult, red.
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of adjectives given in the brackets :
(a) Sangeeta is a __________ girl. (pretty)
(b) This sum is the __________ of all. (easy)
(c) Pears are __________ than apples. (cheap)
(d) Your dog runs __________ than Jatin’s dog. (fast)
(e) It is the __________ day of my life. (bright)
(f) Sita is the __________ of all the girls. (beautiful)
(g) Ashok was a __________ king. (kind)
(h) Lead is __________ than wood. (heavy)
(i) Mount Everest is the __________ peak in the world. (high)
(j) Gold is a __________ metal. (costly)
(k) Milk is __________ than bread. (nutritious)
(l) Anil is the __________ boy in our class. (intelligent)
(m) It is __________ to preach than to practise. (easy)
(o) Akbar was a __________ king. (great)
(p) Name the __________ city in the world. (big)
(q) Have you heard the __________ news ? (late)
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(r) Silver is __________ than gold. (cheap)
(s) Rajat’s house is the __________ from school. (far)
(t) The car is __________ than the bike. (expensive)
3. Choose the correct answer :
(a) This house is __________.
(i) big (ii) bigger (iii) biggest
(b) Sahil is the __________ boy in the class.
(i) tall (ii) taller (iii) tallest
(c) Jatin is __________ of the two boys.
(i) fast (ii) faster (iii) fastest
(d) The Earth is __________ than the moon.
(i) large (ii) larger (iii) largest
(e) This is the __________ book I have ever read.
(i) interesting (ii) more interesting (iii) most interesting
(f) The Cheetah runs __________.
(i) fast (ii) faster (iii) fastest
(g) Mount Everest is the __________ mountain in the world.
(i) high (ii) higher (iii) highest
(h) A rose is __________ than a daisy.
(i) beautiful (ii) more beautiful (iii) most beautiful
(i) The test was __________ than I thought it would be.
(i) difficult (ii) more difficult (iii) most difficult
(j) Richa is __________ than Sanjay at solving riddles.
(i) good (ii) better (iii) best
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Basic Grammar
4. THE VERB (fØ;k)
og 'kCn ftlls oqQN djus ;k gksus dk cksèk gksrk gS] mls fØ;k dgrs gSA
A Verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being. Verb
is the main word in a sentence. No sentence can be completed without
a verb.
Eat Run Study
Sleep Jump
Examples : Children run. (action)
I have a computer. (possession)
Simran is tall. (state of being)
KINDS OF VERB (fØ;k osQ Hksn)
fØ;k osQ fuEufyf[kr pkj Hksn gksrs gSaµ
VERB
Main Verb Helping Verb Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb
1. Main Verb (esu ocZ)(eq[; fØ;k): eq[; fØ;k drkZ osQ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dks crkrk
gSA
Main verb is used to express an action, peformed by the subject.
Examples : The sun shines.
The lion roars.
Rohit writes neatly.
2. Helping Verb (gsfYiax ocZ) (lgk;d fØ;k) : tks fØ;k tense, voice, mood
vkfn osQ fuekZ.k esa izèkku fØ;k dh lgk;rk djrh gS] og lgk;d fØ;k dgykrh gSA
A helping verb is one which helps the main verb to form a tense,
voice, mood, etc.
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Examples : I am writing a letter.
He will go.
My brother has a car.
You should clean this room.
lgk;d fØ;k osQ 24 :i gSa] tSlsµam, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have,
has, had, shall, will, can could, may, might, must, ought, should,
would, need, dare, used to.
