J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
(v) Sir, Madam, Thank you vkfn 'kCnksa dks 'ks"k okD; ls vyx djus osQ fy,A
Example : Madam, may I come in.
(vi) Yes, no, well dks 'ks"k okD; ls vyx djus osQ fy,A
Example : Yes, I can solve this sum.
(vii) okD; esa iz;qDr direct speech dks okD; osQ 'ks"k Hkkx ls vyx djus osQ fy,A
Example : Rajat said, “I am sleeping.”
4. Use of Semi-colon ( ; )
vèkZ&fojke dk mi;ksx compound or complex okD;ksa osQ chp fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
fojke&fpg~u fdlh fo'ks"k okD; ij ”kksj nsus osQ chp esa ;k eq[; okD; osQ ckn yxk;k tkrk gSA
Examples : You should work hard; otherwise in the examination
you will score less marks.
My shirt is blue; my brother’s shirt is white.
5. Use of Colon ( : )
(i) mifojke dk iz;ksx fdlh lwph osQ mnkgj.k dks 'kq: djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : The following words are adjectives : tall, rough, clever, etc.
There are two types of games : indoor and outdoor games.
(ii) Dialogue esa oDrk osQ uke osQ ckn colon dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : Father : What are doing ?
Rajat : I am completing my work.
6. Use of Exclamation Mark ( ! )
(i) foLe;kfncksèkd fpg~u dk iz;ksx ?k`.kk] g"kZ] 'kksd] foLe; vkfn Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : Wow! What a beautiful scene.
Alas! His grandmother died.
(ii) bldk iz;ksx Optative sentence osQ var esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
Example : May God bless you !
7. Use of Dash ( — )
(i) fdlh lwph] mnkgj.k ;k okD; esa igys dgh xbZ ckr osQ ckn vxj ml lacaèk ls dksbZ
explanation ;k statement nsuk gks rks] funsZ'kd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : Rajat wants the following—five balls, one football, one
cricket bat and two basket balls.
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Functional Grammar
(ii) bldk iz;ksx izFke vkSj vafre la[;k osQ chp dh yqIr la[;kvksa dks lwfpr djus osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Example : Chapter I—VI are coming in first term examination.
8. Use of Hyphen ( – )
(i) nks 'kCnksa esa ijLij lacaèk Li"V djus osQ fy, rFkk mUgsa tksM+dj fy[kus osQ fy,
;kstd&fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example : My uncle’s son–in–law is a pilot.
(ii) 21 ls 99 rd osQ compound numbers dks 'kCnksa esa fy[kus osQ fy, ;kstd&fpg~u
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : 51 = Fifty–one
79 = Seventy–nine
9. Use of Apostrophe ( ’ )
(i) Noun osQ possessive form esa v{kj yksi fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : This is Puneet’s pen.
This is girl’s hostel.
(ii) nks ;k nks ls vfèkd 'kCnksa dks tksM+dj NksVk djus osQ fy, v{kj yksi fpg~u oQk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : I am = I’m.
Do not = Don’t
I would have = I’d ’ve
(iii) la[;k ;k v{kjksa dks plural cukus osQ fy, v{kj yksi fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example : Add three 5’s and the result is 15.
10. Use of Inverted Commas ( “....” )
(i) m¼j.k fpg~u dks speech marks vkSj inverted comma Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fdlh
dh dgh gqbZ ckr dks mlh rjg izdV djus osQ fy, m¼j.k fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example : Rajat said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
(ii) m¼j.k fpg~u dk iz;ksx iqLrd] dgkuh] dfork] ys[k] v[kckj vkfn osQ ukeksa osQ lkFk gksrk
gSA
Example : They asked me, “Have you read Alice in Wonderland?”
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The Use of CAPITAL LETTERS
(i) izR;sd u, okD; dk igyk v{kj ges'kk Capital fy[kk tkrk gSA
Examples : 1. He has come.
2. Shut the door.
3. Is tea ready ?
(ii) loZuke ‘I’ rFkk Hkxoku osQ uke dk igyk v{kj Capital fy[kk tkrk gSA
Examples : 1. He knows what I want.
2. We pray to God.
(iii) lHkh Proper Nouns dk igyk v{kj Capital gksrk gSA
Examples : Mohan, India, French, etc.
(iv) Poem dh izR;sd iafDr dk igyk v{kj Capital letter ls fy[kk tkrk gSA
Example : Once I saw a little bird,
Come hop, hop, hop
(v) xk¡o] 'kgj] jkT;] ns'k] egkns'k bR;kfn osQ ukeksa dk igyk v{kj Capital fy[kk tkrk gSA
Examples : Rampur, Cairo, Assam, India, etc.
(vi) igkM+] unh] Vªsu vkfn osQ ukeksa dk igyk v{kj Capital fy[kk tkrk gSA
Examples : The Mount Everest, The Yamuna, The Rajdhani
Express, etc.
(vii) fnu] eghuk] Hkk"kk] leqnk;] èkeZ] R;ksgkj vkfn osQ ukeksa dk igyk v{kj Capital fy[kk
tkrk gSA
Examples : Monday, March, English, Christians, Hindu, Diwali, etc.
(viii) Inverted commas osQ vanj 'kq: gksus okys izR;sd okD; dk igyk v{kj Capital
fy[kk tkrk gSA
Examples : The teacher said, “The Sun rises in the east.”
(ix) iqLrd] lekpkj&i=k vkfn osQ ukeksa esa iz;qDr lHkh 'kCnksa dk igyk v{kj Capital fy[kk
tkrk gSA
Examples : The Ramayan, The Times of India, etc.
(x) ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa osQ uke Capital Letter ls fy[ks tkrs gSaA
Examples : The Taj Mahal, The Red Fort, etc.
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Functional Grammar
Practice Exercise
1. Punctuate the following sentences using capital letters where required :
(a) these are mine books
(b) where is my book
(c) i love to sing
(d) will you play with me
(e) rajat is going to goa on monday
(f) clean this room
(g) i met mr b m kumar yesterday
(h) god is present everywhere
(i) reena is praying to god
(j) she said where are you going
2. Write the correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence :
(a) Look at the big elephant
(b) What a lovely picture
(c) Who lives in that house
(d) Keep quiet
(e) I like bananas and oranges
(f) Are you listening
3. Punctuate the following sentences, using capital letters where required :
(a) i ordered following fruits grapes mango orange
(b) sushil come here
(c) he said to me do you know him
(d) holi is a festival of colours
(e) no i will not be able to make it
(f) lets go for fishing
(g) there are twelve months in a year
(h) he was tired hungry and late
(i) she did not work hard therefore she must fail
(j) truth is god god is truth
(k) can she speak japanese
(l) amit i think is quite innocent
(m) the teacher said honesty is the best policy
(n) come early go early
(o) there are twenty five students in my class
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10
VOICE
(okP;)
fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g tkuk tk, fd okD; esa fØ;k dk eq[; lEcUèk drkZ ls gS ;k deZ ls]
og okP; dgykrk gSA
Voice determines the form that the verb takes in a sentence. It
also determines the status of the subject or the object.
vaxzsth esa Voice nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa %
Active Voice (dgh xbZ ckr dk fo"k; Subject gks)
Passive Voice (dgh xbZ ckr dk fo"k; Object gks)
1. Active Voice : ftl okD; esa fØ;k dk eq[; lacaèk drkZ osQ lkFk gksrk gS] mls active
voice dgrs gSaA
Verbs are said to be in active voice when the subject of the sentence
performs the verb in the sentence.
