J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
7. THE CONJUNCTION (leqPp;cksèkd)
os vO;; 'kCn tks nks 'kCnksa] 'kCn&lewg ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+rs gSa] mUgsa leqPp;cksèkd dgrs gSaA
A conjunction is a word that joins two words, phrases or sentences
together.
and but or because therefore
although though yet still as well as
otherwise when if after since
before as unless while as if
whether where so that until
till either...or neither...or not only...but also both...and
Examples : Cricket and tennis are my favourite games.
You should hurry up or you will miss the train.
Sonam is intelligent but careless.
CORRECT USE OF SOME CONJUNCTIONS
(leqPp;cksèkd osQ lgh mi;ksx)
And : Ram and Shyam are good friends.
Or : I want a pen or pencil.
But : I like pizza but not burger.
As : Anjali wept as she spoke.
If : If you work hard, you will pass.
That : He told me that he was unwell.
Because : The baby is weeping because it is hungry.
Than : Ram is cleverer than Shyam.
Lest : Work hard lest you should fail.
Otherwise : Make haste otherwise you will miss the train.
So : It was raining so the game was cancelled.
Although : Although he was sick, he still went to school.
Until : Wait here until I come back.
While : I saw him while I was playing.
Where : I went to market where I saw a magician.
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Basic Grammar
Still : He is very rich still he is unhappy.
Before : Before I went to church, I had an appointment.
After : Take your medicine after having your breakfast.
Unless : You will not pass unless you work hard.
Either ... or : Either Rajat or Anil has broken my watch.
Neither ... nor : Neither she nor her friends are there.
As well as : He is honest as well as hard working.
So that : He came here so that he can meet the Principal.
As ... as : Mohan is as tall as Sohan.
Such ... that : It was such a hot day that nobody could do any
work.
Both ... and : Rajesh is both lazy and dull.
As ... so : As you sow, so shall you reap.
Whether ... or : I don’t bother whether you come or not.
KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS
(leqPp;cksèkd osQ izdkj)
Conjunctions
Co-ordinating Subordinating Correlative
(lekuinh;) (lekukfèkdj.k) (lglacafèkr)
Conjunctions (leqPp;cksèkd) rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ
Now, we will study them in detail. (vc ge budk foLrkj ls vè;;u djsaxsA)
1. Co-ordinating : ,d gh Lrj oQh nks oLrqvksa dks tksM+us okyk leqPp;cksèkd]
lekuinh; leqPp;cksèkd dgykrk gSA
The conjunction which joins two items of equal rank is called a co-
ordinating conjunction.
There are seven main co-ordinating conjunctions in English, which
form the acronym ‘FANBOYS’. (vaxzs”kh esa eq[; :i ls lkr co-ordinating
conjunction gksrs gSa] ftudk laf{kIr :i ‘FANBOYS’ gSA)
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Co-ordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
For Richa drank some water for she was thirsty.
And I have two red pens and three blue pens.
Nor Rajat does not like burger, nor does he like pizza.
But I like dancing but my brother likes singing.
Or Do you want to go by train or by bus ?
Yet Puneet is poor yet happy.
So I was feeling tired so I slept.
2. Subordinating : lekukfèkdj.k leqPp; nks vleku okD;ksa dks tksM+rk gSA
The conjunction which two sentences of unequal value is known
as subordinating conjunction.
Examples : After, before, once, until, although, when, as, whenever,
because, since, where, so that, even if, though, whether,
while, unless, etc.
uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa eksVs v{kj subordinating conjunctions gSaA
1. This is the book that I bought yesterday.
2. You will pass if you work hard.
3. Don’t go before I come.
4. Rohit is so tired that he cannot walk.
3. Correlative : lglacafèkr leqPp;cksèkd dk iz;ksx tksM+ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
A conjunction that works in a pair is known as correlative
conjunction.
Examples : either...or; neither...nor; both...and; not only...but also;
as...as; so...that; so...as; etc.
uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa eksVs v{kj correlative conjunctions gSaA
1. My sister reads both novels and magazines.
2. I can either bake cookies or bake a cake.
3. The house was neither attractive nor affordable.
4. We eat so that we may live.
JOINING SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIONS
(leqPp;cksèkd ls okD; tksM+uk)
Examples :
1. I like to eat apples. I like to eat oranges. [and]
I like to eat apples and oranges.
2. Tarun likes music. He can’t dance. [but]
Tarun likes music but he can’t dance.
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Basic Grammar
3. Work hard. You will fail. [or]
Work hard or you will fail.
4. Jatin is a doctor. His father is a doctor. [both ... and]
Both Jatin and his father are doctors.
Practice Exercise
1. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences :
(a) The fence was long and high.
(b) I like chips but my brother likes chocolates.
(c) Priya is taller than her brother.
(d) Would you like a cup of tea or coffee ?
(e) I trust my friend because he always speaks the truth.
(f) I will help you if you lend me your car.
(g) Don’t watch T.V until you complete your homework.
(h) My friend is brave as well as loyal.
2. Fill in the blanks with and, but, or :
(a) I have two balls __________ a bat.
(b) Do you want pancakes __________ noodles ?
(c) We played well __________ still lost the game.
(d) I want to be a doctor __________ a scientist.
(e) Sarita loves oranges __________ she hates pears.
(f) She bought apples __________ bananas.
(g) Is it Monday __________ Tuesday ?
(h) Tarun bought bread __________ butter from the market.
3. Fill in the blanks with conjunctions given in the box :
while when before so unless as both...and because and but
(a) This is a small __________ interesting story.
(b) My friend is brave __________ loyal.
(c) I was late __________ the bus didn’t come.
(d) __________ my brother __________ my sister are players.
(e) He was treated __________ a guest.
(f) __________ you tell me the truth, I shall punish you.
(g) He was ill __________ he went to a doctor.
(h) She will be here __________ her mother comes.
(i) The lights went out __________ I was reading.
(j) I injured my knee __________ I was playing football.
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4. Combine the following sentences using the conjunctions given in the brackets :
(a) I love apple. I love mango. (and)
(b) Work hard. You will pass. (if)
(c) We all respect him. He is a noble man. (because)
(d) Sahil is clever. His sister is foolish. (but)
(e) I used a torchlight. It is very dark. (as)
(f) You can have the blue pen. You can have the green pen. (or)
(g) Run fast. You will miss the train. (otherwise)
(h) He is intelligent. He is helpful. (as well as)
(i) Raj was hungry. He ate all the cake. (so)
(j) The girl ran. She was afraid. (because)
5. Choose the correct answer :
(a) Rohan was thin __________ he was strong.
(i) and (ii) but (iii) because
(b) We could not buy the watch __________ the shop was closed.
(i) or (ii) because (iii) unless
(c) Go __________ complete your work.
(i) and (ii) while (iii) when
(d) Did you go out __________ stay at home ?
(i) or (ii) because (iii) though
(e) Sanjay is __________ rich __________ famous.
(i) either...nor (ii) neither...nor (iii) so...that
(f) __________ he is my friend , I will help him.
(i) as (ii) so (iii) but
(g) I will wait __________ I meet him.
(i) when (ii) until (iii) before
(h) __________ it was raining , we played chess.
(i) while (ii) that (iii) whether
(i) You will get the prize __________ you deserve.
(i) if (ii) or (iii) as
(j) Sachin is poor __________ honest.
(i) because (ii) than (iii) and
(k) Don’t go __________ I come.
(i) while (ii) before (iii) after
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Basic Grammar
8. THE INTERJECTION (foLe;kfncksèkd)
ftu 'kCnksa ls foLe;] g"kZ] 'kksd vkfn euksHkko izdV gksrs gSa] mUgsa foLe;kfncksèkd dgrs gSaA
foLe;kfncksèkd 'kCnksa osQ lkFk foLe;kfncksèkd fpÉ (!) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings or
emotions such as surprise, joy, sorrow, etc. Interjections are usually
followed by an exclamation mark ( ! ).
hurrah
Read the examples given below :
1. Alas! He is dead. [grief]
2. Hello! What are you doing here ? [greeting or surprising]
3. Ah! That feels good. [pleasure or surprise]
4. Oh! I got such a fight. [surprise or pain]
5. Hush! Don’t make a noise. [to make somebody quiet]
6. Wow! That is a great news. [surprise]
7. Hurrah! I have stood first in the class. [express joy]
8. Bravo! You have done well. [admiration]
9. Ouch! You are hurting me. [pain]
10. Well done! You cleared the exam. [approval and praise]
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Practice Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks using interjections given in the box :
Alas Ouch Hush Bravo Hurrah Wow Hello Well-done Oh
(a) __________! We have won the match.