buesa am, is are, was, were, have, has had, do, does, did, need dare
,slh fØ;k,¡ gSa tks dHkh eq[; fØ;k (Main verb) dh rjg iz;qDr gksrh gSa rks dHkh lgk;d fØ;k
(Helping verb) dh rjgA
Examples : He is happy. (is—Main Verb)
She is smiling. (is—Helping Verb)
Note : ;fn fdlh okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vfèkd Verbs ,d lkFk iz;qDr gks] rks var esa vkusokyh
fØ;k eq[; fØ;k (Main verb) dgykrh gS vkSj vU; fØ;k lgk;d fØ;k (Helping verb)
dgykrh gSA
Read the table carefully :
Sentence Main Verb Helping Verb
I am reading a book. reading am
They were cleaning their rooms. cleaning were
She has watered the plants. watered has
Object of the Verb : drkZ osQ vfrfjDr fØ;k dk iQy ftl 'kCn ;k 'kCn&lewg ij
iM+rk gS] mls ge ml fØ;k dk Object dgrs gSaA Object izk;% fØ;k osQ rqjar ckn vkrk gS vkSj
;g dksbZ Noun/Pronoun/Noun Phrase/Noun Clause gksrk gSA Verb osQ lkFk
What/ Whom yxkdj iz'u djus ij tks mÙkj feyrk gS ogh ml Verb dk Object gksrk gSA
Examples : Rohit eats burger. eats what ? — Burger
My parents loved me very much. loved whom?—me
Note : ,d gh Verbs osQ nks fofHkUu Objects gks ldrs gSaA
Examples : He gave me pencils.
gave what ? — pencils. gave whom ? – me
3. Transitive Verb (VªkaflfVo ocZ) (ldeZd fØ;k) : og fØ;k ftls okD; esa iwjs vFkZ
dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, deZ dh t:jr gksrh gS] ldeZd fØ;k dgykrh gSA
A verb which requires an object in a sentence to convey complete
meaning is known as a transitive verb.
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Practice Exercise
1. Underline the verbs in the following sentences :
(a) Raj eats an apple daily.
(b) The Sun shines brightly.
(c) Rohit reads a book.
(d) Ankita writes neatly.
(e) Children play cricket.
(f) My father waters the plant daily.
(g) The baby was crying.
(h) The birds fly in the sky.
2. Underline the verbs in the given sentences. Then show whether they are
transitive or intransitive by putting a tick mark (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) in the correct box :
Transitive Intransitive
(a) Grandpa laughed.
(b) John carried the bags.
(c) The boy walked fast.
(d) The children sat quietly.
(e) Aman loves pet animals.
(f) Rachna writes a story.
(g) Sushma dances.
(h) The baby sleeps.
3. Complete the sentences given below with the help of helping verbs given in
the box :
will has am do is are have does
(a) I __________ sleeping.
(b) He __________ cleaned the room.
(c) Riya __________ come tomorrow.
(d) Raj __________ not run fast.
(e) Sahil __________ a good player.
(f) They __________ playing in the garden.
(g) You __________ a pretty doll.
(h) __________ you brush your teeth daily ?
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Basic Grammar
4. Pick out the direct and indirect objects in the following sentences :
(a) He found me a good house. ____________________________________
(b) The teacher granted them leave. ____________________________________
(c) Miss Anjali teaches us English. ____________________________________
(d) I lent him my book. ____________________________________
(e) She gave him a pen. ____________________________________
(f) I showed her a painting. ____________________________________
(g) My uncle left me a huge property. ____________________________________
(h) He promised me his support. ____________________________________
(i) He sent me a packet of sweets. ____________________________________
(j) Give me a glass of water. ____________________________________
5. Choose the correct answer and complete the sentence :
(a) I __________ an apple everyday.
(i) eat (ii) drink (iii) see (iv) run
(b) Mohan __________ neatly.
(i) sings (ii) writes (iii) runs (iv) dances
(c) Sahil __________ beautiful pictures.
(i) writes (ii) sees (iii) paints (iv) reads
(d) I __________ cartoons on the television.
(i) learn (ii) watch (iii) drink (iv) meet
(e) The weather __________ pleasant today.
(i) is (ii) are (iii) am (iv) have
(f) My mother __________ delicious food.
(i) gets (ii) cooks (iii) waits (iv) sees
(g) The sun __________ brightly.
