238 4. METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION The scope of this study describes the depth to which the research topic was investigated and the parameters within which the study will operate. This study's scope encompasses the use of questionnaire surveys (quantitative) in three selected research areas: Jalan Masjid India (JMI), Jalan TAR (JTAR), and Pasar Seni (PS). In this research, the cumulative length of sidewalk is 1680 meters. In Malaysia, the city center of Kuala Lumpur has the largest population of any Malaysian city, with roughly two million people. One of the reasons Jalan Masjid India or JMI, JTAR, and Pasar Seni were selected was because they are places of interest frequented by numerous pedestrians, including merchants, street vendors, street musicians, visitors, workers, students, and others (Dolbani, 2000). Second, the JMI, JTAR, and Pasar Seni regions constitute the primary and most important pedestrian network in Kuala Lumpur. In this study, the researcher employed a quantitative approach, drawing upon the methodologies commonly utilized in the natural sciences. The process entails the gathering and transformation of data into a numerical format, enabling the application of statistical calculations and the derivation of conclusions. This data is subsequently analyzed using a mathematical software program known as the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The questionnaire comprised three sections, namely section A, B, and C. Section A pertains to the demographic background of the participants, encompassing the profile of the interviewees or respondents. This information is collected in the form of nominal data. Section B of the study involves examining the components or variables using a Likert scale and nominal data. Additionally, Section C focuses on gathering ideas or pREFERENCE through the use of nominal data and open-ended questions. In this study, a simple random sampling method was used for probability sampling. This gave the researcher a clear picture of the relationship between the sample and the community. The goal of the simple random sample method used by the researcher was to cut down on the chance of human bias. The population number used in this study is based on Kuala Lumpur, which has a total size of 242 square feet and is expected to have 1.7 million people living there in 2022 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2022). According to the Raosoft calculator (Raosoft.com, 2016), the sample size for this study is 390 valid questionnaires, with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. These questionnaires have been handed out on the sidewalks of Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Jalan TAR), Jalan Masjid India (JMI), and Pasar Seni (PS), which are visited by both locals and tourists. 5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION In this study, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin analysis was used in a pilot test with 30 people. According to Kaiser (1974), the value of KMO should be at least 0.5 to be slightly accepted. Values between 0.7 and 0.8 are also fine, and values close to 1 mean that correlation patterns are fairly tight. The results are shown in Table 1, which shows that the facility factors are greater than 0.6. This means that the association patterns are pretty tight. Most of the time, high numbers (close to 1.0) mean that a factor analysis might be useful for the data. If the value is less than 0.50, the factor analysis usually won't give you very useful results.
239 Table 1: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Num. Factors KMO Value 1. Facility 0.657 A total of 400 sets of questionnaires were dispersed across three distinct locations. The overall quantity of fully completed surveys amounts to a mere 390. In this study, it was found that 10 sets of questionnaires out of the total 400 disseminated were excluded from analysis, while the remaining questionnaires were utilized for interpreting the obtained results. Hence, the researcher obtained a statistically significant sample size of 390 respondents, with a margin of error of 5 percent and a confidence level of 95 percent. Table 2 presents the distribution of respondents across three distinct geographical locations. Table 2: Number of Respondent Num. Location Num. Of respondent 1. Jalan Masjid India 130 2. Pasar Seni 130 3. Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman 130 Total 390 Based on the results obtained, Figure 2 illustrates the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents' gender across three distinct sites, namely Jalan Masjid India (JMI), Pasar Seni (PS), and Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (JTAR). The data reveals that a total of one hundred and sixty-six (166) respondents, accounting for forty-two-point six percent (42.6%), identify as male. In contrast, the female cohort comprised 224 individuals, accounting for 57.4% of the total responders. The majority of respondents in this study possess Malaysian citizenship, comprising a total of 368 individuals, which accounts for 94.4% of the sample. The number of respondents who identified as Non-Malaysian was twenty-two (22), accounting for a proportion of five-point six percent (5.6%). The majority of participants in this research that are not Malaysian are primarily sourced from the study region located at Pasar Seni. The Central Market in Kuala Lumpur is widely recognized as a prominent landmark and a highly sought-after destination for tourists. Figure 2: General Information 1 166 (42.6%) 224 (57.4%) Male Female 368 (94.4%) 22 (5.6%) Malaysian Non-Malaysian
240 Table 3 presents the respondents' perception of facility features at the study regions, which is crucial for evaluating pedestrian perception and expectation. The majority of respondents expressed satisfaction with the various facility components. The evaluation encompasses several factors, namely the state of the roof, adequacy and condition of benches or seats, functionality of lamps, integrity of handrails, visibility and condition of traffic signs, accessibility of ramps, and connectedness of the walkway. The respondents expressed a strong consensus regarding the effectiveness of the pedestrian walkway/path, as indicated by the highest mean score of 3.37. Nevertheless, the assessment of the handrails positioned alongside the sidewalk indicated an average level of quality. Table 3: Pedestrian Perception at Jalan Masjid India, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman and Pasar Seni Statistics of facility elements N Min. Max. Mean Std. Deviation The roof of pedestrian sidewalk in good condition. 390 1.00 5.00 3.3641 1.39250 The benches/ seating along this sidewalk are sufficient. 390 1.00 5.00 3.2026 1.41330 The benches/ seating along this sidewalk is in good condition. 390 1.00 5.00 3.2308 1.41169 Lamps on the pedestrian paths work well. 390 1.00 5.00 3.3744 2.52868 The handrails along the sidewalk in good condition. 390 1.00 5.00 3.0872 1.36711 Traffic signs on pedestrian paths in good condition. 390 1.00 5.00 3.2256 2.93027 The sidewalk are not continuous 390 1.00 5.00 3.2051 1.49170 Ramps are in the good condition 390 1.00 5.00 3.2744 1.22069 The gradient level of ramp is suitable for users with trolleys or wheelchairs. 390 1.00 5.00 3.3179 1.21745 The surface materials of the ramp are not slippery. 390 1.00 5.00 3.3538 1.25345 Valid N (list wise) 390 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The provision of sidewalk infrastructure is an increasingly significant aspect in the advancement of a sustainable transportation system. The precise evaluation of safety is of utmost importance in the formulation of effective safety measures and policies for sidewalk infrastructure. Based on the examined data, the findings consistently demonstrate that the presence of the facility element considerably enhances the quality of pedestrian sidewalks, hence contributing to the overall support of Kuala Lumpur as a city characterized by integrated and sustainable growth. From a researcher's perspective, enhancing pedestrian networks is considered a crucial element in the development of a sustainable urban environment. The configuration and state of sidewalks have the potential to exert both favorable and unfavorable effects on the decisionmaking and conduct of individuals within a community. The establishment of a well-designed and convenient network would facilitate the promotion of walkability, social interaction, and utilization of public transit, so making significant contributions to the sustainability, economy, livability, and health of the city. Consequently, an increasing number of cities are prioritizing the enhancement of their pedestrian networks, acknowledging the significant impact they may exert on the prosperity and desirability of urban areas.