2. Passive Voice : ftl okD; esa fØ;k dk eq[; lacaèk deZ osQ lkFk gksrk gS] mls
passive voice dgrs gSaA
In passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb.
uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,µ
1. Rajat sings a song. (Active Voice)
2. A song is sung by Rajat. (Passive Voice)
;gk¡ izFke okD; esa jtr xkuk xkus dk dke djrk gS] vFkkZr~ og (doer) dke djus okyk gSA vr%
verb sings (Active Voice) esa gqvkA nwljs okD; esa] jtr dksbZ dk;Z ugha dj jgk gS] cfYd
mlh ij xkus dk dke laikfnr gqvk gSA vr% verb is sung (Passive Voice) esa gSA
Active Voice ls Passive Voice cukus osQ fu;e
bls è;kuiwoZd if<+, rFkk lef>,µ
Puneet writes a story. (Active Voice)
A story is written by Puneet. (Passive Voice)
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Functional Grammar
1. Passive Voice cukus osQ fy, okD; osQ Subject dks Object esa rFkk Object dks
Subject esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA
(a) ;fn Subject (drkZ) dksbZ Pronoun gks] rks mls Objective Case esa cny
fn;k tkrk gS (tSls I dks me esa] he dks him esa) vkSj blls igys ‘by’ yxk fn;k
tkrk gSA
(b) ;fn Object (deZ) dksbZ Pronoun gks] rks mls Nominative Case esa cny
fn;k tkrk gS (tSls me dks I] rFkk him dks he esa vkfn)A
2. Passive Voice cukrs le; eq[; Verb dh 3rd form dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vkb,] fofHkUu Tenses osQ Active verbs dks passive esa cnyus dh izfØ;k dks
è;kuiwoZd i<+saA
1. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Present Indefinite Tense okys okD;ksa dk Passive Voice cukus osQ
fy, is, am, are dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj lkFk esa Verb dh 3rd form yxkbZ tkrh gSA drkZ
he, she, it rFkk ,dopu laKk osQ lkFk ‘is’ dk] drkZ I osQ lkFk ‘am’ dk rFkk we, you,
they vkSj cgqopu laKk osQ lkFk ‘are’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I like apples. Apples are liked by me.
2. They play hockey. Hockey is played by them.
3. She loves me. I am loved by her.
4. He does not make a noise. A noise is not made by him.
5. Do you run a race ? Is a race run by you ?
6. Does he break my slate ? Is my slate broken by him ?
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) I like tea. (b) She eats mango.
(c) He helps me. (d) Bees make honey.
(e) You learn your lesson. (f) They sing songs.
(g) He does not tell lies. (h) We do not play cricket.
(i) Do you take medicine ? (j) Does Ravi take tea ?
(k) They help the needy. (l) We water the plants.
(m) You speak many languages. (n) Masons build houses.
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2. PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Past Indefinite Tense okys okD;ksa dk Passive Voice cukus osQ fy,
was, were vkSj Verb osQ 3rd form dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA drkZ I, he, she, it rFkk ,dopu
laKk osQ lkFk was dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA drkZ we, you, they vkSj cgqopu laKk osQ lkFk
‘were’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I sang a song. A song was sung by me.
2. He wrote two letters. Two letters were written by him.
3. They did not expect me. I was not expected by them.
4. She did not read the book. The book was not read by her.
5. Did you win the match ? Was the match won by you ?
6. Did he not beat you ? Were you not beaten by him ?
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) He broke my slate. (b) We saw a match.
(c) She posted the letter. (d) I told a lie.
(e) She drove a car. (f) Shikha did not make a noise.
(g) Manoj did not buy books. (h) Did he write an essay ?
(i) She cleaned the rooms. (j) I broke the vase.
(k) Ram painted a picture. (l) I ate mangoes.
(m) He won the competition. (n) The teacher solved a sum.
3. FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Future Indefinite Tense okys okD;ksa dk Passive Voice cukus osQ
fy, will be ;k shall be vkSj Verb osQ 3rd form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA drkZ I rFkk
We osQ lkFk shall be rFkk 'ks"k lHkh drkZvksa osQ lkFk will be dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. He will drive a car. A car will be driven by him.
2. I shall win the race. The race will be won by me.
3. You will buy a computer. A computer will be bought by you.
4. She will not take the test. The test will not be taken by her.
5. Will you speak the truth ? Will the truth be spoken by you ?
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Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) I shall learn a poem. (b) She will help me.
(c) He will run a race. (d) Mohan will fly a kite.
(e) She will not make a noise. (f) I shall not post the letter.
(g) Will you sing a song ? (h) Will she eat a cake ?
(i) They will read the lesson. (j) He will fly kites.
(k) I will draw an elephant. (l) They will write stories.
(m) She will drink juice. (n) Rajesh will eat an orange.
4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Present Continuous Tense okys okD;ksa dk Passive Voice cukus
osQ fy, is, am, are rFkk Verb osQ 3rd form ls iwoZ being dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. He is singing a song. A song is being sung by him.
2. You are wasting your time. Your time is being wasted by you.
3. She is not sweeping the floor. The floor is not being swept by
her.
4. The peon is not ringing the The bell is not being rung by the
bell. peon.
5. Are they flying a kite ? Is a kite being flown by them ?
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) He is driving a car. (b) Suresh is painting a picture.
(c) They are plucking the flowers. (d) They are not eating their lunch.
(e) Am I not taking tea ? (f) Is he not breaking the sticks ?
(g) Are you telling a lie ? (h) The carpenter is making furniture.
(i) I am reading a story book. (j) I am waiting for you.
(k) She is watering the plants. (l) We are playing football.
5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Past Continuous Tense okys okD;ksa dk Passive Voice cukus osQ
fy, was, were rFkk Verb osQ 3rd form ls igys being dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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Active Voice Passive Voice
1. Mohan was making tea. Tea was being made by Mohan.
2. You were wasting your time. Your time was being wasted by
you.
3. The peon was ringing the The bell was being rung by the
bell. peon.
4. She was not helping us. We were not being helped by her.
5. Was he telling a lie ? Was a lie being told by him ?
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) He was beating the thief. (b) We were revising our lessons.
(c) They were making a noise. (d) He was learning English.
(e) She was not writing letters. (f) Was the teacher teaching the class?
(g) My mother was cooking food. (h) He was calling them.
(i) They were buying fruits. (j) I was drinking water.
(k) They were buying watches. (l) Rahul was feeding the dogs.
6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Present Perfect tense okys okD;ksa dk Passive Voice cukus osQ fy,
has, have rFkk verb osQ 3rd form ls iwoZ been dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. She has stolen my book. My book has been stolen by her.
2. I have kept my promise. My promise has been kept by me.
3. He has called me. I have been called by him.
4. Has he taken tea ? Has tea been taken by him ?
5. Have you seen me ? Have I been seen by you ?
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) He has broken my slate. (b) I have seen this picture.
(c) She has informed me. (d) We have sold our books.
(e) Has he told a lie ? (f) Rajiv has written a letter.
(g) He has sent the parcel. (h) I have closed the window.
(i) Have they noticed us ? (j) They have cleaned the shop.
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7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Past Perfect Tense okys okD;ksa dk passive voice cukus osQ fy, had
rFkk verb osQ 3rd form ls iwoZ been dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. The servant had posted the The letter had been posted by the
letter. servant.
2. We had helped him. He had been helped by us.
3. Renu had not told a lie. A lie had not been told by Renu.
4. Had you cleaned the room ? Had the room been cleaned by
you ?
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) He had eaten a mango. (b) She had spoken the truth.
(c) I had eaten my lunch. (d) You had abused me.
(e) He had told a lie. (f) Preeti had won a prize.
(g) They had informed me. (h) The teacher had punished the boy.
(i) She had not noticed me. (j) We had lost the key.
8. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Future Perfect Tense okys okD;ksa dk passive voice cukus osQ fy,
will have, shall have rFkk verb osQ 3rd form ls iwoZ been dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. He will have repaired the The roof will have been repaired
roof. by him.
2. We shall have done our home Our home task will have been
task. done by us.
3. She will have posted the The letter will have been posted
letter. by her.
4. Will they have spoken Will French have been spoken in
French in the office ? the office by them ?
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Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) He will have taken the test. (b) She will have bought a book.
(c) You will have solved the sums. (d) We shall have finished our work.
(e) The masons will have built the house. (f) My mother will have cooked dinner.
(g) Will they have paid the bill ? (h) Priya will not have informed me.
9. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Imperative Sentence okys okD;ksa dk passive voice cukus osQ fy,
Let + Object + be/not be + 3rd form of Verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
Please/kindly dks you are requested to/not to esa cnyk tkrk gSA
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. Do it at once. Let it be done at once.
2. Call the doctor. Let the doctor be called.
3. Open the door. Let the door be opened.
4. Do not post the letter. Let the letter not be posted.
5. Always speak the truth. Let the truth always be spoken.
6. Please help me. You are requested to help me.
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) Do your home work. (b) Post the letter.
(c) Always respect your elders. (d) Never harm the birds.
(e) Open the window. (f) Bring a cup of tea for me.