(b) __________! His grandmother died.
(c) __________! you did well.
(d) __________! How are you?
(e) __________! The baby is sleeping.
(f) __________! You won the race.
(g) __________! What a great scene.
(h) __________! It is paining.
(i) __________! I have cut my finger.
2. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct answer :
[Hurrah !, Alas !] I have passed the exam.
[Ouch !, Wow !] That’s a great news.
[Hello !, Bravo !] How are you ?
[Hush !, Wow !]
What a beautiful scenery.
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Functional Grammar
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
1
THE SENTENCE
(okD;)
ge vius fopkj nwljksa osQ lkeus cksydj vFkok fy[kdj izdV djrs gSaA ,slk djus osQ fy, gesa
'kCn lewg dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA ijUrq gesa 'kCnksa dks ,sls Øe esa j[kuk iM+rk gS fd ge tks oqQN
dguk pkgrs gS] mls lquuk okyk Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> tk,A
'kCnksa osQ lkFkZd lewgksa dks okD; dgrs gSaA
A group of words that makes a complete sense is called a sentence.
vc Column A vkSj B osQ fuEufyf[kr 'kCn lewgksa dks i<+ks %
A B
I am a student. A student am I
The father was angry with me. The father me was angry
Ravi is one of the intelligent boys. Ravi is one of the
The teacher is teaching in the class. The is class teaching
;fn ge Column A osQ 'kCnksa dks è;ku ls i<+sa rks budk iwjk vFkZ le> esa vk tkrk gSA ijUrq
Column B osQ 'kCnksa dks i<+us ij vFkZ le> esa ugha vkrkA vr% Column A esa lc okD;
Sentences gSa] ijUrq Column B osQ 'kCn lewg dks ge okD; ugha dg ldrsA
PARTS OF A SENTENCE (okD; osQ Hkkx)
izR;sd okD; osQ fuEufyf[kr nks Hkkx gksrs gSa %
(a) Subject (lctsDV) (mn~nss';)
(b) Predicate (izsfMosQV) (foèks;)
(a) SubjectµokD; esa ftl O;fDr ;k oLrq osQ fo"k; esa dgk tk, mls mn~nss'; dgk tkrk gSA
The subject is the person or thing that is doing an action.
(b) PredicateµokD; esa Subject (drkZ) osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN dgk tkrk gS] mls foèks;
dgrs gSaA
The predicate tells us something about the subject.
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
fuEu rkfydk esa okD; osQ nks Hkkxksa dks è;kuiwoZd i<+ks %
Subject Predicate
Learning is good.
The book is on the table.
A week has seven days.
Kavita is sewing a shirt.
KINDS OF SENTENCES
(okD;ksa osQ Hksn)
Sentences
Assertive Optative
Interrogative Exclamatory
Imperative
okD; fuEufyf[kr ik¡p izdkj osQ gksrs gSa %
1. Assertive sentence (vlsfVZo lsUVsUl) (lkèkkj.k okD;)µtks okD; fdlh dFku
dks O;Dr djrs gSa] lkèkkj.k okD; dgykrs gSaA
The sentences that make statements are known as assertive
sentences.
lkèkkj.k okD; nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ
(a) Affirmative sentence (vi+QjesfVo lsUVsUl) (ldkjkRed okD;)µos okD;
ftuls ldkjkRed lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSa] ldkjkRed okD; dgykrs gSaA
Examples : Rajat studies in Class III.
Poonam dances well.
(b) Negative sentence (usxsfVo lsUVsUl) (fu"ksèkkRed okD;)µftu okD;ksa ls fdlh
ckr ls vlgefr dk Hkko izdV gksrk gS] fu"ksèkkRed okD; dgykrs gSaA
Examples : Sachin is not a lazy boy.
They are not clever.
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Practice Exercise
1. Say which of the following groups of words are sentences :
(a) Ravi is a good boy. (b) The sun shines brightly.
(c) In the sea (d) Work hard.
(e) The dog is (f) I have learnt my lesson.
(g) We make a noise do not (h) They are in the market.
(i) The best students of our class (j) She makes tea.
(k) Taj Mahal is a beautiful monument. (l) She will not run a race.
2. Re-arrange the following words to make meaningful sentences. Also use the
correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence. One has been done
for you :
e.g. : is / my / brother / a / player / football
e.g. : My brother is a football player.
(a) bring / glass / a / water / of (b) the / shines / sun / brightly
(c) I / may / come / in (d) do / where / you / live
(e) is / my / friend / Rohan (f) a / great / country / India / is
(g) killed / the / cat / the / rat (h) months / year / has / a / twelve
(i) a / are / you / student (j) your / respect / elders
(k) pray / we / to / God / everyday (l) full / of / the / pot / is / water
3. Complete the sentences with the help of given words :
Alice, My mother, Ants, Dogs, Mumbai, The woodpecker
(a) __________ is making a hole in the tree.
(b) __________ went to wonderland.
(c) __________ collect food for winter.
(d) __________ are faithful animals.
(e) __________ is a big city.
(f) __________ cooks delicious pasta.
4. Say, which of the following sentences are given as assertive, interrogative,
imperative, exclamatory or optative :
(a) Mr. Arun is a teacher. (b) We should never tell a lie.
(c) What a lovely picture ! (d) Please lend me your book.
(e) Why are you making a noise ? (f) Hurrah! we have won the match.
(g) May you live long ! (h) Do you get up at 6 o’clock ?
(i) Learn your lesson. (j) She helps me.
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Functional Grammar
5. Circle the subject and underline the predicate in the following sentences :
(a) Kavita is a nurse.
(b) Reena and Parul are going to school.
(c) Birds build nest in trees.
(d) Richa dances well.
(e) A black and white cow is in the field.
(f) A week has seven days.
(g) My mother loves me.
(h) Ravi learns his lesson.
(i) Ajay is eating snacks.
6. Match the subjects to their predicates to form complete sentences :
Subject Predicate
(a) A mason (i) loves to eat pizza
(b) The girl (ii) makes houses
(c) Indian farmers (iii) ate the porridge
(d) My father (iv) like to read books
(e) We (v) takes us to school daily
(f) Goldilocks (vi) are hardworking people
7. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct option :
(a) How many types of sentences are there ?
(i) Two (ii) Five (iii) Six
(b) We use __________ at the end of interrogative sentences.
(i) question mark (ii) full stop (iii) comma
(c) Which kind of sentences ask questions ?
(i) Imperative (ii) Interrogative (iii) Optative
(d) Which kind of sentences show strong emotions ?
(i) Imperative (ii) Assertive (iii) Exclamatory
(e) Which one of the following is an example of an imperative sentence ?
(i) Hurrah! We won the match.
(ii) I did not break the vase.
(iii) Shut the front door.
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2
NEGATIVE SENTENCE
(udkjkRed okD;)
ftu okD;ksa ls udkjkRed lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSa] mUgsa Negative Sentences dgrs gSaA
Affirmative sentence dks Negative cukus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fu;e gSaµ
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 1. am, is, are, was, were, shall, will, do does, did, can,
could, may, might, must, should, would, ought bR;kfn Auxiliary Verbs
osQ ckn izk;% not yxkdj okD; dks Negative cuk;k tkrk gSA tSlsµ
Affirmative Negative
(a) I am happy. I am not happy.
(b) We are students. We are not students.
(c) He will go. He will not go.
(d) You should play. You should not play.
(e) She was singing. She was not singing.
(f) We shall be running. We shall not be running.
(g) I have been painting. I have not been painting.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2. have, has vkSj had osQ ckn not vFkok no dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(a) tc have / has / had osQ rqjar ckn fuEufyf[kr esa ls oqQN Hkh gks] rks okD; dks
Negative cukus osQ fy, have / has / had osQ ckn not yxkrs gSaA
(i) V 3 – eaten, gone, slept, played, etc.
(ii) Article – a, an, the
(iii) la[;klwpd 'kCn – one, two, ............ any, many, etc.
(iv) ifj.kkelwpd 'kCn – much, any, some, etc.
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Functional Grammar
Affirmative Negative
(a) I have written. I have not written.
(b) You had seen. You had not seen.
(c) You have much milk. You have not much milk.
(d) I have gold. I have no gold.
(b) tc have / has / had osQ rqjar ckn Noun ;k Adjective of Quality
(good, red, etc.) jgrk gS] rc have / has / had osQ ckn no yxkus ls okD;
Negative sentence esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
Affirmative Negative
(a) She has blue ink. She has no blue ink.
