History of the world in 1,000 objects

INDUSTRY AND INDEPENDENCE 449

1885 43

Belgium acquires Congo The number of events
King Leopold of Belgium formally competed in by the
proclaims the Congo Free State. This
follows concessions made to him by

other European powers at the Berlin 241 athletes who
Conference in Africa. took part in the 1896

1889 Athens Olympics.

Brazil declared a republic

The ruler of Brazil, Dom Pedro II,

is overthrown by a military coup,

and a republic is declared. Pedro THE START OF THE 100-METER RACE, 1896
remained popular with Brazilians ATHENS OLYMPICS, 1896
even after his forced exile. Olympics reborn

1889 1892 Greece sees the modern
rebirth of the ancient Olympic
Rhodesia colonized Franco–Russian alliance
The French Republic and the Russian games. It is organized by the
enthusiastic Frenchman,

Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe) is Empire form a defensive alliance against Baron Pierre de Coubertin.

colonized after a charter to the British Germany and Austria, causing an upheaval

South Africa company, under the in European international relations. 1894
British-born South African politician
Cecil Rhodes, permits the colonization 1893 First Sino–Japanese
of parts of southern Africa. War begins
Women’s suffrage War is declared between
1892 New Zealand becomes the first country China and Japan following
the intervention of both
British defeat Ijebu

The British take advantage of divisions in the world to give women the right to countries in Korea. A year

among Yoruba rulers—in the region of modern vote. This follows formidable efforts by later the war ends in a

Nigeria—and overthrow the Ijebu government. suffragists and tireless campaigners. victory for Japan.

1889 1890 1894 1897

Eiffel Tower completed American Indians Ottomans Cuba granted autonomy
In Paris, France, Gustave massacred suppress Armenians Following the Cuban War of
Eiffel dazzles all of Europe At the Lakota reservation
with his tower. Eiffel had near Wounded Knee Under Ottoman rule, Independence, Cuba becomes
won a design contest to Creek, South Dakota, the Christian-Armenians autonomous but not fully
build the tower as part the army kills 150 suffer a particularly brutal independent from Spain.
of the International Sioux including
Exposition of 1889, in women and children. suppression that sees 1898
honor of the centenary systematic massacres
of the French Revolution. of Armenian people US declares war on Spain
throughout the empire. The Spanish–American War ends
1885 Spain’s colonial empire in West,
250,000
First automobiles and Cuba gains independence
developed The estimated number of from Spain after a 30-year struggle.
German engineers Gottlieb Armenians killed out of a
Daimler and Karl Benz population of 2 million 1899
develop the first automobiles. between 1894 and 1897.
Independently, they have South African War begins
both developed internal- The Transvaal and the Orange
combustion engines.
Free State declare war on Britain.
THE EIFFEL TOWER, The Boers have demanded that the
CENTERPIECE OF THE
PARIS INTERNATIONAL British troops protecting mining
EXPOSITION OF 1889 interests withdraw from Transvaal, but

Britain has ignored these demands.

450 TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY 1900 TO PRESENT

A SHRINKING WORLD

In command of much of the world’s territory, the powers of Europe began the HENRY FORD’S MODEL T
new century confidently, but World War I’s human and economic cost brought
a period of turmoil that engulfed the continent. It also sparked the Russian
Revolution, ushering in the world’s first communist state, the USSR. Following
World War II, Europe was forced to abandon most of its colonies in Africa, the
Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia and embark on a process of unification,
while the Cold War—an ideological confrontation between the democratic
capitalist US and communist USSR—took center stage. The end of this power
struggle, in the 1990s, briefly promised a new era of peace, but soon gave way
to a period of political uncertainty and regional conflict.

1900 1904 1908 1908

Boxer Rebellion erupts Russo–Japanese First Model T car produced Young Turks
In China, the growing presence of westerners leads War begins American car manufacturer Revolution begins
to the Boxer Rebellion, a peasant uprising that aims The Young Turks Revolution
to eject all foreigners from China. International War begins between Henry Ford produces the Model T— demands reform in the
forces invade Beijing to free European hostages. Russia and Japan when the first affordable, mass-market car. Ottoman Empire. These
Japan sinks two Russian Turkish nationalists force
1901 warships. Japan’s victory 1905 Sultan Abdul Hamid II to
against Russia marks its restore the constitution.
Commonwealth of Australia proclaimed emergence as a major Einstein publishes
The many colonies that have been founded in Relativity theory
Australia begin a new era by drafting a constitution world power. German-born physicist Albert
and establishing the Commonwealth of Australia. Einstein explains the relationship
between mass and energy in the
Special Theory of Relativity.

1903 1905 1906 1908

First controlled Russians mount uprising Earthquake devastates Austria–Hungary annexes
flight completed Russian revolutionary forces, San Francisco Bosnia–Herzegovina
American bicycle shop owners In US, San Francisco bears Austria–Hungary annexes
Wilbur and Orville Wright make organized into soviets (councils), the brunt of a 7.8 magnitude Bosnia–Herzegovina, shocking
the first successful heavier-than-air mount a series of uprisings. What earthquake. The quake lasts other European powers. It is
controlled flight. With Wilbur at less than a minute, but it wreaks concerned that the Ottoman
the controls, the fourth test flies becomes known as the Russian damage that will take years to “Young Turks” may undermine
852 ft (259 m) in 59 seconds. Revolution of 1905 is caused by repair. Buildings collapse and many Austro–Hungarian power in
discontent with the Tsar Nicholas II. catch fire throughout the city. the Balkans.

Leon Trotsky, one of the key
revolutionary leaders, is later jailed.

THE 1903 WRIGHT FLYER PILOTED BY ORVILLE WRIGHT

37 million A SHRINKING WORLD 451

The number of military 1918
and civilian casualties
of World War I. World War I ends
As Germany’s momentum stalls, the Allies
SOLDIERS GO OVER THE TOP AT
mount a series of offensives that break
1910 THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME 1916 through Germany’s last fortified defense
lines. The Germans sign an armistice on
Mexican Revolution begins Battles of Verdun and the Somme begin November 11, bringing World War I to an end.

Mexico heads toward revolution, In France, battles of unprecedented scale are fought at Verdun and 1918

following 30 years of stable government the Somme. At Verdun, each side suffers around 400,000 casualties. “Spanish Flu” kills millions
A global pandemic of “Spanish Flu”
under President Porfirio Diaz. Political At the Somme, four months of fighting costs 300,000 lives. reaches its peak. One of the worst natural
disasters in human history, the disease
fighting spills over into violence, and kills more than 50 million people.

warfare continues for decades. 1914 1918

Battle of Tannenberg starts UK women gain the vote
The right to vote is given to women
1913 At the Eastern Front, the Germans crush the over the age of 30 in Britain. Women
Russian First and Second Armies at the Battle
in the US have to wait until 1920.
Harriet Tubman dies of Tannenberg and at the Masurian Lakes.
1917
African American abolitionist
The US enters war
(anti-slavery activist) and reformer 1915 The US declares war
Harriet Tubman (born 1821) dies.
on Germany after German
Lusitania sinks submarines torpedoe
three American ships.
1913 The ocean liner, the Lusitania, is torpedoed
off the coast of Ireland by a German

Suffragette trampled to death U-boat. More than 1,200 people are

In England, the suffragette Emily Davison throws drowned, including 128 US citizens. The

herself in front of King George V’s horse during attack provokes anti-German riots in British

the Epsom Derby. She later dies of her injuries. cities and a hostile response in the US.

1914 1916 1917

Panama Canal opens Irish nationalists stage uprising Russian
The first ship completes its passage In Ireland, Irish nationalists stage an uprising Revolution begins
through the Panama Canal. This amazing against British rule. On Easter Monday, they In Russia, the Provisional
feat of American engineering connects occupy key buildings in Dublin and proclaim a Government of Prime
Provisional Government of the Irish Republic. Minister Alexander Kerensky
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The British send troops to Dublin, and after is ousted in a Bolshevik coup.
Bolshevik leader Vladimir
1911 1914 five days of fighting the rebels surrender. Lenin sets up a revolutionary
government of People’s
Chinese Republic Germany invades Belgium 1915 Commissars and proclaims
established Having declared war on France, the a unilateral armistice.
In China, the Wuchang Germans invade Belgium. As Britain Allies make advances
Uprising leads to the Allied French and English advances at Neuve
collapse of the Qing guarantees Belgium’s neutrality, it Chapelle, Ypres, and Loos result in enormous
dynasty, which has declares war on Germany. Allied casualties. In an attempt to break the
been in power for deadlock, the Germans use poison gas at Ypres.
260 years. Sun Yat-sen 1914
becomes the first “Factories to
president of the Battle of the Marne begins the Workers!
Chinese Republic. As German forces threaten Paris, the French Land to the
launch a counteroffensive at the Marne. The
1910 German army is forced to retreat, and their hopes Peasants!”
of a swift victory in the war are left in ruins.
Portuguese REVOLUTIONARY
monarchy 1914
overthrown A slogan of the Russian Revolution POSTER—LENIN POINTS
A republican-led coup World War I begins
ends the short reign The assassination of the Austrian Archduke, THE WAY FORWARD
of King Manuel II. The Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, by a Serbian
Portuguese Republic is
recognized by Europe’s nationalist, resulting in Austria–Hungary
leading nations. declaring war on Serbia, with the backing of
Germany, sets World War I in motion. Within a
week, all the major European powers are at war.

452

JOHN LOGIE BAIRD DEMONSTRATES HIS “TELEVISOR” 1926 1927

First television picture created Lindbergh flies solo
across the Atlantic
The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird makes the first Aviator Charles Lindbergh completes
the first non-stop solo transatlantic
public demonstration of a television transmission in flight from New York to Paris in the
monoplane he built, which was
London, England. Fifty members of the Royal Institution named the Spirit of St. Louis. His
achievement stimulates the rapid
1919 see the indistinct, but recognizable, moving image of a face. growth of commercial aviation
in the US.
Treaty of 1921 1924
Versailles signed 1929
With the Treaty of Russians suffer famine Lenin dies
Versailles, World War I’s Russia experiences one of the Vladimir Lenin, founder of the Soviet Stock Exchange crashes
victorious Allies impose most destructive famines of Union, dies of a stroke. Statues of The Wall Street Crash sees share
peace terms on Germany the 20th century. Hundreds Lenin are erected across the Soviet
without negotiation. of thousands die of starvation Union, and the city of Petrograd is prices on the New York Stock
Germany loses all of its and disease. renamed Leningrad in his honor. Exchange fall dramatically. The
colonies and substantial A power struggle between Joseph crash is the start of a long-lasting
territory in Europe. Stalin and Leon Trotsky follows. collapse in share prices, and the
start of a worldwide depression.

1920 15,000 1925

League of Nations The number of exhibitors at Paris Exhibition opens
established the International Exhibition Paris, France, reasserts its status as the world leader
of Modern Industrial and in style with the International Exhibition of Modern
The League of Nations, dedicated Decorative Arts, in Paris. Industrial and Decorative Arts. The exhibition gives a
to the peaceful resolution of name—Art Deco—to the design of angular shapes and
disputes and the collective patterns. Art Deco soon sets the style for items from
deterrence of aggression, is scent bottles to skyscrapers.
formed. It is created by the
1923 1928
American president Woodrow
Wilson, but the US Congress Turkish Republic founded Stalin begins reforms
refuses to ratify it. The Turkish army officer Mustafa The Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begins radical economic
Kemal, later known as Ataturk,
1922 formally founds the Turkish Republic. and social reforms. Stalin launches a Five-Year Plan to
He embarks upon a series of radical transform the Soviet Union into a major industrial country.
USSR established reforms designed to turn Turkey into
The Union of Soviet Socialist a modern secular state. JOSEPH STALIN (1879–1953)

Republic (USSR), or the 1922 Born Iosif Dzhugashvili, in Georgia,
Soviet Union, united Russian Stalin joined Lenin’s Bolsheviks in
and other neighboring states Irish Free State proclaimed 1903. After Lenin’s death, he cleverly
Southern Ireland becomes the Irish Free outmaneuvered other leading
under the government of State. However, many Irish Republicans Bolsheviks to achieve dictatorial
the Communist Party. are outraged by the compromises in the power by 1929. Stalin ran a ruthless
Anglo–Irish Treaty, which leads to civil war. police state that murdered millions
1919 of its citizens, yet he presided over
the country’s transformation into a
First nonstop major industrial power and led it to
transatlantic victory over Nazi Germany in 1945.
flight completed
British aviators John Alcock
and Arthur Whitten Brown
complete the first nonstop
flight across the Atlantic. It
takes 16 hours 27 minutes
in a Vickers Vimy biplane.

A SHRINKING WORLD 453

MOHANDAS GANDHI (1869–1948) 1938

Known as Mahatma (“Great Munich Conference held
Soul”), Gandhi was born into The leaders of Britain, France, Germany,
a privileged Indian family and
studied law in London. His and Italy strike a deal to keep peace in
first campaigns of nonviolent Europe. This is at the expense of
civil disobedience were in
South Africa. Returning to Czechoslovakia, which hands over
India in 1915, he led the Sudetenland. The British and French
opposition to British rule. In
1948, Gandhi was assassinated are relieved to have avoided war.
by Hindu extremists, outraged
by his conciliatory attitude HITLER’S ELECTION POSTER 1937
toward Muslims.
1933 Second Sino–Japanese
1930 War begins
Hitler becomes German Chancellor
Gandhi makes Salt March In Germany, the Nazi (National Socialist) Gradual Japanese encroachment on
In India, Mohandas Gandhi mounts leader Adolf Hitler is invited to become Chinese territory erupts into a full-scale
a campaign of civil disobedience Chancellor (head of government). The
against British rule. Gandhi dramatizes conservatives believe they have Hitler under war. Having forced the Chinese to
his opposition to the government’s their control. Hitler, however, celebrates his abandon Shanghai, the Japanese
salt monopoly by staging a 24-day appointment as if it is a seizure of power. take the Nationalist capital Nanjing
march from Ahmedabad, in Gujarat, (Nanking), and massacre the population.
to the Indian Ocean. On reaching
the sea, he scoops up a handful of 1932 1934 1936
salt water in public defiance of the
government’s ban on unlicensed Great Depression Hitler cements his power Great Purge
salt gathering. peaks Hitler cements his hold on German power through commences
The peak year of the a massacre, known as the Night of the Long Knives. In the Soviet Union,
Great Depression leads The main targets are Stormtrooper paramilitaries Joseph Stalin begins
to mass unemployment who had aided his rise to power. After President the Great Purge. This
in the world’s leading Hindenberg dies, Hitler becomes Führer (leader) campaign of political
industrial nations. of the Third Reich. repression kills at
least 680,000 people.

1930 1931 1933 1936

Vargas comes Empire State Building US President Roosevelt Spanish Civil War is declared
to power constructed launches “New Deal” Nationalist Spanish army officers led
In New York, the Empire The US President Roosevelt pushes by General Francisco Franco in Spanish
In Brazil, an army State Building is officially through legislation to fulfil his Morocco launch a military uprising against
revolt brings opened. Standing 1,454 ft promise of a “New Deal.“ Roosevelt’s Spain’s Popular Front government. Although
(443 m) tall to the top of personal leadership has a dramatic the revolt fails across much of Spain, it turns
nationalist Getúlio its spire, it becomes the effect on American morale. His radio into civil war when Franco’s Army of Africa
Vargas to power. world’s tallest building. broadcasts, known as “fireside chats,”
Vargas installs a convince many Americans that they arrives in southern Spain.
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING have a friend in the White House.
populist dictatorship CONSTRUCTION WORKERS TAKE A BREAK
that pushes for the
industrialization of

Brazil and suppresses
political dissent. He

also introduces social
welfare measures
for the poor.

454 TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY 1900 TO PRESENT

THE HOLOCAUST all-metal monocoque
fuselage structure
Hitler’s German Nazi (National
Socialist) government murdered SUPERMARINE SPITFIRE RAF
people from many minority groups, FIGHTER—A KEY AIRCRAFT IN
including Slavs, homosexuals, and THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
gypsies, but their treatment of the
Jews was without parallel. By 1942, 1940 1941 1944
they had begun to implement the
“final solution,” with the aim of Germans advance Japanese bomb Battle of the Bulge
exterminating all the Jews in through Europe Pearl Harbor Hitler’s final campaign is a
Europe. The Nazis transported Jews German forces invade Japanese carrier aircraft
to specially built camps equipped Denmark, Norway, the deliver a surprise attack massive offensive in the
with gas chambers. About 6 million Netherlands, Luxembourg, on the US naval base at Ardennes, France. The
Jews—two-thirds of Europe’s Jewish Belgium, and France. The Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. battle ends with the
population—were murdered. Germans occupy Paris, and The attack provokes the Germans retreating.
France is forced to sign an US to enter the war.
1939 armistice with Germany.

World War II begins
Germany invades Poland,
triggering World War II.
Britain and France declare
war on Germany. Australia,
New Zealand, Canada, and
South Africa follow.

1939 1940 1941 1942

Spanish Civil War ends The Battle of Britain begins Germany US wins Pacific
General Francisco Franco’s An aerial conflict between Germany’s invades USSR victories
Nationalists triumph in Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force Hitler assembles more The US defeats Japan
the Spanish Civil War. Franco rages over southeastern England. By failing than 4 million troops to at naval battles in
executes thousands of his to destroy Britain’s air defenses, Germany invade the USSR (the the Coral Sea and at
enemies and imposes suffers its first defeat of the war. Soviet Union). At first, Midway, in the Pacific.
a dictatorship. the invasion is a success,
1940 but in the face of Soviet 1944
resistance and freezing
Britain subjected to the Blitz winter conditions, the Paris is liberated
British cities are subjected to a bombing campaign— offensive grinds to a halt. French armored units and Resistance
the Blitz. Night raids by Luftwaffe bombers cause
heavy casualties and widespread destruction. 1942 fighters liberate Paris from German
occupation. Parisians welcome the
WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874–1965) Battle of El Alamein starts return of General Charles de Gaulle
In North Africa, the British Eighth
British wartime leader Churchill led an as leader of the Free French.
adventurous life as a soldier and war Army, commanded by General
correspondent before entering politics. As Bernard Montgomery, wins a 1944
First Lord of the Admiralty in World War I,
he was blamed for the Gallipoli disaster. great victory at Alamein, Egypt. Allies invade Normandy
A backbench MP during the 1930s, he The Normandy invasion begins
opposed the appeasement of Hitler. In 1942 with the D-Day landings along
1939, he returned to the Admiralty before the French coast. A fleet of 5,000
becoming prime minister in May 1940. Battle of
He led Britain through the war but lost Stalingrad starts ships takes part in the largest
the 1945 general election. German forces attack amphibious operation in history.
Stalingrad, in the USSR. The
Soviets launch a counterattack 1944
that traps German troops
inside the city and eventually Allies reoccupy Burma
the Germans surrender. British Indian troops withstand an attempt
by the Japanese to invade northeast India

from Myanmar (Burma). Allied forces go
on to retake much of Myanmar from the

Japanese later that year.

A SHRINKING WORLD 455

laminated wood
propeller blade

1947 TENZING NORGAY AND EDMUND HILLARY,
CONQUERORS OF MOUNT EVEREST
Palestine partitioned
The UN General Assembly agrees to the 1953
partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and
Arab states. The proclamation of the state of Everest conquered
Israel leads to the first Arab-Israeli War, in 1948. The New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese

1945 sherpa Tenzing Norgay become the first people
to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
Battle of Iwo Jima
breaks out 1945 1947 1953
US forces take the Pacific
island of Iwo Jima from War ends in Europe India and Pakistan DNA structure discovered
the Japanese. The US plans Soviet forces retake Berlin. gain independence The American scientist James Watson and the
to use the island as a base Hitler commits suicide and Both India and Pakistan gain British Francis Crick discover the double helix
for fighters supporting Germany surrenders. their independence from Britain, structure of DNA. The new model helps explain
bombing raids on ending 200 years of British rule.
mainland Japan. how genes replicate and carry information.

1945 1946 1949 1954

Atomic bombs dropped on Japan United Nations formed People’s Republic of China formed France defeated in
The US planes drop atomic bombs Representatives of 51 The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong Southeast Asia
on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima countries form the United proclaims the founding of the People’s
and Nagasaki, killing thousands and Nations (UN) General Republic of China. French rule in Indo-China
causing devastation. Emperor Hirohito Assembly. It aims to provide comes to an end. Laos and
announces the Japanese surrender. a forum for nations and to 1948
World War II comes to an end. uphold peace and security. Cambodia become
Apartheid introduced independent, while
ATOMIC BOMB EXPLODES IN HIROSHIMA The Afrikaner D. F. Malan comes to power in South Vietnam is divided into
Africa. Believing that Africans threaten the prosperity North Vietnam, with a
of the Afrikaner (Dutch settlers’) culture, Malan communist government,
introduces a system—apartheid—that enforces a and South Vietnam.
racial hierarchy in favour of white South Africans.
1952
1948
Mau Mau Rebellion begins
Berlin blockade In Kenya, opposition to British
In 1945, Berlin was split into four zones. rule leads to the Mau Mau
In the first crisis of the Cold War, Stalin cuts Rebellion. The Mau Mau, an
off road and rail links to West Berlin. The West anticolonial insurgent army, raids
responds by supplying rations by air to prevent white-settler farms, and the British
starvation. The Berlin Blockade lasts 318 days. declare a state of emergency.

80,000 1950

The number of people killed Korean War begins
instantly by the atomic The communist leader of North Korea
bomb that fell on Hiroshima. Kim Il-Sung orders an invasion of South
Korea. The South Koreans are backed
by the UN Command forces, while
North Korea has the support of China.
The war continues until 1953, when
an armistice is signed.

456 TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY 1900 TO PRESENT

FIDEL CASTRO (1926–2008)

Fidel Castro was jailed for his 1959 1961
revolutionary activities in Cuba in
1953. After his release he went into Fidel Castro Berlin Wall erected
exile, but returned in 1956. He was comes to power Troops in East Germany close the
Cuban prime minister in 1959–76 Cuban revolutionary leader border between East and West
before becoming president, and Fidel Castro overthrows the Berlin with barbed wire fences.
the first communist head of state corrupt regime of Fulgencio Within days, these are replaced
in the Americas. His relations with Batista and becomes the by concrete blocks.
the US were originally good, but Cuban prime minister.
speedily deteriorated. Castro Eventually, Cuba becomes
remained a prominent figure, after a Soviet-style, socialist state.
he retired as president in 2006.

1955 1957 1960 MEDAL GIVEN TO WORKERS INVOLVED
IN BUILDING THE BERLIN WALL
Juan Perón ousted Treaty of Rome signed Sharpeville massacre
President of Argentina The Treaty of Rome sets In South Africa, an antiapartheid
Juan Perón is overthrown in up the European Economic protest in Sharpeville results in
a coup and exiled to Paraguay. Community (EEC) and the deaths of 69 demonstrators.
His position had been weakened provides for the European The African National Congress,
by the death of his popular wife, countries’ social and (ANC) which fights for the rights
Eva Perón, and a quarrel with the economic programs. of black South Africans, is banned.
Roman Catholic Church.

1956 1957 1960 1961

Suez Crisis mounts Space Age begins Kennedy elected president Gagarin launched into space
British and French forces The Space Age begins The Democrat candidate John The USSR scores a victory in the space race
invade the Suez Canal Zone when Russia launches its Fitzgerald Kennedy is elected when Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person
in Egypt, after President Sputnik I satellite into orbit. 35th president of the US. to go into space and orbit the Earth.
Nasser nationalizes the
Suez Canal. International KENNEDY'S ELECTION POSTER 1962
criticism forces a cease
fire and withdrawal. Cuban Missile Crisis erupts
The Cuban Missile Crisis brings the
45 million
world to the brink of nuclear war.
The number of people who are President John F. Kennedy delivers
worked, starved, or beaten to an ultimatum to the Russian leader,
death during Mao’s “Great Leap Nikita Khrushchev, to remove Soviet
Forward” program.
missiles from Cuba. Khrushchev
1958 eventually backs down.

China starts “Great Leap Forward” 1963
Chinese leader Mao Zedong initiates a program
of reform known as the “Great Leap Forward.” It is Kennedy assassinated
President John F. Kennedy is
intended to rapidly industrialize China’s rural
economy. However, Mao’s scheme plunges the assassinated as he travels
country into one of the worst famines in history. through Dallas, Texas, in an

open top car. Lee Harvey
Oswald, a former marine, is
arrested and charged with

Kennedy’s murder.

“There are some things so 1969 A SHRINKING WORLD 457
dear... some things so
eternally true, that they US makes first THE APPLE II
are worth dying for. ” moon landing
American astronauts Neil 1973
Martin Luther King Jr., in a speech in Detroit, June 23, 1963 Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz"
Aldrin walk on the moon from First personal
1965 1968 their spacecraft Apollo 11. computers introduced
Millions watch this televised The first personal computer
US enters Martin Luther King Jr assassinated event, which represents a
Vietnam War The African American civil rights leader is symbolic victory for the US to use a microprocessor,
The US President Lyndon assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. King over the USSR in the Cold War. the Micral, is introduced in
Johnson orders US is shot on the balcony of his hotel as he France. It is followed by the
Operation Rolling Thunder, prepares to lead a march of workers keyboard Commodore, PET, Apple II,
a massive bombing protesting against low wages. integrated and TRS-80, among others.
campaign against North with body of
Vietnam. The following 1967 computer
month, the first American
ground troops arrive to Israel wages Six-Day War 1972
fight alongside South As tensions run high in the Middle
Vietnamese forces against Northern Irish
the communist Viet Cong. East, Israel wages war on its Arab protesters killed
enemies. The Six-Day War leaves British troops open fire on
Israel in control of Sinai, Gaza, the West demonstrators in Londonderry,
Bank, the Golan Heights, and Jerusalem. Northern Ireland, killing 13
people and injuring 14. The
marchers are protesting against
the policy of internment
without trial. This day comes to
be known as “Bloody Sunday.”

1964 1966 1973

Civil Rights Bill passed Cultural Revolution Pinochet leads Chilean coup
The US passes the Civil Rights launched Chilean president Salvador Allende is killed in a
Bill which creates equal
rights for all, regardless of Chinese communist leader coup led by his trusted ally General Augusto
race, religion, sex, or color. Mao Zedong launches the Pinochet and backed by the US. Pinochet kills
The signing is witnessed Cultural Revolution, aiming to 3,000 supporters of the Allende regime, shuts
by civil rights campaigner purge the country of “impure” the Chilean Parliament, and bans all political
Martin Luther King Jr. At 35, he elements. One-and-a-half activity. In 1974, he makes himself president.
becomes the youngest man to million people die and much
receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
of the country’s cultural
heritage is destroyed. 1971 1973

Bangladesh gains Global fuel crisis begins
independence Following the Yom Kippur War
The state of Bangladesh between Arab and Israeli forces,
is created when the the Arab oil-producing countries
Indian army crushes
Pakistani forces in what impose an oil embargo on all
was East Pakistan. nations that had supported

Israel. Oil prices soar from under
$3 a barrel before the war to
over $11 by early 1974.

CHINESE CULTURAL REVOLUTION POSTER SHOWING 1968 1974
CHAIRMAN MAO AS THE RED SUN OF THE WORLD’S PEOPLE
US troops massacre at My Lai Turkey invades Cyprus
In the village of My Lai in Vietnam, US troops, Turkish troops invade northern
who have been on a “search and destroy” mission Cyprus following a coup in which
to root out communist fighters, kill more than President Archbishop Makarios is
500 Vietnamese civilians, many of them women deposed. The island is split in two,
and children. The massacre helps turn public with Greek-Cypriots fleeing to the
opinion against the Vietnam War. south and the Turkish community

remaining in the north.

458 TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY 1900 TO PRESENT

1975 1,074,000

Khmer Rouge The distance, in miles,
takes Cambodia traveled by Columbia
The Cambodian capital, Phnom during the first
Penh, falls to the radical communist shuttle mission.
movement, the Khmer Rouge, led by
Pol Pot. They transform Cambodia 1980
into a communist, rural society.
Solidarity formed
1978 The first noncommunist trade union,
Solidarity, is formed in Poland. Led by Lech
Camp David peace accord signed Walesa, it becomes a social movement and a
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli symbol of struggle against Soviet domination.
Prime Minister Menachem Begin sign the

Camp David peace accord for peace
in the Middle East. US President Jimmy Carter
hosts the meetings at Camp David, Maryland.

1977 1980 1981

Pakistan sees military coup Iran–Iraq War Space shuttle launched
In Pakistan, Army Chief General Iraq invades Iran, triggering The US space shuttle Columbia
an eight-year war, in which completes its first orbital flight.
Mohammad Zia ul-Haq deposes Prime Iraq uses chemical weapons. As the world’s first reusable
Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a military spacecraft, it heralds a new
era in space exploration.
coup. Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party
(PPP) is accused of vote-rigging at
the recent general elections.

1975 1979 1981

Vietnam War ends Khomeini gains AIDS comes
After almost two decades of fighting, the power in Iran to prominence
Vietnam War ends as the government in A new infectious condition is
Saigon surrenders to the North Vietnam In Iran, support for noted in Los Angeles, California.
forces. Saigon is renamed Ho Chi Minh Ayatollah Ruhollah The condition becomes known
City and, the following year, North and Khomeini, a Shi’ite Muslim as AIDS (Acquired Immune
South Vietnam are reunified. cleric, leads to revolution. Deficiency Syndrome).
The Shah of Iran leaves
and the Islamic Republic 1980
of Iran is proclaimed.
Zimbabwe gains
FIRST TEST 1978 independence
TUBE USED TO Former Marxist guerrilla
FERTILIZE EGGS First test-tube baby born leader, Robert Mugabe,
The world’s first test-tube baby is becomes Prime Minister
born in Oldham, England. Dr. Robert 1979 of the new independent
Edwards and Dr. Patrick Steptoe state of Zimbabwe,
USSR invades Afghanistan formerly Rhodesia.
fertilize Lesley Brown’s egg in Fearing an Iranian-style Islamist
a laboratory dish before 1982
implanting the embryo revolution, the USSR invades
in her uterus. Her Afghanistan to restore order. The Falklands War begins
baby, Louise Brown, Soviet forces face fierce resistance Argentina invades the British territory
develops normally. from antigovernment forces, the
of the Falkland Islands in the South
Mujahideen, who have been Atlantic. The sovereignty of the islands
trained covertly by the US. has long been disputed. Britain sends
a naval task force to regain the islands.