241 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah POLISAS and Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam. In addition, I would like to extend my appreciation to all those who have contributed in some way to the completion of this paper. REFERENCE Americans With Disabilities, (2023) Pub. L. No. 101-336, 104 Stat. 328 (1990). Retrieved from https://highways.dot.gov/safety/pedestrian-bicyclist/safety-tools/43-guide-planning-design-andoperation-pedestrian Dolbani, M. (2000). Responsive Public Open Space in the City Centre of Kuala Lumpur. Unpublished Doctoral thesis. Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom. Department of Statistic Malaysia, (2022), Population Quick Info, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya. Edward O’Donell, (2007). Sidewalks and Shared-Use Paths: Safety, Security and Maintenance, Delaware Institute for Public Administration. Khairi M. (2008). The Use of Wakable Street, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur City Hall, (2012), Kuala Lumpur City Plan (KLCP 2020), Retrieved from Kuala Lumpur City Hall website: http://klcityplan2020.dbkl.gov.my/. Nur Sahabiah A.S. (2017) Addressing the Pedestrian issues in Malaysia: En Route Towards Walking Culture and Sustainable City, Engineering and Applied Sciences 12 (7):- 1818, 2017, 1811-1818, DOI: 10.3923/jeas.2017.1811.1818 Rahman A., N. Shamsuddin S., and Ghani I., (2014). What Makes People Use The Street ?: Towards a liveable urban environment in Kuala Lumpur city centre, Elsevier, 170. Ramin B., and Seyyed A. (2014). Sidewalks: Forgotten Areas In The City (Case Study: Kermanshah, Iran). Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 1118-1121. Raosoft.com., (2016). Sample Size Calculator [online]. Available at http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize. Shamsuddin S., Hassan A., and Bilyamin I. (2012). Wakable Environment in Increasing the Liveability of a City, Elsevier, 50, 175. Solomon Mike F. (2011). Comprehensive Outdoor Lighting Study: Sidewalk and Roadway Lighting, City of Hamilton. Tolley R. (2009). Providing for pedestrians: Principles and Guidelines for Improving Pedestrian Access to Destination and Urban Spaces, Unpublished Manuscript. U.S Department of Transportation, (2023), Chapter 4: Sidewalk Design Guidelines and Existing Practices, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C. Retrieved from https://highways.dot.gov/safety/pedestrian-bicyclist/safety-tools/43-guide-planning-design-andoperation-pedestrian.
242 WOMEN'S PERCEPTION TOWARDS SAFETY AND SECURITY IN USING KTM KOMUTER SERVICES Siti Khadijah Mohd Mokhtar*1 Hajar Aisyah Mohd Isa-2 Muhammad Firdaus Abd Rashid-3 1-3 Jabatan Perdagangan, Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Pahang *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Nowadays railway network serves as a means of urban congestion problem. Rail transport services is currently the most widely used form of urban transportation, particularly in major cities like Kuala Lumpur. Compared to men, women are more likely to use rail services, especially in Malaysia. This research focuses on improving women’s perception towards safety and security in using KTM Komuter services. This study was conducted to learn more about how women perceive the need for safety and security when using the KTM Komuter services. Service reliability, security measures, and psychological factors can all be categorized as influences on this study. A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed to the women ridership and were later analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 21. The findings showed women's perceptions of safety and security when using KTM Komuter services were found to be most significantly influenced by the level of service reliability, followed by effectiveness of security measures, and lastly is psychological factor influence. Based on the findings, the researchers highly recommend KTM Komuter should take actions on in order to improve their services. For instance, there should be a clearly visible auxiliary police force at each station that is always ready, as well as within each train. In nutshell, it is hoped that the study's findings will inform future development planning for safety and security in KTMB services and help avoid mistakes made in previous planning and strategy. Keywords: Women, Perception, Safety, Services. 1. INTRODUCTION When it comes to providing people with reliable and cost-effective transit options, public transportation is indispensable. Trains are widely utilized as a popular means of transportation, particularly in urban areas, in numerous countries. The utilization of trains as a mode of transportation for the general public constitutes the concept of public transportation by rail. Trains provide the transportation of individuals through different stations or regions in accordance with specified routes and schedules. Malaysia has a variety of train services that cater to both domestic and international travel routes. In Malaysia, many train services are available to cater to the transportation needs of commuters, including the mass rapid transit (MRT), light rapid transit (LRT), monorail, and airport rail connection services. According to the Ministry of Transport Malaysia (2023), the Klang Valley is presently served by a total of 10 operational rail lines. These include two commuter rail lines, five rapid transit lines, and two airport rail linkages. There are three prominent operators of train services, namely Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM), Rapid Rail, and Express Rail Link.