(i) twinkles (ii) shines (iii) moves (iv) stays
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Three Forms of the Verb (fØ;k osQ rhu :i)
Verbs (fØ;k) osQ rhu :i gksrs gSa % First Form = Present Tense; Second
Form = Past Tense, Third Form = Past Participle vfèkdrj fo|kFkhZ budk
iz;ksx v'kq¼ :i esa djrs gSaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bu Forms dk iz;ksx vo'; ;kn djuk pkfg,A
Present Tense Meaning Past Tense Past Participle
Allow (vykm) vkKk nsuk allowed (vykmM) allowed (vykmM)
Agree (,sxzh) lger gksuk agreed (,sxzhM) agreed (,sxzhM)
Arise (vjkb”k) mBuk arose (vjksl) arisen (vjkb”ku)
Awake (vosd) txkuk awoke (voksd) awoken (voksdu)
Ask (vkLd) iwNuk asked (vkLo~QM) asked (vkLo~QM)
Bark (ckoZQ) HkkSaduk barked (ckDMZ) barked (ckDMZ)
Bathe (ckFk) Luku djuk bathed (ckFM) bathed (ckFM)
Beat (chV) ihVuk beat (chV) beaten (chVu)
Become (chde) gks tkuk became (fcosQe) become (fcde)
Begin (fcfxu) vkjEHk djuk began (fcxSu) begun (fcxu)
Believe (fcyho) fo'okl believed (fcyhOM) believed (fcyhOM)
djuk
Bend (cs.M) >qduk bent (csaV~) bent (csaV~)
Bite (ckbV) dkVuk bit (fcV) bitten (fcVu)
Beg (csx) izkFkZuk djuk begged (csXM) begged (csXM)
Boil (ckW;y) mckyuk boiled (ck;YM) boiled (ck;YM)
Break (czSd) rksM+uk broke (czksd) broken (czksdu)
Bring (fczax) ykuk brought (czkWV) brought (czkWV)
Build (fcYM) cukuk built (fcYV) built (fcYV)
Burn (cuZ) tykuk burnt (cUVZ) burnt (cUVZ)
Change (psat) cnyuk changed (pas”M) changed (psa”M~)
Cook (oqQd) idkuk cooked (oqQDM) cooked (oqQDM)
Carry (oSQjh) ys tkuk carried (oSQjhM) carried (oSQjhM)
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Basic Grammar
Present Tense Meaning Past Tense Past Participle
Catch (oSQp) idM+uk caught (dkWV) caught (dkWV)
Call (dkWy) cqykuk called (dkWYM) called (dkWYM)
Choose (pw”k) pquuk chose (pks”k) chosen (pks”ku)
Come (de) vkuk came (osQe) come (de)
Cry (ØkbZ) fpYykuk cried (ØkbZM) cried (ØkbZM)
Cut (dV) dkVuk cut (dV) cut (dV)
Drink (fMªad) ihuk drank (MªSad) drunk (Mªad)
Draw (Mªk) [khapuk drew (fMªÅ) drawn (Mªku)
Do (Mw) djuk did (fMM) done (Mu)
Dig (fMx) [kksnuk dug (Mx) dug (Mx)
Drive (Mªkbo) pykuk drove (Mªkso) driven (fMªosu)
Drown (Mªkmu) Mwcksuk drowned (MªkÅaM) drowned (MªkÅaM)
Eat (bZV) [kkuk ate (,V) eaten (bZVu)
Earn (vuZ) dekuk earned (vUMZ) earned (vUMZ)
Fail (isQy) vliQy gksuk failed (isQYM) failed (isQYM)
Fly (ÝykbZ) mM+uk flew (Ýyw) flown (Ýyksu)
Forget (iQkWxsZV) Hkwyuk forgot (iQkWjxkWWV) forgotten (iQkWjxkWVu)
Fall (i+QkWy) fxjuk fell (is+Qy) fallen (i+QkWyu)
Feel (i+Qhy) vuqHko djuk felt (is+QYV) felt (is+QYV)
Fight (iQkbV) yM+uk fought (iQkWV) fought (iQkWV)
Find (iQkb±M) <w¡<uk found (iQkÅaM) found (iQkÅaM)
Forgive {kek djuk forgave forgiven
(iQkjfxo) (iQkjxso) (iQkWfxZou)
Feed (iQhM) f[kykuk fed (isQM) fed (isQM)
Fill (fiQy) Hkjuk filled (fiQYM) filled (fiQYM)
Grow (xzks) c<+kuk] mxkuk grew (fxzÅ) grown (xzksu)
Go (xks) tkuk went (osaV) gone (xkWu)
Get (xsV) izkIr djuk got (xkWV) got (xkWV)
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Present Tense Meaning Past Tense Past Participle