The conflict lasts 74 days when the
Argentine surrender

A SHRINKING WORLD 459

1985 1986 1989

Gorbachev launches reform of USSR Chernobyl Demonstrations held
Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the leader of the reactor explodes in Tiananmen Square
USSR and sets about reforming the nation. An accident at a nuclear power In China, a demonstration
He is the architect of glasnost (openness) and station in Chernobyl, Ukraine, held in Tiananmen Square,
perestroika (restructuring). He builds bridges with USSR, is the worst disaster in Beijing, ends in bloodshed
the West and renounces many Stalinist ideas. the history of nuclear power. after civilians are killed by
the People’s Liberation Army.
1986
1987 1988
Space shuttle
Challenger explodes Intifada begins Pan Am flight
The US space shuttle Challenger Palestinian Arabs of 103 crashes
explodes 72 seconds after takeoff, the Gaza Strip and West
killing all seven crew members. Bank rise up in an “intifada” US Pan Am flight 103
The accident is witnessed by against Israeli occupation crashes at Lockerbie,
millions of television viewers. of Palestinian territories.
In 1988, the Palestine Scotland, killing all
1986 Liberation Organization passengers and crew.
(PLO) accepts the Two Libyan intelligence
Collapse of Marcos regime “two-state solution”, agents are linked to the
The Philippine President officially recognizing bombing, although it will
Ferdinand Marcos is deposed and Israel’s right to exist. take more than 11 years
exiled, after the military and world to bring them to trial.
COLUMBIA LIFTS OFF FROM THE FLORIDA COAST opinion turn against him. Corazon
Aquino, the first female leader of 1987
1983 the country, is his successor.
World population reaches landmark
Civil war begins in Sri Lanka The world population reaches five billion.
In Sri Lanka, civil war begins between This is double the population in 1950. The
government forces and the militant population of the world is growing at a rate
group the Liberation Tigers of Tamil of 220,000 people a day.
Eelam—the Tamil Tigers—who want
an independent Tamil state.

1984 1985 1989

Bhopal gas tragedy Live Aid rocks the world Cold War ends
A gas leak at a Union Carbide Two huge concerts are held simultaneously The US and the USSR declare the end of the Cold War.
chemical plant in Bhopal releases in London, Britain, and Philadelphia,
more than 40 tons of poisonous Pennsylvania, to raise money for famine relief in At a joint news conference, US President George
gas over the Indian city of Bhopal, Ethiopia. The Live Aid concerts are watched by H. W. Bush and USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev
killing thousands and injuring tens of two billion television viewers in 150 countries. announce plans for reductions in weapons in Europe.
thousands. A bitter dispute follows This follows the collapse of the communist states in
over who should take the blame.
Europe and the fall of the Berlin Wall.
1984
LIVE AID CONCERT, WEMBLEY STADIUM, UK
Indira Gandhi assassinated
Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of
India, is assassinated by Sikh extremists.
This is in response to an attack on
the Sikh shrine, the Golden Temple of
Amritsar, ordered by Gandhi to remove
Sikh separatists, who were thought to
be amassing weapons at the temple.

190 million

The amount of money, in
US dollars, raised by the
Live Aid concerts.

460

HUBBLE TELESCOPE 1994

solar arrays Assassination triggers Rwandan genocide
power the The president of Rwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana, a Hutu,
telescope is killed when his plane is shot down above Kigali airport.
The incident catalyzes a mass genocide of ethnic groups.

1990 1994 1996

Hubble Space The Channel Tunnel opens First mammal cloned
Telescope launched Queen Elizabeth II of Britain and Dolly, a sheep born in Edinburgh,
NASA launches the Hubble President François Mitterrand of Scotland, becomes the first mammal
Space Telescope, which is taken into France formally open the Channel to be cloned from an adult cell.
orbit by the space shuttle Discovery. Still in Tunnel that links the two countries.
operation in 2014, Hubble has produced 1997
stunning images of deep space, and its
observations have led to a greater Hong Kong returns to China
understanding of the Universe. Hong Kong is handed back to
the Chinese authorities after
150 years of British rule. The new
chief executive, Tung Chee Hwa,
formulates a policy based on “one
country, two systems”, to preserve
Hong Kong’s role as a capitalist
centre in Asia.

1990 1993 1994

Ban on ANC lifted Czechoslovakia splits Mandela becomes president
In South Africa, the 30-year ban on the Czechoslovakia splits into Nelson Mandela becomes South Africa’s first
African National Congress (ANC) is lifted Slovakia and the Czech black president after more than three centuries
by President de Klerk. This starts the long Republic, dissolving the of white rule. His party, the African National
process of dismantling the apartheid 74-year-old federation. The Congress (ANC), wins 252 of the 400 seats in the
system. Nine days later, Nelson Mandela, creation of the new countries first democratic elections in South Africa’s history.
the South African leader of the ANC, walks becomes known as the
free after spending 27 years in prison. “Velvet Divorce” following PRESIDENT MANDELA WITH HIS DEPUTIES
the Velvet Revolution, which F. W. DE KLERK AND THABO MBEKI
1991 freed Czechoslovakia from
communism in 1989.
USSR disbands
Heads of three of the USSR’s 15 republics— 1992

Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus—meet to Bosnian War begins
disband the USSR and form a new union, Bosnia and Herzegovina declare
the Commonwealth of Independent States independence, but Serbs living in Bosnia
resist the move. War breaks out, and the
(CIS). Boris Yeltsin becomes the first Yugoslav army under president Slobodan
president of the Russian Federation. Miloševic´ attacks the Muslim population of
Bosnia. The vicious conflict ends in 1995,
1991 when the leaders of Bosnia, Croatia, and
Serbia sign the Dayton Peace Accord.
Yugoslavia disintegrates
Slovenia and Croatia are the first republics within 1991

Yugoslavia to declare independence. Serbian Iraq expelled from Kuwait
President Slobodan Miloševic´ sends troops to US and coalition forces launch the First
Gulf War, code named “Operation Desert
both regions to prevent their secession. Storm,” to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
Kuwait is liberated after five weeks.
1990

Germany is reunited
Nearly a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall,
Germany is reunited. Helmut Kohl is elected
as the first chancellor of the reunified nation.

A SHRINKING WORLD 461

UN PEACEKEEPING 2003

United Nations Peacekeeping emerged Civil war begins in Sudan
out of World War II to help warring Civil war erupts in Darfur, in the west
countries or communities to create the of Sudan, as rebels rise up against the
conditions for world peace. UN forces government. They claim that the region’s
include military and police personnel. non-Arab population is being oppressed
They were first used to monitor the by the authorities in the capital Khartoum.
armistice between Israel and the Arab It is estimated that more than 200,000
states in 1948. Their role has grown people have died, and several million
substantially since then: supervising
elections, ensuring human rights are have fled to refugee camps.
respected, clearing land mines, and
intervening in failed states. By 1992, 2000 SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, WELCOMES 2003
UN Peacekeeping forces had made THE NEW MILLENNIUM
26 interventions worldwide. New millennium celebrated Invasion of Iraq begins
Huge celebrations across the Iraq’s regime crumbles when
1999 world usher in the new millennium.
Sunrise in New Zealand’s Chatham US-led troops invade and
Euro launched Islands is watched worldwide to topple Saddam Hussain’s
The single European currency, the start the celebrations. government. This triggers
Euro, is launched. 11 European years of civil conflict in Iraq
Union member states decide to between rival religious factions.
adopt the Euro, which becomes
a full economic currency in 2002. 2001

Afghan War begins
The US and Britain launch attacks on targets in
Afghanistan, where Osama Bin Laden, head of the
militant Islamic organization al-Qaeda, is believed
to be hiding. Operation “Enduring Freedom”
aims to establish a democratic government.

1998 2001 2002 2004

Good Friday Agreement signed iPod launched Bali nightclub Tsunami kills thousands
The Good Friday Agreement marks a major US technology company, bombed An earthquake under
breakthrough in the Northern Ireland peace Apple, launches its new A bomb in a nightclub on
process. A referendum held in Northern digital music player, the the Indonesian Island of the Indian Ocean near the
Ireland and the Republic of Ireland is iPod. The device can store Bali kills more than 200 Indonesian island of Sumatra
overwhelmingly in favor of the accord. hundreds of music tracks, people. Members of a
yet is around the same size violent Islamist group, unleashes a series of killer
2001 as a deck of cards. Jemaah Islamiyah, are waves (tsunami). In 11
convicted of the attack.
America suffers terrorist attacks 2001 countries, more than 270,000
The US experiences an unprecedented day of terror on people are killed and millions
September 11, when 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijack four Human Genome
passenger airlines. Two are flown into the twin towers published are made homeless, making
this the most destructive
of the World Trade Center, while another targets the The Human Genome Project, tsunami in history.
Pentagon. The fourth crashes into a field near Pittsburgh. which aims to identify all the
Nearly 3,000 people are killed. These events leave the US, 2003
genes in the human body,
and the rest of the world, in a profound state of shock. publishes its first draft. Concorde retired
Concorde, the supersonic
passenger aircraft, makes its last
flight. It has flown for 27 years,
but spiraling costs and dwindling
ticket sales lead to its demise.

CONCORDE

462 TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY 1900 TO PRESENT

EXTREME WEATHER 108 billion

Weather became increasingly wild in The estimated cost, in US
the 2000s. Hurricane Katrina, in 2005, dollars, of the property damage
was one of an unprecedented series of inflicted by Hurricane Katrina.
hurricanes and tropical storms. Other
weather phenomena included record 2007
levels of rainfall, melting icecaps, and
severe drought, all contributing to Dark matter discovered
increased concerns about the prospect The mysterious dark matter
of global warming. The forecast is for
more extreme weather, disrupting that makes up a quarter of the
lifestyles, leading to extinction of animal Universe is revealed via a 3-D
species and threatening human lives.
map created by the Hubble
telescope. It helps explain how

the Universe was formed.

2005 2006 2008 OBAMA’S VICTORY POSTER

Hurricane Katrina strikes Dolphin becomes extinct Barack Obama elected president
Hurricane Katrina hits New Orléans in the The baiji, also known as the
US, causing unprecedented destruction Yangtze river dolphin, is declared Democrat Barack Obama wins the US presidential
in the area. The hurricane also batters functionally extinct. It is the first
large swathes of the Louisiana and aquatic mammal to become election, becoming the first African American
Mississippi coastlines, leaving two extinct since the 1950s.
oil rigs adrift in the Gulf of Mexico. president. He wins 52.5 percent of the popular vote.

2005 2006 2008 2009

Kyoto Protocol ETA cease fire Large Hadron Collider started World’s tallest
comes into force The armed Basque separatist The world’s largest “atom smasher,” building completed
Seven years after it was group ETA declares a permanent the Large Hadron Collider, built near In Dubai, the Burj Khalifa
first agreed, the Kyoto cease fire, making a definitive Geneva, Switzerland, is started. It is skyscraper becomes the
Protocol comes into end to almost four decades of
force. It aims to curb domestic terrorism in Spain. designed to investigate the “Big Bang” world’s tallest building.
the air pollution blamed and other mysteries of the Universe. Standing at 2,722 ft
for global warming.
2008 (829.8 m) high, it has
2005 2006 163 floors. It cost
Apology made
Terrorists target London Three Gorges Dam completed to Aboriginals $1.5 billion to build.
Explosions rip across London, The Three Gorges Dam in China is The Australian Prime
England. Coordinated terrorist completed. At 1.4 miles (2.3 km) long, Minister Kevin Rudd y-shaped
it is one of the world’s largest dams, makes an official apology structure
attacks strike underground trains and one of the most controversial for years of mistreatment
and a bus, killing 52 people and public works in modern times. The inflicted on the country’s THE BURJ
injuring several hundred more. The dam is engineered to prevent flooding Aboriginal people. KHALIFA
British suicide bombers are backed along the Yangtze River, but has huge
by militant organization al-Qaeda. social and ecological implications.

2005 2008

YouTube launched World economy suffers crisis
YouTube, the video-sharing Crisis in world finance leads to the collapse
website, is launched and of large financial institutions, governments
soon grows into one of the bailing out banks, and stock markets plummeting.
most popular websites on This is a major cause of what will become the
the Internet. After only a
year, 100 million videos worst global recession since World War II.
are being viewed every day.

A SHRINKING WORLD 463

2010 2011 “If I had my time over again I
wouldn’t change a bit of it.”
Volcano erupts Last World War I veteran dies
An Icelandic volcano, dormant The last known combat veteran of Claude Choules, the last surviving veteran of World War I, talking
for 200 years, erupts near the World War I, British Claude Choules, in an interview with the BBC
Eyjafjallajökull glacier. It sends dies in Australia aged 110. He had
clouds of ash soaring as high served in both World Wars. Conflict
as 36,000 ft (11,000 m), shaped his life, and he became a
delaying millions of air staunch pacifist.
passengers across the world.
2011 2013 2014
2010
Arab Spring begins Global surveillance operations revealed Ukraine Revolution
Oil rig explodes Protests, riots, and civil American former National Security Agency (NSA) In Ukraine, a revolution ousts
The US experiences an wars erupt across the Arab the president, Viktor Yanukovych;
environmental disaster countries of the Middle contractor Edward Snowden releases classified an interim government is put in
when the Deepwater East and North Africa. documents revealing details of global surveillance place, and an old version of the
Horizon oil rig explodes What becomes known as the operations carried out by the NSA and its international constitution is restored. Russia
and sinks. About four “Arab Spring” sees rulers partners. The US charges Snowden with espionage; he refuses to recognize the new
million barrels of oil are forced from power and government and seizes Ukraine’s
pumped into the Gulf governments overthrown. is granted asylum by the Russian government. Crimean Peninsula, beginning
of Mexico and eleven the Crimean crisis.
men are killed. 2012

Skydiver breaks sound barrier
Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner
becomes the first person to break the
sound barrier without traveling in a
vehicle. He travels an estimated 24 miles
(39 km), reaching a speed of 844 mph
(1,358 kph), or Mach 1.25.

2010 2011 2011 2013

Chilean miners Osama Bin Laden killed Japanese earthquake New Pope elected
trapped underground Osama Bin Laden, the leader of causes huge tsunami Pope Benedict XVI becomes the first
Following a cave-in, 33 al-Qaeda and the most hunted Japan experiences its most powerful pope to resign since 1294. He is
Chilean miners are trapped man in the world, is killed in a earthquake since records began. succeeded by the Argentine Jorge Mario
underground. They spend firefight with US forces in Measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale, the Bergoglio, who becomes Pope Francis.
69 days in the mine and the Pakistan. The news leads to earthquake strikes the northeast coast, He is recognized for his humility and a
world becomes transfixed immediate fears of retaliation. causing a massive tsunami. A wall of less formal approach to the papacy.
by their ordeal, which ends water sweeps away cars, ships, and
in a successful rescue. buildings, and many thousands are AFTERMATH OF THE JAPANESE TSUNAMI
killed. A state of emergency is declared
at several nuclear power plants.

2010

Earthquake devastates Haiti
An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the
Richter scale devastates the Haitian
capital Port au Prince. About 230,000
people are killed, many housed in
badly constructed buildings.

3 million

The estimated number
of people affected by the
earthquake in Haiti in 2010.

464 INDEX

INDEX Andes 54, 188–91 arrows cont.
Angkor 172 , 420 stone 13, 13
Page numbers in bold type refer to main treatments Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1668) 434 Angkor Thom 172 Viking 122, 122
of a topic; italic page numbers refer to the illustrations Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748) 437 Angkor Wat 172, 173, 173, 420
Ajanta 154 Anglepoise lamps 367, 367 art and culture
A AK-47 assault rifles 381, 381 Anglo-Dutch Wars 434 Africa 291
Akbar, Emperor 254, 430 Anglo–Irish Treaty 452 Andean civilizations 54
Abbas I, Shah 228, 432 Akhenaten, Pharaoh 26, 392 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 414 Benin 265
Abbasid dynasty 134, 412, 413, 415, 422 Akkadian Empire 18, 21, 389, 390 Anglo-Saxons 114, 407 British Raj 299
Abd Al-Malik, Caliph 411 Aksum kingdom 406, 406 China 166–7, 238–9
Abd al-Rahman I, Caliph 135, 412 Al-Ma’mun, Caliph 413 Battle of Hastings 138–9 early humans 14
Abd al-Rahman III, Caliph 415 al-Qaeda 461, 462, 463 beliefs and rituals 116–17 Egypt 28–9
Aboriginals, Australian 318–19, 462 alabaster 24, 24, 30, 30 clothing and adornment 118 Etruscans 75
Abraham 23 Alaca Höyük 43 glassware 119 Greece 61
Abu Bakr, Caliph 410 Alans 407 home life 119 Hittites 43
Åby 123 Alaric 407, 407 technology 119 Indus civilization 17
Aceh War (1873–1914) 314 Alaska 447 Viking raids 120 Islamic courts and caliphates 135
Achaemenes 71 Albigensian Crusade 421 Anglo–Sikh Wars (1845–46 and 1848–49) 294, Japan 252–3, 305
Achaemenid dynasty 71, 395 Alcock, John 452 Joseon dynasty 233
Aldrin, Edwin 457 296–7 Mesoamerica 182
Oxus chariot 72–3 Alessi 368, 368 Angostura, Congress of (1819) 443 Mongols 153
Acre 420, 422 Alexander II, Czar 288, 289, 448 Ankara, Battle of (1402) 425 Mughal Empire 256–7
Acroinon, Battle of (739) 411 Alexander III, Czar 288, 289 anti-Semitism 423 Ottoman Empire 223
Action Comics 350, 350 Alexander VI, Pope 427 antibiotics 360, 361 palace societies of the Aegean 45
Actium, Battle of (31 BCE) 401 Alexander the Great, King of Macedon 58, 71, 90, Antigonid dynasty 398 Phoenicians 47, 47
Adam and Eve 114, 114, 199 Antioch 409, 419 Renaissance 196, 205–7
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) 443 91, 397 Antiochus IV 399 Roman Empire 86
Adams, John Quincy 328 Alexander, Lawrence 363 Antony, Mark 90, 91, 91, 401 Safavid 229
Adena peoples 399 Alexandra, Czarina 288, 289 Anubis 34, 34, 39 Vikings 129
adobe houses 176, 177 Alexandria 90, 141 Anyang 48, 392
adornment see clothing; jewelry Alfa Romeo 346, 346 apartheid 460 Art Deco 366, 366, 367, 367, 452
Adrianople, Battle of (378) 407 Alfred the Great, King of Wessex 116, 120, 414, 414 Art Nouveau
Adventure, HMS 316, 316 Alfred Jewel 116, 116 Sharpeville massacre 456
advertisements 366, 366 Algeria 444 Apollo (god) 58, 214 Fabergé eggs 289, 289
Algonquin tribe 324 Apollo Space Program 376, 376, 377, 457 Artabanus II, King of Parthia 402
in Industrial Revolution 280, 281 Alhambra, Granada 135, 135, 424, 424 Apollodorus of Damascus 89 Artemis 131
adzes Aliwal, Battle of (1846) 296, 297 apothecary’s jars 209, 209 artillery weapons, world wars 356
Alkus 155 Apple computer 382, 382, 457 Arwad 47
Mesolithic 13, 13 Allende, Salvador 457 Aquino, Corazon 459 Aryan kingdoms 395
Mesopotamian 21, 21 Allgemeine 356 Arab Spring (2011) 463 Aryans 391
Viking 125, 125 Almohads 135, 419, 421 Arabs 258, 411, 414, 414, 438 Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad 437
Aegean, palace societies 44–5 Almoravids 135, 418, 419 Arawaks 268, 402 Asante kingdom 290, 290, 291, 436, 436, 447
Aejong, King of Korea 170 Alp Arslan 174 Archaic Age, Greece 58 Asgard 123
aerial photography 357, 357 alphabets archery see arrows Ashikaga shogunate 423
Aesop 139 architecture Ashoka the Great, Emperor 98, 398
Aethelbert, King of Kent 409 alphabet table 208, 208 Ashur 21, 392
Aethelred the Unready, King of England 140 Korean 232 Greece 61 Ashurbanipal, King of the Assyrians 394, 394
Aëtius 407 Roman 80 Islamic courts and caliphates 135 Asia see Southeast Asia and individual countries
Afghan-Maratha War (1758–61) 438 Alyattes, King of Lydia 394 Mesoamerican 182, 182 Asiento contract 437
Afghanistan 437 Amaravati 99 Roman 86 aspirin 281
invaded by USSR 458 Amarna 26 Ardashir I 404 Assassins 422
trade 16, 47 Amaterasu 105, 394 Ares 62, 94 assembly lines 349
wars 381, 461 Amati, Andrea 204, 204 Argentina 320, 447 Assyria 18, 21, 392, 393, 394
Afonso I, King of Kongo 427 Amenemhat I, King of Egypt 26 Arisaka rifle 305 astrolabes 198, 198, 414, 414
Africa Amenemope 39 Arizona 176, 177 astronauts 376–9
art and culture 291 American Indians 268, 322–7, 328, 444, 449 Arkwright, Richard 274 astronomy
battle and conflict 293 ammunition Armada, Spanish 218, 431, 431
beliefs and rituals 292–3 Civil War 334, 334 Armenia 406, 449 armillary spheres 200–201
Benin 262–5 Napoleonic Wars 283, 283 armillary spheres 200–201 astrolabes 198, 198
communism 364 Ammut 39 Armistead, Major George 337 astronomical clocks 312–13
early humans 12 amphoras 61, 61, 75, 75, 83, 83 armor Beijing Observatory 312
explorers 290 amputation saw 281 Anglo-Saxon 115, 115 Bronze Age 43, 43
partition of 448 Amritsar, Golden Temple 294, 294 Bronze Age 41, 41 dark matter 462
the race for African empires 290–93 amulets Celtic 67, 67, 69, 69 European 220–21, 220–21
trade 47 African 293, 293 Chinese 102, 104, 104, 236, 236 Mayan 186
see also individual countries Egyptian 30, 30, 35, 94, 94 Etruscan 75, 75, 76–7 Mughal celestial globe 258–9
African Americans Viking 123, 123 European 216 Mughal Empire 258
Civil War 337 Amun 26, 91 gladiators 80, 80 Seljuk calendar bowl 174–5
African National Congress 456, 460 Amun-Re 34, 34 Greek 58, 58, 60, 60 Asuka period, Japan 169
Aga cookers 368, 368 An Lushan 160, 412 Henry II’s suit of armor 214–15 Atahuallpa, Emperor 429
Agadja, King of Dahomey 436 anesthetics 361, 361 Holy Roman Empire 150 Ataturk 452
Aghlabid dynasty 413 Anahobe, Empress of Japan 168 horse armor 150, 150 Aten 26, 392
Agincourt, Battle of (1415) 425 Anastasius I, Emperor 408 Mesopotamia 20, 20 Athelstan, King of Wessex 415
agriculture 387 Anatolia Mongol 152, 152 Athena 60
Agricultural Revolution 274, 438 Hittites 43 Mughal 257, 257 Athens 58, 60, 61, 394, 396
Bronze Age 40 Ottoman Empire 222 Narce 76 Atlantic Ocean
cattle 386 Seljuk Turks 174 Norman 137, 139 Columbus crosses 196, 198, 427
early humans 12, 386 Anawrata 417 Ottoman Empire 223, 223, 225 flights across 340, 342
Japan 105 Ancestral Pueblo culture 176–7, 417 samurai 248–9 Great Western crosses 445
Mesopotamia 18 ancient civilizations 56–111 Sikh Empire 295, 295 Viking explorers 120
plowing invented 387 Celts 66–70 Toltec 180, 180 Atlas 98
stone tools 13, 13 China 100–104 Viking 122 atlases 198, 198
wet-rice cultivation 393 Egypt 90–97 world wars 354, 354 atomic bombs 380, 380
Vikings 120 Etruscans 74–9 Armstrong, Neil 376, 377, 457 Attila the Hun 407, 408
Ahmose I, King of Thebes 391 Greece 58–65 Arnth Remzna 78, 78 Atum 91
Ahura Mazda 71, 72 India 98–9 Arpad 148 Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 430
Ai Bunar 386 Mayan, Zapotec, and Teotihuacán cultures 106–9 Arras, Union of (1579) 431 Augustín I, Emperor of Mexico 443
AIDS 458 Moche, Paracas, and Nazca cultures 110–11 Arrian 85 Augustine, St. 409
Ain Jalut, Battle of (1260) 152, 422 Romans 80–89 arrows Augustus, Emperor (Octavian) 80, 82, 82, 90, 401,
air pumps 220, 220 Yayoi and Kofun Japan 105 American Indians 177, 177, 324, 324
aircraft 340–43, 380 al-Andalus 135, 421 Aztec 180, 180 402
crossbows 212, 212 Aurangzeb, Emperor of India 254, 436
Japanese 305 Aurelian, Emperor 405
Marathas 261, 261 Aurelius, Marcus, Emperor 404
Mesopotamian 21, 21 Austerlitz, Battle of (1805) 442
Normans 139 Austin Mini Seven 347, 347
Mongol 152 Australia, settlers 318–19, 441, 462
Austro-Hungarian Empire 286, 357, 447