243 Commuter rail services often facilitate transportation between major urban centres and their adjacent suburban regions. These services are designed for individuals belonging to professional groups who frequently commute between the urban area and their place of employment. Typically, timetables are devised to accommodate the morning and afternoon peak periods of high traffic volume. In addition, it is worth noting that commuter trains often do not provide business class tickets, limiting passengers to conventional amenities such as seating, lavatory facilities and occasionally WiFi access. Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) functions as the operator of a commuter rail service brand in Malaysia, known as KTM Komuter. The commencement of KTM Komuter operations took place in 1995, encompassing two routes, namely the Seremban Line and the Port Klang Line. These routes were established with the objective of provide localised rail services inside Kuala Lumpur and its adjacent suburban regions situated in the Klang Valley. Komuter Malaysia has been consistently providing transport services to the citizens of the Klang Valley through the implementation of a comprehensive timetable (KTMB, 2023). Currently, the Klang Valley region is home to a collective sum of 57 stations. 1.6 Safety Issues at KTM Komuter According to Mediacom News Group (2014), there has been confirmation of a complaint regarding the safety of men while using commuter services, particularly at peak hours when the trains are crowded. Instances of sexual harassment have been documented by Bachok et al. (2014). The implementation of the Women-Only Coach on the KTM Komuters Service on April 28, 2010 was a response to the observation that women constitute 60% of the overall ridership on the KTM Komuter service, as reported by KTMB in 2023. The primary aim of implementing this coach is to offer female commuters a journey that is both comfortable and secure, while also mitigating the potential hazards associated with sexual harassment in a densely populated setting (KTM Komuter, 2012). This technique represents a potential strategy for enhancing the safety and security of female passengers, so potentially contributing to the KTM Komuter's objective of increasing ridership in the future. This finding demonstrates that women play a significant role in the overall ridership of KTM Komuter. By enhancing the amenities specifically catered to women, KTM Komuter may effectively work towards attaining their objectives. However, the service has exhibited deficiencies in its performance, particularly in regards to ensuring the safety of women during their commute on the KTM Komuter. The issue that emerged was that the Women-Only Coach services did not effectively provide exclusivity for women, hence lacking in the implementation of safety and security measures. According to a report by Mediacom News Group (2014), there has been confirmation of complaints regarding the safety of women during their travels on commuter services, particularly during peak hours when trains are crowded. Instances of sexual harassment have been observed, as documented by Bachok et al. (2014). Based on a report by Malaysiakini (2015), Transit has documented grievances on the inadequate level of assistance provided by KTMB personnel in instances of theft, pickpocketing, and harassment occurring aboard KTM Komuter trains. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW If a rail company operator wishes to attract a larger number of delighted consumers, any enhancements made to their services should be particularly enticing to the passengers.
244 A train passenger anticipates that the rail operator would priorities certain factors, namely safety, reliability, speed (travel time), ease, comfort, and overall experience. In a manner akin to Maslow's hierarchy, the diverse needs can be hierarchically ordered based on their relative significance, taking the form of a pyramid (Maslow, 1954). 2.1 Theory on Customer Needs Figure 1: Pyramid of Customer Needs (Sources: Hagen and Bron, 2014). The diagram presented in Figure 1 illustrates the pyramid of customer needs, which serves to depict and mirror the customers' perception of the quality provided by transport operators. The foundation of the pyramid consists of the fundamental aspects pertaining to the dependability and security of basic necessities. The concept of safety, namely social safety, is a crucial factor in passengers' decision-making process when selecting a method of transport (Hagen & Bron, 2014). In the event that prospective clients consider the train travel as lacking in safety, they will likely opt to abstain from utilizing it. The other constituents of the pyramid encompass velocity, convenience, and comfort, all of which pertain to the amount of satisfaction experienced by individuals. 2.2 Women’s’ Perception on Safety and Security The definitions of safety and security may vary depending on the academic fields and contextual REFERENCE due to their distinct conceptualizations. Safety, as defined by scholars in the transportation industry, refers to the state of being shielded from potential hazards or injuries resulting from unintended and inadvertent incidents (Kacharo et al., 2022). In contrast, a conventional interpretation of security pertains to the condition of safeguarding oneself against potential harm or detriment resulting from deliberate illegal conduct (Coppola & Silvestri, 2021). According to the Oxford Dictionary (2023), the definition of perception is to become aware, comprehend, or conscious of something. For instance, females use public transport more frequently than males and drive less (Noor and Iamtrakul, 2023).
