J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Words Pronunciation Meaning
('kCn) (mPpkj.k) (vFkZ)
Honest vkWusLV bZekunkj
Dishonest MhLvkWusLV csbZeku
Fool iwQy ew[kZ
Fraud ÚkWM èkks[kk
Tell VSy dguk
Listen yhlu lquuk
Watch okp ns[kuk
Clock DykWd nhokj ?kM+h
Speech Lihp Hkk"k.k
Speak Lihd cksyuk
Light ykbV izdk'k
Dark MkoZQ vaèksjk
Traffic VªSfiQd okgu dk vkokxeu
Cross Økl ikj djuk
Crowd ØkmM >qaM] lewg
Rush j'k HkhM+&HkkM+
Picture fiDpj fp=k] rLohj
Promise izkfel oknk] opu] izfrKk
Invitation bUohVs'ku fuea=k.k
Request fjDosLV fuosnu] izkFkZuk] vuqjksèk
Please Iyh”k esgjckuh djosQ] Ñi;k
Pleased Iyh”M izlUu] [kq'k
Proud izkmM xoZ] vfHkeku
Place Iysl LFkku
Palace iSysl egy
Sunrise lujkbl lw;Z mn;
Sunset lulSV lw;Z vLr
Public ifCyd turk
Guest xSLV esgeku
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Words Pronunciation Meaning
('kCn) (mPpkj.k) (vFkZ)
Servant losZUV ukSdj
Employee bEiykWbZ deZpkjh
Employer bEiykW;j ekfyd
Thanks FkSaDl èkU;okn
Court dksVZ vnkyr
Clever Dysoj pkykd
Thief FkhiQ pksj
Pick-pocket fidikWosQV tscdrjk
Doctor MkWDVj fpfdRld
Patient is'ksUV jksxh
Quickly fDodyh rsth ls
Slowly Lyksyh èkhjs&èkhjs
Walk okd Vgyuk
High gkbZ Å¡pk
Big fcx cM+k
Small Leky NksVk
Island vkbZyS.M }hi
Sea lh leqæ] lkxj
Tank Vsad rkykc
Leader yhMj usrk
Young ;ax toku
Age ,t vk;q
Life ykbiQ thou
Death MsFk e`R;q
Love yo izse] I;kj
Hate gsV ?k`.kk
Letter ySVj i=k
Later ysVj ckn esa
Fair isQ;j esyk
Fare isQ;j fdjk;k
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SENTENCES USED IN DAILY LIFE
(nSfud thou esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys okD;)
Hindi Sentences English Sentences Pronunciation
(fgUnh okD;) (vaxzsth okD;) (mPpkj.k)
gk¡ th Yes, please ;l] Iyh”k
gk¡] Jherh th Yes, madam ;l] eSMe
gk¡] Jheku th Yes, sir ;l] lj
ugha] Jherh th No, madam uks] eSMe
ugha] Jheku th No, sir uks] lj
;g cgqr gSA It’s too much. bV~l Vw ep
ugha thA No, please. uks] Iyht
ugha] tukcA No, sir. uks] lj
cgqr vPNk] JhekuA Very well, sir. osjh oSy] lj
eq>s fo'okl gSA I am sure. vkbZ ,se ';ksj
Ñi;k lc Bhd gSA O.K. Please. vks- osQ- Iyht
dksbZ ckr ughaaA Never mind. usoj ekbaM
vkidk Lokxr gSA You are welcome. ;w vkj osyde
Ñi;k fo'okl dhft,A Please, rest assured. Iyht] jsLV ,';ksMZ
s
eSa vkidh lgk;rk oSQls How can I help you ? gkÅ oSQu vkbZ gYi ; w
dj ldrk gw¡ \
D;k eSa vkidh Can I help you ? osQu vkbZ gsYi ;w \
enn dj ldrk gw¡ \
esjs fy, ;g dkiQh gSaA It’s enough for me. bV~l ,uiQ iQkj eh
Ñi;k #fd,A Please stop. Iyh”k LVki
Hkxoku~ dk èkU;oknA Thank God. FkSad xkWM
Ñi;k izrh{kk djsaA Please wait. Iyht osV
eSa vHkh vk jgk gw¡A I am just coming. vkbZ ,e tLV dfeax
D;ksa ugha \ Why not ? OgkbZ ukWV
vo';A By all means. ckbZ vky ehUl
esjk le; u"V er djksA Don’t waste my time. MksaV&osLV ekb Vkbe
ugha] esjs thou esa dHkh ughaA No, never in my life. uks] usoj bu ekb ykbiQ
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Hindi Sentences English Sentences Pronunciation
(fgUnh okD;) (vaxzsth okD;) (mPpkj.k)
'kqHkdkeukvksa osQ lkFkA With best wishes. fon csLV fo'ks”k
Bhd <ax ls pyksA Walk properly. okd izkijyh
;gk¡ ij er jksvksA Don’t weep here. MksaV ohi fg;j