Give (fxo) nsuk gave (xso) given (fxou)
Hang (gSax) yVdkuk hung (gaax) hung (gax)
Happen (gSiu) oqQN gksuk happened (gSiu~M) happened (gSiu~M)
Hear (gh;j) lquuk heard (gMZ) heard (gMZ)
Help (gsYi) lgk;rk djuk helped (gsYi~M) helped (gsYi~M)
Hide (gkbM) fNikuk hid (fgM) hidden (fgM~u)
Hit (fgV) pksV ekjuk hit (fgV) hit (fgV)
Jump (tEi) owQnuk jumped (tEiM) jumped (tEiM)
Keep (dhi) j[kuk kept (osQIV) kept (osQIV)
Kill (fdy) ekj nsuk killed (fdYM) killed (fdYM)
Know (uks) tkuuk knew (U;w) known (uksu)
Knock (ukWd) [kV[kVkuk knocked (ukWDM) knocked (ukWDM)
Learn (yuZ) lh[kuk learnt (yUVZ) learnt (yUVZ)
Leave (yho) NksM+uk left (ysÝV) left (ysÝV)
Laugh (ykWiQ) g¡luk laughed (ykÝM) laughed (ykÝM)
Look (yqd) ns[kuk looked (yqDM) looked (yqDM)
Lose (yw”k) [kksuk lost (ykWLV) lost (ykWLV)
Make (esd) cukuk made (esM) made (esM)
Meet (ehV) feyuk met (esV~) met (esV~)
Marry (eSjh) fookg djuk married (eSfjM) married (eSfjM)
Obey (vkscs) vkKk ekuuk obeyed (vkscsM) obeyed (vkscsM)
Open (vksiu) [kksyuk opened (vksiUM) opened (vksiUM)
Play (Iys) [ksyuk played (IysM) played (IysM)
Punish (ifu'k) n.M nsuk punished (ifu'M) punished (ifu'M)
Put (iqV) j[kuk put (iqV) put (iqV)
Read (jhM) i<+uk read (jsM) read (jsM)
Reach (jhp) igq¡puk reached (jhPM) reached (jhPM)
Reply (fjIykbZ) mÙkj nsuk replied (fjIykbM) replied (fjIykbM)
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Basic Grammar
Present Tense Meaning Past Tense Past Participle
Ride (jkbM) lokjh djuk rode (jksM) ridden (fjMu)
Rise (jkb”k) mn; gksuk rose (jks”k) risen (fj”ku)
Ring (fjax) ctuk] ctkuk rang (jSax) rung (jax)
Run (ju) nkSM+uk ran (jSu) run (ju)
Search (lpZ) <w¡<uk searched (lpZM~) searched (lpZM~)
See (lh) ns[kuk saw (lk) seen (lhu)
Sell (lsy) cspuk sold (lksYM) sold (lksYM)
Send (lsaM) Hkstuk sent (lsaV) sent (lsaV)
Show ('kks) fn[kkuk showed ('kksM) shown ('kksu)
Stop (LVki) Bgjuk stopped (LVkIM) stopped (LVkIM)
Shoot ('kwV) xksyh ekjuk shot ('kkWV) shot ('kkWV)
Save (lso) cpkuk saved (lsOM) saved (lsOM~)
Say (ls) dguk said (lSM~) said (lSM~)
Serve (loZ) lsok djuk served (lOMZ) served (lsOMZ)
Sleep (Lyhi) lksuk slept (LySIV) slept (LySIV)
Sit (flV) cSBuk sat (lSV) sat (lSV)
Speak (Lihd) cksyuk spoke (Liksd) spoken (Liksdu)
Smell (Lesy) lw¡?kuk smelt (LeSYV) smelt (LeSYV)
Sing (flax) xkuk sang (lSax) sung (lax)
Swim (fLoe) rSjuk swam (LoSe) swum (Loe)
Smile (Lekby) eqLdjkuk smiled (LekbYM) smiled (LekbYM)
Stand (LVSaM) [kM+s gksuk stood (LVqM) stood (LVqM)
Start (LVkVZ) vkjEHk djuk started (LVkfVZM) started (LVkfVZM)
Steal (LVhy) pqjkuk stole (LVksy) stolen (LVksyu)
Spend (Lis.M) [kpZ djuk spent (LisUV) spent (LisUV)
Shut ('kV) cUn djuk shut ('kV) shut ('kV)
Try (VªkbZ) iz;Ru djuk tried (VªkbM) tried (VªkbM)
Think (fFkad) lkspuk thought (FkkWV) thought (FkkWV)
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Present Tense Meaning Past Tense Past Participle
Tear (Vh;j) iQkM+uk tore (Vksj) torn (VksuZ)
Take (Vsd) ysuk took (Vqd) taken (Vsdu)
Throw (Fkzks) iSaQduk threw (fFkzm) thrown (Fkzksu)
Tell (Vsy) crkuk] dguk told (VksYM) told (VksYM)
Teach (Vhp) fl[kkuk] i<+kuk taught (VkWV) taught (VkWV)