INDEX 465

Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735–39) 437 Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom), Baghdad 134 Blackfeet tribe 326 Britain cont.
automata 299, 299 Bazooka 356, 356 blades Gunpowder Plot 432
Avars 409 beadwork Hundred Years’ War 423, 424, 425
Aveling and Porter traction engine 274 stone tools 13, 13 and India 440
Avignon 423, 424 African 291, 291 see also knives; swords Indian Mutiny (1857) 296, 298, 299
Avro Lancaster 342, 342 American Indian 324, 324, 325, 325, 326, 326 Blériot, Louis 341, 341 Industrial Revolution 272, 273
axes Flapper dress 373, 373 Blood River, Battle of (1838) 445 Magna Carta 144–5, 421
Beale, Simon 204, 204 bloodletting Napoleonic Wars 442
Bronze Age 40–41, 40–41 The Beatles 352, 352 Mayan ceremonies 184 Norman Conquest 136, 138–9
China 50, 50 Beatty Brothers 369 medicinal 281, 281 Offa’s Dyke 412
Maratha 261, 261 Becket, St. Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 140, Bloody Sunday 457 Opium Wars 308, 310, 445, 446
Mughal Empire 256, 256 BMW motorcycles 345, 345 the race for African empires 290
stone 13, 13 140, 218, 420, 420 Bronze Age 40 railroads 345, 345, 444
Viking 122, 122, 124, 124 Bede, the Venerable 411 Egyptian 32–3 Reform Act 444
Ayacucho Basin 188 beer 24 Viking 120 Romans invade 402
Ayers Rock 318, 318 Beijing 152, 446 Bodawpaya, King of Burma 441 settlers in Australia and New Zealand 318–19,
Ayyub, King 421 Bodhisattva 159, 243, 243 445, 445
Ayyubid sultanate 420, 422 as Mongol capital 422 Boeing aircraft 343, 343 settlers in North America 269
Azerbaijan 230 Forbidden City 160 Boer Wars 448, 448, 449 Seven Years’ War 431, 438, 439
Aztecs 178–83, 268, 421, 423, 425, 428 Imperial Observatory 312 Boers 293, 445, 446, 448 slave trade 290, 428, 436, 442, 444, 444
art and culture 182 Manchus capture 236 Boethius 414 and South Africa 448
ball game 182 Summer Palace 308, 308 Boleslaw II, King of Poland 151 and Southeast Asia 314
beliefs and rituals 183 Temple of Heaven 236, 237 Boleyn, Anne 430 Spanish Armada 431, 431
battle and conflict 180 Begin, Menachem 458 Bolívar, Simón 320 Viking raids 120, 121, 412, 413, 414
calendar 186 Beijing opera 310, 310 Bolivia 412, 429 War of 1812 337
clothing and adornment 180–81 Belgian Congo 449 Bolsheviks 364 Wars of the Roses 426
home life 181 Belgium 444 Bombay (Mumbai) 300 world wars 354, 355, 357–9
the race for African empires 290 Bonampak 184
B urbanization 272 bone carvings 14 Britain, Battle of (1940) 454
World War II 359 Bonfire of the Vanities 427 British Army
Ba 37, 37, 39 Belgrade, Treaty of (1739) 437 bonnets, American Indian 325, 325
ba birds 97, 97 beliefs and rituals see religion books 350 Falklands War 380
Babur 254, 429 Belisarius 409 Bible 114, 114, 217, 217, 220, 220, 426, 432 Sikhs in 296
Babylon 18, 19, 394 Belize 178 Book of the Dead 36, 36, 39 British India 294, 298–301
Bacchus 83, 83 Bell, Alexander Graham 279, 448 Book of Hours 142 British Raj 298–301, 446
Bach, Johann Sebastian 202 Bell Beaker culture 14, 14, 388 The Dagulf Psalter 116, 116 Brodie, John 354
backgammon 371, 371 Bell helicopters 343, 343 Diamond Sutra 159, 162, 162, 414 bronze
bacteria, antibiotics 360, 361, 397 Bell telephone 279 Guru Granth Sahib 295, 295 Benin 262–5, 262–5
badges, pilgrim 140, 140 bellamine jars 143, 143 Khamsa 230–31 Celtic 67, 67, 69, 69, 70, 70
Baghdad 134, 174, 412, 413, 415, 418, 422, 432, 433 Bellarmino, Cardinal Roberto 217, 217 missals 267, 267 Japanese 304
Bahadur Shah Zafar, Emperor 254 Bellerophon, King 60 Mughal Empire 256, 256 Shang dynasty 52–3, 52–3
Baiceni 70 bells Ottoman Empire 223, 223 Bronze Age 40–42, 58
Baird, John Logie 452 Japanese 105, 105 Pancharaksha Manuscript 158–9 battle and conflict 41
Baird televisions 353, 353 Qing dynasty 238, 238, 311, 311 printing 220 beliefs and rituals 43
Bakelite Shang dynasty 51, 51 psalm books 269, 269 clothing and adornment 42
Benedict IX, Pope 417 “boom boxes” 351, 351 technology 41
radios 351, 351 Benedict XVI, Pope 463 boomerangs 319, 319 Brown, Arthur Whitten 452
Baker rifles 283, 283 Benedictines 415, 415 boots Brown Bess musket 334, 334–335
Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem 419 Bengal 431, 438 Civil War 335, 335 Bruce, Robert the, King of Scotland 423
Bali nightclub bombing 461 Benghazi 86 modern warfare 381, 381 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 445
Balkan rebellion (1875–78) 448 Benin 262–5 Boris, King of Bulgaria 151 Brown, Louise 458
ball-courts 176 Benin City 262 Borobudur, Temple of 413 Budapest 286
ballgame 182 Benz, Karl 275, 346, 449 Bosnia–Herzegovina, annexation of 450 Buddha (Gautama Siddhartha) 98, 99, 159, 395
balloon flights 440, 440 Benz Ideal car 346, 346 Bosnian War 460 Helgö Buddha 124, 124
Baltimore 337 Benz Motorwagen 275 Boston Tea Party (1773) 328, 328, 439, 439 Japanese statue 252
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company 444, 444 Beornwulf, King of Mercia 413 Bosworth Field, Battle of (1485) 427 Southeast Asia 314, 314
bamboo, symbolism 241 Berenger, Raymond de 140 Botany Bay 318, 441 Buddhism 402
Bancroft, Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury 432 Bering Strait 437 Boudicca 402 in Cambodia 172
Bangladesh 298. 457 Berlin 455, Boxer Rebellion 450 in China 100, 162, 164, 236, 243, 311, 407
Bank of England 435 Berlin Blockade (1948) 455 Bougainville, Admiral Louis-Antoine de 316 Diamond Sutra 414
banknotes see money Berlin Wall 456 Boulogne 214 in India 98–9, 154, 155
Bannockburn, Battle of (1314) 423 Bes 35, 72, 91 Boulton, Matthew 276 jade boulder 240
Baptist Church 210 Bessemer, Henry 274 Boulton & Watt 276 in Japan 168–9, 252, 409
Barbados 320 Bessemer converter 274, 274 boundary stones 20, 20 in Korea 170, 171, 232
Barbarossa (Frederik I) 420 Beth Shean 131 bows and arrows see arrows Pancharaksha Manuscript 158–9
Barbie 371, 371 bhakti movement, Hinduism 156 Braganza, House of 434 in Southeast Asia 314
barbarians 43, 58, 407 Bhopal gas tragedy 459 Brahmins 156 buildings see architecture
Baroque style 202–3 Bhutto, Zulkifar Ali 458 brain scans 360, 360 Bulgaria 151, 414
baseball caps 374, 374 Bialetti, Alfonso 368 brass Bulgarophygon, Battle of (896) 414
Basel, Council of (1449) 425 Biasioli, Angelo 262, 262 Asante 291, 291 Bulgars 413
Basil I, Emperor of Byzantium 414 Bible 407, 412 Japanese 251 Bulge, Battle of the (1944) 454
basin, Mongol 153 Gutenberg Bible 220, 220, 426 Ottoman Empire 222, 222 bull-leaping 44, 44
basinet 137, 137 Huguenots 217, 217 Brazil 320, 428, 438, 447, 449 bullets, Napoleonic Wars 283, 283
baskets, Egyptian 30, 30 King James Bible 432 breathing, iron lung 362–3 bureaucracy, Chinese 160
Basques 462 Moutier-Grandval Bible 114, 114 Breitenfeld, Battle of (1631) 433 Burgundy 413, 415, 429
Bastet 94 bicycles Brendan, St. 226, 226 burials
Bastille, Paris 282, 282 BAT 2½ HP 345, 345 bricks, Roman buildings 86, 86 Anglo-Saxon 116, 116
BAT 2½ HP bicycle 345, 345 BSA folding bicycle 355, 355 Brihadisvara Temple 154 Bronze Age 40
baths, Roman 86 Chopper 370, 370 Bristol aircraft 340, 340 Chinese 100, 100, 101, 101, 102–3
batteries, electric 278 “penny-farthings” 280–81, 281 Britain early humans 15, 15, 388
Battersea Shield 69, 69 Bidatsu, Emperor of Japan 168 agricultural revolution 438 Egyptian 36–9, 96–7, 391
battle-axes, Maratha 261, 261 Bigarny, Felipe 205, 205 aircraft 340, 340 Etruscan 74, 74, 76–7
battles see warfare and individual battles Bigbury hillfort, Kent 70 American Revolution 328, 333 Greek 64, 64
Batu Khan 421 bikinis 374, 374 Anglo-Dutch Wars 434 Japanese 105
Baumgartner, Felix 463 Bilhères de Lagraulas, Jean 206 Anglo–Sikh Wars 294, 296–7 Mycenaean 45, 391
Bavaria 286 Bill of Rights (1791) 333 Blitz 454 Neolithic 15
Bayan, Khan 409 Bin Laden, Osama 461, 463 Boer Wars 448, 448, 449 Ottoman Empire 222, 222
Baybars 422 Bini people 262–5 Church of England founded 210 Shang dynasty 48, 51
Bayer 281 Bird Jaguar IV 184 Civil War 210, 433 Ur 22, 389
Bayeux Tapestry 138–9 birdman cult, Easter Island 193 Crimean War 446 Urnfield culture 392
bayonets Birka 124 dissolution of the monasteries 429 Viking 123, 123
Birmingham 276 England and Wales united 429 World War I 359, 359
Civil War 334, 334 Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) 355, 355 fashion 372–5, 372–5 Zapotec 108, 108
Napoleonic Wars 283, 283 Bismarck, Otto von 286, 447 Grand Alliance 435 Burj Khalifa, Dubai 462, 462
World War I 356, 356 Black Death (1348–50) 143, 150, 423 Burma 298, 314, 417, 422, 441, 454
Blackbeard (Edward Teach) 436, 436

466 INDEX

Bush, George H. W. 459 Cartier, Jacques 429 chariots cont. China cont.
Bush televisions 353, 353 cartography see maps Celtic 67, 67 Warring States period 396, 426
Buyid dynasty 418 cartonnage, mummy cases 95 Hittite 43, 43 World War II 359
Byblos 26, 47 cartridges, rifle 283, 283 Oxus chariot 72–3 Xin dynasty 402
Byron, Lord 443, 443 carts, Indus civilization 17, 17 Yellow Turban revolt 404
Byzantine Empire 130–33, 408, 409, 414, Casablanca (movie) 353, 353 Charlemagne 114, 116, 146, 147, 412, 413 Yüan dynasty 152, 160, 167, 422, 424
Casas Grandes 177, 411 Charles I, King of England 210, 433 Zhou dynasty 393
417, 422, 426 castes, Marathas 260 Charles I, King of Spain 205, 205
beliefs and rituals 131 Castor and Pollux 62 Charles II, King of England 204, 210, 218, 218, 434 Chinchorro culture 15, 15, 386
clothing and adornment 131 Castro, Fidel 365, 365, 456 Charles III, King of France 136, 415 Chioggia, War of (1381) 424
home life 131 Catalhöyük 12, 14, 386 Charles III, King of Spain 439 chivalry 146
icons 132–3 Catalonia 416 Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor 147 Choctaw tribe 322, 444
Seljuk Turks conquer 174 catapults 137 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 214, 428, 429, 430 Chola dynasty 154, 413, 413, 417
trade 131 Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559) 214 Charles VIII, King of France 427 Chopin, Frederic 287
Catherine of Braganza 218, 218 Charles IX, King of France 204 Chopper bicycle 370, 370
C Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia 288, 439 Charles X, King of France 444 Choules, Claude 463
Catholic Church Charles XII, King of Sweden 436 Christ 402
Cabot, John 196, 427 Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy 140, 427
Cabral, Pedro Álvares 428 in China 236 Charlie, Bonnie Prince (Charles Edward Stuart) 437 crucifixes 123, 123, 217, 217
Cadillac 347, 347 Council of Basel 425 charms 233, 233 Elizabeth reliquary 148, 148
Cadiz 47, 431 Council of Trent 210, 429 Chavín culture 54, 393 icons 132, 132–3
Caesar, Julius 400, 401, 404 Counter-Reformation 210 Chavín de Huantar 54, 393 Michelangelo’s Pietà 206–7
Cahokia settlement 420 Deposition of the Three Popes 417 Chebel Yax 181 Roman mosaic 83, 83
Cairo 416, 423, 442 French Revolution 282 Chennai (Madras) 298, 300, 437 Rothbury Cross 117, 117
Calais 423, 430 Great Schism 424 Chernobyl nuclear disaster 459 triptychs 266, 266–7
Calais, Treaty of (1360) 424 Inquisition 426, 433 Cherokee tribe 268, 322, 444 Christianity
Calakmul 184 Investiture Controversy 418, 419 chess 126, 311, 311 in Africa 292, 427
Calcutta (Kolkata) 300, 438 Jesuits 429, 439 Anglo-Saxons 114, 117
calendar papacy moves to Avignon 423 Lewis Chessmen 126–7 Anno Domini dating system 411
missionaries 267, 314 Cheyenne tribe 322 in Armenia 406
Aztec calendar stone 178, 178 and the Reformation 210, 426, 428, 429 Chicago 328, 329 in Byzantine Empire 130, 131
Gregorian 431 religious objects 217 Chichén Itzá 178, 179, 416 Byzantine icons 132–3
Julian 431 schism with Orthodox Church 418 Chickasaw tribe 322, 444 crucifixion of Jesus 402
Mayan 186 Catlin, George, By the waterfall 322, 323 Chien-lung, Emperor of China 312 in Egypt 90
Roman 80 cats Chihuahua 176 Elizabeth reliquary 148–9
Seljuk calendar bowl 174–5 Egyptian bronzes 37, 37 childbirth 209, 360 in Ethiopia 266–7, 292, 429
Viking 129 mummies 94, 94 children in Europe 217
California 328, 330, 330 cattle 18 in Holy Roman Empire 146
California Gold Rush 330, 330, 331, 331, 445 Catuvellauni tribe 70 toys 280 King of Denmark converts to 416
calligraphy Caucasus 288 Chile 443, 463 Moors expelled from Spain 135
Chinese 238, 238 cauldrons 143, 143 Normans 140
Ottoman Empire 223, 223 Gundestrup Cauldron 68 Chinchorro culture 386 in North Africa 135, 404
Qing dynasty 309, 309 Cavaliers 210, 433 independence 320 in Ottoman Empire 222
Safavid 229, 229 cavalry Chillianwala, Battle of (1849) 296 in Pacific Islands 316
Calvinists 210 Anglo–Sikh Wars 296 Chimor 188 Reformation 210, 426, 428
Cambodia 413, 419, 420, 455 Roman 85 Chimú culture 188–90, 417, 426 in Roman Empire 80, 83, 406, 407
France and 314 cavalry swords 213, 213, 283, 283 China Vikings convert to 123
Khmer Empire 172–3 cave paintings 14, 14, 154 art and culture 166–7, 238–9 Church see Catholic Church; Christianity;
Cambrai, Peace of (1529) 429 Cawdor vase 62–3 astronomical clock 312–13
Cambyses II 395 CDs 351 battle and conflict 104, 309 Protestantism
cameos 87, 87 Cecil, Robert 432 beliefs and rituals 100–101, 162–3, 164, 243, 311 Church of England 210, 429
cameras celestial globes 258–9 Buddhism 159, 407 Church of the Saviour on Spilled Blood,
invention of 278, 278 cellos 204, 204 clothing and adornment 242, 310
motion pictures 353, 353 Celts 66–70, 396, 397, 398, 400 communism 364, 365, 455 St. Petersburg 289, 289
single lens reflex (SLR) 371, 371 beliefs and rituals 68–9 Cultural Revolution (1966–71) 365, 365, 457 Churchill, Winston 454
in space 377, 377 clothing and adornment 70 Dragon Throne of Imperial China 160–67 Cierva, Juan del la 343
World War I 357, 357 jewelry 87, 87 Eastern Zhou period 393 Cierva Autogiro 343, 343
camouflage uniforms 381, 381 politics and power 70 “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” period 160, cigarette cards 358, 358
Camp David peace accord 458 warfare 67 Cimbri tribe 400
Canaan 47 cemeteries see burials 415, 416 Cincinnati 328
Canada censers see incense burners “Great Leap Forward” 456 cinema 350, 353
American Indians 322, 326 Central America, revolutions 320–21 Han dynasty 160, 399, 402, 404 cities and towns
early explorers 196 Central Asia 14, 40 home life 104, 242, 311
European settlers 269 Mongols 152–3 jade boulder 240–41 Ancestral Pueblo culture 176
Seven Years’ War 431, 438, 439 Russian conquests in 288 Jin dynasty 419 Celts 66, 400
see also North America ceramics see porcelain; pottery and Joseon dynasty 232 Etruscans 74
candlesticks 222, 222, 238, 238 Cerro Sechin 54 and Korea 170 Greece 58, 60, 394
Cannae, Battle of (216 BCE) 399 Ceuta 425 later Qing dynasty 308–13 Holy Roman Empire 150
canned food 280 Ceylon 443 Liao dynasty 415 Indus civilization 16, 16
cannon see also Sri Lanka Liu Song dynasty 407 Industrial Revolution 272
Civil War 334, 334 Chac 183, 183, 187 Manchus 433 Mayan 178, 184
Napoleonic Wars 283, 283 chacmools 178, 179 in maps 234 Mesoamerica 106
canopic jars 35, 39, 97, 97 Chaco Canyon 176, 417 Ming dynasty 160, 162, 166, 236, 424 Mesopotamia 18, 20
Canterbury 140, 420, 432 Chagatai tribe 424 Mongol invasions 160, 421 Phoenicians 47
Canterbury Seal 218, 218 Chaldiran, Battle of (1514) 428 Northern Wei dynasty 407 Shang dynasty 48
Canton (Guangzhou) 236, 312 chainmail Opium Wars 310, 445, 446 siege warfare 21, 21, 137
Cape Colony 442 Anglo-Saxon 115, 115 paper invented 403 United States of America 328
Cape of Good Hope 427, 448 Mongol 152, 152 politics and power 104, 162, 309 Citroën 346, 346
Cape Verde 425 Mughal 257, 257 pottery 386 city-states
Capet, Hugh 416 Norman 137, 137 printing 409 Italy 196, 417
Capetian dynasty 416 Ottoman 225, 225 Qin dynasty 399 Mesopotamia 390
Caracalla, Emperor 80 chalices 116, 116, 217, 217 Qing dynasty 236–43, 426, 433, 436, 439 Syria 389
Caral 54 Challenger (Space Shuttle) 379, 459 Republic 451 Sumer 388
caravanserais 174 Channel Tunnel 460 Shang dynasty 48–53, 391, 392, 393 Ciumes¸ ti helmet 67, 67
carbolic steam spray 281 chamfron, Newstead 84–5 Sino-Japanese War 449 Civil Rights Bill 457
card games 358, 358 Champollion, Jean-François 92 Sixteen Kingdoms period 406 civil service, Chinese 160
Caribbean 402, 427, 428, 441 Chams 172, 173 Song dynasty 160, 162, 416, 419 Civil War (1861–65) 328, 331, 334–5, 447
in Piri Re’is map 226 Chan Chan 188, 190 Sui dynasty 160, 409 Civil War in Spain 453
slavery 320 Chandragupta I 406 Song dynasty 166 Cixi, Dowager Empress 309, 310
Carolingians 412 Chandragupta Maurya 98, 397 Taiping Rebellion 446 Clark, William 330, 442
carpets, Ottoman 223 Ch’ang’an 170 Tang burial horse 164–5 Clark and Lewis expedition 442
cars 275, 275, 344, 346–9 Changjiang culture 48 Tang dynasty 160, 162, 163, 166, 410, 412, 415 Classical Age, Greece 58
Carter, Jimmy 458 chariots 390 Taoism in 407 Claudius, Emperor 402
Carthage 47, 80, 393, 398, 399, 400, 407, 409, 411 Bronze Age 40 technology and innovation 104, 162 Cleisthenes 395
terra-cotta soldiers 102–3, 399 Clement V, Pope 423
Three Gorges Dam 462 Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt 90, 91, 91, 401
trade 236, 242, 310 Clermont, Council of 419
unification of 100–104 Cliff, Clarice 366, 366

INDEX 467

climate 462 combs cont. Crystal Palace, London 273 demotic script 91, 91, 92
Ice Age 12 Viking 125, 125 Cuba 364, 365, 449, 456 Denmark, Vikings 120–29, 417, 436, 454
dentistry 209, 209
Clive, Robert 438 comics 350, 350 Missile Crisis 456 department stores 280
clocks Commodore PET computer 457 Culloden, Battle of (1745) 437 Devi-Ma 154-5, 156
Commodus, Emperor 404 Culpeper, Edmund 221 Deposition of the Three Popes 417
astronomical clock 312–13 Commonwealth of Australia 450 “Cult of the Supreme Being” 282 Desert Storm (military operation) 460
French 285, 285 Commonwealth of England 210 Cultural Revolution (1966–71) 365, 365, 457 Di 51
cloisonné enamel, Chinese 166, 166, 238, 238, 239, communications culture see art and culture Di Xin, King of Shang 393
cuneiform 18, 43, 388, 391 diabetes 361
239, 311, 311 Industrial Revolution 278–9 Cunobelin, King of the Catuvellauni 70 Diamond Sutra 159, 162, 162, 414
cloning 460 shrinking world 382–3 Cupid 82, 82 Dias, Dinis 425
Clontarf, Battle of (1014) 417 communications satellites 383, 383 cupping set 281 Díaz, Porfirio 320, 451
Clothar II, King of the Franks 410 Communism 364–5 Curiosity (Mars space rover) 377, 377 dice 82, 82
clothing Communist Manifesto 445 Curle, James 84 Diderot, Denis 438
compasses 222, 222 Curzola, Battle of (1298) 422 digging sticks 13, 13
American Indians 326 computers 382, 457 Custer, General George 325 digital technology 382
American Southwest cultures 177 computer games 371, 371 cutlery 14, 14, 366, 366 Ding style, porcelain 166, 166
Andean cultures 189 conch trumpets 107, 107 Cuzco 421, 429 Dinteville, Jean de 205, 205
Anglo-Saxon 118 Concorde 461 cylinder seals 21, 21, 71, 71 Dio Cassius 404
Bronze Age 42 concrete, Roman buildings 86, 86 Cylon 394 Dionysus 78, 83, 98
Celts 70 Conestoga wagons 330, 330 Cyprus 47 Diocletian, Emperor 405, 406
China 50, 242, 310 Confederate states 334, 337 Diodorus Siculus 392
Choson dynasty 233 conflict see warfare Turkish invasion 457 Dior, Christian 374, 374–375
corsets 280 Confucianism 169 Cyrene 394 Discovery (space shuttle) 460
Egypt 30 Joseon dynasty 232, 233 Cyril, St. 414 discus 62, 62
Etruscans 78-79 Qing dynasty 236, 243, 308 Cyrus the Great 71, 395 diseases 360–63
European 218–19 Song dynasty 162 Czechoslovakia 287, 357, 460
fashion 372–5 Tang dynasty 164 Black Death 143, 150, 423
Greece 65 Confucius 240, 243, 311 D in Americas 430
India 155, 155 Conrad III, King of the Romans 419, 420 Industrial Revolution and 281
Japan 251 Constantine I the Great, Emperor 83, 130, 406 Dacia 88, 403 Middle Ages 140
Meiji Restoration 306, 306–7 Constantine V, Emperor 132 daggers plague 404, 434
Mesoamerica 109, 180–81 Constantinople (Istanbul) 120, 151, 406 polio 360, 362–3
Mesopotamia 24 in Byzantine Empire 131, 413, 422 Asante 291, 291 Renaissance 209
Mughal Empire 257, 257 Crusaders sack 418, 421 Celtic 67, 67 Roman Empire 82
Normans 143 Hagia Sophia 130, 223, 409, 409 European 213, 213 smallpox 178, 281, 360
Ottoman Empire 223 in Ottoman Empire 174, 196, 426 Maratha 261, 261 Spanish flu 457
Pacific Islanders 317 Süleymaniye mosque 430 Mughal Empire 257, 257 vaccines 281, 360, 361
Renaissance 209 Constitution, United States of America 331, 331, Shang dynasty 50, 50 divination, Yoruba 293
Roman Empire 87 Southeast Asia 314, 314 Djoser, King of Egypt 28, 388
space suits 378–9 332–3, 440, 441 Daguerre, Louis 278 DNA 455
Vikings 128–9 Constitutional Convention, Philadelphia (1787) 333 daguerreotypes 278 dolphins 462
see also uniforms Continental Army 334 The Dagulf Psalter 116, 116 Dr. Martens boots 375, 375
Clovis culture 13, 13 contraception 360 Dahomey 436, 437 doctors 360–63
Clovis, King of the Franks 408 Cook, Captain James 192, 316, 316, 317, 318, 439, Dahshur 28 Dodona 58
clubs Dai-co-viet 415, 417daily life see home life doll’s houses 280
Maori 319, 319 440 Daily Mail 341 Dolly (sheep) 460
Zulu 293, 293 Copernicus, Nicolaus 200, 258 Daimler, Gottlieb 449 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 411
Cluny, Abbey of 146, 415, 415 Coptic language 92 daimyo (feudal lords) 302 Domesday Book 418
Clusium 397 Copts 267 Daisen-Kofun, Sakai 105, 105 domestic life see home life
Cnut, King of England and Denmark 140, 417, Cordoba 412, 412, 415, 416 Dalai Lama 433, 436 Don Carloway Broch 66, 66
Córdoba, Juan de 428 Damascus 134, 419 Doric architecture 61
417 Corinth 60, 65, 394, 400 Umayyad Mosque 134, 134 Dornier aircraft 342, 342
coal Cornu, Paul 343 Dandanqan, Battle of (1040) 417 Douglas aircraft 342, 342
coronation mantle, Austrian 286–7 Danegeld 416 Draco 394
Davy lamp 274 corsets 280 Danelaw 414 Draconian law 394
Industrial Revolution 272 Corsica 80 Danube River 88, 88, 404, 405, 407, 424 Dragon Throne of Imperial China 160–67
steam engines 276 Cortés, Hernán 178, 428 Daoism 164, 167, 407 dragons 101, 101
Coates, Wells 358 cosmetics, Egyptian 31, 31 jade carvings 240, 241 Drake, Sir Francis 431
Cocijo 107, 107 Cossacks 434 Qing dynasty 236, 243, 311 Dreamtime 319
code breaking 357, 357 cotton industry, Britain 272 Song dynasty 162 Dresden codex 186–7
Codex Justinianus 409 Coubertin, Baron Pierre de 449 Daphne 214 dresses see clothing
coffee 304 Coulomb, Charles-Augustin 220 Darius I 71, 71, 72, 395, 396 Drinker, Phillip 362
coffee makers 368, 368 Council of Clermont 419 Darjeeling 300 drugs 360, 361
coffins, mummy cases 36–7 Counter-Reformation 210 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway 300–301 opium pipes 310, 310
coins 394, 402, 417 court life “Dark Ages” 58 drums, Civil War 335, 335
British East India Company 298, 298 dark matter 462 Duamutef 35, 35, 37
Byzantine 131, 131 Marathas 260 Darwin, Charles 445, 446 Dubai 462
Celtic 66, 66, 70, 70 Mughal Empire 257 dates, Anno Domini system 411 Dublin 413, 451
Chinese 104, 104, 162, 162, 242, 242 cowboys 375 David, King of Israel 393 Dubois, François 210, 211
Danish 124, 124 crafts see art and culture David vases 167 Duleep Singh, Maharajah of Punjab 294, 296
Egyptian 91, 91 Crassus 401 Davison, Emily 451 Dürer, Albrecht, Four Books on Human Proportion
French 285, 285 Crazy Horse 322 Davy, Humphry 221, 274
Greek 60, 60 creation myths, Mayan 186 Davy lamp 274, 274 205, 205
Holy Roman Empire 147, 147 Crécy, Battle of (1346) 423 de Gaulle, Charles 454 Durga 154, 156, 157
Indian 98, 155, 155 Cree people 326 Dean, James 375, 375 Durrani (Ahmad Khan Abdali) 437, 438
Islamic 134, 134 Creek tribe 322, 444 death masks 162, 162 Dutch Revolt (1566–1648) 218, 431
Norman 140, 140 Crimean War (1854–56) 446 Debrie, Joseph 353 DVDs 353, 353
Persian 229, 229 Cremona 204 Declaration of Independence (1776) 333, 440 Dvorˇák, Antonín 287
Qing dynasty 308, 308 Crete 44 Declaration of the Rights of Man 282, 285, 285, 441 dyes 47, 307
Renaissance 198, 198 Crick, Francis 455 Deepwater Horizon oil rig 463 Dyson vacuum cleaners 368, 368
Roman 80, 82, 82 Croix de Guerre 359, 359 deer, symbolism 241
Shang dynasty 50, 50 Cromwell, Oliver 204, 210, 434 Dehua 242 E
United States of America 331, 331 Cromwell, Thomas 429 deities see religion
Cold War 380, 450, 459 crossbows 212, 212 Delaune, Étienne 214 e-books 350
Colima 107 crosses Delhi 420, 424, 437, 438 Eames, Charles and Ray 367, 367
Colombia 320, 443 Anglo-Saxon 116, 116, 117 Delhi Durbars 298, 298 Earhart, Amelia 340
Colorado 177 crucifixes 123, 123, 217, 217 Delhi sultanate 155, 254, 420 early societies 10–55, 386, 387, 388, 389
Colosseum, Rome 80, 81, 403 crowns Delian League 396
Columba, St. 409 Austrian 286, 286 Delphi 58, 59 trade 387, 389
Columbia command module 376, 376 Chinese 162, 162 demob suits 372, 372 Andean civilizations 54
Columbia (space shuttle) 458 Crown of St. Stephen 151, 151 democracy 395, 438 art and culture 14
Columbus, Christopher 120, 196, 198, 210, 226, 227, Holy Roman Empire 147, 147 ancient Greece 60 beliefs and rituals 15
Silla 170, 170 United States of America 328 Bronze Age 40–42
268, 427 crucifixes 123, 123, 217, 217
Comanche tribe 322 cruise missiles 380
combs Crusades 130, 136, 136, 418–19, 420, 421, 422, 424