fØlel eqckjd gksA Merry Christmas. esjh fØlel
nsj er yxkukA Don’t take long. MksaV Vsd ykax
vius firk dks esjk lEeku nsukA Pay my regards to is ekb fjxkMZ~l Vw
your father. ;ksj iQknj
bls eq>ls ys yksA Take this from me. Vsd fnl Úke eh
bls er HkwyksA Don’t forget it. MksaV iQksjxsV bV
fdjk, osQ fy, [kkyh gSA To let. Vw ysV
fcuk vkKk vanj vkuk euk gSA No admission uks ,Mfe'ku
without permission. fonkmV ijfe'ku
tYnh vkukA Come soon. de lwu
gky Hkjk iM+k gSA Hall is full. gky b”k iqQy
bls eq>s ns nksA Give it to me. fxo bV Vq eh
bèkj vkvksA Come here. de fg;j
Hkxoku~ egku~ gSA God is great. xkWM b”k xzsV
dksbZ cgqr [kkl ckr ughaA Nothing very important.ufFkax osjh bEikWjVsUV
èkweziku oftZr gSA No smoking. uks Leksfdax
u;k o"kZ eqckjd gksA Happy New Year. gSih U;w bZ;j
eq>s nks"k er nksA Don’t blame me. MksaV Cyse eh
vkSj oqQN ugha thA Nothing more please. ufFakx eksj Iyh”k
vkiosQ fy, vPNs HkkX; dh Wish you good luck. fo'k ;w xqM yd
dkeuk djrk gw¡A
;gk¡ xkM+h [kM+h djuk euk gSA No parking here. uks ikj¯dx fg;j
vkidks oqQN vkSj pkfg,A Anything else you want. ,uhfFkax ,Yl ;w okaV
ckgj dk jkLrk ugha gSA No Exit. uks ,fXtV
vUnj tkus dk jkLrk bèkj gSA Entrance here. ,UVªSUl fg;j
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Know About India
KNOW ABOUT INDIA
(Hkkjr osQ fo"k; esa tkusa)
NATIONAL SYMBOL (jk"Vªh; izrhd)
A Nation's National Symbols are a visual, verbal, and iconic representation of
its unique identity; hence it consits of a host of carefully choosen objects that
defines the country's sensibilities.
NATIONAL EMBLEM OF INDIA
The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is the national emblem of
India. It consists of four Lions standing back to back on a circular
abacus. The abacus has sculptures of an elephant, a horse, a bull
and a lion. These are separated by wheels in between called the Dharma
Chakras. The Lotus was removed from the Emblem and instead the
motto Satyameva Jayate meaning ‘Truth Alone Triumphs’ was added
below the State Emblem of India.
NATIONAL FLAG
Flag of India (Indian tricolour), adopted by Constituent Assembly on July 22, 1947, has
a wheel that appears on the abacus of Sarnath Lion, having 24 spokes. The width of the
flag to its length is two to three.
Colours of the Flag : In the National Flag of India
the top band is of Saffron colour indicating the
strength and courage of the country. The white middle
band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra.
The last band is green in colour shows the fertility,
growth and auspiciousness of the land.
The Chakra : This Dharma Chakra depicted the
"wheel of the law" in the Sarnath Lion Capital made
by the 3rd-century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. The
chakra intends to show that there is life in movement
and death in stagnation.
Flag Code : On 26th January 2002, the Indian
flag code was modified and after several years of independence, the citizens of India
were finally allowed to hoist the Indian flag over their homes, offices and factories on
any day and not just National days as was the case earlier.