Use (;w”k) iz;ksx djuk used (;w”M) used (;w”M)
Write (jkbV) fy[kuk wrote (jksV) written (fjVu)
Win (fou) thruk won (oksu) won (oksu)
Wash (ok'k) èkksuk washed (ok'M) washed (ok'M)
Wear (oh;j) iguuk wore (oksj) worn (oksuZ)
Wind (okbaM) yisVuk wound (okÅ.M) wound (okÅ.M)
Weep (ohi) jksuk wept (osIV) wept (osIV)
Work (ooZQ) dke djuk worked (oDMZ) worked (oDMZ)
Watch (okp) ns[kuk watched (okPM) watched (okPM)
Water (okVj) ikuh nsuk watered (okVMZ) watered (okVMZ)
Want (okaV) pkguk wanted (okafVM) wanted (okafVM)
Practice Exercise
1. Write the past tense or past participle forms of the following verbs :
Fight, catch, awake, sleep, win, see, do, stand, bring, kill, become, show, go,
sing, write, weep, work, try, wind, hang, tell, make, smell, steal, spend, run,
take, think, say, shut, reach, speak, hear, give, arise.
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5. THE ADVERB (fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k)
og 'kCn tks fØ;k] fo'ks"k.k vFkok vU; fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k dh fo'ks"krk crkrk gS] mls fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
dgrs gSA
A word which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb is
called an adverb.
Examples : He walks fast.
He is too old.
She sings very sweetly.
bu okD;ksa esa vk, fast, too vkSj very ij fopkj djsaA ;s Øe'k% walks (verb), old
(adjective) rFkk sweetly (adverb) dh fo'ks"krk crk jgs gSaA vFkkZr~ ;s verb / adjective/
adverb osQ vFkZ dks vkSj vfèkd Li"V dj jgs gSaA vr% bu 'kCnksa dks adverb dgrs gSaA
KINDS OF ADVERB (fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksn)
ADVERBS
Now, we will study the kinds of adverbs in detail :
1. Adverbs of Manner (,sMocZl vki+Q eSuj) (jhfrokpd)µftu fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
'kCnksa ls dk;Z dh fofèk dk irk pyrk gSa] mUgsa jhfrokpd fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA ;s iz'u how
dk mÙkj nsrs gSaA tSlsµSlowly, quickly, badly, nicely, fast, well, loudly bR;kfnA
Adverbs of manner tell how or in what manner an action is taken.
We find the answer, putting the question : how ?
2. Adverbs of Place (,sMocZl vki+Q Iysl) (LFkkuokpd)µftu fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa
ls fdlh LFkku dk cksèk gksrk gSa] mUgsa LFkkuokpd fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA ;s iz'u where vFkkZr~
dgk¡ osQ mÙkj esa vkrs gSaA tSlsµHere, there, above, below, up, down, inside,
outside, away, far, near, in, out, anywhere, everywhere bR;kfnA
Adverbs of place tell where or at what place an action is done. We
find the answer putting the question : where ?
3. Adverbs of Time (,sMocZl vki+Q Vkbe) (dkyokpd)µ;s fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k 'kCn
fdlh dk;Z dk le; crkrs gSa vkSj iz'u when vFkkZr~ dc\ osQ mÙkj esa vkrs gSaA tSlsµNow,
then, before, after, ago, since, yet, still, soon, late, early, once, today,
tomorrow, yesterday, afterwords bR;kfnA
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Adverbs of time tell the time of an action and answer the question
when ?