(b) They had dogs. They had no dogs.
(c) I have new books. I have no new books.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 3. run, bark, sing bR;kfn main verbs gSaA tc ;s Present Indefinite
Tense esa iz;qDr jgrs gSa] rc buosQ igys do not/ does not yxkdj okD;ksa dks Negative
Sentences esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa vxj main verb esa igys ls –s
;k –es yxk gks rks s ;k es dks gVk nsrs gSaA
1
I / We / You / They / Plural Noun + do not + V .
1
He / She / It / Singular Noun + does not + V .
Affirmative Negative
(a) I run. I do not run.
(b) He runs. He does not run.
(c) The dog barks. The dog does not bark.
(d) The dogs bark. The dogs do not bark.
(e) Ram sings. Ram does not sing.
1
NOTE : do not/ does not yxkus osQ ckn V dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ main
verb esa ‘s/es’ ugha tqM+rk gSA
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 4. tc okD;ksa esa main verb dk Simple Past Tense ;kuh went, ate,
explained bR;kfn iz;qDr jgrk gS] rc did not dk iz;ksx dj okD;ksa dks Negative
2
Sentences esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa main verbs dk V form, V 1
form esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
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Affirmative Negative
(a) I wrote. I did not write.
(b) He smiled. He did not smile.
(c) They did it. They did not do it.
(d) The teacher explained us. The teacher did not explain us.
Practice Exercise
1. Change the following sentences into negative sentences. One has been done
for you :
Example : The boy laughs.
The boy does not laugh.
(a) You are kind.
(b) They were present.
(c) You must go there.
(d) Rohit is a poor man.
(e) He must be a king.
(f) She has come.
(g) My son had a watch.
(h) I am a doctor.
(i) The students have six books.
(j) They have water.
(k) She has rabbits.
(l) This boy is honest.
(m) My father had a blue car.
(n) They can solve this puzzle.
(o) He is coming today.
(p) She was playing there.
(q) I have eaten.
(r) They had completed their homework.
(s) He had fever.
(t) We have freedom.
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Functional Grammar
2. Change the following sentences into negative sentences. One has been done
for you :
Example : Puneet waited here.
Puneet did not wait here.
(a) Pawan knows English.
(b) She can draw a picture.
(c) They ate cookies.
(d) They play basketball.
(e) The students go to school.
(f) She came yesterday.
(g) I did the work.
(h) They loved me.
(i) The farmer ploughed the field.
(j) The teacher taught us.
(k) He helped the needy.
(l) He is trying to solve the sum.
(m) She cares for you.
(n) We love India.
(o) The vase was broken.
3. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct option :
(a) Vinay __________ his own dinner.
(i) not cooks (ii) does not cook (iii) do not cook
(b) He __________ that he was wrong.
(i) does not admit (ii) did not admit (iii) do not admit
(c) I __________ my project work.
(i) did not finish (ii) do not finished (iii) have not finished
(d) I __________ to read science fiction.
(i) do not like (ii) does not like (iii) have not like
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3 INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCE
(iz'uokpd okD;)
1. ASSERTIVE INTO INTERROGATIVE
(lkèkkj.k okD; dks iz'ulwpd okD; esa cnyuk)
Assertive sentences dks Interrogative sentences esa cnyus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr
izeq[k fu;e gSaµ
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 1. ;fn okD; esa is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, will,
would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, ought, used vkfn
Helping Verbs esa ls dksbZ ,d ns j[kk gks rks iz'u cukrs le; Helping Verb dks drkZ
(subject) ls igys fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk okD; osQ vUr esa iz'ulwpd fpg~u (?) yxk;k tkrk gSA
Assertive Interrogative
(a) He is a farmer. Is he a farmer ?
(b) They were weak in Science. Were they weak in Science ?
(c) My father will go to Agra. Will my father go to Agra ?
(d) She has done her best. Has she done her best ?
(e) I am writing an essay. Am I writing an essay ?
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2 (a). ;fn okD; esa Verb dk 1st Form fn;k gks rks Interrogative cukrs
le; okD; osQ vkjEHk esa (subject) ls igys do dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vUr esa iz'ulwpd
(\) fpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2 (b). ;fn okD; esa Verb osQ 1st Form osQ lkFk s ;k es tqM+k gks rks
Interrogative cukrs le; okD; osQ vkjEHk esa (subject) ls igys does dk iz;ksx gksrk gS
vkSj verb esa 1st form osQ lkFk yxs s ;k es dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj vUr esa iz'ulwpd (\)
fpg~u yxk fn;k tkrk gSA
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2 (c). ;fn okD; esa Verb dk 2nd Form fn;k gks rks Interrogative cukrs
le; okD; osQ vkjEHk esa did dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj 2nd form osQ LFkku ij 1st form dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj vUr esa iz'ulwpd (\) fpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA
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Assertive Interrogative
(a) I go to school by bus. Do I go to school by bus ?
(b) You run very fast. Do you run very fast ?
(c) They play hockey daily. Do they play hockey daily ?
(d) The peon rings the bell. Does the peon ring the bell ?
(e) She sings well. Does she sing well ?
(f) My watch keeps correct time. Does my watch keep correct time?
(g) She left her house. Did she leave her house ?
(h) He wrote a letter. Did he write a letter ?
(i) We invited her to a party. Did we invite her to a party ?
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 3. ;fn okD; esa do, does, did eq[; fØ;k,¡ Principal Verbs cudj vkbZ
gks rks Interrogative cukrs le; okD; osQ vkjEHk esa (subject ls igys) Do/Does/Did
yxkdj subject osQ i'pkr~ do dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 4. ;fn okD; Negative gks rks mlesa lgk;d fØ;k dks okD; osQ vUr (subject
ls igys) fy[k fn;k tkrk gSA
Assertive Interrogative
(a) I do it regularly. Do I do it regularly ?
(b) Ritu does her work everyday. Does Ritu do her work everyday ?
(c) He did his work yesterday. Did he do his work yesterday ?
(d) He is not a farmer. Is he not a farmer ?
(e) She will not come here. Will she not come here ?
(f) He does not eat meat. Does he not eat meat ?
(g) I did not buy new books. Did I not buy new books ?
Practice Exercise
1. Change the following sentences into interrogative sentences. One has been
done for you :
Example : He is ill.
Example : Is he ill ?
(a) I am a student. (b) He is going to the market.
(c) You are lazy. (d) They were kind.
(e) Sonali has a watch. (f) We are going to the zoo.
(g) We learn our lesson daily. (h) She gets up early in the morning.
(i) Somebody saw her. (j) He told a lie.
(k) I did not buy new watch. (l) The train arrived late this morning.
(m) They do their work daily. (n) He did it nicely.
(o) I have not seen her before. (p) I came late.
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4 ARTICLES
(miin)
vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa a, an vkSj the rhu Articles gksrs gSaA ;s nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa %
Indefinite Articles : A vkSj an dks Indefinite Articles dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;s
fdlh fuf'pr oLrq dh vksj laosQr ugha djrs gSaA
Examples : a boy, a toy, an apple, an umbrella, etc.
Definite Article : The dks Definite Article dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g fdlh fuf'pr
oLrq dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA
Examples : The Taj Mahal, the Sun, the Ganga, etc.
USE OF INDEFINITE ARTICLES
(A vkSj An dk iz;ksx)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 1. A dk iz;ksx O;atu (Consonant) ls 'kq: gksus okyh laKkvksa ls iwoZ gksrk gSA
tSls % a book, a pen, a student, a farmer, a cow, etc.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2. An dk iz;ksx Loj (Vowel) rFkk silent ‘h’ ls 'kq: gksus okyh laKkvksa ls iwoZ
gksrk gSA tSls % an apple, an egg, an inkpot, an ox, an umbrella, an hour.
NOTE : vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa a, e, i, o, u v{kj Vowels (Loj) gSa vkSj 'ks"k lHkh v{kj
Consonants (O;atu) gSaA
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 3. A / An dk iz;ksx Singular Countable Noun osQ iwoZ gksrk gSA
Examples : This is a table. I have an eraser.
USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLE
(The dk iz;ksx)
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 1. tc fdlh Noun ls lEiw.kZ tkfr dk cksèk gks rks blls iwoZ the dk iz;ksx djrs
gSaA
Examples : Help the poor.
The dog is a faithful animal.
The rich are happy.
The British ruled India for nearly 200 years.
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Functional Grammar
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 2. tc fdlh Noun ls fuf'pr Hkko izdV gks rks blls iwoZ the dk iz;ksx djrs
gSaA
Examples : This is the school where we read.