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NATIONAL ANTHEM
‘‘Jana Gana Mana’’
Rabindranath Tagore composed the song
‘‘Jana Gana Mana’’ which was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly on January 24, 1950.
It was first sung on December 27, 1911 at the
Calcutta (now Kolkata) session of the Indian
National Congress. Playing time of the full
version of the national anthem is
approximately 52 seconds. A short version
consisting of the first and the last lines of the
stanza (playing time approximately 20 seconds)
is also. The whole song consists of five stanzas.
NATIONAL SONG
“Vande Mataram”
Vande Mataram is a poem from the fame novel Anandamath
which was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in
1882. It was written in Bengali and Sanskrit. It is a hymn
to Goddess Durga, identified as the national personification
of India. It played a vital role in the Indian independence
movement, first sung in a political context by Rabindranath
Tagore at the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress.
In 1950 (after India’s independence), the song’s first two
verses were given the official status of the “national song” of the Republic of India,
distinct from the national anthem of India Jana Gana Mana.
NATIONAL FLOWER “Lotus”
The lotus flower has a very significant position in Indian mythology.
It is the flower of goddess Laxmi and symbolises wealth, prosperity,
and fertility. Also, it grows very uniquely in dirty water with its long
stalk far above the water, bearing the flower on the top. The lotus
flower remains untouched from impurity. It symbolises purity,
achievement, long life, and good fate.
NATIONAL FRUIT “Mango”
Designated as the King of all fruits by Indians since long, ripe fleshy
mangoes are certainly very tasty. The famous Indian poet Kalidasa has
penned praises on mangoes while historians mention that the great
Alexander and the famous Chinese traveller has tasted its divine flavour.
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NATIONAL RIVER “The Ganga”
The Ganga or Ganges is the longest river of India flowing
over 2,510 kms of mountains, valleys and plains. It originates
in snowfields of the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas as
the Bhagirathi River. It is later jointed by other rivers such
as the Alaknanda, Yamuna, Sone, Gomti, Kosi and Ghagra.
NATIONAL TREE “The Banyan”
The national tree of India is the Banyan. The Banyan tree
represents eternal life, because of its ever-expanding branches.
The country’s unity is symbolised by the tree’s huge structure
and its deep roots. The tree is also known as Kalpavriksha,
which means ‘wish fulfilling tree’ .The Banyan tree is called
so because the Banyan tree has immense medicinal properties
and is associated with longevity. The Banyan tree also gives
shelter to many different kinds of animals and birds, which
represent India and its people from different races, religions
and castes.
NATIONAL BIRD “Indian Peacock”
Peacock, which is a symbol of grace, joy, beauty and love is
the national bird of India.
NATIONAL ANIMAL “Tiger”
The Tiger (Panthera Tigris, Linnaeus) is the national animal
of India. Tiger is also called the lord of jungles. The national
animal of India, is a rich-coloured well-striped animal with a
short coat. As the national animal of India, tiger symbolizes
India’s wildlife wealth.
NATIONAL GAME “Field Hockey”
Hockey is the National Game of India. Unmatched excellence and
incomparable virtuosity brought India a string of Olympic gold medals.
The Golden Era of hockey in India was the period from 1928–1956 when
India won 6 consecutive gold medals in the Olympic.
NATIONAL MONUMENT “India Gate”
The India Gate is the national monument of India. It is one of the
largest war memorials in India. India Gate is situated in the heart
of New Delhi and was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Originally it
was known as All India War Memorial. India Gate commemorates
the 90,000 soldiers of the erstwhile British Indian Army who lost
their lives fighting for the Indian Empire in World War I and the
Afghan Wars.
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NATIONAL AQUATIC ANIMAL “Dolphin”
River Dolphin is the National Aquatic Animal of India. This mammal
is also said to represent the purity of the holy Ganga as it can only
survive in pure and fresh water. River dolphin is a critically
endangered species in India and therefore, has been included in the
Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
NATIONAL CURRENCY “The Indian Rupee”
`. The flow of this currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.
Indian Rupee (INR) is the official currency of the Republic of India.
The symbol of the Indian rupee is derived from the Devanagari
consonant “0 “ (ra). The Indian rupee is named after a silver coin,
which is called Rupiya. It was first issued by Sultan Sher Shah Suri
in the 16th century and later the Mughal Empire continued it.