245 Chowdhury and Van Wee (2020) have repeatedly demonstrated that women tend to be more fearful of criminal activity than males. In this situation, women are aware of their safety and security while riding public transportation. Multiple explanations have been offered for the increased fear levels of women. Several empirical studies demonstrate that women avoid using public transport at certain times of day, including early in the morning, during peak hour, and late at night (da Silva et al., 2020). A study conducted on female students in Hawassa City, which is located in southern Ethiopia (Kebede, 2020) revealed that 50.5% of women and girls who were abused while riding public transport were travelling late at night and during rush hour, while 23.8% were travelling during non-peak hours. Those who choose private transport over public transport in order to avoid contact with strangers and waiting areas with a reputation for peril or insecurity. The occurrence of assault or harassment not only serves to emphasize the elevated levels of vulnerability that women encounter within this particular context, but also contributes to the perception of heightened danger and feelings of uneasiness (Quinones, 2020). Hence, there exists a higher propensity among women to have apprehension regarding their personal security, a concern that is intricately linked to the potential occurrence of sexual assault. According to Loukaitou-Sideris (2009), previous studies have shown that female passengers possess unique safety and security requirements. These studies suggest that it is necessary for public transport operators to implement targeted safety and security initiatives to address these demands. Prior research has demonstrated that all security measures and service attributes in the train transit environment would have a substantially more positive impact on women's perceptions of safety and security on public transportation (Yavuz, 2010). (Sham et al., 2018) found that if adequate security measures were not in place to monitor the movement of female passengers during travel, their risk of becoming victims was significantly increased. The use of surveillance cameras such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) is one of the methods employed by transit systems to increase security on board transit vehicles. Security as emotion highlights the central role that surveillance and private policing undertakes as the security policy shifts its objectives to the passengers' subjective feelings (Salonen, 2018). In addition, on the other studies conducted in KTM Komuter, 10.5 percent of 130 female respondents agree with increasing manpower or guards at the station and in the train to guarantee the safety of passengers and to be cautious and vigilant with peoples in the vicinity (Azizan et al., 2016). To assure the safety of passengers who travel alone, it would be prudent to increase the number of security guards at the station and in the commuters. In addition, the presence of police patrols and an increase in presence staff, particularly uniformed personnel in stations and stops, are believed to contribute to a sense of personal safety (Crime Concern, 2002). Passengers are reportedly more fearful when such personnel are not visible or available at train stations (Cozens, 2004). 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There exists a variable that represents the specific topic of interest that a researcher intends to study and investigate. There exist a limited number of factors, sometimes referred to as independent variables, that exert an influence on the dependent variable in various manners.