Benin 265, 265
Chinese 310, 310

468 INDEX

early societies cont. engineering Fawkes, Guy 432 France cont.
China 48–53 Indian railroads 300 fax machines 382, 383, 383 Reign of Terror 282, 441
cradle of civilization 18–25 Industrial Revolution 272 feathers St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre 210, 211, 430
Egypt 26–39 Second Empire 446
evolution 12 engines American Indian war bonnets 325, 325 settlers in North America 269
Hittites 43 internal combustion 344 in ancient Peru 189, 189 and Southeast Asia 314
home life 14 jet 343 Fender 352 Thirty Years’ War 433
Indus civilization 16–17 Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria 286 War of Independence 440
Olmecs 55 England see Britain Ferdinand, Franz 451 Wars of Religion 210
palace societies of the Aegean 44–5 English Channel 340, 341 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 286 world wars 354, 356–9, 454
Phoenicians 46–7 Enigma machine 357, 357 Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 432
Stone Age 12–15 Enlightenment 210, 220, 285, 438 Ferdinand III, King of Spain 421 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 146
Enlil 21 Ferdinand V, King of Spain 198, 198 Francis, Pope 463
earthenware see pottery entertainment 350–53 Ferdowsi (Firdawsi), Shahnameh 229, 229 Franciscans 269
earthquakes 438, 450, 461, 463 Epaminondas 397 Fergusson stethoscope 281 Franco, General Francisco 453, 454
East India Company 296, 298, 299, 299, 300, 432, Epictetus 62 Ferozepur, Battle of (1845) 296 Frankfurt 286
epidemics Ferrari 347, 347 Frankish Empire 114, 146
435, 438, 440, 443, 446, 448 feudal system 136 Franklin, Benjamin 440
Easter Island 192–3, 421 Black Death 143, 150 fibulas 70, 70 Franks 114, 146, 408, 412, 416
Eastern Europe, early kingdoms 151 polio 360, 362–3 figurines Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria 286
Eastern Zhou period 48, 50, 393 Eratosthenes 90 Andean cultures 190, 190, 191, 191 Frederik I, Emperor (Barbarossa) 420
Écouen, Edict of (1559) 214 Ercol 367, 367 Aztec 182, 182 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 146, 146, 149,
Edessa 419 Eric the Red 416 Bronze Age 43, 43
Edison, Thomas 272, 278 Eta 462 Chinese 101, 101 421
Edington, Battle of (871) 414 Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia 406, 406 Greek 65, 65 Frederick the Fair 147
Edo (Tokyo) 302, 426, 432, 446 Ethiopia 266–7, 292, 293, 406, 422, 429, 433 Indus civilization 17, 17 Frederick the Great 438
Edo period, Japan 244–53 Etruria see Etruscans Mesoamerican 107, 107, 109, 109 Frederick William III, King of Prussia 442
Edward I, King of England 145 Etruscans 74–9, 393, 394, 395 Neolithic 15, 15 Frémont, John Charles 330
Edward III, King of England 140, 145, 423, 424 art and culture 75 Olmec 55, 55 French and Indian War (1754–63) 269, 328, 438
Edward VII, King of England 298 battle and conflict 75 Pacific Islanders 317, 317 French Revolution (1789) 282–5, 286, 320, 441
Edward VIII, King of England 372 beliefs and rituals 78 Fiji 316, 392 Frey 123, 123
Edward the Confessor, King of England 139, clothing and adornment 78–9 financial crisis (2008) 462 refrigerators 368, 368
warrior tombs 76–7 fire, early humans 12 Friedrich Wilhelm, King of Prussia 354
140 Euclid 90 firearms Fritigern 407
Edward, Prince (son of Henry VIII) 429 Euphrates River 18 African 293, 293 Fritz, Johann 287, 287
effigy urns, Zapotec 108-09, 108-09 Euric, King of the Visigoths 408 Civil War 334, 334–5 Fu Hao 48, 50
Egbert, King of Wessex 413 Eurofighter Typhoon 343, 343 European 212 fuel crisis, global 457
eggs Euro 461 Japanese 246, 246 Fujiwara family 169, 410, 414
Europe modern warfare 381 Fullerton, William 299, 299
Fabergé eggs 288–9 arms and armor 212–16 Ottoman 224, 224 funerals, Chinese 164
resurrection eggs 123, 123 Black Death 423 Qing dynasty 309, 309 funerary stela 38–9
Egypt 26–39, 90–97, 388, 389, 390 Bronze Age 40–42 world wars 357 furnishings
art and culture 28–9 church and religion 217 first cities 387
beliefs and rituals 34–5, 94–5 Enlightenment 210 fishing, early humans 13 Japanese 304, 304, 306
British occupation 448 exploration and colonization of Pacific 316 Fitzgerald, F. Scott 373 the Western home 366–7
burials 36–9, 96–7 fashion 218–19 FitzStephen, Robert “Strongbow” 420 Fuxing 241
clothing and adornment 30–31 Germanic kingdoms 114–19 Flanders 359
First Dynasty 387 politics and power 218 Flapper dress 373 G
First Intermediate period 390 printing 220 flight 340–43, 450, 452, 459
funerary stela 38–9 the race for African empires 290–93 Pan Am crash 459 Gadir (Cadiz) 47
home life 30–31, 91 Reformation 210, 426, 428 flintlock pistols 212, 212 Gagarin, Yuri 376, 376, 456
Kushites invade 393 Renaissance 196–209 Indian 295, 295 Gaiseric, King of the Vandals 407, 408
Mamluk dynasty 422 science 220–21 Napoleonic Wars 283, 283 Galatia 66
Middle Kingdom 390 settlers in the New World 268–9 Ottoman Empire 224, 224 Galaz, José de 269, 269
Napoleon invades 441 see also individual countries flintlock rifles 324, 324 Galerius, Emperor 405
New Kingdom 391, 392 European Economic Community 456 Florence 196, 198, 425, 426, 427 Galileo Galilei 258, 433
nomarchs 389 Everest, Mount 455 Florida 328, 428 Galileo space probe 377, 377
Old Kingdom 388, 389, 390 evolution 12, 446 flutes, Chinese 238, 238 Gallic Wars 401
in Ottoman Empire 442 Eweka, Oba 262 food and drink Gallipoli 424
politics and power 28, 91 Ewuare, Oba 262 canned food 280 Gama, Vasco da 196, 427
Ptolemaic Kingdom 58 Exoidas 62 Shang dynasty 53 gamelan music 314, 315
religion 392 exploration world wars 355, 355, 358, 358 games 371
river craft 32–3 in Africa 290 footwear see shoes
Rosetta Stone 92–3 in the Pacific 316 Forbidden City, Beijing 160 Chinese 311, 311
Second Intermediate Period 391 Renaissance 196, 198–9 Ford, Henry 348, 349, 450 Japanese 305
Third Intermediate Period 392 United States of America 330–31 Ford F-1 truck 347, 347 Lewis Chessmen 126–7
trade 47 Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) 378–9 Ford Model T car 348–9, 450 Viking 125, 125
writing 91, 387 eyeglasses 221, 221, 355, 355 Formosa 449 Gandhi, Indira 459
Eiffel Tower, Paris 449, 449 Fort Ancient peoples 400 Gandhi, Mohandas 453
Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) 433 F Fort McHenry 337 Ganesha 156, 260, 260
Einstein, Albert 450 Fort William 435 Ganges Valley 393
EKCO 358, 358 Fabergé, Carl 289 Four Corners region 177 Gao 425
El Alamein, Battle of (1942) 454 Fabergé eggs 288–9 Fra Mauro map 199 García Cubas, Antonio 320, 320
El Salvador 178 factories, assembly lines 349 France gas masks 355, 355, 358, 358
Elam 390, 395 Faenza 209, 209 aircraft 341, 341 Gatchina Palace Egg 288, 288
electricity faience, Egyptian 30, 30–31, 34, 43 and Algeria 444 Gatling, Richard 275
Industrial Revolution 278 Falisci people 76 battle and conflict 283–4 Gatling gun 274–5
labor-saving devices 366 Falklands War (1982) 380, 458 Capetian dynasty 416 Gaugamela, Battle of (331 BCE) 397
Leyden jars 221, 221 Falkirk, Battle of (1298) 422 cars 346 Gaul 85, 398, 401
Elis 62 famines 423 cave paintings 14, 14 gauntlets 150, 150
Elisabeth of Valois 214 Franco-Prussian War 447 Gautama Siddhartha see Buddha
Elizabeth I, Queen of England 430, 430, 431 in Russia 452 French Revolution 282–5, 286, 320, 441 Gazi Kemal 226
Elizabeth II, Queen of England 460 fans 218, 218 Henry II’s suit of armor 214–15 geishas 244
Elizabeth, St. 148 Hundred Years’ War 423, 424 Gemini 4 mission 379
Elizabeth reliquary 148–9 Japanese 247, 252, 305 in India 437 Genghis Khan 152, 254, 258, 421
Ellandun, Battle of (825) 413 Korean 233, 233 July Revolution 444 Genoa 196, 422, 424
embroidery Faraday, Michael 278 Louisiana Purchase 328, 442 George, St. 217, 217, 266, 266
Austrian 287, 287 farming see agriculture Napoleonic Code 442 George III, King of England 311, 311
Bayeux Tapestry 138–9 Faroe islands 120 Napoleonic Wars 282–5, 441, 442 George Cross 359, 359
Emerson, John Haven 362 fashion see clothing Normans 136 Germanic kingdoms 114–19, 404
Empire State Building 453 Fasilides, Emperor of Ethiopia 267, 433 Paris Commune 447, 447 Germany 460
Empire State Express 344, 344 “Fat Man” atomic bomb 380, 380 Peace of Cambrai 429 aircraft 340, 340, 343, 343
enamel, Chinese 166, 166, 238, 238, 311, 311 Fatimid dynasty 134, 415, 416 politics and power 285 Berlin Blockade 455
Encyclopédie 438, 438 Faure, Camille 278 the race for African empires 290 cars 346
Enduring Freedom (military operation) 461 Faversham, Kent 140, 218 Holy Roman Empire 146–50
Engels, Friedrich, The Communist Manifesto 272, Faversham charter 144–5, 144–5 Industrial Revolution 272

445

INDEX 469

Germany cont. Great Exhibition, London (1851) 273, 446, 446 Hanging Gardens of Babylon 18, 394 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel 320
Jews 454 Great Fire of London (1666) 434, 434, 436 Hangul alphabet 232 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 431
Peace of Augsburg 430 Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company 300 Hangzhou 160 hieroglyphs 387, 390
Peasants War 428 Great Lakes, North America 269, 429 Hannibal 399
Prussia 286–7 “Great Leap Forward” 456 Hanno 396 Egyptian 28, 28, 29, 29, 91, 91
the race for African empires 290 Great Northern War (1700–21) 436 Hannya 253 Hittite 43, 43
railroads 345, 345 Great Plains, North America 322, 325 Hanseatic League 146 Luwian 391
unification of 447 Great Schism 424 Hanuman 173, 173 Rosetta Stone 92–3
world wars 354–9, 454–5 Great Serpent Mound 400, 400 Hanyang 232 Zapotec 396
Great Wall of China 48, 49, 160 Hapy 35, 35, 37 Hillary, Edmund 455, 455
Gewehr rifles 357, 357 Great Goddess Mother 154-5, 156 Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark 416 Hinduism 17
Ghana 291, 447 Great Wend Rebellion (983) 416 Harald Finehair, King of Norway 120 in Cambodia 172
Ghana, Empire of 291, 418, 425 Great Western 445 Harappa 16 in India 98, 154, 155
Ghaznavids 174, 417 Greece 58–65 Hargreaves, James 439 Marathas 260
Ghaznid Empire 154 Harkhuf 33 Shiva and Parvati 156–7
Ghent, Pacification of (1576) 431 architecture 61 Harley-Davidson 345, 345 in Southeast Asia 314
Ghibellines 419 art and culture 61 Harold II Godwinson, King of England 136, 138, 138, Vedic Hinduism 159
Ghost Dance movement 322 battle and conflict 60 Vijayanagar Empire 423
Ghurids 420 beliefs and rituals 64 139, 418 hip replacements 361, 361
Giambologna, Rape of the Sabine Women 205, 205 Cawdor vase 62–3 Harper’s Weekly 331, 331 Hippocrates 58
Gibson 352 celestial globes 258 harpoons 13, 13 Hippodamia 62
Gila River basin 176 Celts invade 66 harpsichords 203 Hiroshima 455
Gilgamesh 18, 388 city-states 394 Harrison, John 210, 211 Hispaniola 226, 226, 268, 428, 441
Giza 28, 28, 389 clothing and adornment 65 Harsha, King 154, 155, 159, 410 Hitler, Adolf 347, 354, 453, 454
gladiators 80, 80 colonies 394 Hasmonean dynasty 400 Hittites 18, 43, 391, 392
glasnost 459 Dark Age 392 Hastings, Battle of (1066) 136, 138–9, 418 Ho Chi Minh City 458
glass democracy 395 Hathor 37 hobbyhorse 280–81, 281
home life 65 hats Hohenstaufen dynasty 146
Anglo-Saxon 119 Olympic Games 62 Hohokam culture 176–7, 411
Egyptian 91, 91 palace societies of the Aegean 44–5 baseball caps 374, 374 Hojo regency 423
Middle Ages 143, 143 politics and power 60 France 284, 284, 285, 285 Holbein, Hans the Younger, The Ambassadors
Phoenician 47 Romans capture 80 kepis 335, 335
Roman 83, 83, 86, 86, 87, 87 Golden Age 396 Hatshepsut, Queen of Egypt 30, 33 205, 205
stained glass 140, 140 independence 443, 444 Hattin, Battle of (1187) 420 Hollywood 367
Umayyad 134 Olympic Games 62, 393 Hattusa 43 Holocaust 454
Venetian 198, 198 Greek Orthodox Church 151 Hattusilis III, King of the Hittites 392 Holy Land 136, 136, 422
Viking 125, 125 Greenland 120, 416 Hauksbee, Francis 220 Holy Roman Empire 146–50, 286
the Western home 367, 367 Gregorian calendar 431 Hawaii 316
global fuel crisis 457 Gregory I, Pope 409 headdresses battle and conflict 150
globes 196, 196 Gregory VII, Pope 418 American Indian war bonnets 325, 325 Crusades 136
Mughal celestial 258–9 Gregory IX, Pope 148 Chimú 189, 189 Elizabeth reliquary 148–9
Glock, Gaston 381 Gregory XIII, Pope 431 Heaf test kit 361, 361 home life 150
Glock 17 pistol 381, 381 grenades 334, 334, 356, 356, 380, 380 hearing aids 281 politics and power 147
glyphs grinding tools 14, 14 heart, artificial 361, 361 home life
Mayan 186, 186–7 Grunwald, Battle of 425 heating systems, Roman 86, 86 American Indians 327
Zapotec 106 Guangzhou (Canton) 236, 312 Heckler and Koch 381 American Southwest cultures 177
Go-Daigo, Emperor of Japan 423 Guanyin 238, 243, 243 Hedeby 124 Andean cultures 190–91
gods and goddesses see religion Guatemala 55 Heian period, Japan 169 Anglo-Saxons 119
goggles, snow 326, 326 Guelphs 419 Heinkel aircraft 343 Byzantine Empire 131
gold guerilla warfare 380 Helgö Buddha 124, 124 China 104, 242, 311
Andean cultures 189, 189 Guerrero 55 helicopters 343 Choson dynasty 233
Asante kingdom 290, 290, 291, 291 Guienne, duchy of 425 Hellenistic Age 58, 80 early humans 12, 14
in Australia 318 Gulf War, First 460 helmets Egypt 30–31, 91
Bronze Age 42, 42 Guillemeau, Jacques 209, 209 Anglo-Saxon 115, 115 Greece 65
Byzantine 131 guitars 204, 204, 352, 352 Bronze Age 41, 41 Holy Roman Empire 150
California Gold Rush 330, 331, 331, 445 Gujarat 16, 17 Celtic 67, 67, 69, 69 Industrial Revolution and 280–81
Celtic 70, 70 Gundestrup Cauldron 68 Chinese 236, 236 Japan 250–51, 304
Etruscan 78–9, 78-79 gunpowder 246 Etruscan 75, 75, 76–7 Korea 171
Greek 65, 65 Gunpowder Plot (1605) 432 European 216, 216 Mesoamerica 181
Indus civilization 17 guns see firearms gladiators 80, 80 Mesopotamia 24
Mesoamerican 109, 109 Gupta Empire 98, 154, 406, 408 Greek 58, 58, 60, 60, 396 Normans 143
Mesopotamian 24–5, 24–5 Guru Granth Sahib 295, 295 Henry II’s 215, 215 Otto I’s coronation 416
Mycenaean 45, 45 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 433 Holy Roman Empire 150, 150 Ottoman Empire 222
Norman 143, 143 Gutenberg, Johannes 220 Mesopotamia 20, 20 Peace of Cambrai 429
Ottoman Empire 223, 223 Gutenberg Bible 220, 220, 426 Mongol 152, 152 palace societies of the Aegean 45
Oxus Treasure 72–3 Guthrum 414 Mughal 257, 257 Renaissance 208
reliquaries 148, 148–9 Guy of Ponthieu 138 Norman 137, 137 Roman Empire 82
Roman 87, 87 Ottoman 223, 223, 225, 225 Shang dynasty 51
South African gold rush 447 H samurai 248 Vikings 125
Viking 128, 128–9 Toltec 180, 180 the Western home 366–71
Gold Coast 426, 447 Habsburg Empire 146, 214, 286, 429, 433, 435 Viking 122, 122 Thirty Years’ War 432
Golden Horde 152 Habyarimana, Juvénal 460 world wars 354, 354 world wars 358–9
Golden Temple, AmriCzar 294, 294 Hadrian, Emperor 91, 91 Henry I (Henry the Fowler), King of Germany 415 Homer 44, 58
golf clubs 371, 371 Hadrian I, Pope 116 Henry I, King of England 145 Homo sapiens 12
Gomes, Fernão 426 Hadrian’s Wall 83, 87, 403 Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 147 Honda motorcycles 345, 345
Gonder 267, 433 Hafiz (Hafez) 256, 256 Henry II, King of England 420 Honduras 181
Gongmin, King of Korea 170 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople 223, 409, 409 Henry II, King of France 214–15 Hong Kong 308, 445, 460
Good Friday Agreement 461 Haida people 322, 327 Henry III, King of England 145 Honorius III, Pope 146, 146
Gorbachev, Mikhail 459 hairpins 242, 242 Henry III, King of Germany 417 Hopewell culture 399
gorgon’s head 61, 61 Haiti 320, 441, 463 Henry IV, Emperor 418 hoplites 60, 75, 75
Goryeo dynasty 170–71, 232, 234 Halaf culture 386 Henry IV, King of England 145, 145 horn carvings 166, 166
Gospel Book of Otto III 146 halberd wheel locks 213, 213 Henry IV, King of France (Henry of Navarre) 431 horses
Goths 116, 404, 405, 407, 407 halberds 50, 50, 51, 51 Henry VII, King of England 427, 427 armor 84–5, 150, 150, 216, 216
Gotland 123 Hallstatt culture 393 Henry VIII, King of England 210, 216, 429, 429, chariots 72–3
gramophones 278 Hamilcar Barca 398 horseshoes 164
Granada 135, 135, 424, 424, 426, 427 Hammerstein, Oscar 352, 352 430 polo 162, 162
granaries 162, 162 Hammurabi of Babylon 18, 391 Hephthalite Huns 408 Tang burial horse 164–5
Grand Alliance 435 Hampi temple complex 154, 154 Heraclitus 58 Horus 28, 34, 34, 35, 36, 94, 94, 97, 392
Grand Canal (China) 410 Han dynasty 100, 104, 160, 164, 399, 402, 404 heraldry, Holy Roman Empire 147, 147 Hotchkiss machine gun 357, 357
Grande Armée 284 hand-and-a-half swords 137, 137 Herculaneum 82, 403 Hotu Matu`a 192
Grant, Ulysses S. 307 handaxes, stone 13, 13 Hereford Mappa Mundi 141 houses see home life
graves see burials Handel, George Frideric 202 Hermes 64 Howitzer 356, 356
Graves, Michael 368 hands, prosthetic 361, 361 Herod I, King of Judaea 401 Huaci technique, pottery 166, 166
Great Death Pit (Ur) 22–3, 24 Herodotus 58, 72, 74 Huahine 316, 316
Great Depression 453 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel 442 Hubble telescope 377, 377, 460, 462
Hidatsa 327 Huguenots 210, 211, 214, 217, 430

470 INDEX

Huizong, Emperor of China 160 Industrial Revolution 272–81 ivory carvings cont. jet engines 343
Human Genome Project 461 agriculture 274 Kongo 291, 291 jewelry
human sacrifices see sacrifices electricity and communication 278–9 Maratha 260, 260
humanism 196 home life and leisure 280–81 Phoenician 46–7 American Southwest cultures 177
Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) 140, 423, James Watt’s engine 276–7 Tongan 316, 316 Andes 189
power and industry 274–5 Venus figurines 15 Anglo-Saxon 114, 114, 118
424 reopening of Japan 302 Bronze Age 42
Hungary 148–9, 151, 222, 417, 445, 447, Iwo Jima, Battle of (1945) 455 Byzantine 131
industry, communist regimes 365 Iznik ceramics 223, 223 Celtic 70, 87, 87
448 infantry swords 213, 213 Chinese 50, 309, 309, 310
Huns 154, 406, 407, 408 Ingvar 120 J Egyptian 30–31
hunting Inhert 94 Etruscan 78–9
inkstones 232, 232 jackets see clothing; uniforms Greek 65
American Southwest cultures 177 Inquisition 426, 433 Jackson, General Thomas 331 Indian 299, 299
Europe 212 International Space Station (ISS) 378 Jacobins 282 Indus civilization 17
hunting horns 212, 212 Internet 382 Jacobites 437 Kievan Rus 151, 151
stone tools 13, 13 Inti 190 Jacquard, Joseph Marie 274 Maratha 260, 260
Hurricane Katrina 462 Intifada 459 Jacquard loom 274, 274 Mesoamerican 109, 180–81
Huss, Johann ( Jan Hus) 217, 217 Inuit people 322, 326 jade Mesopotamian 24–5
Hussain, Saddam 461 Inupiat people 324 Mughal 254, 254, 257, 257
Huxley, Aldous 277 Investiture Controversy (1075) 418, 419 Chinese 50, 50, 100, 100–101, 166, 166 Norman 143
hydraulics 162 Inyotef, King of Egypt 26 jade boulder 240–41 Ottoman 223
Hyksos dynasty 26 Iona 409, 412 Mayan 182, 182 Pacific Islanders 317
Ionic architecture 61, 61 Mughal Empire 257, 257 Renaissance 209
I iPad 382, 382 jadeite 55, 55, 109, 109, 240 Roman 87
iPod 351, 351, 461 Jadwiga, Queen of Poland 148 Tongan 316, 316
ibises 90, 90 Iran 458 jaguar-worship 54, 55 Viking 128–9
Ibrahim ibn Aghlab 413 Iraq 460, 461 Jainism 155 Jews,
ice age 12 Jamaica 320 anti-Semitism 423
Iceland, Vikings in 120, 414, 463 War (2003–11) 381, 458 James, St. 142 Holocaust 454
Iceni 402 Ireland 66, 413, 417, 420, 445 James I, King of England 220, 432 Jewish revolts 402
Ieyasu, Tokugawa 244, 432 Irish Free State 452 Japan World War II 358, 358
iconoclasm 132, 411 Irish nationalist uprising 451 art and culture 252–3, 305 jian sword 309, 309
icons 132–3, 151, 151 iron 105, 272, 391, 396 Ashikaga shogunate 423 Jimmu, Emperor of Japan 394
Ignatius of Loyola 429 atom bombs dropped on 380, 380, 455, 455 Jin dynasty 160, 419
Ijebu 449 British industry 272 battle and conflict 246–7, 305 Jin nomads 160, 419
Iliad 44 Japanese 105 beliefs and rituals 105, 169, 252 jingal 309, 309
Ilkhanid Khans 152, 153 iron, steam 368, 368 Buddhism 159, 168–9, 409 Jiroft 24
illness 360–63 Iron Age, Celts 66–70 capital moves to Kyoto 412 Joan of Arc 425, 425
Illyria 399 Iron Cross 359, 359 clothing and adornment 251 João I, King of Kongo 427
iMac computer 382, 382 iron lung 362–3 first emperor 394 John, King of England 145
immigration, United States of America 328, 330, irons, electric 280, 368 Fujiwara regency 414 John, St. 142, 206
Iroquois tribes 322, 324, 327 Hojo regency 423 John XXII, Pope 147
444 Irrawaddy Valley 413 home life 250–51, 304 Johnson, Charles 436
Imsety 35, 35, 37 Isaac 23 Industrial Revolution 272 Johnson, Lyndon 457
Inanna 22 Isabella I, Queen of Spain 198, 198, 426, 427 isolationism 244, 445 Jomon pottery 14, 14
Incas 188–90, 421, 425, 426, 429 Isabella II, Queen of Spain 198, 198 last days of the samurai 244–53 Joseon dynasty 170, 171, 232-5, 424
incense burners Isandlwana, Battle of (1879) 290, 290 Meiji period 447 Kangnido map 234–5
Isfahan 228 Noble Ladies woodblock print 306–7 Joseph, St. 266, 266
Catholic 217, 217 Isis 34, 34, 37, 94, 94, 95, 97 nuclear bombing of 380, 380 jousting 215
Chinese 100, 100, 243, 243, 311, 311 Islam: beginning of 410 Onin War 426 Judaea 393, 399
Japanese 250, 250, 252, 252 conquest of Sicily 413 pottery 386 Judaism 222, 399
Mayan 183, 183 courts and caliphates 134–5 railroads 344 jue vessels 243, 243
Mesoamerican 107, 107 holy wars in West Africa 290 reopening of 302–7 jukeboxes 351, 351
India in Europe 411 reunification 431 Julian the Apostate, Emperor 406
Anglo–Sikh Wars 294, 296–7 in India 154, 155, 294, 295, 417 samurai 169, 248–9 Julian calendar 431
battle and conflict 295, 437, 438 Mongols convert to 153 Seven Years’ War 431 jumonji yari 246, 246
beliefs and rituals 154, 155, 295 Mughal Empire 254 Shinto religion 408 Juno 82, 208
British East India Company 435 Muhammad 410 shoguns 420 Jupiter (god) 82, 143, 175, 208
British Raj 294, 298–301, 446 in North Africa 267 Sino-Japanese War 449 Jupiter (planet), space probes 377, 377
Buddhism 98–9, 159 Ottoman Empire 222 Taika reforms 410 Jurchen nomads 170
Chola dynasty 154 Safavid 228 technology and innovation 105 Justin, Emperor 408
concept of Dharma 398 Seljuk Turks 174 tsunami 463, 463 Justinian I, Emperor 130, 131, 409
early explorers 196 scholarship 413 and United States 446 Jutes 114
first empires 98–9 in Southeast Asia 314 unification 432
French in 437, 439 Sunni-Shi’ite split 410 and United States 446 K
Ghurids invade 420 Wahhabi movement 438 World War II 354–7, 359, 454–5
Gupta Empire 154, 406, 408 in West Africa 418 Yamato kingdom 405 K’ab’al Xook, Lady 184
Hinduism 98 Isma’il I, Shah 228 Yayoi and Kofun Japan 105 kabuki theater 244, 253, 253
independence 298, 455 Israel 393, 455, 459 Java 314, 413 Kalashnikov rifle 381, 381
India Act (1784) 440 ISS space suit 378–9 Java War (1825–30) 314 Kali 154, 157
Indian Mutiny (1857) 296, 298, 299, 446 Istanbul see Constantinople javelin heads 21, 21 Kalinga 398
Kushan Empire 402, 403 Italian Wars (1494–98) 427 Jayavarman II, King 172, 413 Kamadeva 260
Maratha Empire 254, 260–61, 437, 438 Italy Jayavarman VII, King 172, 420 Kamakura shogunate 169 , 423
Mauryan Empire 397, 398 city-state 417 Jayavarman VIII, King 172 Kammu, Emperor of Japan 412
Mughal Empire 254–7, 294, 298, 429, 430, 431, Etruscans 74–9 Jazz Age 373 Kangnido map 234–5
Normans in 418 jeans 375, 375 Kanishka, Emperor 403
436 music and nationalism 287 Jefferson, Thomas 322, 330, 333 Kangxi, Emperor of China 236
Muslims raid 417 the race for African empires 290 Jelling Cup 125, 125 Kannauj 410
Mysore Kingdom 437 Renaissance 196–209, 428 Jena, Battle of (1806) 442 Kantakuzenus, John 424
Pancharaksha Manuscript 158–9 unification of 447 Jericho 15 Kara Khitai 152
Pandya kingdom 422 world wars 354, 356 Jerome, St. 407 Karnak Temple, Thebes 391
Persian conquests 437 see also Roman Empire Jerusalem Karnal, Battle of (1739) 437
railroads 300–301, 345, 345 Itj-tawy 26 becomes capital of Israel 393 Kashmir 294, 295
rulers and conquest 155 Ito, Tozan 305 Crusaders capture 136, 419, 420 Kaskaskia people 327
Satavahana dynasty 398 Itzcoatl 178 Dome of the Rock 411 Kassites 18
Shishunaga dynasty 396 IVF babies 360 Hasmonean dynasty 400 Katsumoto, Hosokawa 426
Shiva and Parvati 156–7 Ivan III the Great, Czar 426, 427 Knights Hospitaller 140 Kavadh 408
Sikh Empire 294–7 Ivan IV the Terrible, Czar 430 in maps 234 Kaykavus I, Sultan 174
Sunga dynasty 399 ivory carvings Neo-Babylonians capture 395 Kebra Nagast (Glory of the Kings) 267
Tamerlane invades 424 Benin 262, 263, 263, 265, 265 Romans recapture 403 Keita people 421
Tamil Chola dynasty 413 Byzantine 131, 131 sack of 421 Kemal, Mustafa 452
Vijayanagar Empire 423, 424 Chinese 311, 311 Temple 401, 402 Kennedy, John F. 376, 456
Indian National Congress 298 combs 209, 209 Jesuits 236, 244, 312, 429, 439
Indo-china 314, 455 European 217, 217
Indonesia Indian 294
gamelan music 314, 315
Indus civilization 16–17, 387, 388, 389, 391