NATIONAL HERITAGE ANIMAL “Elephant”
The environment ministry on Oct. 22, 2010 declared the
elephant a national hertiage animal in order to step up
measures for its protection. India started Project Elephant
in 1992 to provide financial and technical support to the
elephant range states in India for the protection of jumbos,
their habitat and corridors and address issues of human-
animal conflict.
LANGUAGES OF INDIA (Hkkjr dh izeq[k Hkk"kk,¡)
• The number of languages recognised by the 22
Indian Constitution is
• At the inception of Indian Constitution in 1950, 14
number of recognised languages was
• The languages which were adgeded to the Eighth Sindhi, Konkani, Nepali,
Schedule are Manipuri, Maithili, Dogri,
Bodo and Santhali
• Number of identifiable mother tongues 234
as per Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation report of 2011
• The first language to be conferred the status of Tamil
a Classical Language
• Other languages which have been conferred the Sanskrit, Kannada and
status of a Classical Language Telugu
• The official languge of Nagaland is English
• The official language of Jammu and Kashmir Urdu
• The official language of Goa Konkani
• The official language of the Supreme Court English
and High Court as prescribed by the
Constitution of India is
• The principal languages of Lakshdweep are Malayalam, Jeseri
and Mahal (Dweep Bhasha)
• Foreign language commonly spoken in French
Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry) is
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• The Indian language known as the Telugu
‘Italian of the East’ is
• The principal languages of the Andaman Hindi, Nicobarese, Bengali
and Nicobar Islands are Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu
• English is not in the list of recognised languages.
STATES OF INDIA (Hkkjr osQ jkT;)
• The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located.
• The legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes.
• The judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts of India.
• The date mentioned in the table refers to when the city became the capital of the
state or territory.
• The administrative capital is considered to be the main capital of the state.
• In the absence of the legislative capital means that it is administered by the Central
Government.
INDIAN STATES AND THEIR CAPITALS
State Capital Official Judicial Since
Language Capital
Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Telugu Amaravati 1956
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar English Guwahati 1987
Assam Dispur Assamese Guwahati 1950
Bihar Patna Hindi Patna 1912
Chhattisgarh Raipur Chhattisgarhi Bilaspur 2000
Goa Panaji Konkani Mumbai 1987
Gujarat Gandhinagar Gujarati Ahmedabad 1960
Haryana Chandigarh Haryanvi Chandigarh 1966
Himachal Pradesh Shimla Hindi Shimla 1971
Jharkhand Ranchi Hindi Ranchi 2000
Karnataka Bangalore Kannada Belgaum 1956
Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Malayalam Ernakulam 1956
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Hindi Jabalpur 1956
Maharashtra Mumbai Marathi Mumbai 1960
Manipur Imphal Manipuri Imphal 1972
Meghalaya Shillong English Shillong 1972
Mizoram Aizawl Mizo Guwahati 1987
Nagaland Kohima English Guwahati 1963
Odisha Bhubaneswar Oriya Cuttack 1950
Punjab Chandigarh Punjabi Chandigarh 1966
Rajasthan Jaipur Hindi Jodhpur 1956
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Sikkim Gangtok Nepali Gangtok 1975
Tamil Nadu Chennai Tamil Chennai 1950
Telangana Hyderabad Telugu, Urdu Hyderabad 2014
Tripura Agartala Bengali and Kokborok Agartala 1972
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Hindi Prayagraj 1950
Uttarakhand Dehradun Hindi Nainital 2000
West Bengal Kolkata Bengali Kolkata 1956
UNION TERRITORIES
Andaman and Port Blair – Kolkata 1956
Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh Chandigarh – Chandigarh 1966
Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman – Mumbai 2020
and Daman and Diu
Jammu and Srinagar Srinagar Srinagar 2019
Kashmir Jammu Jammu Jammu
Ladakh Leh, Kargil – Srinagar Jammu 2019