The book which I bought yesterday, has been stolen.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 3. Superlative Degree ls iwoZ the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Examples : Richa is the shortest girl in the class.
Mohan is the best singer.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 4. vf}rh; oLrqvksa vkSj fn'kkvksa osQ uke ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Example : The sun rises in the east.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 5. unh] leqæ vkSj ioZr osQ uke ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Examples : The river Ganga is a holy river.
The Alps are a range of mountains in Europe.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 6. ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa] i=k&if=kdkvksa vkSj èkkfeZd xzaFkksa osQ uke ls igys the dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Examples : The Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra.
I read the Times of India newspaper daily.
The Ramayana is a holy book.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE 7. tc okD; esa Noun + Preposition dk iz;ksx gks rc izFke Noun osQ igys
The dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Examples : The apples in the basket are sweet.
Omission of the Articles
(miin dk yksi gksuk)
fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Article dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk %
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fo"k;ksa osQ uke ls igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
Examples : Mayank can’t speak French.
I have no interest in Chemistry.
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ fnu vkSj eghuksa osQ uke ls igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
Examples : They will come on Monday.
December has thirty-one days.
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ioks± vkSj Írqvksa osQ uke ls igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
Examples : Diwali is a festival of lights.
I love winter season.
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★ ★ ★ ★ ★ chekfj;ksa osQ uke ls igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
Examples : He is suffering from fever since last night.
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Hkkstu vkSj Hkkstu&lkexzh osQ uke ls igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
Examples : I like bread and butter.
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ [ksy&owQn osQ ukeksa ls igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
Examples : I love to play badminton.
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ O;fDr] xk¡o] 'kgj] jkT;] ns'k vkSj egkns'k osQ [kkl uke ls igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha
fd;k tkrkA
Examples : Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh.
Practice Exercise
1. Write the correct article (a / an / the) in the blanks :
(a) __________ egg (b) __________ watch
(c) __________ apple (d) __________ sun
(e) __________ umbrella (f) __________ table
(g) __________ Earth (h) __________ ostrich
(i) __________ apricot (j) __________ river
(k) __________ ice cream (l) __________ pencil
(m) __________ flower (n) __________ hour
2. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct articles (a and an) to complete each sentence :
(a) I saw (a / an) elephant in the zoo.
(b) Can you tell me (a /an) interesting story.
(c) She lives in (a /an) big house.
(d) Rajat is eating (a /an) apple.
(e) Sahil is flying (a /an) kite.
(f) It was (a /an) interesting movie.
(g) I want (a /an) computer.
(h) I saw (a /an) octopus at the aquarium.
(i) I am thirsty. Please give me (a /an) glass of water.
(j) Jatin wanted to read (a /an) comic book.
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5 THE TENSE
(dky)
dky fdlh Hkh okD; esa fØ;k dk og :i gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd okD; esa
fd, dk;Z dk le; osQ lkFk D;k lEcUèk gS_ dk;Z orZeku esa gks jgk gS_ chrs gq, le; esa gqvk Fkk
;k Hkfo"; esa gksus okyk gSA
Tense denotes the time an action takes place, whether sometime
in the past, in the present or will take some time in the future.
vaxzsth esa Tense osQ rhu Hksn gSaµ
TENSE
Present Past Future
(izstsUV)(orZeku dky) (ikLV)(Hkwrdky) (Ý;wpj)(Hkfo"; dky)
izR;sd dky (Tense) osQ pkj Hksn gSaA orZeku dky (Present Tense) osQ pkjksa Hksn
fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
(a) Simple Present Tense / Present Indefinite Tense
(b) Present Continuous Tense
(c) Present Perfect Tense
(d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
blh izdkj Hkwrdky (Past Tense) rFkk Hkfo"; dky (Future Tense) osQ Hkh pkj Hksn
gksrs gSaA
1. PRESENT TENSE (orZeku dky)
(a) Simple Present Tense : Simple Present Tense osQ okD;ksa esa dke dk
gksuk ;k djuk ik;k tkrk gSA bu okD;ksa osQ var esa ^rk gS] rk gw¡] rh gS] rs gSa]* vkfn 'kCn ik, tkrs
gSaA
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Functional Grammar
Simple Present Tense dh jpuk %
Sentence I, we, you, they, He, she, is,
Plural Noun Singular Noun
Statement 1st form of Verb 1st form + s/es
Negative Do not + 1st form Does not + 1st form
Interrogative Do + Subject + Does + Subject +
1st form + ....? 1st form + ....?
iz;ksx %
(i) Habitual action (vknr) ;k daily routine (nSfud dk;Z) dks O;Dr djus osQ
fy,A
Examples : He goes to school daily.
My father walks in the morning.
(ii) General truth (lkekU; lR;) rFkk permanent truth (LFkk;h lR;) dks O;Dr
djus osQ fy,A
Examples : The earth moves around the sun.
Trees give us shade.
(iii) bl Tense dk iz;ksx LFkk;h ;k lkekU; dk;ZµO;kikj] lacaèk] vfèkdkj bR;kfn dk cksèk
djkus osQ fy, gksrk gSA
Examples : Three and three is six.
He is my father.
I have a watch.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) I always __________ (speak) the truth.
(b) The stars __________ (shine) at night.
(c) Richa __________ (go) to school everyday.
(d) The earth __________ (move) round the sun.
(e) The postman __________ (not come) here daily.
(f) Two and two __________ (make) four.
(g) Monday __________ (come) before Tuesday.
(h) The boys __________ (go) for a picnic every month.
(i) I do not __________ (know) your brother.
(j) Does he __________ (come) here everyday ?
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(b) Present Continuous Tense : Present Continuous Tense okys
okD;ksa esa dke tkjh jgrk gSA bu okD;ksa osQ var esa ^jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡] jgh gw¡] jgs gks*
vkfn 'kCn vkrs gSaA
Present Continuous Tense dh jpuk %
Statement is/are/am + 1st form I osQ lkFk am
of Verb + ing
Negative is/are/am + not + 1st He, she, it osQ lkFk
form of Verb + ing is
Interrogative Is/Are/Am + Subject We, you, they
+ 1st form osQ lkFk are yxkrs gSaA
of Verb + ing + ......?
iz;ksx %
(i) ckr djrs le; gks jgs action dks izdV djus osQ fy,A
Examples : The children are sleeping in their room now.
(ii) fudV Hkfo"; esa gksus okys action dks izdV djus osQ fy,A
Example : We are having a seminar next week.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) He __________ (read) a novel now-a-days.
(b) My sister __________ (stay) with us these days.
(c) She __________ (cook) food at the moment.
(d) The labourers __________ still (work).
(e) What __________ you __________ (do) these days ?
(f) He is __________ (take) tea.
(c) Present Perfect Tense : Present Perfect Tense okys okD;ksa esa dke
dk orZeku dky esa iwjk gksuk ik;k tkrk gS vkSj bu okD;ksa osQ var esa ^pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqosQ gSas*
vkfn 'kCn ik, tkrs gSaA
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Functional Grammar
Present Perfect Tense dh jpuk %
Statement has/have + 3rd form I, we you, they
of Verb osQ lkFk have
Negative has/have + not + 3rd He, she, it osQ lkFk
form of Verb has yxkrs gSaA
Interrogative Has/Have + Subject
+ 3rd form of verb .... ?
iz;ksx %
(i) Hkwrdky osQ vuqHko dk o.kZu djus osQ fy,A
Example : They have gone to Pune twice.
(ii) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, tks FkksM+s le; igys lekIr gqvk gksA
Example : My brother has returned from Mumbai recently.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) My mother __________ (return) from the market just now.
(b) I __________ (not join) my duty so far.
(c) We __________ (not finish) our work yet.
(d) I __________ (know) him for two years.
(e) She __________ (pass) her M.A. this year.
(f) She has __________ (buy) new books.
(g) I have __________ (kill) the snake.
(h) I __________ (hear) this news already.
(d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense : Present Perfect Continuous
Tense dk iz;ksx ,sls dk;Z osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks Hkwrdky esa fdlh le; esa vkjEHk gqvk gks
vkSj vHkh py jgk gksA blesa le; fn;k tkrk gSA
Present Perfect Continuous Tense dh jpuk %
Statement has/have+been+1st form of Verb+ing
Negative has/have+not been+1st form of Verb+ing
Interrogative Has/Have + Subject+1st form of Verb+ ing ?
iz;ksx % (i) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa since/for okyk time ns j[kk gks
rFkk Present dks crkus okys dksbZ words : this, these, here, now vkfnA ns j[kk gksA
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Examples : I have been living in this house for two years.