4. Adverbs of Frequency (,sMocZl vki+Q ÚhDoSalh) (vko`fÙkokpd)µ;s fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
'kCn fdlh dk;Z oQk laiknu ^fdruh ckj* gqvk] gksrk gS ;k gksxk dks n'kkZrs gSa vkSj ;s iz'u how
often dk mÙkj nsrs gSaA tSlsµnever, always, daily, once, twice, again, seldom,
regularly, occassionally bR;kfnA
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something is done or
happens. We find the answer putting the question : how often ?
5. Adverbs of Degree (,sMocZl vki+Q fMxzh) (ifjek.kokpd)µ;s fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
'kCn fdlh action, adjective ;k adverb dh rhozrk dks n'kkZrs gSa vkSj ;s iz'u when,
how long, how often osQ mÙkj nsrs gSaA tSlsµvery, totally, exactly, hardly,
nearly, almost, fully, enough, too, much bR;kfnA
Adverbs of degree indicate the degree of intensity of an action,
adjective or adverb. We find the answer putting the question : when,
how long, how often ?
6. Interrogative Adverbs (,sMocZl vki+Q bUVsjksxsfVo) (iz'uokpd)µ;s fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
'kCn iz'u iwNus osQ fy, fd, tkrs gSaA tSlsµhow, when, where, how much, how
many, how long bR;kfnA
Adverbs of interrogative are used to ask questions.
7. Adverbs of Negation and Affirmation (,sMocZl vki+Q fuxs'ku ,.M ,iQjes'ku)
(LohdkjkRed o udkjkRed)µ;s fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k 'kCn udkjkRed vkSj LohdkjkRed mÙkj O;Dr
djrs gSaA tSlsµsurely, definitely, not, indeed, not at all, certainly bR;kfnA
The adverbs which express negative or positive answers are called
of negation and affirmation.
8. Adverbs of Reason (,sMocZl vki+Q jh”ku) (dkj.kokpd)µ;s fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k
'kCn fdlh dk;Z osQ dkj.k dks crkrs gSaA tSlsµtherefore, hence, so, thus bR;kfnA
Adverbs of reason tell the reason of the action.
FORMATIONS OF ADVERBS
(fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k dh jpuk)
1. Adverbs of Manner are mostly formed from adjectives by addling
“ly”.
Examples : Kind (+ ly) : Kindly
Rude (+ ly) : Rudely
Quick (+ ly) : Quickly
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4. Fill in the blanks with the types of adverbs indicated in brackets :
(a) The soldiers fought __________. (manner)
(b) He will come __________. (time)
(c) The boys are playing __________. (place)
(d) He was __________ tired. (degree)
(e) __________ are you ? (interrogative)
(f) The bell rang __________ he left the school. (reason)
(g) He has __________ helped you. (frequency)
(h) I have __________ seen him. (negation or affirmation)
(i) I shall wait for you __________. (place)
(j) I went there __________. (time)
5. Choose the correct answer :
(a) Identify the adverb in the given sentence.
Puneet made a shopping list neatly.
(i) neatly (ii) shopping (iii) list
(b) Your face is __________ red.
(i) nearly (ii) extremely (iii) always
(c) __________ are you late ?
(i) How (ii) When (iii) Why
(d) He was __________ faster than I.
(i) much (ii) very (iii) too
(e) He borrowed __________ my book.
(i) hard (ii) only (iii) hardly
(f) You should do exercise __________.
(i) everywhere (ii) where (iii) daily
(g) It began to rain __________.
(i) sudden (ii) suddenly (iii) carefully
(h) The school bell rang __________.
(i) loud (ii) loudly (iii) quietly
(i) God is __________.
(i) somewhere (ii) everywhere (iii) outside
(j) The soldiers fought __________.
(i) cowardly (ii) bravely (iii) soundly
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6. THE PREPOSITION (lEcaèkcksèkd)
tks 'kCn fdlh laKk ;k loZuke ls iwoZ iz;qDr gksdj mldk lEcUèk okD; osQ fdlh vkSj laKk ;k
loZuke ls izdV djs] mls lacaèkcksèkd dgrs gSA
A word that is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation
to, some other word in a sentence is called a preposition.