246 In accordance with the theoretical framework depicted in Figure 2, this study incorporates three distinct independent variables: service reliability, security measures, and psychological factor. Hence, the aforementioned three independent variables are found to have a significant impact on women's impression of safety and security, which serves as the dependent variable. Figure 2: Theoretical Frameworks 4. METHODOLOGY Data collection is the central component of any form of research study. Inaccurate data collection can influence the outcome of studies, leading to erroneous conclusions. To conduct this investigation, both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Through the distribution of questionnaires, qualitative measurements were gathered. This study concentrated on the daily female KTM Komuter passengers as its population. A total of 250 female respondents were available as the study's sample size to assure an adequate level of confidentiality. All acquired data were analysed using version 21 of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). SPSS was used as the analysis instrument because a structured questionnaire was utilised in this study. In order to encompass the KTM Komuter route network, closed-ended questionnaires were distributed based on division. The questionnaire consisted of six sections, including Section A (respondent backgrounds) with seven questions, Section B (dependent variable: women's perception of safety and security) with six questions, Section C (first independent variable: service reliability) with five questions, Section D (second independent variable: security measures) with six questions, and Section E (third independent variable: psychological factor) with six questions. The researchers used a nominal scale to obtain personal information from respondents in section A, which contains demographic questions. Using variable inquiries, the researcher selected the four-point Likert scale to determine the extent to which respondents agreed or disagreed with the statements. The Likert scale was also utilised in Sections B, C, D, E, and F due to the fact that the behaviours of respondents needed to be evaluated on a continuum. The quantitative measures were acquired through a face-to-face interview session with Mr. Zainal Sahak, the Executive of Customer Services at KTM Komuter. Secondary data refers to information that is derived from published sources, such annual reports, journals, books, and other printed pieces. These sources are utilised to obtain significant information and data. (Independent variable) (Dependent variable) Women’s perception towards safety and security Service Reliability Security Measures Psychological Factor
247 In addition, this study is a cross-sectional or snapshot study in which data were collected over the course of one month to address the research questions. The researchers collected data from female passengers on KTM Komuter services, data that had never been collected for this particular study and will never be collected again. Moreover, stratified random sampling, a form of probability sampling, was used to select the respondents for this study (Sekaran, 2010). The researcher divides their sample based on the greater number of passengers in each division. It makes logic to stratify the KTM Komuter passenger population based on network coverage. Included in the sample are female KTM Komuter passengers from five distinct divisions: KL Sentral, Bandar Tasik Selatan, Shah Alam, Batu Caves, and Kepong Sentral. 5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This study was conducted to assess the consistency of the questionnaire, employing Cronbach's Alpha as a measure of dependability. Cronbach's Alpha is a statistical measure employed to assess the internal consistency of a set of items, indicating the degree to which these items exhibit positive correlations with each other. Sekaran (2010) posits that a greater value of Cronbach's alpha indicates a stronger level of internal consistency reliability. Table 1 presents the alpha values obtained for all variables. The findings indicate that all variables have values greater than 0.6, which aligns with Sekaran's (2010) definition of acceptability. The alpha coefficient for service reliability is 0.729, the alpha coefficient for security measures is 0.843, and the alpha coefficient for psychological factors is 0.730. While for women’s opinion of safety and security the alpha value is 0.621. Although the value of the dependent variable is lower in comparison to the independent variables, it remains within an acceptable range as it exceeds 0.6. Based on the analysis conducted, it can be inferred that the questionnaire design exhibits satisfactory levels of internal consistency. Table 1: Cronbach’s Alpha Section Number Of Items Cronbach’s Alpha Value Dependent Variable Women’s Perception 6 .621 Independent Variables Service Reliability Security Measure Psychological Factor 5 7 6 .729 .843 .730 In addition, according to Table 2 presented below, it is evident that the mean scores for each variable surpass the midpoint value of 2.5. The average score for women's perception towards safety and security is represented by a mean value of 3.00, with a standard deviation of 0.384. The security measure (M=3.15, SD = 0.500) has been found to have the highest mean score and exert the most significant influence on women's impression of safety and security. This is followed by the psychological element (M=2.75, SD=0.420) and service reliability (M=2.71, SD=0.452). Based on the data analysis, it is evident that a majority of the respondents expressed agreement or higher ratings on the scales for all the independent variables. This conclusion is drawn from the fact that the mean values for all the variables exceed 2.5.