These boys have been making a noise for an hour.
She has been washing clothes since morning.
(ii) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftldk vkjEHk Since when vFkok For how
long ls gqvk gksA
Examples : Since when have you been waiting for me ?
For how long have you been living in this house?
(iii) ,sls action dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, tks Hkwrdky esa izkjEHk gqvk Fkk vkSj vHkh gky esa
lekIr gqvk gS ijarq ftldk izHkko vHkh rd gSA
Examples : They have been walking in the rain, so they are
shivering.
I have been white washing my house since morning,
so I am feeling tired.
USE OF 'SINCE' AND ‘FOR’
‘Since’ vkSj ‘For’ dk iz;ksx Perfect vkSj Perfect Continuous Tenses esa gksrk
gSA
For dk iz;ksx period of time osQ fy, vFkkZr~ ftlesa lgh time dks fxuk u tk losQ]
osQ fy, gksrk gS] tSls ‘He has been waiting for me for two hours’, iz'u mBrk gS
^dkSu ls nks ?kaVs\* bl izdkj osQ ideas osQ fy, ‘for’ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Since dk iz;ksx point of time osQ fy, gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS ‘from that point
to the time of speaking’. blesa lgh le; dk irk py tkrk gSA
He has been living in this city since 1992.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) She __________ (wash) her clothes since morning.
(b) It __________ (rain) since this morning.
(c) I __________ (work) in this factory for two years.
(d) These girls __________ (sing) songs since morning.
(e) The teacher __________ (teach) for an hour.
2. PAST TENSE (Hkwrdky)
(a) Past Indefinite Tense : Past Indefinite Tense dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky esa
gq, fdlh dke dks fn[kkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
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Functional Grammar
Past Indefinite Tense dh jpuk %
Statement 2nd form of Verb
Negative did not + 1st form of Verb
Interrogative Did + Subject + 1st form of Verb + ?
iz;ksx % (i) Hkwrdky esa gq, fdlh dk;Z osQ fy,A
Example : It rained heavily yesterday.
(ii) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa Past dks n'kkZus okyk time vFkkZr~
yesterday, last, ago, never vkfn ns j[kk gksA
Examples : The sun shone brightly yesterday.
My friends saw the Prime Minister last week.
Our servant left us two weeks ago.
She never told a lie.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) My friends __________ (submit) the assignment yesterday.
(b) His mother __________ (die) yesterday.
(c) Columbus __________ (discover) America.
(d) Gopal __________ (not attend) the office yesterday.
(e) __________ she __________ (call) you last night ?
(b) Past Continuous Tense : Past Continous Tense ,sls dk;Z oQks n'kkZrk
gS] tks Hkwrdky esa fdlh le; tkjh FkkA
Example : We were bathing in the river when it was raining.
Past Continuous Tense dh jpuk %
Statement was/were + 1st form I, he, she, it
of Verb + ing osQ lkFk was
Negative was/were + not +1st We, you, they osQ
form of Verb + ing lkFk were yxkrs gSaA
Interrogative Was/Were + Subject
+ 1st form
of Verb + ing + ......?
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iz;ksx %
(i) ;fn nks dk;Z ,d gh le; esa lkFk&lkFk py jgs gks] rks nksuksa esa Past continuous
tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Examples : I was sleeping while my brother was playing.
We were bathing in the river when it was raining.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) He __________ (take) tea when the telephone bell rang.
(b) When he called me, I __________ (write) a letter.
(c) We __________ (have) our lunch when he came.
(d) When Rita was singing, Sita __________ (dance).
(e) All the boys __________ (make) a noise when the teacher entered the room.
(f) When I saw him, he __________ (play) cricket.
(c) Past Perfect Tense : Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx ,sls dk;Z osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gS tks Hkwrdky esa fdlh le; iwjk gks pqdk FkkA
Example : I had completed my work before she came.
Past Perfect Tense dh jpuk %
Statement had + 3rd form of Verb
Negative had not + 3rd form of Verb
Interrogative Had + Subject + 3rd form of Verb + .....?
iz;ksx % (i) Hkwrdky osQ vuqHko dk o.kZu djus osQ fy,A
Example : They had gone to Pune twice.
(ii) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, tks FkksM+s le; igys lekIr gqvk gksA
Example : My brother had returned from Mumbai.
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Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) When I reached home yesterday my mother __________ (cook) lunch.
(b) Mohit __________ already __________ (take) his breakfast.
(c) The rain __________ (stop) when we went out of our house.
(d) We __________ (decorate) the house before the guests arrived.
(e) We went to the home after the rain __________ (stop).
(d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense : Past Perfect Continuous
Tense ,sls dk;Z dks O;Dr djrk gS] tks Hkwrdky esa vkjaHk gksdj Hkwrdky esa gh tkjh jgk gksA
Example : He had been sleeping for two hours when the thieves
broke into his house.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense dh jpuk %
Statement had been + 1st form of Verb+ing
Negative had not been + 1st form of Verb+ing
Interrogative Had + Subject + been+1st form of Verb+ing + ...?
iz;ksx % ;fn when vFkok before okyh clause Past Indefinite Tense esa ns j[kh
gks] rks ml Main clause dks (ftlesa since/for okyk time ns j[kk gks) Past Perfect
Continuous Tense esa Hkh j[kk tkrk gSA
Examples : He had been working hard for ten years when he fell ill.
My grandfather had been running business before he
died.
It had been raining since morning when you rang me
up.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) He __________ (prepare) for the examination for four months when he received
your letter.
(b) She __________ (wait) for me since morning when I reached home.
(c) We __________ (listen) to his talk for fifteen minutes before he stopped speaking.
(d) They __________ (sleep) for an hour before I went to bed.
(e) Tenzing __________ (try) to climb the Everest for many years before he succeeded
in his mission.
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3. FUTURE TENSE (Hkfo";&dky)
(a) Future Indefinite Tense : Future Indefinite Tense ,sls dk;Z dks
O;Dr djrk gS] tks vHkh gksuk ;k fd;k tkuk gksA
Example : He will go to Agra tomorrow.
Future Indefinite Tense dh jpuk %
Statement will/shall + 1st
form of verb
I vkSj We osQ lkFk shall
Negative will/shall + not
rFkk 'ks"k lc subjects
+1st form of verb
osQ lkFk will yxkrs gSaA
Interrogative Will/Shall + Subject
+ 1st form + .....?
iz;ksx % (a) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa future dks n'kkZus okyk le; vFkkZr~
tomorrow, next vkfn ns j[kk gksA
Examples : It will rain today.
We shall win the match.
I shall see the Taj during the coming holidays.
(b) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa if, unless, when vkfn ls cuh
Adverb Clause, Present Indefinite Tense esa ns j[kh gksaA
Examples : Until you reach the station in time, you will not
catch the train.
If he works hard, he will pass.
Unless you mend your ways, you will not succeed
in life.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) She __________ (see) you tomorrow.
(b) I __________ (go) to see the picture next Sunday.
(c) If you study hard, you __________ (get) a first class.
(d) If I go to school late, the teacher __________ (punish) me.
(e) When he meets you, he __________ (tell) you.
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(b) Future Continuous Tense : Future Continuous Tense ,sls dk;Z
dks O;Dr djrk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa fdlh le; rd tkjh jgsxkA
Example : The gardener will be watering the plants.
Future Continuous Tense dh jpuk %
Statement will/shall+be + 1st form of Verb + ing
Negative will/shall+not be+1st form of Verb+ing
Interrogative Will/Shall+subject + be+1st form of Verb+ing ?
iz;ksx % ,slss action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa tomorrow, next Sunday,
next week vkfn osQ lkFk at this time ns j[kk gksA
Examples : The cook will be cooking food at this time tommorrow.
I shall be writing an essay at this time the next week.
I shall be waiting for you at the crossing.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) My mother __________ (wash) my clothes at this time tomorrow.
(b) We __________ (take) our lunch in Bombay at this time tomorrow.
(c) We __________ (sit) in our new house at this time next Sunday.
(d) At this time the day after tomorrow, I __________ (entertain) my friends.
(c) Future Perfect Tense : Future Perfect Tense ,sls dk;Z dks O;Dr
djrk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa fdlh le; esa rd iwjk gksxkA
Example : She will have studied the English tenses.
Future Perfect Tense dh jpuk %
Statement will/shall+have + 3rd form of Verb
Negative Will/Shall + not + have + 3rd form of verb
Interrogative Will/Shall+Subject+have+3rd form of Verb+...?
iz;ksx % (a) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa till ;k by osQ ckn Future dks n'kkZus
okyk le; ns j[kk gksA
Example : He will have revised his courses by tomorrow.