(g) Do not tell a lie. (h) Show me your book.
(i) Please help me in this project. (j) Please bring a glass of water.
10. PASSIVE VOICE OF MODALS
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : Can, could, may, might, will, would, must, ought to bR;kfn
modal auxiliaries gSA tc buosQ ckn Transitive Verb dk iz;ksx gks rks iz;qDr verb
dks Passive Voice esa cnyus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr rule dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Modal auxiliary + be + 3rd form of Verb
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Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I can paint a picture. A picture can be painted by me.
2. You must help your sister. Your sister must be helped by
you.
3. I should clean the house. The house should be cleaned by
me.
4. He may call you. You may be called by him.
5. They could kill the lion. The lion could be killed by them.
Practice Exercise
1. Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) They can buy a car. (b) You should study the lessons.
(c) You ought to wash the car. (d) We must deliver the letters.
(e) May I help you ? (f) He may defeat you.
(g) We might play cards. (h) She could answer my question.
(i) Our team can win the match. (j) You should follow traffic rules.
2. Change the following sentences into passive voice :
(a) She helps them.
(b) I am eating a mango.
(c) They have invited me.
(d) I cleaned the rooms.
(e) They were playing the match.
(f) He had sold his bike.
(g) He will not blame you.
(h) You should complete this work.
(i) Give me a glass of water.
(j) Switch off the light.
(k) He would inform us.
(l) My mother cook delicious food.
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11 DIRECT AND
INDIRECT SPEECH
(izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k Hkk"kk)
fdlh O;fDr n~okjk dgh xbZ ckr dks fuEufyf[kr nks izdkj ls dgk tk ldrk gS %
1. Direct Speech n~okjk]
2. Indirect Speech n~okjkA
Direct Speech : tc fdlh O;fDr n~okjk dgs x, 'kCnksa dks fcuk cnysa T;ksa dk R;ksa fy[kk
tk,] rc og Direct Speech dgykrk gSA fy[krs le; Direct Speech dks Inverted
commas (“ ”) esa j[kk tkrk gSA
Direct Speech osQ nks Hkkx gSa %
(i) Reporting Verb (fjiksfV±x ocZ) (ii) Reported Speech (fjiksVsZM Lihp)
Reena said to me, “My father is not at home.”
(i) Reporting Verb : ;g og Hkkx gS tks inverted commas ls igys gksrk gSA blls
irk pyrk gS fd dkSu O;fDr fdlls ckr dj jgk gSA
(ii) Reported Speech : ;g Hkkx inverted commas osQ vanj jgrk gSA blls irk
pyrk gS fd cksyus okys us D;k dgkA
Indirect Speech : tc cksyus okys O;fDr osQ 'kCnksa dks ge vius 'kCnksa esa dgrs gSa] rc
og Indirect Speech dgykrk gSA
Example : Rajat said, “I am a player.” (Direct Speech)
Rajat said that he was a player. (Indirect Speech)
Direct Speech dks Indirect Speech esa cnyus osQ fu;e
I. Reporting Verb dks cnyuk % ;fn Reported Speech esas Assertive
Sentence dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks Reporting Verb dks fuEu izdkj ls cnyrs gSa %
say = say say to = tell
says = says says to = tells
said = said said to = told
II. Inverted Commas dks gVkuk % Inverted commas (“ ”) osQ LFkku ij
that yxk;k tkrk gSA
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III. Reported Speech esa Pronouns dks cnyuk %
Person cnyrs le; number rFkk case ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;s ugha cnyrs
gSaA Personal pronouns osQ lHkh forms dks uhps nh xbZ rkfydk esa i<+saA
Person Nominative Possessive Case Objective
Case Possessive Possessive Case
Adjective Pronoun
1st Person I my mine me
we our ours us
2nd Person you your yours you
3rd Person he his his him
she her hers her
it its — it
they their theirs them
(i) Reported Speech osQ First Person osQ Pronouns (I, my, me, we, our,
us) lnk Reporting Verb osQ Subject osQ vuqlkj cny tkrs gSaA
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. I say, “I am well.” I say that I am well.
2. You say, “I am well.” You say that you are well.
3. He says, “I am well.” He says that he is well.
4. She says, “I am well.” She says that she is well.
(ii) Reported Speech osQ Second Person osQ Pronouns (you, your) lnk
Reporting Verb osQ Object osQ vuqlkj cny tkrs gSaA
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. I say to you, “You are well.” I tell you that you are well.
2. You say to me, “You are well.” You tell me that I am well.
3. I say to him, “You are well.” I tell him that he is well.
4. You say to them, “You are You tell them that they are well.
well.”
5. He says to her, “You are well.” He tells her that she is well.
(iii) Third Person osQ Pronouns (he, his him, she, her, they, their
them) dHkh ugha cnys tkrsA
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. I say, “He is well.” I say that he is well.
2. You say, “She is well.” You say that she is well.
3. She says, “They are well.” She says that they are well.
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Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into indirect speech :
(a) He says, “I am your friend.”
(b) You say, “I shall build a house.”
(c) I say, “I am leaving for Ambala.”
(d) He says to me, “I have completed my work.”
(e) I say to him, “You are going to your school.”
(f) You said to me, “You always help me.”
(g) She says to me, “I am his sister.”
(h) Rajat says to me, “I am your brother.”
(i) She says to me, “I am ready to help you.”
(j) He says to me, “You should help me.”
(k) They say, “We are reading books.”
(l) I say to Rohit, “I know you.”
(m) I say, “I am sleeping.”
(n) She says to me, “I am your mother.”
IV. Change of Tense
(i) tc Reporting Verb Present ;k Future Tense esa gksrk gS] rc Indirect
Speech esa Tense dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
(ii) tc Reporting Verb Past Tense esa gksrk gS] rc Inverted Commas osQ Hkhrj
iz;qDr Tense esa fuEufyf[kr :i ls ifjorZu gksrk gSA
Direct Indirect
→ → →
Simple Present → → Simple Past
→ →
Present Continuous → → → Past Continuous
→ → →
Present Perfect → → Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous → → Past Perfect Continuous
→ → →
→ → →
Simple Past → → Past Perfect
→ → →
Past Continuous → → Past Perfect Continuous
→ → →
Past Perfect → → no change of tense
Past Perfect Continuous → → → no change of tense
→ →
Direct Indirect
→ → →
shall / will → → should / would
→ → →
can → → could
→ →
may → → → might
→ → →
am / is / are → → was / were
→ →
have / has → → → had
was / were → → had been
→ → →
→ → →
could/should/would/might → → generally no change
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Functional Grammar
Examples :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. He said to me, “I am your He told me that he was my
brother.” brother.
2. My brother said to me, “I am My brother told me that he was
cleaning my house.” cleaning his house.
3. Priya said to Rohit, “I have Priya told Rohit that she had
always helped you.” always helped him.
4. Rajat said to Richa, “I have Rajat told Richa that he had been
been waiting for you.” waiting for her.
5. My father said to me, “I My father told me that he had
wanted to give you a watch.” wanted to give me a watch.
6. He said to the boys, “I was He told the boys that he had been
reading a book.” reading a book.
7. Anju said to Ankur, “I had Anju told Ankur that she had
watched him.” watched him.
8. He said, “I had been singing.” He said that he had been singing.
9. He said to me, “I shall help He told me that he would help
you.” me.
10. She said, “I will be using the She said that she would be using
car next Friday.” the car next Friday.
11. He said to me, “I can meet He told me that he could meet
you.” me.
12. He said to me, “He may help He told me that he might help
me.” him.
13. He said, “I can watch the He said that he could watch the
movie.” movie.
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :
(a) Puneet said, “I ate two apples.”
(b) He said, “I was playing in the park.”
(c) She said, “I always drink coffee.”
(d) She said, “He has finished his work.”
(e) I said to him, “You are going to your school.”
(f) You said to me, “You always help me.”
(g) Rajat said, “Mohit arrived on Sunday.”
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(h) They said, “You are our friends.”
(i) They said to me, “We were living in Paris.”
(j) He said, “I was absent.”
(k) He said, “I can drive a car.”
(l) She said, “I may buy a computer.”
(m) Teacher said, “I have given you the assignment.”
(n) Sahil said to me, “I was going to school today.”
(o) Aditi said to Ishita, “I shall go Mumbai next week.”