Examples : The book is on the table.
The dog is in the kennel.
He plucked the flower from the plant.
eq[; Prepositions bl izdkj gSa % In, into, on, upon, at, with, of, off, over,
to, for, since, from, within, above, under, behind, about, through,
after, till, against, towards, during bR;kfnA
CORRECT USE OF CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS
(lEcaèkcksèkd dk lgh mi;ksx)
1. inµ
(i) fuf'pr LFkku osQ Hkhrj fdlh oLrq dh fLFkj voLFkk dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Examples : 1. He is in the room.
2. The flowers are in the vase.
3. There is no water in the jug.
(ii) cM+s&cM+s uxjksa ,oa ns'kksa osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. Ritu lives in Gujarat.
2. We are lucky to be born in India.
(iii) ekl ,oa o"kZ osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. He will come here in January.
2. India became free in 1947.
(iv) le;] fLFkfr ,oa lanHkZ dh voLFkk dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Examples : 1. She will come here in an hour.
2. He was born in poverty.
3. In my opinion, he cannot pass.
(v) morning, afternoon vkSj evening osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. She goes out for a walk in the morning.
2. I will meet him in the afternoon.
3. We play in the evening.
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2. atµ
(i) le;] fLFkfr vkSj vk;q osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. Our school opens at 8 o’clock.
2. I am at your place.
3. She was married at the age of twenty.
(ii) fLFkj voLFkk esa fdlh LFkku osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. My father is not at home.
2. He is at school.
(iii) xk¡oksa ,oa NksVs&NksVs uxjksa osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. She lives at Ram Nagar.
2. I was born at Kirti Nagar.
(iv) dkWyksuh osQ uke osQ lkFk
Example : I was born at Shahdara.
(v) fdlh cM+s uxj osQ lkFk at vkrk gS] ;fn ogk¡ oqQN le; Bgjuk gks
Example : On my way to Agra I shall stay at Delhi.
(vi) noon vkSj night osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. She comes here at noon.
2. When do you go to bed at night ?
(vii) dher crkus osQ fy,
Example : Mangoes are selling at fifty rupees a kilo.
3. intoµ
(i) oLrq dh xfr dks vFkok ckgj ls Hkhrj tkus dh voLFkk dks izdV djus osQ fy,] tSlsµ
Examples : 1. Vikas went into the room.
2. Ajay got into the bus.
(ii) :i ifjorZu osQ fy,
Examples : 1. Translate the passage into English.
2. Mould this clay into a toy.
4. toµ
,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku osQ xfr'khy gksus ij]
Examples : 1. I go to the temple daily.
2. She came to my house.
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5. onµ
(i) fnu osQ uke osQ lkFk
Example : He will come on Monday.
(ii) frfFk osQ lkFk
Example : We celebrate Republic Day on 26th January.
(iii) fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfr dks Li"V djus osQ fy,
Examples : 1. I have written a book on importance of education.
2. He goes to school on foot.
(iv) Åij (uhps okyh oLrq dks Nwus dh voLFkk esa)
Examples : 1. She is sitting on the floor.
2. The book is on the table.
6. aboveµÅij (uhps okyh oLrq dks Nq, fcuk)
Examples : 1. The fan is above our head.
2. She is above twenty.
7. overµ cgqr gh Åij
Examples : 1. A beautiful white bird was flying over the lake.
2. The cat jumped over the wall.
8. uponµ xfr'khy oLrq osQ lkFk
Examples : 1. The dog jumped upon the table.
2. The lion jumped upon the prey.
9. withµ
(i) laxfr dh voLFkk esa
Example : I went there with my father.
(ii) fdlh oLrq osQ }kjk
Example : I mended my pencil with a sharpener.
10. byµ
(i) fdlh izk.kh osQ }kjk
Example : The work is done by me.
(ii) ?kM+h osQ lkFk
Example : It is ten by my watch.
(iii) LFkku dh lehirk dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Example : Sit by me.
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(iv) action osQ ifj:i dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Examples : 1. She caught me by the collar.
2. He paid the loan by installments.
(v) cspus dh fofèk dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Example : Cloth is sold by the metre.
11. ofµ
(i) lEcUèk dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Example : I live in the house of my father.
(ii) xq.k dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Example : He is the man of his words.