Lakshadweep Kavaratti – Ernakulam 1956
Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi 1956
Puducherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Chennai 1951
INDIA’S ADMINISTRATION UNITS
• • • • • No. of States 28
• • • • • No. of Union Territories 8
• • • • • No. of Districts 766
• • • • • No. of Sub-districts 6057
• • • • • No. of Towns 7935
• • • • • No. of Census Towns 3894
• • • • • No. of Statutory Towns 4041
• • • • • No. of Villages 664369
COMPARATIVE AREA
• • • • • Largest State Rajasthan 342,239 Sq. km
• • • • • Smallest State Goa 3,702 Sq. km
• • • • • Largest Union Territory Andaman & Nicobar Islands 8,249 Sq. km
• • • • • Smallest Union Territory Lakshadweep 32.62 Sq. km
• • • • • Largest District Kachchh (Gujarat) 45,652 Sq. km
• • • • • Smallest District Mahe (Puducherry) 9 Sq. km
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PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
VICE-PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA
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CHIEF JUSTICES OF INDIA (Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k)
1. H.J Kania 26 January 1950 – 6 November 1951
2. M. Patanjali Sastri 7 November 1951 – 3 January 1954
3. Mehr Chand Mahajan 4 January 1954 – 22 December 1954
4. Bijan Kumar Mukherjea 23 December 1954 – 31 January 1956
5. Sudhi Ranjan Das 1 February 1956 – 30 September 1959
6. Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha 1 October 1959 – 31 January 1964
7. P. B. Gajendragadkar 1 February 1964 – 15 March 1966
8. Amal Kumar Sarkar 16 March 1966 – 29 June 1966
9. Koka Subba Rao 30 June 1966 – 11 April 1967
10. Kailas Nath Wanchoo 12 April 1967 – 24 February 1968
11. Mohammad Hidayatullah 25 February 1968 – 16 December 1970
12. Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah 17 December 1970 – 21 January 1971
13. Sarv Mittra Sikri 22 January 1971 – 25 April 1973
14. A. N. Ray 26 April 1973 – 27 January 1977
15. Mirza Hameedullah Beg 29 January 1977 – 21 February 1978
16. Y. V. Chandrachud 22 February 1978 – 11 July 1985
17. P. N. Bhagwati 12 July 1985 – 20 December 1986
18. Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 21 December 1986 – 18 June 1989
19. Engalaguppe S. Venkataramiah 19 June 1989 – 17 December 1989
20. Sabyasachi Mukharji 18 December 1989 – 25 September 1990
21. Ranganath Misra 26 September 1990 – 24 November 1991
22. Kamal Narain Singh 25 November 1991 – 12 December 1991
23. Madhukar Hiralal Kania 13 December 1991 – 17 November 1992
24. Lalit Mohan Sharma 18 November 1992 – 11 February 1993
25. M. N. Venkatachaliah 12 February 1993 – 24 October 1994
26. Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 25 October 1994 – 24 March 1997
27. J. S. Verma 25 March 1997 – 17 January 1998
28. Madan Mohan Punchhi 18 January 1998 – 9 October 1998
29. Adarsh Sein Anand 10 October 1998 – 31 October 2001
30. Sam Piroj Bharucha 1 November 2001 – 5 May 2002
31. Bhupinder Nath Kirpal 6 May 2002 – 7 November 2002
32. Gopal Ballav Pattanaik 8 November 2002 – 18 December 2002
33. V. N. Khare 19 December 2002 – 1 May 2004
34. S. Rajendra Babu 2 May 2004 – 31 May 2004
35. Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 1 June 2004 – 31 October 2005
36. Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 1 November 2005 – 13 January 2007
37. K. G. Balakrishnan 14 January 2007 – 12 May 2010
38. S. H. Kapadia 12 May 2010 – 28 September 2012
39. Altamas Kabir 29 September 2012 – 18 July 2013
40. P. Sathasivam 19 July 2013 – 26 April 2014
41. Rajendra Mal Lodha 27 April 2014 – 27 September 2014
42. H. L. Dattu 28 September 2014 – 2 December 2015
43. T. S. Thakur 3 December 2015 – 3 January 2017
44. Jagdish Singh Khehar 4 January 2017 – 27 August 2017
45. Dipak Misra 28 August 2017 – 2 October 2018
46. Ranjan Gogoi 3 October 2018 – 17 November 2019
47. Sharad Arvind Bobde 18 November 2019 – 23 April 2021
48. N. V. Ramana 24 April 2021 – 26 August 2022
49. U. U. Lalit 27 August 2022 – 8 November 2022
50. D. Y. Chandrachud 9 November 2022 – present
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