V. Other Changes (vU; ifjorZu) % ;fn Reported Speech Hkwrdky esa gks rks
oqQN Adverbs bl izdkj cnyrs gSa %
now dk then today dk that day
this dk that yesterday dk the previous day
these dk those tomorrow dk the next day
here dk there last Sunday dk the previous Sunday
thus dk so next week dk the following week
a year ago dk the previous year
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. She said, “I am working She said that she was working
now.” then.
2. She said to me, “I shall see She told me that she would see
you tomorrow.” me the next day.
3. They said, “We have won the They said that they had won the
match today.” match that day.
4. He said, “I got good marks He said that he had got good
last year.” marks the previous year.
5. He said, “These are my pens.” He said that those were his pens.
6. He said, “She died a year He said that she had died a year
ago.” before.
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into indirect speech :
(a) She said to him, “I can not see you now.”
(b) Gita said, “Sita was present yesterday.”
(c) She said, “I am ill today.”
(d) She said, “I am cleaning this room now.”
(e) He said, “I shall join the office next week.”
(f) Sohan said to me, “I am going to Ambala today.”
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Functional Grammar
Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences : ftl okD; dk vkjEHk (i) Helping Verb, (ii)
Interrogative words ls gks vkSj var esa iz'ulwpd fpg~u (\) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks]
mls Interrogative Sentence dgrs gSaA
Examples : Do you know Mr. Manoj Mediratta ?
Why are you standing here ?
Direct ls Indirect cukus osQ fu;e %
(i) Reporting Verb dks cnyuk : ;fn Reported Speech esa Interrogative
Sentence ns j[kk gks rks Reporting Verb dks fuEu izdkj cnysa %
(ii) Inverted Commas dks gVkuk : ;fn Reported Speech esa Interrogative
Sentence ns j[kk gks rks Inverted Commas dks fuEu izdkj ls gVkrs gSa %
(a) ;fn iz'u fdlh Helping Verb [is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did
has, have, had, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must
vkfn ls cuk gks rks Inverted Commas dks gVkus osQ ckn if ;k whether yxkrs gSaA
(b) ;fn iz'u ‘wh’ family (whose, whom, when, where, which, what,
why) rFkk how ls cuk gks rks Inverted Commas dks gVkrs le; oqQN ugha yxkrsA
fo'ks"k % Interrogative sentence dks Assertive sentence esa cny nsa vkSj
Indirect Speech dks tks lkekU; fu;e gSa] mUgsa iz;ksx dj iwjs okD; dks Indirect
Speech esa cny nsaA
Now study the following examples :
Direct Indirect
1. She said to me, “Are you She asked me if I was going to
going to the class?” the class.
2. He said to her, “Do you work He asked her if she worked hard.
hard?”
3. She said to me, “Did you She asked me if I had broken her
break my slate?” slate.
4. The lady said to the porter, The lady asked the porter if he
“Will you take my luggage to would take her luggage to the
the platform?” platform.
5. He said to me, “What are you He asked me what I was doing.
doing?”
6. The student said, “How is the The student asked how the
weather?” weather was.
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Direct Indirect
7. She said to me, “Who teaches She asked me who taught me
you English ?” English.
8. Sujata said to me, “Where are Sujata asked me where I was
you going ?” going.
9. He said to Sapna, “How do He asked Sapna how she liked
you like this school ?” that school.
10. He said to me, “Why do you He asked me why I did not take
not take tea ?” tea.
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into indirect speech :
(a) She said to me, “Are you ready ?”
(b) He says to her, “Do you know me ?”
(c) She says to me, “Where do you live ?”
(d) He said, “What was shining ?”
(e) The teacher says to me, “What is your name ?”
(f) He said, “Who can solve this puzzle ?”
(g) He asked, “Which team won the match ?”
(h) She said to me, “Will you help me ?”
Imperative Sentences
Imperative Sentences : ftl okD; dk vkjEHk Principal Verb ls gks vkSj vUr
esa Full Stop (.) fn;k gks mls Imperative Sentence dgrs gSaA ,sls okD;ksa esa vkns'k] f'k{kk]
izkFkZuk ,oa psrkouh ikbZ tkrh gSA
Examples : Shut the door.
Don’t make a noise.
Direct ls Indirect cukus osQ fu;e %
(i) Reporting Verb dks cnyuk : ;fn Reported Speech, Imperative
Sentence esa fn;k gks rks Reporting Verb dks fuEu izdkj ls ifjorZu djrs gSa %
said to = order (;fn okD; esa lkèkkj.k vkns'k gks)
= commanded (;fn okD; esa lSfud vkns'k gks)
= advised (;fn okD; esa f'k{kk dk Hkko izdV gks)
= requested (;fn okD; esa izkFkZuk dk vkHkkl gks)
= asked (;fn okD; esa dksbZ Hkko Li"V u gks)
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Functional Grammar
(ii) Inverted Commas dks gVkuk : Imperative Sentence dh voLFkk esa
Inverted Commas dks gVkus osQ fy, ‘to’ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn Reported Speech
esa okD; dk vkjEHk Do not ls gks rks ‘not to’ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
(iii) vU; ifjorZu % Please / kindly dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k igys dh Hkk¡fr iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSAA
Now study the following examples :
Direct Indirect
1. The Principal said to the The Principal ordered the peon
peon, “Bring a glass of water to bring a glass of water for him.
for me.”
2. I said to her, “Please give me I requested her to give me her
your pen.” pen.
3. Ram said to me, “Take a cup Ram asked me to take a cup of
of tea.” tea.
4. The teacher said to the boys, The teacher ordered the boys to
“Open your book.” open their books.
5. Mother said, “Ram, give up Mother advised Ram to give up
your bad habits.” his bad habits.
6. The old man said to me, The old man advised me not to
“Don’t tell a lie.” tell a lie.
7. The Commander said to the The Commander commanded the
soldiers, “March forward.” soldiers to march forward.
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into indirect speech :
(a) I said to my servant, “Bring me a cup of milk.”
(b) He said to me, “Go and call Ashoka.”
(c) She said to me, “Please lend me your book.”
(d) The teacher said to the boys, “Stand straight.”
(e) “Bring me a glass of water,” said my father to me.
(f) He said to the teacher, “Excuse me, sir.”
Let okys okD; %
(i) (a) ;fn Reported Speech esa Let me fn;k gks rks said to osQ LFkku ij
requested dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(b) Inverted Commas osQ LFkku ij to dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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(ii) (a) ;fn Reported Speech esa Let him / her / them fn;k gks rks said to
osQ LFkku ij asked / suggested dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(b) Inverted Commas osQ LFkku ij to dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii) (a) ;fn Reported Speech esa Let us fn;k gks rks said to osQ LFkku ij
proposed to dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(b) Inverted Commas osQ LFkku ij that dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Study the following examples :
Direct Indirect
1. She said to me, “Let me take She requested me to let her take
rest.” rest.
2. She said to me, “Let him She asked me to let him go in.
come in.”
3. She said to me, “Let us go to She proposed me that we should
Shimla for a change.” go to Shimla for a change.
Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into indirect speech :
(a) He said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”
(b) The Principal said to the peon, “Let the boy come in.”
(c) The Captain said to the players, “Let us play a match.”
(d) He said to his friend, “Let me go home now.”
(e) The mother said to him, “Let me see what you have got in your hand.”
Exclamatory Sentences
ftu okD;ksa ls izlUurk] nq%[k] vk'p;Z] Øksèk] ?k`.kk] iz'kalk vkfn dk Hkko O;Dr gksrk gS] mUgsa
Exclamatory Sentence dgrs gSaA ,sls okD;ksa esa vkns'k] f'k{kk] izkFkZuk ,oa psrkouh ikbZ
tkrh gSA
Direct ls Indirect cukus osQ fu;e %
(i) Inverted commas dks that esa cny nsrs gSaA
(ii) Person vkSj Tense dk ifjorZu Assertive okD; dh rjg gksrk gSA
(iii) Reporting verb said osQ LFkku ij ifjorZu fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS %
(a) ;fn izlUurk izdV xbZ gks rks exclaimed with joy ;k exclaimed with delight
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
(b) ;fn 'kksd izdV fd;k gks rks exclaimed with sorrow ;k exclaimed with
grief dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
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Functional Grammar
(c) ;fn iz'kalk dh tkrh gS] rks praised ;k applauded dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
(d) What ;k How ls vfèkdrk izdV gksrh gSA blfy, muosQ LFkku ij very ;k great dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA
;fn What a ;k How osQ ckn Noun vk, rks mls great esa cnyrs gSaA ijarq mlosQ ckn
Adjective vkus ij mls very esa cnyrs gSaA blesa Reporting Verb said dks exclaimed
esa cny nsrs gSaA
Study the following examples :
Direct Indirect
1. He said, “Hurrah! I have He exclaimed with delight that
won the competition.” he had won the competition.