(b) ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa when ;k before osQ ckn Simple
Present ns j[kk gksA
Example : I shall have taken a bath before the day dawns.
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Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) He __________ (get) ready before the bus arrives.
(b) She __________ (complete) her novel by tomorrow.
(c) The cook __________ (prepare) lunch before the guests arrive.
(d) When you return from the market, I __________ (finish) my homework.
(e) The mother __________ (prepare) breakfast for us before we get up.
(d) Future Perfect Continuous Tense : Future Perfect Continuous
Tense ,sls dk;Z dks O;Dr djrk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa fdlh fuèkkZfjr le; rd dksbZ dk;Z yxkrkj
gksrk jgsxkA
Examples : By tommorrow, she will have been doing her sums for
ten days.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense dh jpuk %
Statement will/shall+have been +1st form of Verb + ing
Negative will/shall+not have been +1st form of Verb + ing
Interrogative will/shall+Subject+have been+1st form of Verb + ing....?
igpku rFkk iz;ksx % ,sls action dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ftlesa since/for okyk time
osQ vfrfjDr till / by osQ lkFk Future dks n'kkZus okyk le; ns j[kk gksA tSlsµ
Examples : By next Monday I shall have been staying at my uncle’s
house for three weeks.
By the end of this year, he will have been learning
English for two years.
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets :
(a) By tomorrow she __________ (do) the sums for ten days.
(b) By the end of this week, he __________ (write) a noval for fifteen days.
(c) By the end of this month, I __________ (learn) music for six months.
(d) If you study hard, you __________ (get) a first class.
(e) He __________ (leave) for London next week.
(f) The boys __________ (play) cricket next Sunday.
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Functional Grammar
Practice Exercise
1. Change the following statements into questions :
(a) Amit flies a kite.
(b) We spent our holidays in Goa.
(c) Parents love their children.
(d) We shall work hard next year.
(e) Mohit was flying a kite.
(f) I walked fast.
(g) I am reading a story.
(h) Stars shine at night.
(i) Aeroplanes fly high in the sky.
(j) Nitya has bought a new dress.
2. Tick (✓✓ ✓✓ ✓) the correct option :
(a) An owl lived in the hole of the tree.
(i) Present (ii) Past (iii) Future
(b) I wll meet my friends next week.
(i) Present (ii) Past (iii) Future
(c) Amit was present yesterday.
(i) Present (ii) Past (iii) Future
(d) The buses follow this route.
(i) Present (ii) Past (iii) Future
(e) The child knew the correct answer.
(i) Present (ii) Past (iii) Future
(f) We travelled to Chandigarh by car.
(i) Present (ii) Past (iii) Future
(g) I will answer his letter tonight.
(i) Present (ii) Past (iii) Future
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
6 USE OF IS, ARE, AM,
WAS, WERE, HAS, HAVE,
HAD, SHALL, WILL
Is, Are, Am : budk iz;ksx Present Tense osQ lkèkkj.k okD;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
[ Is – gS_ Are – gSa @ gks_ Am – gw¡ ]
Is dk iz;ksx he, she, it rFkk Singular Noun (,dopu laKk) osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
Are dk iz;ksx we, you, they, these, those rFkk Plural Noun (cgqopu laKk) osQ
lkFk gksrk gSA
Am dk iz;ksx osQoy I osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
Structure : drkZ (Subject) + is / am / are + fØ;k (Object)
Examples : She is a good girl. We are players.
It is my book. They are players.
You are lucky. I am your friend.
Was, Were : budk iz;ksx Past Tense esa gksrk gSA
[ Was – Fkk] Fkh_ Were – Fks] FkhaA ]
Was dk iz;ksx I, he, she, it, this, that rFkk Singular Subject ,dopu dRkkZ osQ
lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
Were dk iz;ksx we, you, they, these, those rFkk Plural Subject cgqopu dRkkZ
osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
Structure : Singular Subject + was + Object
Structure : Plural Subject + were + Object
Examples : She was happy yesterday.
I was sick.
The mangoes were sour.
Has, Have, Had : Has vkSj have dk iz;ksx Present Tense esa gksrk gS] tcfd
had dk iz;ksx Past Tense esa gksrk gSA
Has dk iz;ksx he, she, it rFkk Singular Noun (,dopu laKk) osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
Have dk iz;ksx I, we, you, they rFkk Plural Noun (cgqopu laKk) osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
Had dk iz;ksx lHkh Subjects osQ lkFk Past Tense esa gksrk gSA
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Functional Grammar
Examples : She has curly hair.
You have a dog.
Sohan has a watch.
They had new caps.
Shall, Will : budk iz;ksx Future Tense esa Verb dh first form osQ igys gksrk gSA
I vkSj we osQ lkFk shall rFkk you, he, she, it vkSj they osQ lkFk will yxk;k tkrk gSA
Examples : We shall play hockey.
She will sing a song.
Practice Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks with is, are, am :
(a) He __________ my brother.
(b) I __________ a student.
(c) You __________ my best friend.
(d) She __________ a good singer.
(e) We __________ students.
(f) These __________ heavy boxes.
(g) They __________ absent today.
(h) Mamta __________ a good girl.
2. Fill in the blanks with was, were :
(a) I __________ present yesterday.
(b) __________ you here last Sunday ?
(c) Richa and Priya __________ in Germany last summer.
(d) She __________ here last night.
(e) __________ it cold yesterday ?.
(f) He __________ a good player.
(g) Those boxes __________ heavy.
(h) You __________ in the kitchen.
3. Fill in the blanks with has, have, had :
(a) I __________ a new book.
(b) We __________ five shirts.
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
(c) He __________ a dog.
(d) The cow __________ four legs.
(e) My friends __________ much money.
(f) He __________ a high fever last week.
(g) They __________ a bike last year.
(h) A rabbit __________ long ears.
4. Fill in the blanks with shall, will :
(a) I __________ not go to school tomorrow.
(b) He __________ write a letter.
(c) __________ I bring tea for you ?
(d) __________ she attend the party ?
(e) They __________ come here on Sunday.
5. Choose the correct option :
(a) Sumit __________ fun at the party last Sunday.
(i) had (ii) is (iii) were
(b) Rajat __________ our good neighbour.
(i) were (ii) are (iii) is
(c) We __________ at the zoo yesterday.
(i) have (ii) had (iii) were
(d) I __________ a student.
(i) have (ii) am (iii) has
(e) They __________ a dog named Bruno.
(i) are (ii) is (iii) have
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Functional Grammar
7 SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
(ewy fu;e)
tc fdlh okD; esa subject osQ number rFkk person osQ vuqlkj verb dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS] mls subject-verb agreement dgrs gSaA
Subject-Verb Agreement simply means the subject and verb must
agree with one another in number (singular or plural).
blosQ fy, ;gk¡ oqQN fu;e crk, tk jgs gSa] ftUgsa vki è;ku ls i<+saA
I. tc Noun osQ var esa -s/es yxrk gS] rc og Plural gks tkrk gS] ijarq tc Verb osQ
var esa -s/es yxrk gS] rc og Singular gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr~
Noun + s/es = Plural Verb + s/es = Singular
bl rkfydk dks le>saµ
NOUN VERB
Singular Plural Plural Singular
key keys do does
boy boys go goes
match matches play plays
bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd Verb dk ewy :i ges'kk Plural Number esa jgrk gS_ tc mlesa
-s/es tqM+rk gS] tc og Singular gks tkrk gSA
II. Singular Subject osQ lkFk Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj Plural
Subject osQ lkFk Plural Verb dkA
Singular Sub.+Singular Verb Plural Sub.+Plural Verb
The child runs. The children run.
This room is clean. These rooms are clean.
He was sleeping. They were sleeping.
She was tired. They were tired.
He was running. They were running.
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☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ NOTE 1. : ‘I’ Singular gS] ijarq blosQ lkFk Plural Number osQ Verb (have,
eat, laugh, run, etc.) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Examples : I draw a picture. I love to dance.
I have a rabbit. I love my parents.
I have eaten. I have been sleeping.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ NOTE 2. : You dk iz;ksx Singular Noun osQ cnys Hkh gksrk gS vkSj Plural Noun
osQ cnys Hkh] ijarq nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa blosQ lkFk Plural Verb dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Examples : You are a student. You were my friend.
You are students. You were my friends.