INDEX 471

Ketchum grenade 334, 334 Lakota Sioux 325 Longnü 243, 243 Mandelstam, Osip 365, 365
Kentucky 337 Lakshmi 260, 260 Longshan culture 48, 50, 53, 388 mandolins 204, 204
Kenwood food mixers 368, 368 Lambretta scooters 345, 345 loom, Jacquard 274, 274 Manhattan 433, 434
Kenya 455 lamps, oil 131, 131 Loos, Battle of (1915) 355 Mannlicher-Berthier rifles 357, 357
Kerensky, Alexander 451 Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury Lorenz (armorer) 150 Mansa Musa, Emperor of Mali 423
kepis 335, 335 Lorges, Gabriel de, Count of Montgomery 214 Al-Mansur 416
Keyes, Francis Scott 337 145 Lothal 16 manuscripts
keys, Viking 125, 125 languages Lotus Sutra 170, 170
Khajuraho 154, 154 Louis I the Pious, Emperor 413 Book of Hours 142
Khitan nomads 170 , 415, 415 Choson dynasty 232 Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor 147 Holy Roman Empire 146, 147, 147
Khmer Empire 172–3 , 413, 426, 458 Etruscan 74 Louis IV, Margrave of Thuringia 148 Khamsa 230–31
Khomeini, Ayatollah 458 Latin 80, 114 Louis IX, King of France 148 Ottoman Empire 223, 223
Khorasan 174 Sanskrit 159, 395 Louis XI, King of France 427 Pancharaksha Manuscript 158–9
Khosrau I 409 see also writing Louis XII, King of France 427 Manzikert, Battle of (1071) 174 , 418
Khotan 164 lanterns, Renaissance 208, 208 Louis XIII, King of France 432 Mao Zedong 364, 365, 365 ,455, 456, 457
Khwarazm Empire 152, 421 Laos 314 , 455 Louis XIV, King of France 434, 435 Maoris 318–19 , 422, 432, 445, 445
Khrushchev, Nikita 456 Lapita Louis XVI, King of France 282, 285, 285 , 441 maps
Khwarazm Shah 152 colonization 392, 393 Louis-Philippe, King of France 444 Chinese 162
Khyber Pass 294 pottery 391 Louisiana 435 Fra Mauro map 199
Kiev 123 Large Hadron Collider 462 Louisiana Purchase (1803) 328 , 442 Kangnido map 234–5
Kievan Rus 151 Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of (1212) 421 Low Countries 431 Mappa Mundi 141
Kim Il-Sung 455 Lascaux cave paintings 14, 14 LP records 352, 352 Mexico 320, 320–21
Kimmei, Emperor of Japan 409 Latin America see Central America; South America Luftwaffe 354 North America 269, 269
kimonos 251, 306 Latin language 80, 114 Lunokhod 1 space probe 376, 376 Piri Re’is map 226–7
Kindle e-reader 350, 350 Latin League 397 Luoyang 48, 403 Marathas 254, 260–61 , 438, 437
King James Bible 220, 220 , 432 Latium 80 Lusitania, Sinking of 451 Marburg 148
kings see politics and power and individual rulers Laws: Codex Justinianus 409 lutes 204, 204 Marcomannic War (166–76) 404
Kiowa Apache tribe 322 Draconian law 394 Luther, Martin 210 , 428, 428 Marcos, Ferdinand 459
Kirina, Battle of (1235) 421 Hammurabi of Babylon 18 Lutherans 210 Marduk 21
Kirkburn Sword 67, 67 Roman 80 Luxing 241 Marguerite de Valois 430
Kitan people 162 United States of America 331 Luxor 26 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 441
kites 233, 233 Le dynasty 425 Ly dynasty 417 Marinid dynasty 135 , 423
Kition 47 League of Nations 452 Lydia 394 Marius 400
knights 136, 137 leather jackets 374, 374 lyres 22, 22 Mark, St. 90, 148
Lechfeld, Battle of (955) 416 Marrakesh 419
jousting 215 Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van 221 M Marne, Battle of 451
suits of armor 214–15 Légion d’honneur 285, 285, 359, 359 Mars (god) 80, 175
Knights Hospitaller 140 legionaries 83 Maat 39 Mars (planet), space probes 377, 377
Knights Templar 419, 423 Leiden, University of 221 Macartney, Lord 312 Marshall, James Wilson 445
knives Leif Eriksson 417 Maccabee, Judah 399 Marx, Karl, The Communist Manifesto 272 ,
American Indian 324, 324, 327, 327 leisure activities Maccabeus, Simon 400
Anglo-Saxon 115, 115 Industrial Revolution and 280–81 Macedonian dynasty 414 445
Bronze Age 41, 41 modern world 371 Macedonian Wars 399 Marxism 364–5
German 150, 150 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 364, 364, 451, 452 maces Mary I, Queen of England 430
North American 269, 269 Leo III, Emperor 132 Mary II, Queen of England 435
Ottoman 224, 224 Leo III, Pope 146 Marathas 261, 261 Mary, Virgin 132, 132–3, 206, 207, 266, 266
world wars 356, 356 Leon 416 mayor’s 218, 218 Mary Magdalene 206
Knossos 44 Leonardo da Vinci 196 , 205, 205, 428 Mongol 152, 152 Masjid-i-Shah, Isfahan 228, 228
Kofi Kakari 291 Vitruvian man 205, 205 Mughal Empire 256, 256 masks
Kofun age, Japan 105 Leopold II, King of the Belgians 449 Ottoman 224, 224
Koguryo 404 Lepanto, Battle of (1571) 430 Renaissance 213, 213 American Indian 326, 326
Kohl, Helmut 460 Lepidus 401 machine guns 357, 357, 380, 381, 381 Anglo-Saxon 115, 115
Kolkata (Calcutta) 300, 438 Leucippus, King 62 Machu Picchu 188, 188 Aztec 183, 183
Kongo nation 291, 291, 292 , 427 Leuctra, Battle of (371 BCE) 397 Madana Palla Deva 155 Balinese 314, 314
Koran see Qu’ran Leuthen, Battle of (1757) 438 Madison, James 333 Benin 265, 265
Korea 449 Lewis, Meriwether 330 , 442 Madras (Chennai) 298, 300 , 437 Chinese 101, 101, 162, 162
Choson dynasty 232–5 Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803) 330 Madras Railway 300 Egyptian mummies 26, 26, 95, 95, 96, 96
golden kingdoms 170–71 Lewis Chessmen 126–7 Madrid codex 186 gas masks 355, 355, 358, 358
independence (c. 200) 404 Leyden jars 221, 221 Madrid, Treaty of (1750) 438 Greek 61, 61
North Korea 364 Lhasa, Potala Palace 433 Magadha 396, 399 Japanese 253, 253
reunification of 410, 415 Li Yuan 410 Magellan, Ferdinand 196 , 428 Joseon dynasty 233, 233
Seven Years’ War 431 Li Zicheng 236 , 433 Maghreb 135 Mycenaean 45, 45
unification 410 Liao dynasty 162, 163, 415 Magna Carta 144–5 , 421 Olmec 55, 55
Yi ( Joseon) dynasty 424 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 459 Magyars 151 , 415, 416 Pacific Islanders 317, 317
Korean War (1950–53) 455 libation cups, Chinese 166, 166 The Mahabharata 172 Roman 86, 86
Korinji Temple, Shinjo 252 life expectancy, Industrial Revolution and 272 Mahamantranusarini 158 Teotihuacan 106, 106, 407
Koryo kingdom 415 lighting Mahamayuri 158 Yoruba 292, 292, 293, 293
Kosovo, Battle of (1389) 424 light bulbs 278 Mahapatisa 158 Massachusetts 333
Krikalev, Sergei 378 the Western home 367, 367 Mahavira 155 Massilia (Marseilles) 394
Krum, Khan 413 Lilies of the Valley Egg 289 Mahayana Buddhism 98, 159, 170 matchlock muskets 212, 212
Kublai Khan 160 , 422 Lincoln, Abraham 331 , 447 Mahayogi 157 mathematics, Chinese 162
Kulasekhara of Pandya 422 Lincoln-Zephyr 346, 346–7 Mahmud Hotaki 436 Mau Mau Rebellion 455
Kumasi 291 Lindbergh, Charles 340, 342, 452 Mahmud of Ghazni 154 Maufe, Sir Edward Brantwood 367, 367
Kuniyoshi, Utagawa, The Fording of the Uji River 245 Lindisfarne 120 , 412 mail services, Pony Express 330, 330 Mauro, Fra 199
Kushan Empire 98 , 402, 403 Lindisfarne Gospels 411 Majiabang culture 50 Mauryan Empire 98, 154, 397, 398
Kushite dynasty 26 , 393 Linear Pottery 386 Makemake 193 Mauser pistols 293, 293
Kuwait 460 Lisbon earthquake (1755) 438 Malaya 314 Maxentius 406
Kwon Kun 234, 235 Lithuania 151, 340 Malacca 428 Maximian, Emperor 405
Kyong-ju 170 Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876) 322, 325 Malan, D F 455 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 150
Kyoto 302 , 412, 432 Liu Bang 100 , 399 Maldon, Battle of (991) 416 Maximinus Thrax, Emperor 405
Kyoto Protocol (2005) 462 Liu Song dynasty 407 Mali Empire 421, 423, 425 Maya, Queen 99
Live Aid concerts 459 Mallard steam locomotive 344, 344 Maya civilization 106–7, 178 , 393, 399, 405
L Liverpool and Manchester Railway 275 Mama-Quilla 190 beliefs and rituals 183
Livonian War (1558–83) 430 Mamluks 422, 442 calendar 186
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de 435 Lockheed aircraft 342, 342 Mammen, Jutland 122 decline of 414
La Tène culture 69 , 396 Lohan 243, 243 Manching 66 Dresden codex 186–7
La Venta 55, 55 , 393 lokapalas 162, 162 Manchu language 308, 309 figurines 181, 181
labor-saving devices 366, 368 Lombards 114 , 409, 412 Manchuria 170, 236 , 419 jewelry 180, 180
lacquer, Japanese 251, 304, 305 London: Great Fire (1666) 434, 434, 436 Manchus 236, 310 , 433 Tikal 411, 411, 414
lacrosse 327, 327 St. Paul’s Cathedral 436 Manco Capac 421 Yaxchilan Lintel 184–5
Laennec, René 281 terrorist attacks 462 Mandan people 326 Mayapán 178
Lagos 262 London Pharmacopoeia 209, 209 Mande people 421 Mayflower 268 , 432
Lahore 294, 295, 296, 297 London, Treaty of (1827) 444 Mandela, Nelson 460 Mayo, Lord 300
Long War (1593–1606) 431 mazers 143, 143
longhouses, Viking 125 McCandless, Bruce 379
Mecca 222

472 INDEX Ming dynasty 160, 232 , 424 Mughal Empire cont. Nelson, Horatio 441, 442
art and culture 166, 166 conflict with Marathas 260 Neo-Babylonian Empire 394, 395
medals end of 236 court life 257 neo-Confucianism 160, 162
Christian 217, 217 in maps 234 decline of 294, 298 , 436 Neo-Hittites 43
Dutch Revolt 218, 218 Neolithic 12, 386
French 285, 285 miniatures, Safavid 230 Muhammad, Prophet 409, 410
Indian Mutiny 299, 299 mining see coal Muhammad of Ghazni 417 burials 15
world wars 359 Minoans 44–5, 390 Muhammad of Ghur 420 figurines 15, 15
Minuit, Peter 433 Muhammad Ali, Viceroy of Egypt 442 jade carvings 240
Medes 72 , 394, 395 mirrors Mühlberg, Battle of (1547) 429 stone tools 13, 13
Mediah Empire 395 Mujahideen 458 Nepal 439
Medici, Cosimo de’ 425 Celtic 70, 70 Mukaddasi 411 nephrite 240–41
Medici, Lorenzo de 426 Chinese 166, 166 Mumbai (Bombay) 300 Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689) 435
Medici family 196 , 425 Etruscan 78, 78 mummies Netherlands 434, 435
medicine 360–63 Korean 171, 171 Dutch Revolt 218
Renaissance 209, 209 Andean cultures 190, 190 and Southeast Asia 314
Industrial Revolution 281 Miru dynasty 192 Chinchorro 15, 15 netsuke 251
Middle Ages 140 missals 267, 267 Egyptian 26, 26, 36–7, 39, 94–7, 94–7, 388 “New Deal” 453
Renaissance 209 missiles 380, 380 Mumtaz Mahal 254, 434 New Kingdom (Egypt) 391
Roman Empire 82 missionaries Munich Conference 453 New Look 374, 374–375
Medina 410 in Africa 290, 292, 292 Murad IV, Sultan 433 New Mexico 176, 177 , 435
Megalithic tombs 387 in China 311 Muscovy 427 New Netherlands 434
Mehmet II, Sultan 222 in Japan 244 music New Orleans 462
Meiji Emperor 303, 306 , 447 in Pacific Islands 316 Baroque guitar 202–3 New South Wales 318
Meiji Restoration 302–7 Portuguese 267 Chinese 163, 163, 238, 238 New York 328, 350, 350
Melanesia 316, 317 in Southeast Asia 314 gamelan 314, 315 New Zealand, settlers 318–19 , 422, 432, 445, 445,
Memphis 26 , 395 Mississippi River 330 , 420, 435 Indian 299, 299
Menelik I, King of Ethiopia 267 Mitanni Empire 18, 43, 392 mass entertainment 350, 351 449
Menes, King of Egypt 26, 387 Mithras 83, 83 and nationalism 287 Newcomen, Thomas 276
menswear 372–5 Mithridates I, King of the Persian League 399, 400 pianos 280, 280–81 Newcomen steam engine 276
Mentuhotep II, King of Egypt 26 Mitterrand, François 460 Renaissance 202–4 Newfoundland 120 , 427, 436
Mercia 413 moai, Easter Island 192, 193 Umayyad 134 Newspaper Rock, Utah 176, 176
Mercury (god) 175 mobile phones 382, 383, 383 muskets newspapers 350, 350, 364, 364
Meru, Mount 172 moccasins 326, 326 English 212, 212 Newstead chamfron 84–5
Meryptah 28, 28 Moche civilization 110–11, 404, 407 Napoleonic Wars 283, 283 Newton, Isaac 210, 220 , 435, 435
Mesa Verde 177 Mogollon culture 176–7 War of Independence 334, 334–5 Niagara Falls 435
Meskalamdug, King of Ur 20, 22 Mohács, Battle of (1526) 222, 222 Muslims see Islam Nicaea 174
Mesoamerica 178–83 Mohammed V, King of Granada 424 Musschenbroek, Pieter van 221 Nicaea, Council of (787) 412
battle and conflict 180 Mohenjo-daro 16, 16, 388 Mutapa Empire 425 Nicaragua 182
beliefs and rituals 107–9 Moka Express 368, 368 Myanmar see Burma Nicephorus I, Emperor 413
clothing and adornment 109, 180–81 monasteries 146, 154 , 429 Mycenaeans 44–5 , 391, 392 Nicholas II, Czar 288, 289, 289, 450
Dresden codex 186–7 money Myrtilius 62, 63 Nicopolis, Battle of (1396) 424
home life 181 China 160 Mysore 299, 437 Nicoya, Greater 182
Mayan culture 184–5 French Revolution 285, 285 Niépce, Nicéphore 444
Olmecs 55 shells as 324 N Niger River delta 262
spirit of the American Southwest United States of America 269, 269, 331, 331 Nigeria 404, 449
see also coins Nader Shah 437 Night of the Long Knives 453
176–7 Mongolia 415, 415 Nagasaki 244, 380 , 455 night vision goggles 381, 381
Zapotecs and early Maya 106–9 Mongols 152–3, 258 naginata 246, 246 Nike 62, 63
Mesolithic 12, 13 art and culture 153 nail protectors 310, 310 Nile River 26, 91
Mesopotamia 18–21, 386, 390 battle and conflict 152 Nakht 26, 27
battle and conflict 21 invade China 160 Nanak, Guru 295 , 428 river craft 32–3
beliefs and rituals 21 invade Korea 170, 171 Nancy, Battle of (1477) 427 Nimrud 21
burials 22–3 Mamluks defeat 422 Nanking, Treaty of (1842) 445 Nineveh 18 , 394
clothing and adornment 24–5 wars with Seljuk Turks 174 Nantes, Edict of (1598) 431 Nintoku, Emperor of Japan 105
home life 24 sack Baghdad 134 Naples 427 Nizam al Mulk 174, 175
politics and power 20 Mononobe clan 169 Napoleon I, Emperor 282, 285, 285 , 441, 442, 443 Nizami, Khamsa 230–31
trade 16 Mononobe no Moriya 168 Napoleon III, Emperor 446 Noble Ladies woodblock print 306–7
Messerschmitt aircraft 343, 343 Monophysites 131 Napoleon cannon 334, 334 Nogai Horde 152
metallurgy 386, 387, 389, 391 monstrances 269, 269 Napoleonic Code 442 Noh theater 253, 253
Methodius I, St. 132 Monte Alban 106 Napoleonic Wars 282–5 , 441, 442 Nok culture 404
Mexican Revolution 451 Montefortino 75 Nara 412 nomadic pastoralism 392
Mexico Montgolfier brothers 440, 440 Narce 76 Normandy 415
Adams-Onís Treaty 443 Montgomery, General Bernard 454 Narseh 405 nomarchs, Egyptian 389
Aztecs 178–83, 268, 421, 423, 425 Montu 94, 94 Naseby, Battle of (1645) 433 Normans 136–45 , 418
and creation of United States 328 moon NASA 377, 379, 460
European settlers 269 landings on 353, 375, 457 Nashville 337 battle and conflict 137
independence 320, 321, 443 Mayan astronomy 186 Naskapi people 326 Bayeux Tapestry 138–9
maps 320, 320–21 Moors, driven out of Spain 421 Nasrid Emirate 135 beliefs and rituals 140
Mexican War 445 moot horns 140, 140 National Assembly, France 282, 285 Book of Hours 142
Olmecs 55 , 392, 393 Moravia 415 nationalism clothing and adornment 143
Spanish American revolutions 442, 449 Morgarten, Battle of (1315) 150 Hereford Mappa Mundi 141
spirit of the American Southwest 176–7 Morocco 418 music and 287 home life 143
Teotihuacán 407, 411 Morse, Samuel 278 nation-states 286 in Italy 418
Toltecs 178 , 415, 415, 416 Morse transmitter 278 National Security Agency (NSA) 463 politics and power 140
Zapotecs 106–9 mortars 356, 356 Native Americans see American Indians Norse gods 123
Miami nation 324 mosaics, Roman 86, 86 Navarre 416 Norsemen see Vikings and Norsemen
Michael III, Emperor 132, 132 , 414 Moscow, Grand Duchy of 151, 442 navigation nose clips 317, 317
Michelangelo 428 Mosin-Nagant rifle 357, 357 armillary spheres 200 North Africa
David 206, 206 mosques 134, 134, 174 astrolabes 414, 414 Christianity in 404
Pietà 206–7 Motecuhzoma I 178 Harrison’s chronometer 210, 210 French and American Indian War 438
Sistine Chapel ceiling 196, 197 Motecuhzoma  II 178 World War II 357, 357 Islamic courts and caliphates 134–5
Micmac people 327 motorcycles 344, 345 Nazca civilization 110–11 , 399 in Ottoman Empire 222
Micronesia 316, 391 Motu Nui 193 Nazca Lines, Peru 110, 110 , 408, 408 Leif Eriksson in 417
microprocessors 382 molds, Bronze Age 41, 41 Nazi party 358, 358, 359 , 453, 454 Piri Re’is map 226, 226
microscopes 221 Moutier-Grandval Bible 114, 114 Neanderthals 12 North America
Mieszko I, King of Poland 151 movies 350, 353 Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II 390 American Indians 322–7
Milan, Duchy of 214 , 427 Mozambique 425 Nebra Sky Disk 43, 43 battle and conflict 269
Milan, Edict of (313) 406 Mozarabs 135 Nebraska 322 beliefs and rituals 269
Miltiades 396 MRI scans 360, 360 Nebuchadnezzar II 394, 395 Boston Tea Party 439, 439
military technology see weapons Mughal Empire 254–9 , 429, 430 Nectanebo II, Pharaoh 397 English colonies 432
Milky Way 258, 312 arms and armor 256–7 needles, Viking 125, 125 European settlers 268–9
Miloševic, Slobodan 460 art and literature 256–7 needlework 218, 218 politics and power 269
Milvian Bridge, Battle of (312) 406 captures Bengal 431 Nefersefekhy 38–9, 39 spirit of the American Southwest 176–7
Mimbres culture 176 celestial globe 258–9 Nefertem 34, 34 trade 269
Minamoto family 169 Viking explorers 120
Minerva 82 see also Canada; Mexico; United States of America
mines (weapons) 356, 356

INDEX 473

North Korea 364 Pacific islands 439, 440 Phaedrus 139 politics and power cont.
Northern Song dynasty 166 , 415 celestial globes 258 pharaoh 391 Persian Empire 71
Northern Wei dynasty 407 exploration of 316–17 Philadelphia 333 Qing dynasty 309
Northumbria 117, 120 Philae 90, 90 Roman Empire 82
Northwest Passage 440 Paekche 169 , 404, 409 Philip II, King of Macedon 397 United States of America 331
Norway 120 Pagan Empire 413, 417, 422 Philip II, King of Spain 214, 430, 431
Nova Scotia 436, 437 Pahlavas 402 Philip V, King of Macedon 399 polo 162, 162
Nubia 26 , 390, 393 paintings Philip V, King of Spain 436 Polo, Marco 196 , 422, 422
nuclear weapons 380, 380 , 455, 455 Philippines 314 , 390, 430 Polynesians 192, 316–17
numerals 412 Aboriginal 319, 319 Phoenicians 46–7, 393, 393 Pompeii 82 , 403, 403
Nur al-Din, Emir 420 Byzantine icons 132–3 phones see telephones Pompey 401
cave paintings 14, 14, 154 phonographs 278 Ponce de León, Juan 428
O Chinese 236 photography Pontic amphoras 75, 75
Egyptian portrait masks 97, 97 Pony Express 330, 330
Oaxaca 55, 106 , 396 Indian 299, 299 early cameras 278 Popes 80
Obama, Barack 462, 462 Japanese 169 in space 377, 377 poppies, World War I 359, 359
obsidian blades 13 Mughal Empire 257 invention of 444 porcelain
Oceanic peoples 316–17 Ottoman Empire 223, 223 World War I 357, 357 A
Octavian (Emperor Augustus) 80, 82, 82, 87, Renaissance 205 pianos 280, 280–81 Chinese 166–7, 166–7, 238, 238, 242, 242, 310, 310
Safavid 229, 229, 230 pick-up sticks 311, 311 French 285, 285
90 Pakistan 298 , 455, 458 Pickersgill, Mary Young 337 Japanese 250, 250, 304, 304
Oda Nobunaga 431 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) 458 Piedras Negras 184 Joseon dynasty 233, 233
Odin 120, 120, 123 Pala dynasty 159 Pietà (Michelangelo) 206–7 Porsche, Ferdinand 347
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux 139 palace societies of the Aegean 44–5 Pietrosale Treasure 116, 116 Portugal
Odyssey 44 Palenque 178, 414 pikemen, armor 216, 216 and Brazil 428, 438
Oenomaus, King 62, 63 Paleolithic 12 pilgrim bottles 238, 238 captures Ceuta 425
Offa, King of Mercia 140 , 412 Palermo 413 pilgrimages 136, 140 , 423 explorers 425
Offa’s Dyke 412 Palestine 455 pills 281 independence 434
Ögodei Khan 152 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 459 pine trees, symbolism 241 Latin American colonies 320
O—uz Turks 174 Palkhed, Battle of (1728) 437 Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency 331, 331 Lisbon earthquake 438
oil lamps 131, 131 Palla dynasty 155 Pinochet, General Augusto 457 missionaries 267
okimono sculpture 252 Pan American 340, 340 Piper aircraft 342, 342 monarchy 451
Olaf Haraldsson, King of Norway 148 Panhellenic Games 393 pirates 83 , 436 the race for African empires 290
“Old Glory” 337, 337 Panama Canal 451 Piri Re’is map 226–7 South America 440
Old Kingdom (Egypt) 388, 389, 390 Pancharaksha Manuscript 158–9 pistols 212, 212 trading in Africa 426
Olga, Grand Duchess 289 Pandya kingdom 413, 422 Boer 293, 293 Treaty of Tordesillas 427, 428
Olmecs 55 , 392, 393 Panini 395 Indian 295, 295 Poseidon 62, 64
Olympia 62 paper 403 modern warfare 381, 381 postage stamps 278, 330, 330
Olympic Games 58, 62, 449, 449 paperback books 350, 350 Napoleonic Wars 283, 283 potlatch hats 326, 326
Omar Khayyam 175 Papua New Guinea 316, 317 Ottoman 224, 224 Potosí 429
Onin War (1467–77) 426 Paquimé 177 world wars 357, 357 pottery
Onuris 94, 94 Paracas culture 54 , 395 Pitt, William the Younger 440 Ancestral pueblo culture 177, 177
Ophir 47 Paraguay 447 Piye, king of Nubia 393 Andean cultures 190, 190
opium 308, 310 parasols 218, 218 Pizarro, Francisco 429 Aztec 181, 181
opium pipes 310, 310 Paris, Bastille 282, 282 , 441, 441, 449, 449 plague 150, 404, 423 Cawdor vase 62–3
Opium Wars (1839–42 and 1856–60) 308, 310 , 445, Paris codex 186 Plains Indians 322, 324, 326 Chinese 51, 51, 104, 160, 160, 166, 166, 386
Paris, Edict of (614) 410 planets early humans 14, 14, 386
446 Paris, Treaty of (1763) 439 armillary spheres 200–201 Egyptian 30, 30, 37, 37, 91, 91
oppida (fortified towns) 66 Paris, Treaty of (1783) 440 orreries 221, 221 Etruscan 75, 75
oracle bones 48, 48, 50 Paris Commune 447, 447 space probes 376, 376, 377, 377 German 150, 150
Orange Free State 446, 449 Parthenon, Athens 396 Plantagenets 426 Greek 61, 61, 64, 64, 65, 65
Order of the Holy Spirit 136, 136 Parthians 71 , 399, 400, 402 Planté, Gaston 278 Halafian 386
Orinoco River 402 Parvati 17, 156–7 Plassey, Battle of (1757) 438 Hittite 43, 43
Orissa 157 Paschal II, Pope 419 platform shoes 375, 375 Japanese 105, 105, 386
Orkney 120 Pasenhor 36 Plato 58, 196 Korean 171, 171
Orléans, siege of (1429) 425 Passchendaele, Battle of (1917) 359 playing cards 358, 358 Lapita 391
orreries 221, 221 Pasteur, Louis 281 plows 274, 387 linear 386
Orthodox Church 151, 289, 418, 443 pastoralism, nomadic 392 plum trees, symbolism 241 Middle Ages 143, 143
Osaka 344 Paul, St. 142 , 402 Plutarch 397 Minoan 45, 45
Osei Tutu 436 Pearl Harbor 454 poetry Mycenaean 45, 45
Osiris 26, 28, 34, 34, 35, 36, 39, 95, 97 , 392 Pears soap 281 Japanese game 305, 305 Nazca and Moche civilizations 110–11, 110–11
Osman I, Emir 174, 222 , 423 Peasants War (1524–25) 428 Khamsa manuscript 230–31 Ottoman 222, 222, 223, 223
ostracons 91, 91 Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil 449 Mughal Empire 256 Paracas culture 54, 54
Ostrogoths 114 , 406, 408, 409 Pegasus 60, 60 Pol Pot 458 Phoenician 47, 47
Oswald, Lee Harvey 456 Pegu kingdom 417 Poland 151 Renaissance 208, 208
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 147 , 416 Pelops 62 Great Northern War 436 Roman 82, 82
Ottoman Empire 130, 174, 222–7 Peloponnese 395 music and nationalism 287 Seljuk calendar bowl 174–5
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) 396 partition of 288, 439, 441 Tang burial horse 164–5
Armenians massacred 449 pemmican 327 rebellion against Russian rule 444 the Western home 366, 366
art and culture 223 pen boxes 295, 295 World War II 354 writing on 91, 91
Balkan rebellion 448 Penguin 350, 350 Polaroid cameras 371, 371 powder belts 295, 295
Battle of Lepanto 430 penicillin 361, 361 pole arms powder flasks 212, 212
beliefs and rituals 222 Peninsular War (1807–08) 283, 320 European 213, 213 powder horns 269, 269
besieges Vienna 429, 435 Penny Black stamp 278 Japanese 246, 246 power dressing 375, 375
clothing and adornment 223 Penobscot people 326, 327 Polikarpov aircraft 342, 342 Powhatan Americans 432
home life 222 pentathlon, Olympic 62 polio 360, 362–3 Pratihara dynasty 154
in Europe 423, 424 People’s Liberation Army 459 politics and power Pretorius, Andries 445
expansion of 228, 428, 442 Pepin III, King of the Franks 412 Benin 263 priests 21, 21, 28
and Greece’s independence Pepy II, King of Egypt 33 British Raj 299 printing
Osman I founds 423 perestroika 459 Celts 70 in China 160, 162, 162 , 409
Ottoman-Safavid treaty 431 perfume containers 65, 65, 75, 75, 233, 233 China 104, 162 in Europe 220, 272 , 426
recaptures Baghdad 433 Pericles 60, 60 , 396 Communism 365 woodblock prints 162, 162, 244, 252, 306–7
Russian-Ottoman War 439 Perón, Juan 456 Eastern Europe 151 prisons, United States of America 331, 331
Piri Re’is map 226–7 Perry, Commodore Matthew 302, 446 Egypt 28, 91 Prithvi Narayan Shah 439
weapons and armor 224–5 Perth, Treaty of (1266) 126 Europe 218 Probus, Emperor 405
Young Turks Revolution 450 Peru 188–91 France 285 projectors, movie 353, 353
Oxus Treasure 72–3 Chavín culture 54 Greece 60 propaganda 220, 365
Oxyrhynchus 91 Chinchorro culture 386 Holy Roman Empire 147 Protestantism 426
Oyo Empire 437 Incas 188–90 , 426, 429 India 155 persecution of the Huguenots 210, 211, 214
independence 320 , 443 Islamic courts and caliphates 134 Reformation 210 , 426, 428
P Moche civilization 110–11, 404 Mesopotamia 20 Prussia 286–7, 354 , 438, 447
Nazca civilization 110–11 , 408, 408 Normans 140 psalm books 116, 116, 269, 269
pacemaker, cardiac 361, 361 pestles and mortars 327, 327 North America 269 Ptolemaic Kingdom, Egypt 58, 90–97 , 398, 401
Pachacuti, Sapa Inca 188, 425 Peter III, Czar 439 palace societies of the Aegean 45 Ptolemy (astronomer) 196, 200, 234, 258 , 404, 404
Peter the Great, Czar 288, 435 Ptolemy I, Pharaoh 90, 91 , 398