2. Ajay said, “Alas! My Ajay exclaimed with sorrow that
grandmother was dead.” his grandmother was dead.
3. He said, “Bravo! You have He applauded him saying that he
done well.” had done well.
4. The child said, “How The child exclaimed with joy that
beautiful the scenery is !” the scenery was very beautiful.
Practice Exercise
1. Change the following sentences into indirect speech :
(a) Harish said, “Hurrah! My team has won the match.”
(b) He said, “What a fine morning it is !”
(c) Rajat said, “Well done! You are a good singer.”
(d) The boy said, “Alas! My dog is dead.”
(e) The Mayor said to the officers, “Bravo! Well done.”
(f) They said, “How dark the room is !”
2. Change the following sentences into indirect speech :
(a) The principal said to me, “Wait here till I come back.”
(b) Mother said to Rahul, “Please listen to what I am saying.”
(c) The student said to the teacher, “Please lend me your pen for a while.”
(d) My father said to him, “Do not go to bed so late at night.”
(e) Mrs. Sehgal said, “Children, why are you feeling so excited ?”
(f) Juhi said to me, “Will you get an A1 grade in this paper ?”
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12
MODALS
(Hkkolwpd fØ;k,¡)
Hkkolwpd fozQ;k,¡ os fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa ftudk iz;ksx okD; esa eq[; fozQ;k osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSaA
Modals are used with main verbs of the sentence.
In this chapter, we will read about can, cannot, may, may not,
should, should not, must and must not.
l Can
Can dk vFkZ ldrk gS] ldrh gS] ldrs gSa osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Can or Cannot dk iz;ksx
To express ability (;ksX;rk) or power ('kfDr)
l
Examples : He can speak many languages.
Rajat can run a mile.
To express permission (vkKk)
l
Examples : You can sit here.
You can eat this chocolate.
To express possibility (laHkkouk)
l
Examples : Anyone can solve this puzzle.
Anyone can read this story.
Cannot suggests absence of ability.
l
Example : Rohan is tired. He cannot walk further.
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Functional Grammar
Practice Exercise
Complete each sentence using can or cannot with a suitable verb :
play run drive read win
1. The letters are very small. I __________.
2. You __________ cricket in the evening.
3. A cheetah __________very fast.
4. A baby __________a car.
5. India __________ this match easily.
May, May not dk iz;ksx
To express permission (vkKk) or possiblity (laHkkouk)
l
Examples : May I come in ?
It may rain tonight.
To express wish (bPNk) or prayer (izkFkZuk)
l
Examples : May God bless you !
May you live long !
To express purpose (mn~ns';)
l
Examples : She works hard so that she may succeed.
We earn so that we may eat well.
May not is used to deny permission.
l
Example : You may not answer the phone call.
Practice Exercise
Complete each sentence using may or may not with a suitable verb :
change use get submit ask
1. You __________ your assignments on Monday.
2. You __________ your seat with Mohit.
3. __________I __________ your laptop ?
4. Jatin __________ upset, even if you tell him the truth.
5. __________ I __________ you something ?
Should, Should not dk iz;ksx
To express duty or obligation (dRrZO;)
l
Examples : The gardener should water the plants.
We should help the poor people.
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J.P.H. Junior GENERAL ENGLISH
To express advice (lykg) or suggestion (lq>ko)
l
Examples : You should obey your elders.
You should write neatly.
Should not is also used to give suggestions (lq>ko)
l
Example : You should not play on the road.
Practice Exercise
Complete each sentence using should or should not with a suitable verb :
drive leave wear shout eat
1. You __________ some fruit or vegetables every day.
2. People __________ fast in the town.
3. __________ we __________ now?
4. It's cold. You __________ a sweater.
5. You __________ in the class.
Must, Must not dk iz;ksx
To express necessity (vko';drk) or obligation (dRrZO;)
l
Examples : It may rain. You must take an umbrella.
You must pay the fine.
To express compulsion (vfuok;Zrk)
l
Examples : You must obey the traffic rules.
We must love our country.
Must not is used to express prohibition (fu"ksèk vkKk)
l
Examples : You must not enter a ladies' compartment.
You must not be late to class.
Practice Exercise
Complete each sentence using must or must not with a suitable verb :
wash speak tell walk enter
1. You __________ on the grass.
2. You __________ your face every morning.
3. You __________ loudly in hospitals.
4. This is a secret. You __________ anybody.
5. Students __________ the examination hall late.
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Functional Grammar
13
CASES
(dkjd)
dkjd okD; esa laKk ;k loZuke dk fdlh vU; 'kCn ls lEcUèk crkrk gSA
A case is said the relation of a noun or pronoun to other words in a
sentence.
Examples : Rohit's book, Riya's home.
dkjd osQ eq[;r% rhu Hksn gksrs gSa %
1. Nominative Case (dRkkZ dkjd)
2. Objective Case (deZ dkjd)
3. Possessive Case (lEcUèk dkjd)
1. NOMINATIVE CASE (drkZ dkjd)
tc laKk ;k loZuke fdlh fozQ;k osQ drkZ osQ :i esa iz;qDr jgrk gS] rc og laKk ;k loZuke
drkZ dkjd dgykrk gSA
When a noun or pronoun is used as the subject of a verb, it is said
nominative case.
Examples : I sing a song.
Rajat waters the plants.
Note : Verb (fozQ;k) esa ‘Who’ yxkdj iz'u djus ij tks mRrj izkIr gks] og drkZ dkjd
gksrk gSA tSls fn, x, okD;ksa esa ^dkSu* yxkus ij ‘Who sings ?’ ^dkSu xkrk gS \*
mÙkj feyrk gS–I, vr% ‘I’ Nominative Case esa gSA
blh rjg nwljk okD; i<+s&
Rajat waters the plants.
tc ge iz'u djrs gSaµWho Waters ?
mRrj feyrk gSµRajat vr% Rajat Nominative Case esa gSA
2. OBJECTIVE CASE (deZ dkjd)
tc dksbZ Noun ;k Pronoun fdlh Verb ;k Preposition osQ Object osQ :i esa
iz;qDr gksrk gS] rc og Noun/Pronoun Objective case esa gksuk le>k tkrk gSA
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When a noun or pronoun is used as the object of a verb or
preposition, it is said to be in the objective case.
Note : fozQ;k esa ‘What’ yxkus ij tks mRrj izkIr gks] ogh Object gS vkSj og Objective
Case esa gksrk gSA
Examples : She cleans the room.
She cleans............ What ?
Ans. the room.
Mohit drinks juice.
Mohit drinks............ What ?
Ans. Juice
vr% bu okD;ksa esa room vkSj juice (Objective Case) deZ dkjd gSaA
3. POSSESSIVE CASE (lEcUèk dkjd)
tc fdlh osQ :i ls vfèkdkj ;k lEcUèk dk Hkko izdV gksrk gS] rc ml Noun/Pronoun
dks Possessive Case esa gksuk le>k tkrk gSA
When the form of a noun or a pronoun is used to show possession
or relation, it is said to be in the possessive case.
Examples : This is Rajat’s watch.
(Rajat's Possessive Case esa gSAa)
She is my mother.