III. : ;fn okD; esa Subject osQ :i esa ;k okD; osQ Subject esa each, every,
either, neither, one, everyone, anyone, no one, someone, somebody,
nobody, much, a little, little bR;kfn iz;qDr jgsa rks Verb Singular Number esa
iz;qDr gksxkA
Examples : Each boy has a watch. No one is ready to write.
Neither of them is lazy. Nobody was there.
Everyone was present. Much has been said on this.
Either of you is clever.
Every boy and girl is present in the class.
IV. : both, many, several, few, a few, these, those, two, three, four,
etc. ls Plural Number dk cksèk gksrk gSA vr% okD; osQ Subject osQ :i esa ;k okD; osQ
Subject esa ;fn ;s iz;qDr jgsa rks Verb Plural Number esa iz;qDr gksxkA
Examples : Both of them are guilty. A few person are kind.
Many boys are there. Those are your pens.
Several mangoes were ripe.
Three cows are grazing there.
V. : ;fn fdlh okD; dk Subject (as well as, along with, together with,
with, and not, like, unlike, including, excluding, but, except ;k besides
osQ }kjk joint jgs] rks okD; dk Verb bu 'kCnksa osQ igys iz;qDr gksus okys in osQ vuqlkj
Singular ;k Plural gksxkA
Examples : He, as well as his children, is intelligent.
I, as well as they, am ready to participate.
All the players, with the captain, are present in the ground.
The terrorist, with all his group members, was arrested.
He, and not I, has completed the work.
He, along with his parents, is coming today.
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Functional Grammar
VI. : ;fn okD; osQ Subject esa iz;qDr nks ;k nks vfèkd Nouns/Pronouns dks or,
nor, either.... or ;k neither....nor ls vyx fd;k tk,] rks Verb vius lcls utnhd
vkus okys Noun/Pronoun osQ vuqlkj iz;qDr gksxkA
Examples : Either you or he is guilty.
Neither he nor I am guilty.
Are you or he to blame ?
You or he is to blame.
Either Rohit or his friends are guilty.
VII. : oqQN okD;ksa esa Subject dh cukoV bl izdkj jgrh gSA
Noun + Preposition + Noun + .....
the ball of Pawan the girls of this class
the balls of Pawan the water of these rivers
,sls okD;ksa esa Verb dk iz;ksx izFke Noun osQ vuqlkj gksrk gSA
Examples : The ball of Pawan is red.
The balls of Pawan are red.
The water of these rivers is dirty.
VIII. : ;fn okD; oQk Subject dksbZ ,slk Noun gks ftlls fuf'pr nwjh] le;] ek=kk] jde ;k
otu dk cksèk gksrk gks] rks Plural jgus ij Hkh ,sls Subjects osQ lkFk Singular Verb dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS] D;ksafd muls la[;k dk cksèk u gksdj fuf'pr ek=kk] eki ;k ifjek.k dk cksèk gksrk gSA
Examples : Two kilometer is a short distance.
Fifty rupees was given to him.
Eight hours is enough for the work.
Five tons of coal is needed for the work.
IX. : tc nks vad and ls la;qDr jgrs gSa] rc muosQ fy, iz;qDr Verb izk;% Singular
Number esa gh jgrk gSA
Example : Two and two is four.
X. : ;fn okD; dk Subject ‘The + Adjective’ gks] rks Verb Plural gksxkA
Examples : The poor are honest.
The old are helpless.
XI. : oqQN ,sls Singular Nouns gSa tks and ls tqM+s jgrs gSa vkSj iz;ksx esa ,d lkFk vkrs
gSaA ,sls okD;ksa dk Verb lnk Singular jgrk gS D;ksafd muls ,d oLrq] Hkko&fo'ks"k dk cksèk
gksrk gS] vyx&vyx nks oLrqvksa dk ughaA
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
Examples : Rice and curry is my favourite dish.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Time and tide wait for none.
viokn % vafre okD; esa Verb Plural Number esa iz;qDr gqvk gSA
XII. : There ls vkjaHk gksus okys okD;ksa osQ Verbs muosQ main subjects osQ vuqlkj
iz;qDr gksrs gSa tks 'kCnksa esa there osQ ckn iz;qDr jgrs gSaA
Examples : There is a man. (man : subject)
There are men. (men : subject)
There is no book in the bag.
(book : Singular Number)
There are no books in the bags.
(books : Plural Number)
XIII. : oqQN ,sls fo"k;] chekjh] [ksy] fdrkc] ns'k vkSj 'kgj osQ uke gSa ftuosQ var esa s
yxk jgrk gS] fiQj Hkh buosQ lkFk Singular Verb dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
chekfj;ksa osQ uke % measles, mumps, etc.
[ksyksa osQ uke % billiards, darts, etc.
fo"k;ksa osQ uke % mathematics, physics, statistics, etc.
ns'k vkSj 'kgj osQ uke % Wales, Athens, The United States, etc.
Examples : Measles is a dangerous diseases.
Mathematics is not an easy subject.
The United States is a great country.
Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare is an interesting book.
XIV. : oqQN Nouns osQ nks Hkkx (part) gksrs gSaA mudk ,d Hkkx nwljs Hkkx ls vyx ugha gks
ldrkA
Examples : scissors (oSaQph)] spectacles (p'ek)] trousers/pyjamas
(irywu@ik;tkek)] tongs (fpeVk)] shoes (twrs) vkfnA
tc ;s Subject (drkZ) osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] rc buosQ lkFk Plural Verb dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS] ysfdu ;fn buosQ igys A pair of vk tk,] rks Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Examples : My scissors are very sharp. (are : Plural)
Your trousers are very loose. (are : Plural)
His spectacles were very costly. (were : Plural)
A pair of scissors has been found. (has : Singular)
A pair of trousers has been bought. (has : Singular)
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
(u) The old people (is / are) helpless.
(v) The colour of these flowers (is / are) bright.
(w) The children (has / have) slept.
(x) The dog of Rajesh (is / are) brown.
(y) The teeth of the child (is / are) white.
(z) A few persons (are / is) kind.
2. Complete the sentences with suitable verbs choosing from the brackets :
(a) There __________ no pencil in the geometry box. (is / are)
(b) Many of them __________ completed the work. (has / have)
(c) My cousin __________ in Chandigarh. (live / lives)
(d) He as well as his children __________ fast. (run / runs)
(e) His shoes __________ too old to use. (is / are)
(f) The children of this class __________ naughty. (is / are)
(g) Rohit and Mohit __________ badminton. (play / plays)
(h) Fifty rupees __________ given to me. (was / were)
(i) Truth and honesty __________ the best policy. (is / are)
(j) The cattle __________ grazing in the field. (is / are)
(k) There __________ many students riding on the bus this morning. (is / are)
(l) The ice-cream __________ delicious. (taste / tastes)
(m) We __________ to buy a new house. (need / needs)
3. Select the sentence that is written correctly :
(a) Rajat wants to be a pilot.
Rajat want to be a pilot.
(b) My brother and sister was sick yesterday.
My brother and sister were sick yesterday.
(c) A bunch of keys are lying on the sofa.
A bunch of keys is lying on the sofa.
(d) The water of these streams is dirty.
The water of these streams are dirty.
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FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
8
NON-FINITE VERBS
(vlekfidk fØ;k,¡)
Non-Finite fØ;k (verb) osQ os :i gksrs gSa] tks Lo;a iw.kZ fØ;k (Full verb) dk dk;Z ugha
djrs gSaA os u rks Subject osQ Number vkSj Person ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa vkSj u gh fdlh
Tense dk cksèk djkrs gSaA
The infinitive, the gerund and the participle are called non-infinites.
They have no subject, no tense and accept no modals. They are not
limited by the number and person of the subject.
Kinds of Non–Finite Verbs
(Non-Finite Verbs osQ izdkj)
Non - Finite Verbs
Infinitive Participle Gerund
Infinitive Gerund Participle
To write Running Hearing (Present Participle)
To play Sleeping Tired (Past Participle)
To run Writing having completed
(Perfect Participle)
Infinitive : Infinitive fozQ;k dk ewy :i gS] ftl ij okD; osQ Subject osQ Number
vkSj Person dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA
Infinitive osQ 'kq: esa ‘to’ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tSls% to point, to sing, to run,to
cooks, etc. vkSj ;g okD; esa subject, objective ;k complement osQ :i esa iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
Examples : Harsha likes to paint.
I want to sing.
The children want to run.
To cook tasty food is an art.
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J.P.H. GENERAL ENGLISH Junior
Bare Infinitive : fcuk ‘To’ osQ infinitive form dks Bare Infinitive dgrs gSA
Examples : I made him sit.