474 INDEX

Ptolemy II Philadelphos, Pharaoh 398 Reign of Terror, France 282 Rolls Royce Silver Ghost 346, 346 S
Ptolemy V, Pharaoh 92 Relativity, Theory of 450 Roman Empire 80–89
Puabi, Queen of Ur 22, 24, 25, 25 relics, saints’ 148 Sabines 393
Pueblo Bonito 417 religion art and culture 86 sabers 335, 335
Pueblo cultures 176–7 Barbarian invasions 407 sacrifices
Pueblo revolt (1680) 435 Africa 292–3 baths and building 86
Punic Wars 398, 399, 400 American Indians 326–7 battle and conflict 83 Aztecs 178
Punjab 16, 294, 296 , 428 Andean cultures 54, 190 beliefs and rituals 83 Celts 68
Punt 33 Anglo-Saxons 116–17 celestial globes 258 Mayan 184
Puranas 156 Australia and New Zealand 319 Celts in 66 Mesoamerica 107
Puritans 210, 268, 268, 269, 432 Bronze Age 43 clothing and adornment 87 Nazca and Moche civilizations 110
Pusyamitra Sunga 399 Byzantine Empire 131 collapse of 114 Roman 88
pygmies 33, 65 Celts 68–9 conquest of Egypt 90 Shang dynasty 51, 53
pyramids China 51, 100–101, 162–3, 164, 243, 311 Christianity in 406, 407 Sadat, Anwar 458
early humans 15 and the Etruscans 74 Safavid dynasty 228–31 , 428, 431, 433, 436
construction 389 Eastern Europe 151 Gallic Wars 401 Safi al-Din 228
Egyptian 26, 28, 28 Egypt 34–5, 94–5 , 392 at greatest extent 403 sagas, Icelandic 120
Mayan 399 Etruscans 78 home life 82 Sagittarius 258
Olmec 393 Germanic kingdoms 116 horse armor 84–5 Saguntum 399
Toltec 178 Greece 64 Jewish revolts 402 St. Albans, Battle of (1455) 426
Zapotec 106 Hittites 43 Marcomannic War 404 St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572) 210, 211,
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus 398 India 154, 155 medicine 82
Pythagoras 58 Indus civilization 17 politics and power 82 430
Japan 105, 252 Punic Wars 398, 399, 400 St. Domingue 320 , 441
Q Korea 171 Republic 395 St. Lawrence River 429
Mesoamerica 107–9, 183 splits into Eastern and Western divisions 407 St. Paul’s Cathedral, London 436
Qadesh, Battle of (1274 BCE) 43 Mesopotamia 21 Tetrarchy 405 St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City 206
Qadisiyya, Battle of (637) 410 Nazca and Moche civilizations 110–11 trade 83 St. Petersburg 288, 289
Qebehsenuef 35, 37 Normans 140 Trajan’s Column 88–9
Qian Xuan 160, 161 North America 269 Triumvirates 401 Church of the Saviour on Spilled Blood 289, 289
Qianlong, Emperor of China 236, 238, 239, 240 Ottoman Empire 222 Romanovs 288–9 saints, reliquaries 131, 131, 148–9, 151, 151
Qin dynasty 399 Pacific Islanders 317 Romanticism 286 Saivism 156
Qing dynasty 236–43, 308–13 , 433, 436, 439, 451 palace societies of the Aegean 45 Romanus IV, Emperor of Byzantium 418 Sakai 105, 105
Roman Empire 83 Rome 80 Saladin 420
astronomical clock 312–13 Sikh Empire 295 Celts sack 66 , 397 Salim I, Sultan 428
battle and conflict 309 Southeast Asia 314–15 Colosseum 80, 81, 403 sallet helmets 150
beliefs and rituals 243, 311 Vikings 120, 123 Forum of Augustus 401 salt cellars 265, 265
clothing and adornment 242, 310 see also individual religions foundation of 393 Salt March 453
home life 242, 311 reliquaries Goths sack 407, 407 Salt River basin 176
jade boulder 240–1 Byzantine 131, 131 plague 404 Sam’al (Zinjirli) 43
politics and power 309 Elizabeth reliquary 148–9 Trajan’s Column 88–9 Samarkand 152, 174
trade 242, 310 St. Stanislaus 151, 151 Treaty of Samian ware 82, 82
weapons 238–9 Remus 393 Vandals sack 408 Samnites 398
Quant, Mary 375, 375 Renaissance 146, 196–209 , 426, 428 Romulus 80 , 393, 393 Samoa 316
Quebec, siege of (1759) 269 , 438 armillary spheres 200–201 Romulus, Emperor 408 samurai 169, 244
Quetzalcoatl 183, 183 art 205–7 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 145, 453
quillon daggers 137, 137 clothing and adornment 209 Rosetta Stone 92–3 armor 248–9
Qin dynasty 100, 104 exploration and trade 198–9 Rothbury Cross 117 weapons 246–7, 305
quivers, Mongol 152, 152 home life 208 Rotherham plow 274 Sanakht, King of Egypt 388
quoit turbans 295, 295 medicine 209 Roundheads 210 , 433 San Francisco earthquake 450
Qu’ran 135, 135, 155, 155, 228, 228, 229 , 410 music 202–4 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 439 San Ildefonso, Treaty of (1777) 440
Resolution, HMS 316, 316 Royal Air Force (RAF) 357, 357 San Lorenzo 55
R respiration, artificial 362–3 Royal Flying Corps 340 San Martín, José de 320 , 443
resurrection eggs 123, 123 Royal Navy 337 San Vitale, Ravenna 130
racing cars 347, 347 Rhineland 150 Royal Road (Persian Empire) 72 Sanchi, Great Stupa 98
radar 380 rhino horn carvings 166, 166 Royal Society 434 sandals
radios 350, 351, 351, 358, 358 Rhode Island 333 Rubik, Erno 371 Ancestral Pueblo 177, 177
Raedwald 115 Rhodes 140 Rubik’s cube 371, 371 Egyptian 91, 91
Raffles, Stamford 443 Rhodesia 449 Ruckers, Andreas 203, 203 Viet Cong 381, 381
railroads rhytons 43, 43 Rudd, Kevin 462 Sanskrit language 159, 395
rice farming 105 Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 286 Santa Maria 427
first steam locomotives 442, 444, 444 Richard I, King of England 420 Rudra 157 Saqqara 28
India 300–301 Richard III, King of England 427 rulers see politics and power and individual kings and Step pyramid 388
Industrial Revolution 272, 274, 275 Richelieu, Cardinal 432 sarcophaguses, Mycenaean 45, 45
Japan 302, 303 Ridgway 366, 366 queens Sardinia 80
twentieth-century 344–5 rifles runes 120, 129 Sargent, John Singer 354, 354
United States of America 330, 331, 331 Civil War 334, 334–5 Runnymede 145 Sargon of Akkad 18, 389
rain gods, Zapotec 107, 107 American Indian 324, 324 Russia Sargon II, King of the Assyrians 393
Rajendra Choladevra, King 417 Boer 293, 293 Sarnath 159
Rajputs 154, 294 European 212, 212 aircraft 342, 342 Sasanian Empire 71 , 404, 406
Raleigh (bicycle company) 370 Japanese 305 Catherine the Great 439 Satavahana dynasty 398
Ram Caught in a Thicket 22–3 modern warfare 381, 381 Cossack uprising 434 satellites 376, 383, 383
Rama, Lord 173 Napoleonic Wars 283, 283 Crimean War 446 satraps 72
The Ramayana 172, 173 world wars 357, 357 Grand Duchy of Moscow 151 Satsuma region, Japan 302
Ramla, Treaty of (1192) 420 Rio Salado, Battle of (1340) 423 Great Northern War 436 Saturn (god) 175
Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh 28, 28, 32 , 392 risorgimento 287 Mongols invade 421 Savonarola, Girolamo 427
Ranjit Singh, Maharajah (“the Lion of the Punjab”) ritual vessels, Shang dynasty 52–3 Napoleon invades 442 saws
rituals see religion Reign of Terror 430 amputation saws 281, 281
294, 294, 295, 296 roads, Persian Empire 72 Romanovs 288–9 early humans 13, 13
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 192–3 Robbia, Luca della 205, 205 Russian-Ottoman War 439 Viking 125, 125
Rapier missile launcher 380, 380 Robert of Holdingham 141 Russo-Persian War 444 Saxons 114 , 407, 415
rapiers 213, 213 Robert the Monk 418 Viking explorers 120 see also Anglo-Saxons
Rashtrakuta dynasty 154, 155 Robespierre, Maximilien 282 , 441 World War II 357 Saxony 286 , 436
rationing, World Wars 358 robots see also Soviet Union scabbards
Ravenna 130 , 409 space craft 376, 376 Russian Federation 460 Asante 291, 291
razors 42, 42 toys 371, 371 Russian Orthodox Church 289 Celtic 67, 67
Re 26, 91 , 392 rock crystal bottle 223, 223 Russian Revolution (1917) 364–5, 450 Mughal 256, 256
Rebel Without a Cause 375, 375 “Rocket” locomotive 275 Russo–Japanese War 450 Napoleonic Wars 283, 283
record players 351, 351 Rococo style 219, 219 Rustam 155 Ottoman 224, 224
Red Cross 358, 358 Roderick, King of the Visigoths 411 Rwandan genocide 460 Qing dynasty 309, 309
Red Guard 365, 365 Rodin, Auguste 423 Ryan aircraft 342, 342 Roman 83, 83
Red Sea 33 Rogers, Richard 352, 352 Southeast Asian 314, 314
Reformation 210, 218 , 426, 428 Rolling Thunder (military operation) 457 scales and weights, Viking 124, 124
refrigerators 366, 368, 368 Rollo 415 Scandinavia, Vikings 120–29
Reiche, Maria 110 scarab amulets 35, 35
Schmalkaldic League 429

INDEX 475

science shells, as money 324 slavery and slave trade cont. Spain cont.
Abbasid dynasty 134 Shetland 120 start of slave trade 428 Treaty of Tordesillas 427
in China 162 Shi Huangdi, Emperor of China 399 in United States of America 272, 328, 331, 331 unification of 427
Europe 220–21 Shia Islam 228, 230 , 410 War of the Spanish Succession 436
Industrial Revolution 272 Shield Jaguar II 184, 184–5 Sleipnir 123 war with US 449
shields smallpox 178, 281, 360
Scipio 399 Smartphones 382, 383, 383 Spanish Armada 218 , 431, 431
scooters 345, 345, 370, 370 Aboriginal 319, 319 Smetana, Bedrˇich 287 Sparta 58, 60, 394, 395, 396, 397
Scorpius 258 American Indian 324, 324 Smith, Adam 210 Spartacus 401
Scotland, Celts 66 , 422, 423, 437 Anglo-Saxon 115, 115 Smith-Clarke, Captain George 362 spears and spearheads
scramasax 115, 115 Aztec 180, 180 smoothing boards, Viking 125, 125
screens 233, 233 Celtic 69, 69 Snaketown 176 American Indian 327, 327
scrolls Holy Roman Empire 150, 150 Sneferu, King of Egypt 28 Bronze Age 41, 41
Indian 154, 154 snow goggles 326, 326 Greek 60, 60
Prince Shotoku scroll 168–9 Narce 76, 76 snowshoes 326, 326 Mesopotamian 21, 21
Qing dynasty 309, 309 Ottoman 225, 225 Snowden, Edward 463 Viking 122, 122
sculpture Polynesian 317, 317 snuff 191 Zulu 293, 293
Chinese 162–3, 166 Sikh 295, 295 snuff bottles 311, 311 spearthrowers 14
Easter Island 192–3 Viking 122, 122 soapstone 24, 24 Speedwell 268, 268
Egyptian 28–9, 28–9 Zulu 293, 293 soapstone seals 232, 232 Spencer rifle 334, 334–335
Greek 60, 60, 64, 64 Shintoism 105, 169, 252 , 408 Sobek 36 sphinxes
Indus civilization 17, 17 ships see boats Sobraon, Battle of (1846) 296 Egyptian 28, 28, 94, 94
jade boulder 240–41 Shishunaga dynasty 396 soccer 355, 355 Phoenician 46–7
Japanese 252 Shiva 17, 98, 155, 156–7 Society Islands 316, 316 Spiderman 350, 350
Renaissance 205–7 Shivaism 154 Socrates 58 spillikins 311, 311
Roman 82, 82, 86, 86, 87, 87 Shivaji, King 260 Soga family 168–9 spinning jenny 439
Trajan’s Column 88–9 shoes Sogdiana 164 , 397 Spirit of St. Louis 342, 342
Scythians 394, 402 American Indian 326, 326 solar power 383 spoons
Scythopolis (Beth Shean) 131 Ancestral Pueblo 177, 177 solar system 433 Korean 171, 171
seals 387 Chinese 310, 310 Roman 86, 86
Canterbury Seal 218, 218 Egyptian 91, 91 armillary spheres 200–201 Springfield rifle musket 334, 334
Indus civilization 17, 17 European 218, 218 space probes 376, 376 Sputnik 1 satellite 376, 376, 456
Joseon dynasty 232, 232 fashion 374–375 soldiers see warfare; weapons Sri Lanka 159, 298 , 443, 459
Mesopotamian 21, 21 Renaissance 209, 209 Solidarity 458 Civil War 459
Mycenaean 44, 44 shoguns 169 , 420 Solomon, King of Israel 47, 267 , 393 Srivijayan Empire 413, 417
Norman 140, 140 Shotoku, Prince 169 Solomon Islands 317 stained glass 140, 140
Persian 71, 71 Shou Lao 243, 243 Solomonic dynasty 267 , 422 Stalin, Joseph 364, 365 , 452, 453, 455
Qing dynasty 309, 309 Shouxing 241 Somme, Battle of 451 Stalingrad, Battle of (1942) 454
Sea Peoples 392 showers 367, 367 Song dynasty 160, 162 , 416, 419 stamps, postage 278
Sechin Alto 391 Shu dynasty 404 Song Wudi 407 “Standard of Ur” 20, 20, 22
seed drills 274 Shulgi, King 18 Songhay kingdom 425, 426 Stanislaus, St., Bishop of Krakow 151
Seiwa, Emperor of Japan 414 Shunzhi, Emperor of China 433 Sony 351 Stars and Stripes 336–7
Sejong 232 Si 190 soul catchers 327, 327 stealth fighter aircraft 380
Sekhmet 34, 34 Siamese-Burma War (1785–86) 441 sound barrier 463 steam power
Sekigahara, Battle of (1600) 432 Siberia 288 , 435, 437 sound, entertainment 278, 351 Industrial Revolution 272, 272, 274, 274, 275
Seleucid dynasty 398, 399, 400 Sicán-Lambayeque culture 191 South Africa 442 James Watt’s engine 276–7 , 440
Selim, Sultan 222 Sicily 80, 135 , 413 apartheid 455 railroads 300, 300–301, 344, 344 , 442
Seljuk Turks 130, 174–5 , 417, 418 sickles 13, 13 Boer Wars 448, 448, 449 steatite seals 17
Sellas, Matteo 202-203 Siddhartha, Gautama see Buddha Boers 448 steel, Industrial Revolution 272, 274
Selve, George de, Bishop of Lavaur 205, 205 Sidewinder missiles 380, 380 gold rush 447 Steiff bears 371, 371
Seminole tribe 322 , 444 Sidon 47 independence 446 Stephen, King of Hungary 151, 417
Senate, Roman 80 siege warfare 21, 21, 137 Zulu wars 443, 445 Stephen II, Pope 412
Senegal River 425 Siena 209 South America Stephenson, George 275 , 444
Sennacherib, King of Assyria 18, 393, 394 Sikh Empire 294–7 Andean cultures 188–91 Stephenson, Robert 275
Sentinum, Battle of (295 BCE) 398 Sikhism 428 Piri Re’is map 226, 226 stethoscopes 281, 360, 360
Senwosret I, Pharoah of Egypt 390 Sikorsky, Igor 343 revolutions 320–21 Steyr Automatic pistol 357, 357
Seoul 232 Silesia 437, 438 Spain colonizes 210 stiletto (dagger) 213, 213
Sepoy Rebellion (1857) 446 silk 104, 198, 198, 218, 218 see also individual countries Stockton and Darlington Railway 444
Serbia 151 , 424, 444 Silk Road 98, 160, 229 , 400 Spanish American revolutions 442, 449 Stone Age 12–15
Serfoji II, Maharaja of Tanjore 260, 260 Silla dynasty 170–71, 404, 410, 415 Treaty of Tordesillas 427, 428 stone circles 40, 40
serfs, in Russia 288 silver Southeast Asia stone tools 12, 13
Seth 30, 35 Gundestrup Cauldron 68 battle and conflict 314 Stonehenge 40, 40, 43, 388, 389
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 90 Indian 299, 299 Buddhism 159 stoves 368, 368
Seven Years’ War ( Japan, 1592–99) 431 Mesopotamian 24, 24 colonial struggle 314–15 Stradivari, Antonio 204, 204
Seven Years’ War (1756–63) 269, 286 , 438, 439 Mongol 153, 153 communism 364 strollers 370, 370
Severus, Septimus, Emperor 404 Norman 143, 143 religion 314–15 Stubenrauch, Philipp von 287, 287
Seville, siege of (1247) 421 in Potosí 429 see also individual countries stumpwork 218, 218
Sèvres 285, 285 Roman 83, 83, 86, 86, 87, 87 Soviet Union 450, 452, 458, 459, 460 Stuyvesant, Peter 434
sewing machines 368, 368 Viking 125, 125 communism 364–5 Su Song 162, 312
sextants 357, 357 Sima Qian 102, 165 Space Age 376–7 su yari 246, 246
Seymour, Jane 429 Sima Yan 405 weapons 380 submachine guns 357, 357
shabtis 34–5 Sindh 17, 154, 294 World War II 454, 455 Sudan, Civil War 461
Shah Jahan 254 , 434 Singapore 314, 356 , 443 see also Russia Suddhudana, King 99
Shah Mosque, Isfahan 228, 228 Singer sewing machines 368, 368 Sozen, Yamana 426 Suez Canal 446, 448
Shahnameh 155, 155 Sino-Japanese War, First (1894–95) 449, 453 Space Age 376–9, 456, 458 Suez crisis 456
Shaka Zulu 443 Sioux tribes 322, 325, 325, 327 , 449 ISS space suit 378–9 Sufis 230
Shakespeare, William 205, 205 , 432, 432 Sistine Chapel, Vatican 196, 197 , 428 moon landings 353, 374, 376 Sui dynasty 160 , 409, 410
shako hats 284, 284 situlas 97, 97 space stations 378 Suiko, Emperor of Japan 169
shamans Six-Day War 457 Space Hopper 370, 370 suits 372–375, 372–375
American Indian 322, 326, 327 Sixtus IV, Pope 196 , 426 Spain suits of armor 214–15, 216, 216
Chavín culture 54 Skandagupta 154 al-Andalus 135 Suleyman the Magnificent, Sultan 222
Mesoamerican 107, 107 skateboards 370, 370 Arab conquests 416 Sulla, Lucius 400
Shams ad-Din Ilyas 155 skates 370, 370 Basque separatists 462 Sultanate of Rum 174
Shamshi-Adad, King of Assyria 390 Skoda 356 Civil War 453 Sumatra 314 , 417
Shancai 243, 243 Slav tribes 151 conquest of Mexico 178 Sumer 18, 21, 24
Shang civilization 391, 392, 393 slavery and slave trade 268 expels Jesuits 439 Summer Palace, Beijing 308, 308
Shapur I 405 abolition of 320, 331 , 442, 444, 444, 447 Flu 451 Sumnguru, king of the Susu 421
Shapur II, King of the Sasanians 71, 71 , 406 Asiento contract 437 Iberian Union 434 Sun 433
Sharia law 254 Benin 262 Inquisition 426 armillary spheres 200–201
Sharpeville massacre 456 branding irons 268, 268 and the Philippines 314 , 430 Aztecs and 178
Shaw, Louis Agassiz 362 Celts 70, 70 reconquest of 421 orreries 221, 221
Shays’ Rebellion (1786) 333 the race for African empires 290 silver 429 sundials 119, 119, 200
Sheba, Queen of 267 Roman Empire 80 South American colonies 210, 320 , 440 Sun Yat-sen 451
sheep 18 Saint-Domingue revolt 441 Spanish American revolutions 442, 449 Sundiata, king of the Keita 421
sheet music 352, 352 Spanish Civil War 454 Song dynasty 166

476 INDEX tea caddies 242, 242 throwing sticks 177, 177 Trevithick, Richard 442
teapots Tian 100 tricorne hats 285, 285
Sunga dynasty 399 Tiananmen Square 459 Triple Alliance 448
Sunni Islam 228 , 410 American 269, 269 Tianjin, Treaty of (1858) 310 triptychs
Supe Valley 54 Chinese 242, 242, 311, 311 Tiberius, Emperor 402
surgery Indian 299, 299 Tibet 433, 436 Byzantine 131, 131
technology Tigris River 18 Ethiopian 266–7
Industrial Revolution and 281 aircraft 340–43 Tikal 411, 411, 414 Mexican 269, 269
modern world 361 Anglo-Saxons 119 tiki figures 317, 317 Trojan War 58
Renaissance 209, 209 Bronze Age 41 tiles Trondheim 126
Romans 82 cars 346–9 Trotsky, Leon 450, 452
world wars 355, 355 China 104, 162 Korean 171, 171 TRS-80 computer 457
Sueves 407 communications 382–3 Ottoman 222, 222, 223, 223 trumpets 204, 204
Suryavarman II, King 172, 173, 173 entertainment 350–53 Persian 229, 229 conch 107, 107
Susa 71, 71, 72 , 395 Indus civilization 17 Timbuktu 426 Tse-Tung, Mao, see Zedong, Mao
Susenyos, Emperor of Ethiopia 267 Industrial Revolution 272 time see calendar; clocks Tsimshian people 327
Sutlej River 296 Japan 105 Times Square, Manhattan 350, 350 tsunamis 461, 463, 463
Sutlej gun 296–7 medicine 360–63 Timur Leng (Tamerlane) 424, 425 Tuaregs 426
Sutton Hoo helmet 115, 115 , 410, 410 modern warfare 380–81 “Tin Lizzie” (Ford Model T car) 348–9 tuberculosis 361
Svein Forkbeard, King of Denmark 417 railroads 344–5 Tipu Sultan of Mysore 299, 299 Tubman, Harriet 451
Swan, Joseph 278 Space Age 376–9 Titicaca, Lake 188 Tu—rul Beg, Emir 174
Sweden 120 , 433, 436 Vikings 125 Tiwanaku 188, 191, 412, 412 Tui Manu’a 316
swimwear 374, 374 the Western home 368–9 Tlaloc 183, 184 Tula 178 , 415, 416
swords teddy bears 371, 371 Tlatelolco 181 Tull, Jethro 274
Anglo-Saxon 115, 115 Tegbesu, King of Dahomey 437 Tlingit people 322, 324 Tunis 411
Asante 291, 291 Telamon, Battle of (225 BCE) 398 toasters 368, 368 Tunisia 416
Bronze Age 41, 41 telegraph systems 278 Toba Wei 407 turbans 295, 295
Celtic 67, 67 telephones 279 tobacco 310, 310, 327 Turks see Ottoman Empire; Seljuk Turks
Chinese 104, 104 digital technology 382, 383 Todaiji temple, Nara 169 Turkish Republic 452
Civil War 335, 335 World War I 357, 357 togas 78, 87 Tuscany 74
European 213 invention of 448, 448 Tokugawa Ieyasu 244 Tusi, Nasir al-Din 258, 259
Japanese 246–7, 247 telescopes Tokugawa shogunate 252, 302, 305 Tutankhamun, Pharaoh 26 , 392
Mughal Empire 256, 256 invention of 220, 220 Tokyo 105, 244, 344 , 432 tuxedos 374, 374
Napoleonic Wars 283, 283, 284, 284 in space 377, 377 Tokyo-Yokohama Railway 303 typewriters 365, 365
Norman 137, 137 television 350, 353 Toltecs 178, 180, 180, 181, 181 , 415, 415, 416 Tyre 47
Ottoman 224, 224 “televisor” 452 tomahawks 324, 324
Polynesian 317, 317 Telex 383, 383 tombs see burials U
Qing dynasty 309, 309 Telstar 383 “Tommy Gun” 357, 357
Roman 83, 83 temples Tonga 316 Ubba 120
Southeast Asia 314, 314 Chinese 236, 237 tools, stone 12, 13 Ukraine 120 , 463
Viking 122, 122 Hindu 154, 154, 156 torcs 70, 70 Ulua valley 181
Sydney 441 Khmer 172, 173, 173 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494) 427, 428 Uluru 318, 318
Symeon, Khan 414 Mayan culture 184 torsion balance 220, 220 Umayyad dynasty 134, 135 , 411, 412
synthesizers 352, 352 Mesopotamian 18, 20, 21 totem poles 327, 327 Umayyad Mosque, Damascus 134, 134
Syracuse 396 Roman 86 Tours-Poitiers, Battle of (732) 411 unicorns 16, 17
Syria 398 Tenayuca 181 Tower of Babel 18 uniforms
tennis rackets 371, 371 towers, Celtic 66, 66
T Tenochtitlán 178, 181 , 423, 425, 425, 428 towns see cities and towns Civil War 335, 335
Tenzing Norgay 455, 455 Toyohara Chikanobu 306–7 Japanese 305
Tabriz 152 Teotihuacan 106, 106, 109, 403, 403, 407, 411 Toyota 347, 347 modern warfare 381
Tacitus 80 Tepe Yahya 24 toys 82, 82, 280, 371 Napoleonic Wars 284
Taejo, King of Korea 170, 232 , 424 teppo guns 246, 246 traction engines 274 Qing dynasty 309, 309
Tages 78 terra-cotta soldiers 102–3 , 399 tractors 365, 365 Red Guard 365, 365
Taharka, King 394 test-tube baby 458 trade world wars 354
Tahiti 316, 317 Teshub 43, 43 American Indians 324 United Nations 380, 381, 381 , 455, 461
Taiho Code ( Japan) 169 Teutones 400 Benin 265 United States of America
Taika reforms, Japan 410 Teutonic Knights 425 British Raj 299 abolition of slavery 447
Taiping Uprising (1850–64) 308 , 446 Texas 328 , 445 Byzantine Empire 131 aircraft 340, 340, 342, 342
Taira family 169 Texas Rangers 331, 331 China 236, 242, 310 Alaska purchase 447
Taiwan 316 , 449 Texcoco, Lake 178 early humans 12 American Indians 322–7
Taizong, Emperor of China 160, 162, textiles Egypt 33, 47 Articles of Confederation 440
Taizu, Emperor of China 160 Indian 299, 299 India 98 birth of 328–37
Taj Mahal, Agra 254, 255 , 434, 434 Industrial Revolution 272, 274 Islamic courts and caliphates 134 border with Canada 445
Takuan Soho 244 Paracas culture 54, 54 Japan 244 cars 346, 349
Talas River, Battle of (751) 160 silk 104, 198, 198, 218, 218 North America 269 Civil War 334–5 , 447
Tales of Genji 169 see also clothing; uniforms palace societies of the Aegean 44 Constitution 331, 331, 332–3 , 441
Tamerlaine 254 , 424, 425 spinning jenny 439 Phoenicians 47 Declaration of Independence (1776) 333 , 440
Tang dynasty 160 , 410, 412 Tezcaatlipoca 187 Renaissance 198–9 exploration, trade, and transportation 330–31
Thailand 314 Roman Empire 83 global surveillance 463
art and culture 166 Thales 58 Safavid 229 Hurricane Katrina 462
beliefs and rituals 163 Thames River 69 Shang dynasty 50 immigration 444
burial horse 164–5 Thane 300 United States of America 330–31 Industrial Revolution 272
collapse of 415 Thanesar 410 Vikings 124 and Japan 446
invasions of Korea 170 theater Trafalgar, Battle of (1805) 442 Jazz Age 373
politics and power 162 kabuki 244, 253, 253 “Trail of Tears” 322 , 444 law and order 331
tangram 311, 311 Noh 253, 253 trains see railroads Louisiana Purchase 442
Tanjore 413 Thebes 394, 397 Trajan, Emperor 88, 90 , 403 Mexican War 445
Tannenburg, Battle of (1410) 451 Theodora, Empress (wife of Justinian I) 130, 130 Trajan’s Column, Rome 88–9 movies 353
Taraori, Battle of (1192) 420 Theodora, Empress Regent 132, 132 transistor radios 351, 351 polio epidemic 362
Taoism see Daoism Theodore, Patriarch 132 Transoxiana 424 politics and power 331
Taos Pueblo people 324, 324 Theodore, St. 133 transportation railroads 444, 444
tape recorders 351, 351 Theodoric 408 aircraft 340–43 and reopening of Japan 302
Tarentum 398 Theodosia, St. 133 cars 344, 346–9 slaves 272
Tarquin the Proud, King of Rome 80 Theodosius, Emperor 407 helicopters 343 “smart” weapons 380, 380
Tarquinia 76 Theory of Relativity 450 motorcycles 344, 345 Space Age 376–7
Tasman, Abel 433 Thera, volcanic eruption in 391 railroads 300–301, 344–5 spirit of the American Southwest 176–7
Tasmania 433 Theravada Buddhism 159 United States of America 330–31 Stars and Stripes 336–7
Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria 116 thermometers 360, 360 Vikings 124 Trail of Tears 322, 444
Tassilo Chalice 116, 116 Thirty Years War (1618–48) 210 , 432, 433 Transvaal 446, 448, 449 Vietnam War 380, 381
Tatar Mongols 427 Thompson people 324 Treaty of Rome 456 War of Independence 440
Tatiana, Grand Duchess 289 Thor 120, 123 Treaty of Versailles 452 war with Spain 449
tattoos 317 Thoth 34, 34, 37, 90 trees, symbolism 241 world wars 354–9, 454-55
Taweret 36 Thrace 407 trench warfare 356 universe 58 , 462
Tawintusuyu 188 Three Gorges Dam 462 Trent, Council of (1545–63) 210 , 429 Ur 20, 22–3, 390
TDCS machine 361, 361
tea 236, 250, 250