(my Possessive Case esa gSA)
Note : Pronoun osQ rhuksa dkjdksa osQ :iksa esa fHkUurk,¡ gksrh gSaA uhps nh xbZ rkfydk dks
if<+,%
Nominative Possessive Case Objective Case
Case Possessive Possessive
Adjective Pronoun
I My Mine Me
We Our Ours Us
You Your Yours You
He His His Him
She Her Hers Her
It Its X It
They Their Their Them
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Functional Grammar
Practice Exercise
1. Indicate the case of the words, which are in bold prints in the given sentences.
One has been done for you :
Example : He is my brother. [He : Nominative Case, My : Possessive Case]
(a) I know him. __________
(b) They are on the terrace. __________
(c) The birds are flying in the sky. __________
(d) These bags are hers. __________
(e) This is the boy's watch. __________
(f) The vase is on the table. __________
(g) Our friends live in a village. __________
(h) Poonam wrote a letter yesterday. __________
(i) He reads in class IV. __________
(j) These chocolates are mine. __________
(k) My parents loves me very much. __________
(l) Does the boy know Rohit's school ? __________
(m) This is for me. __________
(n) Go to bed. __________
(o) The children went to park. __________
2. Some sentences are given below, identify whether the underlined noun or
pronoun word is a nominative case, objective case or possessive case :
(a) Cows eat grass.
(i) Nominative Case (ii) Possessive Case (iii) Objective Case
(b) I am preparing a design.
(i) Nominative Case (ii) Possessive Case (iii) Objective Case
(c) The dog is mine.
(i) Nominative Case (ii) Possessive Case (iii) Objective Case
(d) The singer is singing a song.
(i) Nominative Case (ii) Possessive Case (iii) Objective Case
(e) The children go to school.
(i) Nominative Case (ii) Possessive Case (iii) Objective Case
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Noun osQ Possessive Case cukus osQ fofèk
1. izkf.kcksèkd Singular Noun dks Possessive Case dk :i nsus osQ fy, ’s
(Apostrophe s) yxk;k tkrk gSA
Examples :
jksgu dh dye – Rohan’s pen
eksj osQ ia[k – Peacock’s feather
eksfgr dk HkkbZ – Mohit’s Brother
2. izkf.kcksèkd Plural Nouns ftlosQ var esa s jgs mls Possessive Case dk :i nsus
osQ fy, ek=k Apostrophe (’) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ijarq var esa s ugha jgus ij ’s
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples :
yM+dksa dk dejk – boys’ room
fL=k;ksa dk egkfon~;ky; – women’s college
cPpksa dk dejk – children’s room
3. futhZo inkFkks± osQ lkFk ’s dk iz;ksx izk;% ugha gksrk gSA futhZo cksèkd Noun osQ igys of
yxkdj mls Possessive Case dk :i ns ldrs gSaA
Examples :
iwQyksa dk jax – The colour of the flowers.
dejksa dh f[kM+fd;k¡ – The windows of the room.
'kgjksa dh bekjrsa – The buildings of the cities.
fon~;ky; osQ Nk=k – The students of the school.
Note : ftl Noun osQ ckn of vk, ml Noun osQ igys ‘The’ vo'; yxk,¡A
Examples : The number of the boys. The people of India.
4. izkf.kcksèkd laKkvksa dk Possessive Case
Examples :
veu dk ?kksM+k – the horse of Aman / Aman’s horse
lksfu;k dh cgu – the sister of Sonia / Sonia’s sister
jtr osQ fe=k – the friend’s of Rajat / Rajat’s friends
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5. oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas futhZo osQ lkFk Hkh ’s ;k apostrophe iz;qDr gksrk gSA
(i) le;] nwjh vkSj otulwpd 'kCnksa osQ lkFk ’s ;k apostrophe yxrk gSA
Examples : a week’s plan, four day’s leave, a foot’s length etc.
(ii) Personified Objects osQ lkFk ’s ;k apostrophe yxrk gSA
Examples : the Sun’s rays, Nature’s law, etc.
(iii) oqQN izpfyr iz;ksx %
Examples : for Mercy’s sake, to his Heart’s content, etc.
Practice Exercise
Translate the following into English. One has been done for you :
?kM+h dh dher µ the price of the watch
(a) jtr dk ?kj (b) fiz;k dk cLrk
(c) eksj osQ ia[k (d)ns'kksa osQ uke
(e) fdrkc dh dher (f) ?kj dk irk
(g) fcgkj dh jktèkkuh (h) unh dk ikuh
(i) o`{k osQ iwQy (j) iQyksa osQ jax
(k) xk; dk nwèk (l) taxy osQ tkuoj
(m) xyh dk uke (n) ftjki+Q dh xnZu
(o) Å¡V osQ ik¡o (p) vafdr dk oqQRrk
(q) bl ?kj dh nhokj (r) iwtk osQ HkkbZ
(s) jkfèkdk dk buke (t) Nk=kksa osQ uke
(u) cPpksa osQ f[kykSus (v) ?kksM+s dh iw¡N
(w) ?kj osQ dejsa (x) fdrkc osQ fp=k
(x) jksgu dh irax (z) cLrs dk Hkkj
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14
REMOVAL OF ‘TOO’
(‘TOO’ dks gVkuk)
uhps fn, okD;ksa dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, %
(i) He is too fat to run.
(ii) The weather is too hot.
(iii) He is too small to catch the ball.
(iv) The tea is too hot.
(v) It is too much for me.
(vi) He is too lazy to do any job.
bu okD;ksa esa ‘too’ dk iz;ksx mfpr ls vfèkd (excess) dk Hkko O;Dr djus osQ fy, gqvk
gSA uhps fn, x, mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls transformation dh izfØ;k dks le>saA
A. He is too weak to run.
He is so weak that he cannot run.
1. Richa is too nervous to perform.
Richa is very nervous that she cannot perform.
2. He was too late to attend the meeting.
He was so late that he could not attend the meeting.
3. The news is too good to be true.
The news is so good that it cannot be true.
4. The tree is too high for me to climb.
The tree is so high that I cannot climb it.
5. She is too shy to ask for money.
She is so shy that she cannot ask for money.
B. The wall is too high to jump over it.
The wall is so high that no one can jump over it.
1. The sun is too hot to go out.
The sun is so hot that one cannot go out.
2. He was too happy to tell.
He was so happy that he could not tell.
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3. It is never too late to mend.
It is never so late that one cannot mend oneself.
C. He is too dull for a work.
He is so dull that he cannot be a worker.
1. He is too lazy for a runner.
He is so lazy that he cannot be a runner.
2. He is too ignorant for a postman.
He is so ignorant that he cannot be a postman.
D. The mango is too unripe to be eaten.
The mango is so unripe that it is not worth eating.
1. It is too early to start the work.
It is so early that we need not start the work now.
2. The sun is too hot for the kids.
The sun is so hot that the kids cannot bear it.
3. The coffee is too hot for me.
The coffee is so hot that I cannot drink it.
4. The question is not too difficult for me to solve.
The question is not so difficult that I cannot solve it.
5. He is too late for the train.
He is so late that he will not catch the train.
E. He is too clever not to understand the tricks.
He is so clever that he will understand the tricks.
1. He is too kind-hearted not to help me.
He is so kind-hearted that he will help me.
2. His writing was too impressive not to impress the teacher.
His writing was so impressive that it impressed the teacher.
3. The room is too large not to accommodate all of us.
The room is so large that it can accommodate all of us.
F. The tea is too hot.
The tea is hotter than it should be.
1. Rohit came too early.
Rohit came earlier than he should have.
2. He wrote too slowly.
He wrote more slowly than he should have.
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3. Rukmani is too lazy.
Rukmani is lazier than she should be.
4. He runs too fast.
He runs faster than he should.
G. Puneet is too lazy.
Puneet is over lazy.
1. She is too eager for her result.
She is over eager for her result.
2. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Cooks beyond a proper limit will spoil the broth.
3. I slept too much.
I slept more than enough.
4. She is being too kind.
She is being extremely kind.
Practice Exercise
1. Remove ‘too’ from the following sentences without altering their sense :
(a) He is too weak to run.
(b) Mohan is too old to walk fast.
(c) She is too happy to tell.
(d) She spoke too fast to be understood.
(e) She was too weak to even sit.
(f) He was too late to see the movie.
(g) He is too mean to be a true friend.
(h) The tree is too high for him to climb.
(i) The shirt was too small for me to wear.
(j) It is never too late to mend.
(k) She is too kind.
(l) The orange is too sour.
(m) My brother is too smart.
(n) The tea is too hot.
(o) The scene was too dreadful to be seen.
(p) He was too careless.
(q) It was too dark to seen anything.
(r) She is too intelligent to solve the puzzle.
(s) The pencil is too small to write with.
(t) We are never too old to learn new things.