Let us do this.
They watched her dance.
I let him go school.
He does nothing but laugh.
Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa iz;qDr sit, do, dance, go vkSj laugh ,sls infinitives gSa]
ftuosQ igys to iz;qDr ugha gSA vr% ;s Bare Infinitives gSA
uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dh lgk;rk ls full infinitives vkSj bare infinitives osQ iz;ksx dks
le>saA
Full infinitives Bare Infinitives
Children like to dance. Let him sit here.
We eat to live. She made me cry.
They agreed to go. I made him go.
It is easy to read. I saw him come.
GERUND
tc Verb + – ing dk iz;ksx Noun dh rjg fd;k tk,] rc mls Gerund dgrs gSA
Examples : Swimming is a good exercise.
Her favourite hobby is dancing.
Stop talking.
I am tired of waiting.
Åij fn, okD;ksa esa eksVs v{kjksa esa Nis 'kCn Gerund gSaA
Note : Gerund ,d Noun dh rjg fdlh okD; esa subject, object ;k complement
osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA
Examples : She is fond of chocolates. (Chocolates-noun)
She is fond of dancing. (dancing-gerund)
I love singing. (singing-gerund)
PARTICIPLE
,sls 'kCn tks Verb vkSj Adjective nksuksa rjg ls iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] Participle dgykrs
gSaA Participle osQ eq[;r% rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ
´ Present Participle (Verb+ing)
Examples : cleaning, eating, sleeping, driving, etc.
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FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
´ Past Participle (verb + ed + en + t – n)
Examples : cleaned, eaten, slept, driven, etc.
´ Perfect Participle (having or having been + past participle of
the verb)
Examples : Having finished, having been cheated.
Uses of the Participles
´ Present Participle dh enn ls continuous Tense rFkk Past Participle dh
enn ls Perfect Tense vkSj Passive Voice cuk, tkrs gSaA
Examples : I am eating.
They were running.
He was slept.
He has left the office.
The chair was broken.
´ Present Participle rFkk Past Participle dk iz;ksx Adjective dh rjg fd;k
tkrk gSA
Examples :
1. It is an interesting book. (interesting as an adjective)
2. That shopkepers sells stolen items. (stolen as an adjective)
Difference between Gerund and Present Participle
Gerund and Present Participle nksuksa dk ,d gh :i gS&Verb+ing ijarq
Gerund laKk dh rjg iz;qDr gksrk gS tcfd Present Participle laKk ;k loZuke dh
fo'ks"krk crkus osQ fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA
Examples :
Gerund Participle
Swimming is a good exercise. We saw him swimming.
He likes playing basketball. I saw him playing basketball.
Practice Exercise
1. Underline the full infinitives and bare infinitives in the following sentences :
(a) John wants a book to read.
(b) I want to sleep.
(c) He likes to write in English.
(d) I have no money to spend.
(e) He came to meet me.
(f) I can solve this riddle.
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J.P.H. GENERAL ENGLISH Junior
(g) Give me a picture to draw.
(h) Teach me to dance.
(i) Richa made me laugh.
(j) The person to call is Jatin.
(k) It is difficult to catch.
(l) She likes to sing.
(m) I would like to sing.
(n) I can't wait to see.
(o) You must put on a coat, it's cold outside.
(p) I had to go.
(q) She was pleased.
(r) He decided not to write.
(s) They saw him run.
(t) I need to set something.
2. Fill in the blanks with 'to' infinitive with the help of the verbs given in the
brackets :
(a) Rajat come __________ me. (see)
(b) Poonam wants __________ the work. (finish)
(c) I forget __________ your book. (bring)
(d) He works hard __________ more marks. (get)
(e) __________ a mountain is difficult. (climb)
3. Underline the gerunds in the following sentences :
(a) Running is a good exercise.
(b) We enjoy hiking.
(c) Thank you for helping me.
(d) I like writing in English.
(e) Stop shouting.
(f) I love eating oranges.
(g) Rohit likes playing basketball.
(h) My hobby is singing.
(i) Eating french fries is yummy.
(j) She suggested going for a walk.
(k) I enjoy studying.
(l) My cat's favourite activity is sleeping.
(m) I don't mind cooking.
(n) The boys enjoy flying kites.
(o) Try to avoid quarrelling.
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FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
4. Fill in the blanks with the gerund form of the verbs given in the brackets :
(a) She is good at __________. (dance)
(b) I don't like __________ cards. (play)
(c) My uncle is afraid of __________ by plane. (go)
(d) I am fond of __________. (travel)
(e) I hate __________ money. (borrow)
5. Underline the participles in the following sentences :
(a) He is solving a puzzle.
(b) She has lost her book.
(c) Priya is running.
(d) He is a lazy man.
(e) Having tired, he took rest.
(f) The similing girl is my sister.
(g) I am singing a song.
(h) Rohan left the room laughing.
(i) Sohil is writing a poem for him.
(j) The child has a smiling face.
(k) Everybody worships the rising sun.
(l) A broken pen is of no use.
(m) The boy sitting next to you is dishonest.
(n) Barking dogs seldom bite.
6. Fill in the blanks with the correct participle form of the verbs given in the
brackets :
(a) Don't disturb the __________ child. (sleep)
(b) I saw him __________ the street. (cross)
(c) __________ is easy once you know how. (sew)
(d) This is a __________ egg. (boil)
(e) A man dog __________ the boy. (bite)
(f) He __________ a pair of shoes. (show)
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
9 PUNCTUATION
MARKS
(fojke&fpg~u)
Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks Li"V djus osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx okD; osQ chp ;k var esa fd;k
tkrk gS] mUgsa fojke fpg~u dgrs gSaA
Punctuation marks are used to create sense, clarity and stress in
sentences.
okD; esa fojke&fpg~uksa dk mfpr iz;ksx u djus ij okD; dk vFkZ gh fcxM+ tkrk gSA vaxzsth esa
iz;qDr fojke fpg~u (punctuation marks) fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
1. Full Stop ( . )
2. Question Mark ( ? )
3. Comma ( , )
4. Semi-colon ( ; )
5. Colon ( : )
6. Exclamation Mark ( ! )
7. Dash ( — )
8. Hyphen ( – )
9. Apostrophe ( ’ )
10. Inverted Commas ( “....” )
fojke fpg~uksa osQ ekè;e ls okD; osQ izdkj (types) o Bgjko (pause and stop) dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA vkb,] fojke&fpg~uksa vkSj muosQ iz;ksx ij fopkj djsaA
1. Use of Full-stop ( . )
(i) izR;sd lkèkkj.k okD; osQ vUr esa Full-stop dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : I am a student.
The birds are flying in the sky.
(ii) izR;sd ml okD; osQ var esa Full-stop dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa dksbZ vkKk vFkok
izkFkZuk oQk Hkko gksA
Examples : Open your books.
Please give me a glass of water.
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Functional Grammar
(iii) laf{kIr ukeksa osQ izR;sd v{kj osQ ckn Full-stop dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : My uncle name is L.P. Sharma.
He lives in U.S.A.
Read some more examples of punctuated sentences :
1. My name is Gita.
2. I read the newspaper daily.
3. She is an M.A.
4. Bow to the will of God.
5. Reeta met me on Monday.
6. Sonia and Monika are real sisters.
7. He will come home for Diwali.
8. Delhi is the capital of India.
9. Open your books.
10. His uncle is an M.P.
2. Use of Question Mark ( ? )
izR;sd iz'uokpd okD; osQ vUr esa iz'uokpd fpg~u ( ? ) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Read some examples of punctuated sentences :
1. What do you want ?
2. Where do you live ?
3. Do you like doughnuts ?
Note : Question tag osQ ckn Hkh Question Mark dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example : They are sleeping now, aren’t they ?
3. Use of Comma ( , )
vYi&fojke dk vFkZ gksrk gSµBgjkoA fuEufyf[kr voLFkkvksa esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS %
(i) ,d gh Part of Speech osQ rhu ;k rhu ls vfèkd 'kCnksa dks vyx djus osQ fy,]
tcfd vfUre nks 'kCn and ls tksM+s x, gksaA
Example : Kavita, Reena and Parul are best friends.
(ii) lEcksfèkr Noun dks 'ks"k okD; ls vyx djus osQ fy,A
Example : Rohit, bring a glass of water for me.
(iii) frfFk dks o"kZ ls vyx djus osQ fy,A
Example : India became free on August 15, 1947.
(iv) lekukfèkdj.k esa vk, Nouns dks i`Fkd djus osQ fy,A
Example : Delhi, the Capital of India, is a big city.
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