(iii) dkj.k dks izdV djus osQ fy,
Example : He died of coronavirus.
12. fromµ
(i) fdlh LFkku ls]
Example : He came back from Mumbai.
(ii) Indefinite Tense esa le; osQ lkFk
Example : I shall start doing this work from tomorrow.
(iii) i`Fkd (vyx) gksus esa
Example : I plucked a fruit from the tree.
13. betweenµnks eè; esa
Example : Divide these mangoes between the two brothers.
14. amongµnks ls vfèkd esa
Example : Distribute these candies among the children.
15. sinceµfuf'pr le; osQ lkFk esa
Example : I have known him since 1981.
16. forµfxurh okys le; esa
Example : She has been living here for three years.
17. tillµtc&rd fd osQ lanHkZ esa
Example : I shall wait till she comes.
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POSITION OF THE PREPOSITIONS
(lEcaèkcksèkd dh fLFkfr)
1. Preposition izk;% vius Object ls igys vkrk gSA
Examples : Mohan sat on the chair.
Radha sat at her desk.
2. tc ;g Relative Pronoun dks govern djs rks okD; osQ vUr esa vkrk gSA
Example : This is the book I have been looking for.
3. tc ;g Interrogative Pronoun dks govern djrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx okD; osQ
vUr esa gksrk gSA
Example : Whom is he listening to ?
WORDS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS
(lEcaèkcksèkd 'kCnksa dk fuèkkZj.k)
1. Neelam is fond of music.
2. I am tired of him.
3. He died of typhoid.
4. He jumped upon the table.
5. The dog ran across the road.
6. Rajat spoke to me in English.
7. He lives in Bombay.
8. Sonali is true to his words.
9. I am very grateful to you.
10. Just listen to what I say.
11. My parents are angry with me.
12. My brother is weak in English.
13. I am always kind to the poor people.
14. She wrote to me yesterday.
15. Trust in God.
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Practice Exercise
1. Underline the prepositions in the sentences given below. One has been done
for you :
(a) Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
(b) An old man sat under a tree.
(c) Fruits are in the basket.
(d) The fan is above our head.
(e) Ruhi went into the room.
(f) Aman is sitting on the carpet.
(g) Distribute these sweets among the students.
(h) Take your brother with you.
2. Fill in the blanks with on, in or under :
(a) Divya is sitting __________ the chair.
(b) I live __________ a big house.
(c) Her doll is __________ the table.
(d) She met her __________ the evening.
(e) There is some milk __________ the fridge.
(f) The clock is __________ the wall.
(g) The shoes are __________ the bed.
(h) He lives __________ Kirti Nagar.
3. Fill in the blanks with the help of prepositions given in the box :
between in into on with by of upon at among
(a) He is firm __________ his opinion.
(b) Translate this passage __________ Hindi.
(c) Distribute candies and biscuits __________ the children.
(d) The lion sprang __________ the deer.
(e) I shall meet her __________ 20th September.
(f) He went to see the movie __________ his sister.
(g) Cloth is sold __________ the metre.
(h) The ball rolled __________ the desk and the wall.
(i) Do not proud __________ your wealth.
(j) She knocked __________ the door.
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4. Read the poem and circle the prepositions :
Sassy’s Walk
Sassy, the cat went for a walk
in the garden
under the tree
over the fence
behind the pond
between the bushes
near the bench
and around the house
just in time to catch a mouse.
5. Choose the correct answer :
(a) Sunita is afraid __________ spider.
(i) in (ii) about (iii) of
(b) I am good __________ tennis.
(i) in (ii) at (iii) on
(c) We arrived __________ the station an hour late.
(i) of (ii) in (iii) at
(d) He is interested __________ history.
(i) in (ii) of (iii) about
(e) I have no money __________ you.
(i) for (ii) with (iii) about
(f) He has been waiting __________ morning.
(i) for (ii) with (iii) since
(g) May I come __________ ?
(i) in (ii) about (iii) with
(h) My best friend lives __________ Connaught Place.
(i) in (ii) on (iii) at
(i) I am not interested __________ buying a new car.
(i) on (ii) in (iii) about
(j) I was visiting my best friend __________ the hospital.
(i) with (ii) from (iii) at
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