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2. Rewrite the following sentences using the adverb ‘too’. One has been done
for you :
Example : I am so tired that I cannot work.
I am too tired to work.
(a) She is so lazy that she cannot go to the market.
(b) He walks more slowly than he should.
(c) He is being extremely kind.
(d) The box was so heavy that it could not be lifted.
(e) Pankaj ate more than enough.
(f) He is so dull that he cannot be a worker.
(g) He is very ill that he cannot go to the school today.
(h) The coffee is so hot that I cannot drink it.
(i) The result is so bad that it can’t be published.
(j) The luggage is so heavy that one can’t carry it.
(k) She is so dull that she cannot be a doctor.
(l) He was so weak that he could not stand.
(m) The boy was so mean that he could not help the old man.
(n) The news is so good that it cannot be true.
(o) He is weak more than enough.
(p) It is so cold that one cannot go out.
(q) Puneet is so generous that helps the needy.
(r) The rod is so strong that it cannot be bent.
(s) They were so late that they did not catch the bus.
(t) She came earlier than she should have.
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15
DETERMINERS
(fuèkkZjd)
fuèkkZjd ,sls 'kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh okD; esa laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa vkSj bl ckr
dks fuèkkZj.k djrs gSa fd fdldh ckr gks jgh gSA
A determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give
additional information about the noun.
fuEufyf[kr izeq[k Determiners gSaµ
(i) Articles : a, an, the
(ii) Demonstrative adjectives : this, that, these, those
(iii) Possessive adjectives : his, her, your, our, my, their, its
(iv) Adjective of number and quantity : one, two, three, some,
more, less, etc.
(v) Distributive adjectives : each, every, either, neither, both
(vi) Interrogative adjectives : what, which, whose
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ Articles : vaxzss”kh esa a, an vkSj the dks Articles (miin) dgrs gSaA ;s nks izdkj
osQ gksrs gSaµ
1. Indefinite Articles : A rFkk An dks indefinite articles dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;s
fdlh fuf'pr oLrq dh vksj laosQr ugha djrsA budk iz;ksx singular countable nouns
(ftu noun dks fxuk tk losQ) osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
A and An are known as indefinite articles. They are used about the
things which are not indicated particularly. They are used with
singular countable nouns.
Examples : Give me a glass of water.
I am eating an apple.
2. Definite Article : The dks definite article dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g fdlh fuf'pr
oLrq dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA
The is the definite article that points towards a specific noun.
Examples : I want to meet the Principal.
The boy you are seeing is my friend.
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☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ Demonstrative adjectives : Demonstrative adjectives bl ckr dk
laosQr djrk gS fd gekjk vfHkizk; fdl O;fDr ;k oLrq ls gSA
Examples : This pen is mine.
That house is mine.
These mangoes are sour.
Those glasses are broken.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ Possessive adjectives : His, her, your, our, my, their, etc. dks
possessive adjectives dgrs gSaA bu 'kCnksa osQ var esa ,d laKk gksrh gSA
Examples : His father is an actor.
Your school will reopen tomorrow.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ Adjective of number and quantity : O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa dh la[;k O;Dr
djus osQ fy, adjective of number dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bu 'kCnksa osQ var esa ,d laKk gksrh
gSA ;s nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ
1. Definite : ftlls fuf'pr la[;k dk cksèk gks] tSlsµ one, two, three, etc.
Definite adjective of number osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa %
Cardinal (la[;kokpd) : One, two, three, four, etc.
Ordinal (Øelwpd) : First, second, third, fourth, etc.
2. Indefinite : ftlls vfuf'pr la[;k dk cksèk gks] tSlsµsome, a few, several,
etc.
Examples : I have five balls. (Cardinal)
He stood first in the class. (Ordinal)
There are several people in the room. (Indefinite)
ftl 'kCn ls fdlh oLrq dh ek=kk ;k ifjek.k dk cksèk gks mls adjective of quantity
dgrs gSaA
Examples : They have enough money.
There was a little water in the jug.
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ Distributive adjectives : tc each, every, either vkSj neither osQ ckn
dksbZ noun iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rc bUgsa distributive adjectives dgrs gSaA
Examples : Each student has a book.
Every citizen should follow the safety rules.
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☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ Interrogative adjectives : ftl adjective dk iz;ksx okD; esa iz'u dk cksèk
djkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS og interrogative adjective dgykrk gSA
Examples : Whose watch is this ?
Which house is your ?
Practice Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners. One has been done for you :
Example : Please lend me __________ money. (some, any)
Please lend me some money.
(a) Rajat is __________ good friend of mine. (a, an)
(b) __________ hobby keeps you busy. (our, your)
(c) __________ movie should we watch ? (which, what)
(d) __________ of the rooms is clean. (neither, every)
(e) __________ boys are my seniors. (those, that)
(f) The doctor advised me to eat __________ apple daily. (the, an)
(g) I haven’t __________ pictures in my bedroom. (any, which)
(h) There is __________ sugar in the tea. (some, little)
(i) __________ girls were given scholarships. (several, any)
(j) You are invited to __________ party. (the, a)
(k) There are __________ clocks on the table. (second, two)
(l) __________ child was dressed beautifully. (each, my)
(m) I carry __________ books to school. (many, much)
(o) Can you please pass me __________ sugar ? (some, less)
2. Choose the correct answer and complete the sentences :
(a) __________ of the two sisters is married.
(i) Both (ii) Every (iii) Each (iv) Any
(b) He is __________ head of the family.
(i) the (ii) a (iii) either (iv) all
(c) She has done __________ mistake.
(i) none (ii) any (iii) much (iv) no
(d) __________ notebooks are still unchecked.
(i) A few (ii) Few (iii) Little (iv) any
(e) Only __________ toys have been sold since morning.
(i) few (ii) a few (iii) little (iv) the few
(f) I don’t have __________ to say.
(i) much (ii) most (iii) some (iv) all
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16
QUESTION TAG
(iz'u&VSx)
Question vkSj Question Tag esa varj gksrk gSA Question dk iz;ksx Lora=k :i ls gksrk
gS vkSj ;g ,d iw.kZ okD; gksrk gS] ijarq Question Tag dk iz;ksx Lora=k :i ls ugha fd;k tkrkA
fdlh Statement dh iqf"V osQ fy, fd;k tkus okyk Question, Question Tag
dgykrk gSA ;fn Statement positive gks rks Question Tag Negative cusxk tcfd
Statement negative gksus ij Question Tag Positive cusxkA
Question for a confirmation of a statement is called question tag.
If the statement is positive then question tag will be negative while
question tag will be positive, when the statement is negative.
Question tag esa helping verb + not dks ges'kk abbreviated form esa fy[kk
tkrk gSA
Do Not – Don’t Does Not – Doesn’t
Is Not – Isn’t Are Not – Aren’t
Was Not – Wasn’t Were Not – Weren’t
Has Not – Hasn’t Have Not – Haven’t
Had Not – Hadn’t Shall Not – Shan't
Will Not – Won’t Cannot – Can’t
Should Not – Shouldn’t Would Not – Wouldn’t
Must Not – Mustn’t May Not – Mayn’t
Question Tag cukus osQ fu;e %
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : 1. vxj okD; esa Helping Verb ugha nh xbZ gS rFkk Main Verb osQ :i esa
Verb dh first form + s/es vFkok V form nh xbZ gks rks Question Tag cukrs le;
2
helping verb + not osQ :i esa ozQe'k% don’t, doesn’t rFkk didn’t dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
→
→
V → →→ → Don’t V + S/es → →→ → Doesn’t V → →→ → Didn’t
→
1 1 2
Examples : She sings sweetly, doesn’t she ?
They play football, don’t they ?
We visited museum, didn’t we ?
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☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : 2. vxj okD; esa Helping Verb gks rFkk Main Verb osQ :i esa has,
have, had fn;k x;k gks rks Question Tag cukrs le; helping verb + not osQ :i
esa ozQe'k% doesn’t, don’t, didn’t + dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Examples : I have a laptop, don’t I ?
She has a ring, doesn’t she ?
They had a magic pen, didn’t they ?
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : 3. ;fn okD; esa Semi-negative word fn, gq, gks rks budk Question
Tag ges'kk Positive cusxkA
Semi-Negative Words
Seldom Scarely Hardly Few
Rarely Never Nobody Nothing
Never
Examples : She never comes late, does she?