INDEX 477

Ur III Empire 18, 20 W weapons cont. writing cont.
Urartu, kingdom of 392 Ottoman Empire 224–5 Maghrebi script 135, 135
Urban II, Pope 136 , 415 Waffen-SS 359 Polynesian 317, 317 Mayan 186, 186–7
Urbino 208 Wagenaer, Lucas 198, 198 Qing dynasty 309 Mesopotamia 18, 20, 20
urns, Etruscan 78, 78 wagons, Conestoga 330–331, 330–331 Roman 83, 83, 84–5 Ottoman Empire 223, 223
Urnfield culture 392 Wahhabi movement 438 Shang dynasty 50 Rosetta Stone 92–3
Uruguay 447 Waitingi, Treaty of (1840) 318, 318, 445, 445 Sikh Empire 295, 295 runes 120, 129
Uruk 18, 387 Waldalgesheim 69 Sutlej gun 296–7 Safavid 229, 229
US see United States of America Waldenses 421 Viking 122 Sumerian 387, 388
USSR see Soviet Union Wales 429 World Wars 356–7 Zapotecs 106
Usumacinta River 184 Walesa, Lech 458
Utah 177 Walkman 351, 351 weather, climate change 462 Wu, Emperor of China 104
Utrecht, Union of (1579) 431 Wall Street Crash 452 weather vanes 124, 124 Wu, Empress of China 411
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 436 Wallace, William 422 weaving Wu, King of Zhou 393
Uzbeks 228 wampum 324, 324 Wu Ding, King 48
Wang Anshi 160 early humans 14 Wu kingdom 404
V Wang Geon 170 Jacquard loom 274 Wucai style, porcelain 166, 166
Wang Mang 402 Wedgwood, Josiah 331, 331 Wuchang Uprising 451
vaccines 281, 360, 361 War of 1812 337 Wei kingdom 404 Wurlitzer jukeboxes 351, 351
vacuum cleaners 368, 368 War of Devolution (1667–68) 434 weights
Vaishnavism 154, 156 War of Independence (1776–83), 145, 269, 328, 333, Asante 291, 291 X
Vajracchedika (Diamond Sutra ) 159, 162, 162 , 414 Indus civilization 17, 17
Valerian, Emperor 405 440 Viking 124, 124 X-rays 360, 360
Valhalla 123 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) 437 Welf dynasty 146 Xerxes 396
Valiant steam fire pump 272 War of the Spanish Succession (1700–13) 436 Wellington, Duke of 443, 443 Xesspe, Toribio Mejia 110
Valkyries 123 War of the Triple Alliance (1864–70) 447 Wen, Emperor of China 399, 409 Xi’ang 392
Valley of the Kings 26, 391 warfare Wends 416 Xia dynasty 48
Valois, House of 214 Wessex 413, 414 Xin dynasty 402
Vandals 407, 408, 409 Africa 290, 293 West Indies 268, 320, 436 Xindian culture 51
Vargas, Getúlio 453 American Indians 324 Western home 366–71 Xiongnu peoples 406
Vasari, Giorgio 430 Anglo-Saxons 115 Western Zhou period 48, 53 Xipe Totec 183, 183
Vasudev, Kushan king 402 Australia and New Zealand 319 Westphalia, Treaty of (1648) 433 Xuanzang 159
Vatican Palace 196 Bronze Age 41 wet-rice cultivation 393
Vedas 159 Celts 66, 67 wheel 387 Y
Vedic Hinduism 159 China 104 White, Edward 379, 379
“Velvet Divorce” 460 Civil War 334–5 White Army (Russia) 365 Yamato 105, 405
Velvet Revolution 460 Etruscans 75 Whittle, Frank 343 Yang Jian, Emperor of China 160, 409
Venezuela 320 , 443 French Revolutionary Wars 283–4 Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany 286, 447 Yangdi, Emperor of China 410
Venice 196, 198, 202-203, 209, 422, 424 Greece 60 William I the Conqueror, King of England 136, 138–9, Yanukovych, Viktor 463
Venus (goddess) 82, 86, 86, 175 Holy Roman Empire 150 Yat-sen, Sun 451
Venus (planet) 186 India 295 138–9, 418 Yaxchilan 178
Venus figurines 15, 15 Mesoamerica 180 William III, King of England 218, 435 Yaxchilan Lintel 184–5
Verdi, Giuseppe 287 Mesopotamia 21 William the Conqueror, King of England 136, 138–9, Yayoi age, Japan 105
Verdun, Battle of 451 modern technology 380–81 Yazilikaya, Hattusa 43
Verdun, Treaty of (843) 413 Mongols 152 138–9 Yellow Turbans 404
Vermont 337 Napoleonic Wars 283–4 William the Pious 415 Yeltsin, Boris 460
Versailles 435 Normans 137 Wilson, Woodrow 452 Yi ( Joseon) dynasty 424
North America 269 Wittelsbach dynasty 146 Yi Song-gye 232
Treaty of 452 Ottoman Empire 224–5 Wittenberg 210, 428 Ying Zheng, King of Qin 100, 102
Vervins, Treaty of (1598) 431 Polynesians 317 Wolseley, Sir Garnet 447 Yom Kippur War 457
Vespucci, Amerigo 427 Qing dynasty 309 women Yomei, Emperor of Japan 168
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy 447 Roman Empire 80, 83 Yongzheng, Emperor of China 236
Victoria, Queen of England 281, 281, 298 , 445 Shang dynasty 50 American Indians 327 Yoritomo, Minamoto no 169, 420
video recorders 350 sieges 137, 137 fashion 372–5 York 414
Vienna 286 , 429, 435, 442 Southeast Asia 314 in World War I 358, 358, 359 Yorktown, Battle of (1781) 440
Viet Cong 381 terra-cotta soldiers 102–3 suffragists 449 Yoruba people 292, 293, 437, 437, 449
Vietnam 314 , 415, 417, 425, 455 Vikings 122 Wood, Ken 368 Yoshifusa 414
Vietnam War (1956–75) 380, 381, 458 World Wars 354–9 woodblock printing 162, 162, 244, 252, 306–7 Young, Dr. Thomas 92
Vijayalaya, King of the Cholas 413 Wari culture 188, 191 Woodstock music festival 352, 352 Young Turks Revolution 450
Vijayanagar Empire 423, 424 Warring States era (China) 100, 104, 396 Woolley, Sir Leonard 22, 25 YouTube 462
Vikings and Norsemen 120–29 warriors see warfare World Trade Center 461 Yüan dynasty 152, 160, 167, 422, 424
Wars of Religion (1562–98) 210, 431 world wars 354–9 Yucatán 416
art and culture 129 Wars of the Roses (1455–87) 426 equipment 355 Yugoslavia 460
battle and conflict 122 washbasins 367, 367 fashion 372, 372
beliefs and rituals 123 washing machines 369 home life 358–9 Z
clothing and adornment 128–9 Washington 337 weapons 356–7
home life 125 Washington, George 333, 440, 441, 441 World War I (1914–18) 354–9, 366, 380, 450, 451, Zama, Battle of (202 BCE) 399
in Greenland 416 watches 221, 221, 282, 282 Zapotecs 106–9, 393, 396
in Iceland 120 , 414 watercoolers 82, 82 463 Zedong, Mao 456, 457
in Ireland 413, 417 water droppers 232, 232 equipment 355 Zen Buddhism 250
Lewis Chessmen 126–7 water power 274, 276 instruments of war 357 Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra 405
in Normandy 415 water supply, Roman 86, 86 life on the homefront 358–9 Zeus 62, 63, 64, 91, 91
raid Britain 120, 121, 412, 414 Waterloo, Battle of (1815) 283, 443, 443 medals and memorials 359 Zhang Wenjin 167
in Russia 151 waterspouts 61, 61 uniforms 354 Zhengzhou 48, 392, 391
technology 125 Watson, James 455 weapons 356–7, 380 Zhou dynasty 48–53, 393
trade and transportation 124, 131 Watt, James 276–7, 440 World War II 354–9 , 454–55 Zhu Yuanzhang 424
see also Normans weapons aircraft 342, 342, 343, 343 Zi Han 48
Villanovan armor 76, 76 Assyrian 21, 21 and communism 364 Zia ul-Haq, Mohammad 458
violas da gamba 204, 204 Australia and New Zealand 319 equipment 355 ziggurat of ur 390
Virgin of Vladimir 151, 151 Bronze Age 40, 40 instruments of war 357 Zimbabwe 425, 449
Virginia 432 Celtic 67 life on the homefront 358–9
Virginia Railroad 344 Chinese 104, 104 medals and memorials 359 independence 458
Vishnu 98, 155, 155, 156 Civil War 334–5 uniforms 354 Zoë Palaeologus 426
Visigoths 114, 135 , 408, 411 Etruscan 76 weapons 356–7, 380 Zongzhou 48
Vitruvius 205 European 212–15 Worms, Concordat of (1122) 419 Zulus 272, 290, 290, 291, 291, 293, 443, 443, 445, 448
Vivaldi, Antonio 202 French Revolutionary Wars 283 Worms, Edict of (1521) 428 Zunghar Mongols 436, 439
Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev 151 Gatling gun 274–5, 275 Wounded Knee, Battle of (1890) 322, 449
Vogue 372, 372 Japanese 246–7, 305 Wren, Christopher 436
Volkswagen 347, 347 Maratha 261 Wright, Wilbur and Orville 340, 450
Volta, Alessandro 278 modern warfare 380–81 Wright Flyer 340, 340
voltaic pile 278 Mongol 152, 152 writing
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de 210 , 439 Mughal 256–7 Chinese 48, 48, 238, 238, 309, 309
voting rights for women 451 Napoleonic Wars 283 cuneiform 18, 43
Vouillé, Battle of (507) 408 Norman 137, 139 Cyrillic script 414
Egyptian 91, 387
hieroglyphs 28, 28, 29, 29, 43, 43, 91, 91, 396
Indus civilization 16
Japanese 252
Joseon dynasty 232

478 INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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and Philip Hadland at Canterbury Museums Museum: (br). Penn Museum: (cr, tl). 94 Aberdeen Oriental Museum: (bl, ca, tl). Maidstone Museum: London (br). Getty Images: AFP (bc). Statens
and Galleries; Jackie Westlake and Hilary Riva at Museum: (bc, crb, fcla). Penn Museum: (tc, tl, tr). (bc, br, c, cla, cr, cra, tc, tr). 251 Aberdeen Museum: Historiska Museum: photo by Christer Åhlin (tr).
Faversham Town Council; Lauren Ryall-Stockton, 95 Penn Museum: (c, cr). 96 Aberdeen Museum: (tr). Durham Oriental Museum: (cla, cr, tl). 16 Alamy Images: Globuss Images (b). Dorling
Brigid Bradley, and Alan Humphries at the Thackray (c). Durham Oriental Museum: (bl). Penn Maidstone Museum: (bl, br, cra). 252 Durham Kindersley: Courtesy of the University Museum
Medical Museum, Leeds; Rachel Barclay, Ashleigh Museum: (tl). 97 Durham Oriental Museum: (bc, Oriental Museum: (tc, tl, tr). Maidstone Museum: of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge (t).
Sheppard, Helen Armstrong, Lauren Barnes, and br, ftl, ftr, tr, tc, tr). Great North Museum: (bl). Penn (c, crb). 253 Durham Oriental Museum: (bl). 256 17 Corbis: (br); Alfredo Dagli Orti (bl). Dorling
Craig Barclay at Durham University Oriental Museum: (tl). 98 Aberdeen Museum: (cl, clb). Canterbury Museum: (ca). 257 Durham Oriental Kindersley: Courtesy of the Booth Museum of
Museum; Samantha Harris and Giles Guthrie at 100 Durham Oriental Museum: (clb, crb). Museum: (c). 258 Durham Oriental Museum: (bl, Natural History, Brighton (ca); National Museum,
Maidstone Museum and Bentlif Art Gallery; 101 Aberdeen Museum: (cra, fcra). Durham cb, cbl). 259 Durham Oriental Museum: (br, cr, tr). New Delhi (tl, tr); National Museum, New Delhi (cr).
Inbal Livne, Mike Cobb, and Christopher Date at Oriental Museum: (bl, cl, cla, cr, fcl, fcla, tl). 104 262 Aberdeen Museum: (tr). 263 Penn Museum: 18 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the University
the Powell-Cotton Museum, Quex Park, Kent; Durham Oriental Museum: (bl, br, cl, cr, fcr). Penn (bc, bl, cl, cr, fcla). 264 Penn Museum: (c). 265 Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,
Andrew Parkin and Audrey Glasgow at the Great Museum: (cr, fbr, fcl). 105 Maidstone Museum: Penn Museum: (cr, fcr). Powell Cotton Museum: Cambridge. 19 Alamy Images: Martin Bache.
North Museum: Hancock, Newcastle; and Jim (cb). Penn Museum: (br, crb). 106 Penn Museum: (bc, br, fbr). 266 Powell Cotton Museum: (c). 20 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British
Matthieu, Bob Thurlow, Jen Houser, Katy Blanchard, (tr). 107 Aberdeen Museum: (br, fcla, cla, cr, cra, 267 Powell Cotton Museum: (bc). 272 Maidstone Museum (tr); The Trustees of the British Museum (br);
Bill Wierzbowski, Steve Lang, Dwaune Latimer, fcra, ftr). 108 Penn Museum: (c, cla, clb). Museum: (tr). 274 Maidstone Museum: (c). The Trustees of the British Museum (c). 21 Alamy
Adria Katz, and Lynn Makowsky at the University 109 Aberdeen Museum: (ca, tr). Penn Museum: 278 Aberdeen Museum: (ca). 281 Maidstone Images: Peter Horree (fbr). Dorling Kindersley:
of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and (bl, br, cb, cla, crb, fcrb, tl). 110 Penn Museum: (bc, Museum: (bc). Thackray Museum: (br, c, cb, clb, The Trustees of the British Museum (cl); Imperial War
Anthropology (Penn Museum). bl, cla, clb, cr, ftr, tc, tl, tr). 112-113 Canterbury cr, tr). 282 Powell Cotton Museum: (tr). Museum North (clb). 26 Dorling Kindersley:
Museum. 114 Canterbury Museum: (tr). 115 285 Aberdeen Museum: (cr, fcr). 291 Aberdeen Courtesy of Durham University Oriental Museum .
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; Canterbury Museum: (cl). Great North Museum: Museum: (ca, cra, fcr, fcra, ftr, cla). 293 Penn 27 Corbis: Charles & Josette Lenars. 29 Dorling
l-left; r-right; t-top) (bl). 116 Canterbury Museum: (cr, tr). Maidstone Museum: (bl). 296 Maidstone Museum: (c, tl, tr). Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (cla).
Museum: (c, cb). 117 Great North Museum: (bc, 297 Maidstone Museum: (bl, br, cb, crb). 298 30 Dorling Kindersley: Ashmolean Museum - DK
2 Penn Museum: (c). 4 Durham Oriental bl, br, c, crb, fbr). 118 Canterbury Museum: (br, c, Aberdeen Museum: (ftr, tr). 299 Durham Oriental Images (cla). 34 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Ure
Museum: (fbl). Maidstone Museum: (fcla). Penn cr, crb, fbr, fcr, tr). Maidstone Museum: (cla, cra). Museum: (cla, tc). 304 Durham Oriental Museum: Museum of Greek Archaeology, University of Reading
Museum: (ftl). 6 Canterbury Museum: (tl). 119 Canterbury Museum: (cb, fcl, tc, tr). (c, tc, tl). Maidstone Museum: (cr, tr). 305 Durham (crb). 35 Alamy Images: MCLA Collection (tr).
Durham Oriental Museum: (tc). 7 Powell Cotton Maidstone Museum: (c, cl, clb, fbl). Powell Cotton Oriental Museum: (bl, cla, clb, tl). Maidstone 36-37 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the
Museum: (tc). 8 Penn Museum: (c). 12 Aberdeen Museum: (cr). 131 Penn Museum: (c, cb, cl, clb, Museum: (br, c). 306 Durham Oriental Museum: British Museum. 40 Alamy Images: Peter Adams
Museum: (tr). 13 Great North Museum: (br). Penn tc). 134 Penn Museum: (bc, cr). 140 Aberdeen (bc, bl, br, cr). 307 Durham Oriental Museum: Photography Ltd (b). Corbis: Arne Hodalic (t).
Museum: (fcl). 14 Aberdeen Museum: (bc). Great Museum: (tr). Canterbury Museum: (c, cr, cra). (cl, cr). 308 Penn Museum: (tl, tr). 309 Durham 41 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the University
North Museum: (cl). 20 Aberdeen Museum: (ca). Faversham Town Council: (tl). Great North Oriental Museum: (br). 310 Canterbury Museum: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,
Durham Oriental Museum: (fcla). 21 Penn Museum: (cl). 142 Maidstone Museum: (bc). (tc). Durham Oriental Museum: (c, ca, tr). Cambridge (bl, tr); © The Board of Trustees of the
Museum: (bc, bl, c, cb, cbl, cr, cra, fclb). 22–23 143 Aberdeen Museum: (cb). Canterbury Maidstone Museum: (br). Penn Museum: (cl, cra). Armouries (ftr); Courtesy of the Museum of London
Penn Museum: (all). 24-25 Penn Museum: (all). Museum: (bc, br, c, ca, clb, cr, cra, fcra, tr). Great 311 Durham Oriental Museum: (bc, br, c, ca, cl, cr, (ca, c). 42 Corbis: EPA (bl). Dorling Kindersley:
28 Aberdeen Museum: (cr). Durham Oriental North Museum: (tr). 144 Faversham Town cra, fcl). Powell Cotton Museum: (ftl, tl, tr). Courtesy of the University Museum of Archaeology
Museum: (bl, tl). Penn Museum: (bc, bl, c, fcla). Council: (br, c). 147 Aberdeen Museum: (cla, fcla). 313 Durham Oriental Museum: (c). 314 Aberdeen and Anthropology, Cambridge (tc, tl, fbr); Courtesy
29 Aberdeen Museum: (cla). Canterbury Museum: 160 Penn Museum: (tr). 162 Aberdeen Museum: Museum: (fcr). 316 Aberdeen Museum: (tr). of Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology, University of
(br). Durham Oriental Museum: (c, cbl). Great (cr, fcr). Durham Oriental Museum: (bc, br, cl, cra, 317 Aberdeen Museum: (bc, cla, clb, cr, fclb). Reading (tr). The Art Archive: Prehistoric Museum
North Museum: (ftl). 30 Aberdeen Museum: (bl, tc). Penn Museum: (c, ca). 163 Penn Museum: (c, Maidstone Museum: (bc, crb). Penn Museum: (c). Moesgard Højbjerg Denmark / Gianni Dagli Orti (cla).
ftr, tc). Canterbury Museum: (c). Durham Oriental cr, fcr, tl, tr). 165 Durham Oriental Museum: (bc, 319 Aberdeen Museum: (cb). 325 Penn Museum: 43 Alamy Images: Odyssey-Images (tr); Zev Radovan
Museum: (bc, cl). Great North Museum: (cr, fcr). bl, br, c). 166 Durham Oriental Museum: (br, cb, (br, c, tr). 326 Penn Museum: (c, tc, tl). 327 Penn (bc). Getty Images: De Agostini (bl, cb). Glowimages:
Penn Museum: (fcra). 31 Aberdeen Museum: (tc, cl, cr, fcl, tc). Penn Museum: (bl, c). 171 Durham Museum: (clb). 360 Thackray Museum: (bc). 361 Werner Forman (br). 44 Alamy Images: The Art
fcra). Great North Museum: (cb). 32 Aberdeen Oriental Museum: (bc, bl, br, c, ca, cl, crb, fbr, tr). Thackray Museum: (bl, clb, cr, cra fcla, ftr, tc). 362 Archive (b). 45 Corbis: Michele Falzone (tr); Roger
Museum: (tc). 33 Penn Museum: (c). 34 Aberdeen 177 Penn Museum: (bl, br). 180 Aberdeen Thackray Museum: (bc). 362 Thackray Museum: Wood (bl). 46-47 The Trustees of the British
Museum: (ca, cb, cla, clb, fcla, fclb). Great North Museum: (bl, cr). Penn Museum: (br, cra, crb). 181 (bl). 363 Thackray Museum: (c). 363 Thackray Museum. 48 Corbis: Royal Ontario Museum.
Museum: (fcra). 35 Canterbury Museum: (cl, cla, Aberdeen Museum: (tc). Penn Museum: (bc, cl, tl, Museum: (tc). 363 Thackray Museum: (tl). 49 Getty Images: China Tourism Press. 50 Alamy
cr, fcr). Durham Oriental Museum: (c, cr). Penn tr). 182 Aberdeen Museum: (fcla, fclb, ftr tr). Penn 373 Thackray Museum: (fcra). 384–385 Aberdeen Images: The Art Archive (cla). Corbis: Asian Art &
Museum: (bc, fcl). 36 Penn Museum: (ca). Museum: (bl, c, ca, cb, cl, cr, crb, tc). 183 Penn Museum: (c). 388 Durham Oriental Museum: (tl). Archaeology Inc. (bc). Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy
37 Aberdeen Museum: (cra). Durham Oriental Museum: (bc, bl, ca, tc, tr). 184 Penn Museum: (tl). 389 Penn Museum: (tc). 391 Penn Museum: (br). of the University Museum of Archaeology and
Museum: (fcla, ftr). Penn Museum: (ca, cla). 190 Penn Museum: (bl, c, cl, cla, cr, fcl, fcr). 392 The University of Aberdeen Museum: (bc). Anthropology, Cambridge (cra, ca). Encyclopedia
38 Penn Museum: (br, c). 41 Aberdeen Museum: 191 Penn Museum: (br, c, cb, cr, tc, tr). 194-195 393 Penn Museum: (tc). 394 Great North of China Publishing House: (cb). 51 Dorling
(fcla, cl). Great North Museum: (ca). Penn Museum: Maidstone Museum. 198 Aberdeen Museum: Museum: (tc). 398 Durham Oriental Museum: Kindersley: Courtesy of the University Museum
(bc). 42 Maidstone Museum: (br). Great North (cfr, cr). 208 Canterbury Museum: (tc). Maidstone (bl). 407 Maidstone Museum: (tr). 412 Penn of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge (cb).
Museum: (bc, fcra, ftr). 46 Penn Museum: (tr). Museum: (cbl). Powell Cotton Museum: (cla). Museum: (tl). 415 Penn Museum: (tr). Aberdeen 52 The Bridgeman Art Library: Arthur M. Sackler
47 Durham Oriental Museum: (br). Penn 209 Thackray Museum: (c, ca, cb, cbr, cr, tl). Museum: (bl). 416 Durham Oriental Museum: (tl). Museum, Harvard University Art Museums,USA /
Museum: (c, cla, crb, fbr, fcla, fcrb). 50 Durham 212 Aberdeen Museum: (fclb). Maidstone Penn Museum: (br). 417 Canterbury Museum: Bequest of Grenville L. Winthrop. 54 Alamy Images:
Oriental Museum: (bl, c, cr). Penn Museum: (fcl). Museum: (tc). 216 Maidstone Museum: (c, tc). (tr). 420 Durham Oriental Museum: (tr). 426 Penn The Art Gallery Collection (tr); The Art Archive (bl).
51 Durham Oriental Museum: (b, ca, cla, clb, tc, 217 Canterbury Museum: (c). Maidstone Museum: (tr). 433 Maidstone Museum: (tr). 436 Corbis: Werner Forman (bc). 55 Alamy Images:
Museum: (tc). 217 Powell Cotton Museum: (cb, Aberdeen Museum: (tl). 437 Penn Museum: (br). Kenneth Garrett / Danita Delimont (tr). Glowimages:

INDEX 479

SuperStock (fbr). 58 Dorling Kindersley: Board of Hildebrand (bl). 125 Dorling Kindersley: Peter (cr). 174-175 Photo SCALA, Florence: The (cb). 224 Dorling Kindersley: © The Board of
Trustees of the Royal Armouries (t). 59 Alamy Anderson / Danish National Museum (bl, br); Statens Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource. Trustees of the Armouries (t, cla, cl, ca, scabbard, c,
Images: Ball Miwako. 60 Dorling Kindersley: The Historiska Museum, Stockholm (tc, fbl); Universitets 176 Dorling Kindersley: American Museum of clb, crb). 224-225 Dorling Kindersley: © The Board
Trustees of the British Museum (br); © The Board of Oldsaksamling, Oslo (cra); Statens Historiska Museum, Natural History Library (t). Getty Images: National of Trustees of the Armouries (cb, b). 225 Dorling
Trustees of the Armouries (tl). 61 Dorling Kindersley: Stockholm (cla); Danish National Museum (fbr, cl). Geographic (b). 177 Dorling Kindersley: National Kindersley: © The Board of Trustees of the
Courtesy of the Trustees of Sir John Soane’s Museum Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm: Gabriel Museum of the American Indian / Smithsonian Armouries (tl, tc, tr, cl, cr, fcr). 226-227 Alamy
(tl). 62-63 Courtesy of the Trustees of Sir John Hildebrand (cb). 126-127 The Trustees of the Institution, Washington, DC (cra). Smithsonian Images: Images and Stories (all). 228 Alamy Images:
Soane’s Museum. 63 Courtesy of the Trustees of British Museum. 127 Getty Images: British Library / Institution, Washington, DC: National Museum of B. O’Kane (b). Photo SCALA, Florence: The
Sir John Soane’s Museum: (t). 64 Getty Images: De Robana (b). 128 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the American Indian (tl, tc, cla, cl, clb, ca, tr, cb, bc). Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource (tr).
Agostini (r). 66 Corbis: National Geographic Society the British Museum (tc); Danish National Museum 178 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the University 229 Alamy Images: The Art Archive (bl). Dorling
(b). 67 The Trustees of the British Museum: (t). (b, cl). Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (tr);
Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the Museum of Ulf Bruxe (tr, cra). 129 Dorling Kindersley: Danish Cambridge. 179 Corbis: Hans Georg Roth. Courtesy of Durham University Oriental Museum (br,
London (bc, crb, cr, br, cra); Courtesy of the University National Museum (clb); Statens Historiska Museum, 180 Dorling Kindersley: CONACULTA-INAH-MEX. c). 233 The Bridgeman Art Library: Christie’s Images
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Stockholm (cra, crb). Statens Historiska Museum, Authorized reproduction by the Instituto Nacional de (cr). 234-235 Wikipedia. 236 Alamy Images:
Cambridge (fbl, bl). Getty Images: De Agostini (cl). Stockholm: Christer Åhlin (cla, c, cr); Gabriel Antropología e Historia (tc, cl, bc). 181 Dorling Interfoto (tr). 237 Getty Images: Peter Gridley.
68 Corbis: Werner Forman (t). Getty Images: Print Hildebrand (tl). 130 Getty Images: Universal Images Kindersley: Birmingham Museum And Art Gallery (c); 238 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham
Collector (b). 69 Amgueddfa Cymru – National Group (b). Glowimages: Heritage Images (t). CONACULTA-INAH-MEX. Authorized reproduction University Oriental Museum (cl, tr); The Wallace
Museum Wales: (bl). The Bridgeman Art Library: 131 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Collection - DK Images (ca). 242 Dorling Kindersley:
Ashmolean Museum (cl). Corbis: Heritage Images Museum (tr); Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm (cr). 182 Glowimages: Werner Forman Archive / The Trustees of the British Museum (cla); Courtesy of
(cla). Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British (bl). Getty Images: Universal Images Group (cr). Dallas Museum of Art (crb). 183 Dorling Kindersley: Durham University Oriental Museum (clb, bl, bc).
Museum (r). Getty Images: De Agostini (ca). 70 Werner Forman Archive: British Museum, London CONACULTA-INAH-MEX. Authorized reproduction Encyclopedia of China Publishing House: (tc).
Alamy Images: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (ca). (br). 132-133 The Trustees of the British Museum. by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 243 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham
The Trustees of the British Museum: (tl). Dorling 134 Glowimages: Werner Forman (bl, cb, bc); (br). Glowimages: Werner Forman Archive (cla); University Oriental Museum (tc, cb, bc). 244 Dorling
Kindersley: Courtesy of the University Museum of ImageBroker (t). 135 Glowimages: Werner Forman Werner Forman Archive (cl). 184-185 The Trustees Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham University Oriental
Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge (tr); The (cb, cr, bl). Photo SCALA, Florence: The of the British Museum. 186-187 Sächsische Museum (t). 246 Dorling Kindersley: © The Board of
Trustees of the British Museum (cb). Getty Images: Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource (br). Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Trustees of the Armouries (clb, bc). 247 Dorling
De Agostini (cl). 71 The Trustees of the British 136 Getty Images: (b). Photo SCALA, Florence: Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB). Dresdner Kindersley: © The Board of Trustees of the
Museum: (bc). Dorling Kindersley: Alan Hills and The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource (t). Digitalisierungszentrum (DDZ): http://digital. Armouries (cb). 251 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy
Barbara Winter / The Trustees of the British Museum 137 Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin: slub-dresden.de/id280742827 (all). 188 Alamy of Durham University Oriental Museum (c). 252
(clb). Getty Images: (br); De Agostini (tr). 72 Getty A. Psille (fcr). Dorling Kindersley: © The Board of Images: The Art Archive (tr). Getty Images: Ennio Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham University
Images: De Agostini (bl). 72-73 The Trustees of the Trustees of the Armouries (c, fcl, cl, tc, ca, br). Getty Vanzan (b). 189 Alamy Images: Peter Horree (bc); Oriental Museum (cr, br, bl, bc). 253 Dorling
British Museum. 74 Getty Images: Bridgeman Art Images: British Library / Robana (tr). 138 Getty The Art Archive (br). Dorling Kindersley: University Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham University Oriental
Library (b). 75 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Ure Images: De Agostini (cl); Bridgeman Art Library (t). Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Museum (r). 255 Getty Images: Grant Faint. 256
Museum of Greek Archaeology, University of Reading Robert Harding Picture Library: Walter Rawlings Cambridge (tr); Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham University
(ca); Ashmolean Museum - DK Images (cl). 76 Getty (c). 138-139 Getty Images: Bridgeman Art Library. Oxford (tl). Getty Images: De Agostini (bl); DEA / M. Oriental Museum (bc, br); © The Board of Trustees of
Images: De Agostini (br). 80 Dorling Kindersley: The 140 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the Museum Carrieri (tc). Glowimages: Werner Forman Archive the Armouries (cl, tr, cra, ftr); The Wallace Collection
Trustees of the British Museum. 81 Alamy Images: of the Order of St. John, London (cb, bc, bl); Courtesy (cl, c). 190 Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Metro - DK Images (clb). 257 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy
Ken Kaminesky. 82 Corbis: Araldo de Luca (bl); of the Museum of London (br). 141 The Mappa Museum (tr, ftr). 191 Getty Images: De Agostini (l). of the City Palace Museum, Jaipur (bl); © The Board
Sylvain Sonnet (c). 83 The Trustees of the British Mundi Trust and Dean and Chapter of Hereford 192-193 Corbis: Hemis / Richard Soberka. of Trustees of the Armouries (cla, cl); Courtesy of
Museum: (cl). Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of Cathedral. 142 Alamy Images: The Art Archive (t). 193 Corbis: Martin Finkbeiner (bl, br). 196 Dorling Durham University Oriental Museum (cb). Getty
the British Museum (tr). 84-85 Dorling Kindersley: 146 Alamy Images: The Art Gallery Collection (t). Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (tr). Images: AFP (tr). Photo SCALA, Florence: The
National Museums of Scotland. 88 Alamy Images: The Bridgeman Art Library: Musée Condé, Chantilly 197 Glowimages: ImageBroker. 198 Dorling Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource (br).
Frank Bach. 89 Alamy Images: A.A.M. Van der / Giraudon (b). 147 Alamy Images: Interfoto (cl). Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (cla); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Freer
Heyden (bl). Getty Images: Independent Picture Corbis: Austrian Archives (br). Getty Images: National Maritime Museum, London (br); Whipple Gallery of Art / Gift of Dr. Stephen R. Turner
Service (cl). The Art Archive: National Museum Bridgeman Art Library (bl). Wikipedia: (t). 148-149 Museum of History of Science, Cambridge (bl). F1984.3a-b (tl). 260 Alamy Images: Dinodia Photos
Bucharest / Dagli Orti (cb). 90 Getty Images: Statens Historiska Museum: (all). 150 Dorling 199 Getty Images: Universal Images Group. (tr). Getty Images: De Agostini (bl, bc). Glowimages:
Universal Images Group (b). 91 Alamy Images: Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (bc); 200-201 Dorling Kindersley: Whipple Museum of Werner Forman (br). Nour Foundation / Nasser D.
Collection Dagli Orti (tl). 92-93 The Trustees of the The Wallace Collection - DK Images (tr, c, cr, bl); The History of Science, Cambridge (all). 202 Photo Khalili Collection of Islamic Art / Courtesy of the
British Museum. 98 Dorling Kindersley: The Wallace Collection - DK Images / By kind permission SCALA, Florence: White Images (cla). 204 Dorling Khalili Family Trust: Acc. No joy2151.3 (cr). 261
Trustees of the British Museum (bc); National of the Trustees of the Wallace Collection (cl). Getty Kindersley: The National Music Museum (tr, fcl, cl, c, Dorling Kindersley: Pitt Rivers Museum, University
Museum, New Delhi (c). 99 The Trustees of the Images: De Agostini (tc). 151 Alamy Images: The Art cr, fcr); The National Music Museum (clb, b). of Oxford (r); © The Board of Trustees of the
British Museum: (t). Dorling Kindersley: The Archive (c). Corbis: (cr). Dreamstime.com: SeregaI 205 Alamy Images: Bildarchiv Monheim GmbH / Armouries (tl, cla, bc, bl, cl); The Wallace Collection -
Trustees of the British Museum (b). 100 Corbis: (tr). Getty Images: De Agostini (b). Glowimages: Paul M. R. Maeyaert (cl). Corbis: Derek Bayes (bl); DK Images (c). 262 Corbis: Stapleton Collection (b).
Viewstock / Yi Lu (t). 100-101 Corbis: (b). SuperStock (br). 152 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Nathan Benn (br). Getty Images: Stuart Gregory (cr). 263 Alamy Images: Image Asset Management Ltd
102-103 The Trustees of the British Museum: the Churchill College Archives, Cambridge University Glowimages: SuperStock (c). 206-207 Corbis: Laurie (c). Corbis: Werner Forman (tc). 265 Corbis: Heritage
With kind permission of the Shaanxi Cultural Heritage (cb); © The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (bl, br). Chamberlain. 206 Corbis: Araldo de Luca (cr); Arte & Images (c). Glowimages: Werner Forman (l, t).
Promotion Centre, photo by John Williams and Saul Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Arthur Immagini slr (b). 207 The Bridgeman Art Library: 268 Dorling Kindersley: Wilberforce House, Hull
Peckham. 102 Corbis: Design Pics (tc); Robert M. Sackler Gallery. Purchase, Smithsonian St. Peter’s Vatican, Rome, Italy (tr). 210 Dorling City Museums (t). Glowimages: SuperStock (b).
Harding World Imagery (tl); Mike McQueen (ca). Unrestricted Trust Funds, Smithsonian Collections Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London. 269 The Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection /
103 The Trustees of the British Museum: With kind Acquisition Program and Dr. Arthur M. Sackler (tr). 211 akg-images: André Held. 212 Dorling Christie’s Images (r). Dorling Kindersley: Pitt Rivers
permission of the Shaanxi Cultural Heritage 153 Photo SCALA, Florence: The Metropolitan Kindersley: Courtesy of the English CIvil War Society Museum, University of Oxford (t). Beto Durán: (br).
Promotion Centre, photo by John Williams and Saul Museum of Art / Art Resource (b, tc, tr). 154 Dorling (tc); © The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (ca, cl, Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, Williamsburg,
Peckham. 104 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of Kindersley: National Museum, New Delhi (tr). clb, cb, bl). 212-213 Dorling Kindersley: © The Virginia: (ca). Photo SCALA, Florence: The
the British Museum (tl). Encyclopedia of China Thinkstock: Skouatroulio (b). 155 Corbis: Angelo Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c). 213 Dorling Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource (cla, bc).
Publishing House: (tr). 105 Alamy Images: Interfoto Hornak (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Ancient Coins Kindersley: © The Board of Trustees of the The Art Archive: The British Library, London (c). The
(bl). Glowimages: Tohan Aerial Photographic Service Canada (tr, tc). Glowimages: SuperStock (c). Photo Armouries (tc, cr, tr, b, cb, cra, tl). 214-215 Photo Library of Congress, Washington DC: Image No
/ AFLO (tr). 107 Dorling Kindersley: Birmingham SCALA, Florence: The Metropolitan Museum of Art / SCALA, Florence: The Metropolitan Museum of Art / 004r (bl). 272-383 Dorling Kindersley: Southbank
Museum And Art Gallery (bl). 110 Alamy Images: Art Resource (cr, br). SuperStock: Tomas Abad (bc). Art Resource. 215 Corbis: Leonard de Selva (br). Enterprises (sidebar). 273 Getty Images: Heritage
Nathan Benn (cr); The Art Archive (br). Corbis: Keren 156-157 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the Photo SCALA, Florence: The Metropolitan Museum Images. 274 Dorling Kindersley: Museum of English
Su (tr). 114 Getty Images: British Library / Robana (b). British Museum. 156 Dorling Kindersley: The of Art / Art Resource (bl). 216 Dorling Kindersley: Rural Life, The University of Reading (tl); The Science
115 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Trustees of the British Museum (t). 158-159 Corbis: © The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tl); The Museum, London (cl, tc). Abudulla Saheem: (cr).
Museum (tr); Courtesy of the Museum of London (br); Brooklyn Museum of Art. 159 Alamy Images: Wallace Collection - DK Images (tr, b). 217 Dorling Science & Society Picture Library: Science Museum
© The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (crb). 116 Photosindia.com (b). 161 Photo SCALA, Florence: Kindersley: Courtesy of the Museum of the Order of (bl, tr). 274-275 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the
The Bridgeman Art Library: Kremsmunster Abbey, The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource. 162 St. John, London (tl, cl); The Wallace Collection - DK Royal Artillery Historical Trust (b). 275 Dorling
Upper Austria (l). Dorling Kindersley: Ashmolean The Bridgeman Art Library: Crown, Northern Song Images (r, bl). 218 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tl);
Museum, Oxford (tc). Getty Images: De Agostini (bc). dynasty or Liao dynasty, 10th-11th century (bronze The Shoe Museum (cr). 219 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of The National Railway Museum, York /
RMN: Grand Palais (Musée du Louvre) / Martine with gilding & repoussé decor), Chinese School / Saint Courtesy of the Museum of London (all). 220 Dorling Science Museum, London (tr). 276 Science & Society
Beck-Coppola (br). 118 Getty Images: De Agostini Louis Art Museum, Missouri, USA / Funds given by Kindersley: Science Museum, London (clb); Science Picture Library: Science Museum (bl). 276-277
(tc). 120 Statens Historiska Museum. 121 Photo Edith Spink in memory of her husband, C. C. Johnson Museum, London (bl); Calcografia Nacional, Madrid Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London.
SCALA, Florence: Pierpont Morgan Library / Art Spink (tl). The Trustees of the British Museum: (bl). (bc); Science Museum, London (br). Getty Images: 278 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Dorling Kindersley: The
Resource. 122 Dorling Kindersley: Peter Anderson / 166 Dorling Kindersley: Ashley Leiman (bc). British Library / Robana (c); Hulton Archive (tc); Time Science Museum, London (tr, cla, clb, cb, bc, br);
Danish National Museum (cl); Universitets Encyclopedia of China Publishing House: (tr). & Life Pictures (cla). 221 Dorling Kindersley: Science Whipple Museum of History of Science, Cambridge
Oldsaksamling, Oslo (br); © The Board of Trustees of 167 The Trustees of the British Museum. 168 Museum, London (cla); Whipple Museum of History (tc). Science & Society Picture Library: National
the Armouries (tl, cla, clb); Vikings of Middle England Photo SCALA, Florence: The Metropolitan Museum of Science, Cambridge (tc, r); Science Museum, Media Museum (crb). 279 Dorling Kindersley:
(tc); Danish National Museum (tr, cra). 123 Dorling of Art / Art Resource (t). 168-169 Photo SCALA, London (cl); Science Museum, London - DK Images The Science Museum, London (t, b). 280 Dorling
Kindersley: Danish National Museum (tl, clb); Statens Florence: The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art (c); The Natural History Museum, London (bl). Kindersley: Blandford Fashion Museum (cra);
Historiska Museum, Stockholm (cla, br, cl, bl); Resource. 169 Corbis: Radius Images (tl). 170 Getty 222 Getty Images: De Agostini / G. Dagli Orti (tr, bc). Washington Dolls’ House and Toy Museum (bl);
Universitets Oldsaksamling, Oslo (t). 124 Dorling Images: De Agostini (t). Photo SCALA, Florence: SuperStock: Christie’s Images Ltd. (br). 223 Alamy The Science Museum, London (tr); National Cycle
Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (tr); The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource (b). Images: Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive (cra). The Collection (crb). Science & Society Picture Library:
Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm (cra, br); York 171 Getty Images: De Agostini (cra). 172-173 Alamy Bridgeman Art Library: Christie’s Images (br). Getty Science Museum (tc). 281 Dorling Kindersley: HPS
Museums Trust (Yorkshire Museum). Reproduced by Images: Gary Dublanko (b). 173 Alamy Images: Paul Images: De Agostini / G. Dagli Orti (cl, cla, ca). Nour Museum of Leeds University (ca, tc); The Science
courtesy of the Yorkshire Museum (ca). Statens Carstairs (c). Corbis: Hemis / Jacques Sierpinski (tl). Foundation / Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Museum, London (crb). Getty Images: Hulton
Historiska Museum, Stockholm: Gabriel Getty Images: Steve Allen (cla); Luis Castaneda Inc Islamic Art / Courtesy of the Khalili Family Trust: Archive (ftl). Science & Society Picture Library:

480 INDEX

Science Museum (bc). 282 The Bridgeman Art American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center (tr); Kindersley: The Eden Camp Museum, Yorkshire (tl, 403 Alamy Images: Kari (b); Profimedia.CZ a.s. (t).
Library: Château de Versailles, France / Giraudon (b). National Postal Museum (cr). Wikipedia: http://en. tc, ca); By kind permission of The Trustees of the 404 Corbis: The Gallery Collection (t, b). 405 Corbis:
283 Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson (bl); © The wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans- Imperial War Museum, London (tr, cra, c, bc, br); The (tl, b). Getty Images: Gallo Images (tr). 406 Alamy
Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, cla, cra/bullets, Miss.jpg (tc). 330-331 Smithsonian Institution, Wardrobe Museum, Salisbury (ftr). 359 Alamy Images: Peter G. Steyn (tl). Corbis: Araldo de Luca
c, clb, cra, crb); Queen’s Printer (br). 284 Dorling Washington, DC: National Museum of American Images: Glasshouse Images (tl); The Art Archive (bl). (tc). 407 Alamy Images: Interfoto (b). 408 Alamy
Kindersley: David Edge (cl, r). 285 Alamy Images: History, Kenneth E. Behring Center (b). 331 Dorling Corbis: Leemage (fbl). Dorling Kindersley: Eden Images: The Art Archive (bl). Dorling Kindersley:
Interfoto (cb). The Bridgeman Art Library: Christie’s Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Hall, New Camp Modern History Theme Museum, Malton (bc); The Trustees of the British Museum (br). 409 Alamy
Images (br, bc); Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee Orleans, LA (cl). Smithsonian Institution, By kind permission of The Trustees of the Imperial Images: age fotostock (t). 410 Corbis: Andreas von
Carnavalet, Paris , France (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Washington, DC: National Museum of American War Museum, London (cra); Collection of Jean-Pierre Einsiedel (tr). Getty Images: De Agostini (b). 411
Courtesy of The University of Aberdeen (fcr, cr); (ca); History, Kenneth E. Behring Center (fcla, cla, clb, tl, tr); Verney (fcra, br); The Wardrobe Museum, Salisbury Dorling Kindersley: CONACULTA-INAH-MEX.
Collections du Musee Nationale de la Legion National Portrait Gallery (cr). The Library of (fbr). 360 Alamy Images: RTimages (br). Authorized reproduction by the Instituto Nacional de
d’Honneur (tc). Wikipedia: (tr). 286-287 Congress, Washington DC: G3861.E9 1860 .H4 (c). PunchStock: Image Source (cra). 361 Corbis: Antropología e Historia (b). 412 Getty Images: De
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. 287 Corbis: The US National Archives and Records Smithsonian Institution (br). Getty Images: Universal Agostini (tc). 413 SuperStock: Universal Images
Austrian Archives (tr). Getty Images: De Agostini (br). Administration: (cra). 332-333 The US National Images Group (bl). 364 Corbis: Heritage Images (b). Group (b). 414 Dorling Kindersley: Ashmolean
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna: (cr). 288 Getty Archives and Records Administration. 333 Corbis: 365 The Bridgeman Art Library: Prismatic Pictures Museum, Oxford (tr); National Maritime Museum,
Images: David Lefranc (tr). Glowimages: SuperStock GraphicaArtis (br). 334 Dorling Kindersley: (cr). Corbis: Michael Nicholson (c); David Pollack (tr). London (b). 418 Dorling Kindersley: Vikings of
(cr, br). 289 Corbis: JAI / Nadia Isakova (tl). Getty Gettysburg National Military Park (clb, cb, b); Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War Museum, London Middle England (br). Getty Images: De Agostini (bl).
Images: Stan Honda / AFP (r). 290 Dorling Southern Skirmish Association (cla, crb); (tc); State Central Museum of Contemporary History 419 Alamy Images: Print Collector (t). Getty Images:
Kindersley: By kind permission of the Trustees of the © The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c, ftr, cra). of Russia (ca, clb, bc). images reproduced courtesy Paolo Mudu (b). 420 Dorling Kindersley: The
Wallace Collection (tr). Glowimages: (b). 334-335 Dorling Kindersley: © The Board of of Powerhouse Museum: Penelope Clay (cl). 366 Trustees of the British Museum (b). 421 Corbis:
291 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Trustees of the Armouries (ca). 335 The Bridgeman Alamy Images: Interfoto (tr); James Jenkins - Visual Robert Harding World Imagery (t). 422 Corbis:
Museum (cr); Exeter City Museums and Art Gallery Art Library: Confederate Memorial Hall, New Arts (bl); Marc Tielemans (br). 367 Alamy Images: Heritage Images (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Ashmolean
(cla); The Wallace Collection - DK Images (bl, crb, crb/ Orleans, Louisiana, USA / Photo © Civil War Archive V&A Images (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Andy Museum, Oxford (tl). 423 Alamy Images: Alan
Curved dagger, br). 292 Dorling Kindersley: Exeter (c); Gettysburg National Military Park Museum, McConnell / Glass Etc (tc). Fireflyhouse (www. Gallery (br). Corbis: Design Pics (t). 424 Dorling
City Museums and Art Gallery (cl, bc); Royal Pavilion Pennsylvania, USA / Photo © Civil War Archive (cl); fireflyhouse.co.uk): (cr). Photo SCALA, Florence: Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (t).
Museum and Art Galleries, Brighton (r). 293 Dorling Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA The Museum of Modern Art, New York (b). 425 Alamy Images: Pictorial Press Ltd. (tl). 426
Kindersley: Exeter City Museums and Art Gallery (fcl); / Photo © Civil War Archive (cr); Dorling Kindersley: 368 AGA Rangemaster Group PLC: (bc). Alamy Alamy Images: 19th era 2 (b). Dorling Kindersley:
Courtesy of the Powell-Cotton Museum, Kent (tl, tr); Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans, LA (tr); Images: Elizabeth Whiting & Associates (c). Dorling Penn University Museum (t). 427 Alamy Images:
© The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cla, bc); Gettysburg National Military Park (cra); Smithsonian Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (fcr); The Interfoto (bl). Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime
The Combined Military Services Museum (CMSM) Institution, Washington, DC: National Museum of Design Museum, London (fcl, br). 369 Science & Museum, London (t). 428 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch
(cb). 294 Alamy Images: James May (b). V&A American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center (br). Society Picture Library: Science Museum (cl, bl, r). Collection (t). 429 Dorling Kindersley: © The Board
Images / Victoria and Albert Museum, London: 336 Corbis: Smithsonian Institution. 337 Dorling 370 123RF.com: Yuriy Chaban (tc). Alamy Images: of Trustees of the Armouries (t). Glowimages: Eurasia
(tr). 295 Alamy Images: MCLA Collection (cra). Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Hall, New Lenscap (tl); Paul Springett 03 (tr). Getty Images: SSPL Press (b). 430 Corbis: Leemage (t). Glowimages:
Bigmetalfish: Sunita Gahir (cl). The Bridgeman Art Orleans, LA (br). Smithsonian Institution, (b). 371 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Pentax UK SuperStock (bl). 431 Corbis: Bettmann (t). Dorling
Library: Royal Armouries, Leeds, UK (cr). Dorling Washington, DC: National Museum of American Ltd (cra). Dreamstime.com: Daniel Thornberg (bc). Kindersley: © The Board of Trustees of the
Kindersley: Board of Trustees of the Royal Armouries History (bc, fbr). 340 The Bridgeman Art Library: Mattel, Inc.: (tc). 372 Corbis: Condé Nast Archive Armouries (b). 432 Alamy Images: Laurent Davoust
(cb, br); Central London Ghurdwara (tc, cla); © The Da To Images (tr). Dorling Kindersley: The (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Blandford Fashion Museum (t). Thinkstock: Photos.com (b). 433 Corbis: Design
Board of Trustees of the Armouries (clb). 298 The Shuttleworth Collection, Bedfordshire (c, bl). 340-341 (clb, bl, br); Banbury Museum (fbl, bc, fbr). Pics (b). Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Maidstone
Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection (b). Dorling Kindersley: The Shuttleworth Collection (b). 373 Alamy Images: Mary Evans Picture Library (bl). Museum (cr). Thinkstock: iStock (t). 434 Dorling
299 Alamy Images: Dinodia Photos (tr). A.H. 341 Dorling Kindersley: The Shuttleworth Collection Dorling Kindersley: The Museum of London (cla, c, Kindersley: Peter Cook (bl). Glowimages: Museum
Baldwin & Sons Ltd, London www.baldwin.co.uk: (tl, cla, cl, tr, fcra, cra, bc). 342 Dorling Kindersley: tr, cr, br). 374 The Advertising Archives: (bl). of London (t). 435 The Bridgeman Art Library:
(cra). The Bridgeman Art Library: Christie’s Images Courtesy of Brooklands Museum (cra); Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Angels Fancy Dress (bc); Kremlin Museums, Moscow, Russia (t). Dorling
(cl, clb). Dorling Kindersley: The National Music Flugausstellung (tc); Courtesy of Nationaal Luchtvaart Blandford Fashion Museum (c). Photo SCALA, Kindersley: Science Museum, London (b).
Museum, Inc (b). Getty Images: Bridgeman Art Themapark Aviodome (cla); Courtesy of Robert John Florence: The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art 436 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of The University
Library (cr); Werner Forman (crb). 303 Corbis: Asian Willies (clb); Courtesy of RAF Battle of Britain Resource (r). 375 Alamy Images: Pictorial Press Ltd. of Aberdeen (t). Thinkstock: Photos.com (b).
Art & Archaeology Inc. 305 Dorling Kindersley: Memorial Flight (b). Wikipedia: National Museum of (br); StockPhotosArt - Objects (bl). Dorling 437 Dorling Kindersley: © The Board of Trustees
Royal Armouries—DK Images (ca); © The Board the U.S. Air Force (cl). 342-343 123RF.com: Nataliya Kindersley: Angels Fancy Dress (tl, tc, tr, clb); of the Armouries (t). 438 Alamy Images: The Art
of Trustees of the Armouries (cl). (c) Tomo Yun - Hora (c). 343 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Robert Blandford Fashion Museum (cla). V&A Images / Archive (b). 439 Corbis: Bettmann (br); Christie’s
www.yunphoto.net: (tr). 308 Corbis: Atlantide Foster (cla); Courtesy of the Royal Airforce Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, London: (bc). Images (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham
Phototravel (b). 309 The Bridgeman Art Library: London (Hendon) (tl); The Science Museum, London 376 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, University Oriental Museum (t). 440 Alamy Images:
Christie’s Images (tr, t). Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy (tr); Courtesy of The Helicopter Museum (br). 344 London (bc). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Glasshouse Images (b). Wikipedia: (t). 441 Alamy
of Durham University Oriental Museum (bl); Corbis: Leslie Ragan (tr). Dorling Kindersley: The DC: National Air and Space Museum (bl, cr). Science Images: The Art Archive (t). Wikipedia (b).
© The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cla, cl). National Railway Museum, York / Science & Society & Society Picture Library: Science Museum (tr). 442 Dorling Kindersley: © The Board of Trustees of
James D. Julia Auctioneers, Fairfield, Maine Picture Library, London (crb); Virginia Museum of 377 NASA: JPL / Caltech (br). Smithsonian the Armouries (b). 443 Alamy Images: Image Asset
www.jamesdjulia.com: (tc). 310 Dorling Transportation (cb, b). 345 Dorling Kindersley: Institution, Washington, DC: National Air and Space Management Ltd. (tr). Corbis: Bettmann (b). Dorling
Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham University Oriental Hitachi Rail Europe (crb); The National Motor Museum (tc, cla, c, cr). 378-379 NASA. Kindersley: Courtesy of the Powell-Cotton Museum,
Museum (bc). 311 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Museum, Beaulieu (tr, c); Stuart Lanning (cl); Phil 378 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Kent (tl). 444 Alamy Images: The Art Archive (t).
Durham University Oriental Museum (tc). 312 The Davies (cr); Rewari Steam Loco Shed (clb). 347 Alamy National Air and Space Museum, Gift of Douglas R. Corbis: Underwood & Underwood (b). 445 Alamy
Library of Congress, Washington DC: (tl). 314 Images: Baby Ray (clb). Dorling Kindersley: John Brown (t, cla); Gift of NASA / Johnson Space Center Images: Pictorial Press Ltd. (b). Corbis: Heritage
Alamy Images: Interfoto (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Mold (tl). 348-349 Dorling Kindersley: R. Florio (b). Robonaut 2 team (tl). 379 Smithsonian Institution, Images (t). 446 Alamy Images: Classic Image (t).
Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (cb). 349 Corbis: Bettmann (br). 350 Alamy Images: Washington, DC: National Air and Space Museum Corbis: Historical Picture Archive (b). 447 Alamy
Glowimages: Werner Forman Archive (bc). Batchelder (tr); Martin Williams (cb); Les Breault (br). (tr). 380 Corbis: George Hall (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Images: Image Asset Management Ltd. (b). Dorling
Wikipedia: Bonhams London, 6 Dec 2012, lot 26 Corbis: Robert Estall (clb). 351 Alamy Images: Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Historical Trust (br); Kindersley: Southern Skirmish Association (t).
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raden_ Interfoto (ca). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Bradbury Science Museum, Los Alamos (bl); RAF 448 Alamy Images: The Art Archive (bl). Dorling
Saleh,_circle_of_-_A_landscape_in_the_Dutch_East_ Museum, London (tc); Hugh Threlfall (bc). 352 Alamy Museum, Cosford (c); Stuart Beeny (cb). 381 Corbis: Kindersley: Science Museum, London (t). 449 Alamy
Indies.jpg (tr). 315 Dorling Kindersley: Southbank Images: CBW (crb); Andrew Hasson (cr). Dorling National Geographic Society (tc). Dorling Images: Falkensteinfoto (b). Glowimages: Heritage
Enterprises (all). 316 Getty Images: De Agostini (b). Kindersley: The National Music Museum (tl, c). Getty Kindersley: Board of Trustees of the Royal Armouries Images (t). 450 The Library of Congress,
317 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Images: Redferns (tr). 353 Alamy Images: AF Archive (cb, b, br); The Tank Museum (tl); © The Board of Washington DC: LC-DIG-ppprs-00626 (b).
Museum (br); © The Board of Trustees of the (tr); imagebroker (br). Dorling Kindersley: Glasgow Trustees of the Armouries (crb). Global Armour 451 Alamy Images: Chronicle (b). Corbis: DPA /
Armouries (cla); Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Museum (clb); Museum of the Moving Image, London www.globalarmour.co.za: (ca). 382 Alamy Images: 91040 (t). 452 Alamy Images: David Cole (b).
Oxford (tr). 318 Wikipedia: (tr). 319 Dorling (tc, c). Dreamstime.com: Jamie Cross (crb). Cultura Creative (RF) (tr); Interfoto (bl); Adrian Lyon Corbis: Bettmann (t). 453 Alamy Images: Dinodia
Kindersley: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford 354 Dorling Kindersley: Board of Trustees of the (br). Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Apple Photos (tl); DIZ Muenchen GmbH, Sueddeutsche
(cl, tr, tc, ca, cra, cb, b); © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Armouries (bc); Jean-Pierre Verney (bl, cb); The Computer, Inc. (c). Toshiba Corporation: (bc). Zeitung Photo (tc). Corbis: Bettmann (b).
Armouries (ftr). 320 David Rumsey Map Collection Wardrobe Museum, Salisbury (crb). Wikipedia: (tr). 383 Alamy Images: Interfoto (cl); PhotoEdit (cla). 454-455 Dorling Kindersley: RAF Battle of Britain
www.davidrumsey.com: (tr, cr, br). 320-321 David 355 Dorling Kindersley: 5te. Kompagnie Infanterie Science & Society Picture Library: Science Museum Memorial Flight. 454 Corbis: (bl). 455 Alamy
Rumsey Map Collection www.davidrumsey.com. Regiment nr.28 ‘Von Goeben’ (r); The Wardrobe (tc). 386 Alamy Images: The Art Archive (t); Brother Images: Ewing Galloway (b). Corbis: Bettmann (t).
322 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Museum, Salisbury (cla, ca, cr); Jean-Pierre Verney (tc); Luck (b). 387 Corbis: Nik Wheeler. 389 Alamy 456 Alamy Images: Marc Tielemans (cr). Corbis:
National Museum of the American Indian. 323 Getty John Pearce (tr); By kind permission of The Trustees of Images: Horizon International Images Limited (b). Lester Cole (tl); Richard Cummins (b). 457 Corbis:
Images: De Agostini. 324 Dorling Kindersley: the Imperial War Museum, London (fcl); The 390 Alamy Images: ZUMA Press, Inc. (b). 391 Alamy David Pollack (b). Science & Society Picture Library:
American Museum of Natural History Library (tr, clb, Combined Military Services Museum (CMSM) (clb, b). Images: Interfoto (bl); www.BibleLandPictures.com Science Museum (tr). 458-459 Getty Images: (t).
bl, cb, cr); museum of mankind / The Trustees of the London Irish Rifles Association: (c). 356 Dorling (t). Dorling Kindersley: Penn University Museum 459 Alamy Images: Pictorial Press Ltd. (b).
British Museum (tc). Smithsonian Institution, Kindersley: Jean-Pierre Verney (cl); The Wardrobe (br). 393 Corbis: Araldo de Luca (t). SuperStock: 460 Alamy Images: Africa Media Online (b).
Washington, DC: National Museum of the American Museum, Salisbury (tl, tc, cra, cra/Shell); © The Board Universal Images Group (b). 394 Alamy Images: 461 Corbis: Reuters (t). Dorling Kindersley:
Indian (cla, cl). 326 Dorling Kindersley: American of Trustees of the Armouries (tr, cla, cla/Rocket); The Sotk2011 (b). 395 Alamy Images: Robert Preston Courtesy of Brooklands Museum (b). 462 Alamy
Museum of Natural History Library (tr, cl, cr, cb, crb, Combined Military Services Museum (CMSM) (clb); Photography (t). 396 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Images: Aaron Alex (t). Corbis: Robert Harding
bl). 326-327 Dorling Kindersley: American Museum The Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Armouries (t). 397 Corbis: Araldo de Luca (t). World Imagery (b). 463 Getty Images: (b)
of Natural History Library (bc). 327 Dorling Military History, Brussels, Belgium (b). 357 Dorling 398-399 Corbis: Design Pics / Timothy Allen (b).
Kindersley: American Museum of Natural History Kindersley: By kind permission of The Trustees of the 398 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Durham Endpapers: Front: Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of
Library (tc, cla, ca, cra, c, br). 328 Boston Tea Pary Imperial War Museum, London (tr, cra); © The Board University Oriental Museum (b); National Museum of Durham University Oriental Museum; Back: Corbis
Ships & Museum, Historic Tours of America, Inc. of Trustees of the Armouries (tl, cla, cla/Gewehr 43, cl, India, New Delhi (t). 399 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (t).
329 The Library of Congress, Washington DC: bl); Jean-Pierre Verney (ca, clb); Imperial War 400 Corbis: Richard A. Cooke (b). 400-401 Getty All other images © Dorling Kindersley
LC-DIG-ppmsca-08968. 330 Smithsonian Museum, London - DK Images (bc). 358 Alamy Images: De Agostini (t). 402 Dorling Kindersley: For further information see: www.dkimages.com
Institution, Washington, DC: National Museum of Images: Mary Evans Picture Library (bl). Dorling Courtesy of Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipan (t).