My brother has few friends, does he?
He rarely likes this kind of music, does he?
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : 4. ;fn okD; esa child, infant (singular) fn;k gqvk gks rks pronoun osQ
:i esa It dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn okD; esa Plural word (children, teachers,
boys etc.) fn, gks rks pronoun osQ :i esa They dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : A child liked toys, didn’t it ?
Teachers are going, aren’t they ?
Boys are playing football, aren’t they ?
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : 5. ;fn Indefinite pronoun dk iz;ksx okD; osQ subject osQ :i esa
fd;k x;k gks rks Question Tag osQ Pronoun esa They dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Examples : Everybody knows me, don’t they ?
Someone is calling him, aren’t they ?
All of us completed the assignment, didn’t we ?
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : 6. Imperative sentence dk Question Tag lkekU;r;k% Will
you/won’t you curk gSA
Examples : Please open the door, won’t you ?
Let him do this work, won’t you ?
Don’t turn your page, will you ?
Note : ;fn Let us dk iz;ksx okD; osQ subject osQ :i esa gks rks Question tag esa
shall we dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
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Examples : Let us enjoy the function, shall we ?
Let us clean the room, shall we ?
☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RULE : 7. ;fn okD; esa can, must dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks question tag esa
can’t / mustn’t dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : I can run fast, can’t I ?
We must obey our elders, mustn’t we ?
Practice Exercise
1. Rewrite the sentences, adding question tags. One has been done for you :
Example : I am happy. I am happy, am I ?
(a) He went home. (b) We are not cruel.
(c) Mohil will not come. (d) It can be done.
(e) We should help needy. (f) He has not completed.
(g) You are going tomorrow. (h) They would die.
(i) You had a pen-drive. (j) Priya will have performed.
(k) We are cousins. (l) I am not your neighbours.
(m) We could pass the test. (n) You should not hurt animals.
(o) Pawan has been playing since 7 o’clock.
2. Fill in the blanks using suitable qusestion tags. One has been done for you:
Example : You have completed your project, haven’t you ?
(a) Rohit is lazy, __________ ?
(b) They are not honest, __________?
(c) You are singing well, __________?
(d) She is right, __________?
(e) You did not write clearly, __________?
(f) He was very intelligent, __________?
(g) We shall win the competition, __________?
(h) You had to help him, __________?
(i) We speak French well, __________?
(j) They like coffee, __________?
(k) You have done so, __________?
(l) I am not wrong, __________?
(m) He knows little about me, __________?
(n) Priya was absent, __________?
(o) One can’t do this, __________?
(p) Somebody stole my pen,__________?
(q) One boy can lift it, __________?
(r) They wouldn’t run, __________?
(s) They went to the park, __________?
(t) He had a horse, __________?
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WORD POWER
1
SYNONYMS
(lekukFkhZ 'kCn)
A synonym is a word that means exactly or nearly the same as
another word.
fdlh 'kCn&fo'ks"k osQ fy, iz;qDr lekukFkZd 'kCnksa dks lekukFkhZ ;k i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrs gSA
Words Meanings Synonyms
alike ,d tSlk same
almost yxHkx nearly
answer mRrj reply
ask iwNuk question
assist lgk;rk help
awful Hk;adj terrible
beautiful lqanj gorgeous
begin 'kq: djuk start
big cM+k large
brave cgknqj courageous
bright mTtoy vivid
buy [kjhnuk purchase
calm 'kkar quiet
choose pquuk select
cry jksuk weep
dangerous [krjukd risky
decide r; djuk choose
definite fuf'pr sure
eager mRlqd keen
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Practice Exercise
1. Read the word given on the left side. Then circle its synonym :
(a) end : start finish
(b) easy : hard simple
(c) quick : slow fast
(d) correct : quickly right
(e) sick : ill loud
(f) smart : lazy intelligent
(g) present : gift jump
(h) big : crowd large
2. Match each word with its synonym :
(a) start (i) wealthy
(b) tired (ii) begin
(c) rich (iii) sleepy
(d) reject (iv) middle
(e) ask (v) same
(f) buy (vi) question
(g) center (vii) deny
(h) alike (viii) purchase
3. Write the synonyms of the given words :
hold happy drop help hear
study join answer risk permit
(a) connect : __________ (b) assist : __________
(c) keep : __________ (d) danger : __________
(e) glad : __________ (f) learn : __________
(g) listen : __________ (h) allow : __________
(i) reply : __________ (j) fall : __________
4. Change the bold word to its synonym :
chilly tiny shut large start
(a) Can you please, close the door ? __________
(b) It’s cold outside, so I need to put on a coat. __________
(c) Some insects are very small. __________
(d) The courier boy delivered a big box. __________
(e) My brother helped me begin my homework. __________
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Word Power
2 OPPOSITE WORDS
(ANTONYMS)
foijhr 'kCn (foykse)
Antonyms (foykse) are words that have constrasting or opposite
meanings. (,d&nwljs osQ foijhr vFkZ nsus okys 'kCn foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSaA)
Words Meanings Antonyms
Able ;ksX; unable
Above Åij below
Active pqLr lazy
Accept Lohdkj djuk reject
Agree ekuuk disagree
Asleep lks;k gqvk awake
Alive thfor dead
Arrive igq¡puk depart
Arrival vkxeu departure
Beautiful lqUnj ugly
Beginning vkjEHk ending
Big cM+k small
Brave cgknqj coward
Broad pkSM+k narrow
Bright pednkj dull
Busy O;Lr idle
Bold fgEerh timid
Buy [kjhnuk sell
Borrow mèkkj ysuk lend
Careful lkoèkku careless
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Words Meanings Antonyms
Clean lki+Q dirty
Clever prqj stupid
Cruel funZ;h kind
Difficult dfBu easy
Dry lw[kk wet
Dark vaèksjk bright
Deep xgjk shallow
Early 'kh?kz late
Enemy 'k=kq friend
Earth tehu sky
East iwoZ west
Fast rs”k slow
Famous izfln~/ notorious
Freedom LorU=krk slavery
Fresh rk”kk stale
Fail vliQy gksuk pass
First igyk last
Fat eksVk slim
Friend fe=k] nksLr enemy
Failure vliQyrk success
Full Hkjk gqvk empty
Good vPNk bad
Gain ykHk loss
Glad [kq'k angry
Great cM+k small
Harmful gkfudkjd harmless
Hard dBksj soft
High Å¡pk low
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Words Meanings Antonyms
Please [kq'k djuk displease
Pleasure [kq'kh pain
Present mifLFkfr absent
Plenty cgqr vfèkd lack
Profit ykHk loss
Pure 'kqn~/ impure
Painful nq%[knk;h painless
Play [ksyuk work
Pretty lqanj ugly
Punish naM nsuk reward
Quickly tYnh ls slowly
Ripe idk gqvk raw
Rich èkuh poor
Right lgh wrong
Remember ;kn j[kuk forget
Rise mBuk fall
Sharp rs”k blunt
Strong 'kfDr'kkyh weak
Strange vtuch familiar
Strict dBksj mild
Sweet ehBk sour
Seldom ges'kk often
Start pyuk stop
Thick eksVk thin
Tall yEck short
Take ysuk give
Union ,drk disunion
Useful ykHknk;d useless
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Words Meanings Antonyms
Verbal ekSf[kd written
Victory thr defeat
Virtue uSfrd xq.k vice
Warm xeZ cool
Wide pkSM+k narrow
Wild taxyh tame
Well vPNk ill
Work dke djuk play
Practice Exercise
1. Write the opposites of the following words :
dry, bright, easy, sweet, pure, right, early, tall, quick, happy, more, bold, clean,
fresh, difficult, hard, oral, rich, beautiful, left, top, hot, high, insight, stop,
large, small.
2. Fill in the blanks with the opposite words of those given in the brackets :
(a) This bread is __________. (stale)
(b) No student of the class was __________. (absent)
(c) Man is __________. (mortal)
(d) Ragini __________ her brother. (hates)
(e) The ground was __________. (wet)
(f) The well was __________. (deep)
(g) She will __________ tomorrow. (arrive)
(h) The knife is __________. (sharp)
(i) He will __________ my request. (accept)
(j) She is __________ twenty. (above)
(k) Will you __________ this watch ? (buy)
(l) The teacher is __________ with me. (angry)
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