248 Table 2: Descriptive Statistic Variables N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation Women’s Perception 250 1.00 4.00 3.00 .384 Service Reliability 250 1.00 4.00 2.71 .452 Security Measure 250 1.00 4.00 3.15 .500 Psychological Factor 250 1.00 4.00 2.75 .420 In addition to this, the standard deviation holds significance as it offers a measure of the average variation from the mean. Based on the provided table, it is evident that the standard deviation for all variables is less than 1, suggesting that the data exhibits a high degree of clustering around the mean. Hence, this indicates the rate of respondents who expressed agreement on the scale. Conversely, the minimum value in an array of values is represented by "min," whilst the maximum value in an array of data is denoted as "max." According to the provided table, the minimum and maximum values of all variables are 1 and 4, respectively. This implies that respondents assigned a value of 1 to represent the lowest value and a value of 4 to represent the greatest value for all variables and questions. 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The primary objective of this study was to investigate women's perceptions on the safety and security requirements associated with utilising KTM Komuter services. Specifically, this research aimed to examine the impact and correlation of elements such as service reliability, security measures, and psychological aspects on women's perception of safety and security while using these services. The study identified service reliability as the primary determinant influencing women's perceptions of safety and security when utilising KTM Komuter services. This was closely followed by the effectiveness of security measures, psychological factors, and situational factors. The transportation requirements of women differ from those of men due to their specific needs for safety, security, and comfort when utilising public transportation. Given that women constitute the majority of public transport passengers, it is imperative to prioritise planning and service design in order to provide them with high-quality services. The study of the statistics indicates that the primary demographic of KTM Komuter service users consists predominantly of employed women who commute regularly. The biggest concern identified within this group is their vulnerability. In order to address the safety and security needs of the majority female users, KTM Komuter, as an operator, should develop comprehensive planning and service designs. Through benchmarking, KTM Komuter would understand their service limitations relative to those of other enterprises. Japan and Germany are the two best countries in the globe in terms of their rail transport systems, according to this study (Renner, 2010). The purpose of benchmarking is to establish operational standards so that KTM Komuter can use these two countries as examples or models to improve its performance. KTM Komuter should address several conditions in order to improve their services. For example, every station should have a visible auxiliary police force that is always present and available on the train.
249 This is primarily due to the fact that illicit activity can occur anywhere and without the knowledge of the passengers. Observations indicate that only the KL Sentral station and the train occasionally display auxiliary police force. To ensure the passenger's safety and security, the visible auxiliary police force must be present in all 54 KTM Komuter stations and on board the train. The assurance of police protection, according to Loukaitou-Sideris (2009), would make travellers feel secure and enhance their transit riding experience. The situation on the platforms in Germany is vastly different from that in Malaysia due to the fact that the transport operators provide sufficient auxiliary police at all train stations, which makes passengers feel safer even when travelling alone. In addition, there is a deficiency in the installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) at all stations, which restricts users, particularly those who travel alone. Without CCTV, passengers would experience dread and anxiety because they would believe that nobody could assist them in the event of an emergency. Based on our observations, only KL Sentral and Bandar Tasik Selatan stations had fully operational CCTV systems, whereas other stations including Kuala Kubu Bharu, Labu, and Seputeh lack this technology. Mr. Zainal Sahak, Executive of Customer Service at KTM Komuter, asserts that the implementation of CCTV will occur in phases due to budgetary constraints. According to Ab Karim (2016), while KTM Komuter operates under government jurisdiction, the allocation of funds necessitates prior approval from the government. This limitation must be addressed in order to mitigate and avoid the occurrence of criminal activities inside the designated zones. Research has indicated that the implementation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems may significantly enhance the level of security in public transport settings. Moreover, it has been observed that the presence of CCTV cameras at railway stations, bus stops and within transit vehicles can effectively alleviate the apprehension of crime among passengers (Cozens, 2004). Despite the substantial financial expenditure required for the installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV), it is imperative for KTM Komuter to prioritise the safety and security needs of their customers, particularly considering that a significant portion of their clientele consists of women. This allocation of funds subsequently contributes to the enhancement of facilities that aim to address social fairness. In both Japan and Germany, all railway stations are equipped with closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems due to their prioritisation of passenger safety and security, particularly with regards to female ridership. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah POLISAS and support from Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam are gratefully acknowledged by the authors. A special thank you goes out to everyone who helped finish this paper successfully. REFERENCE Ab Karim, S. N. B. (2016). Improving quality of rail service in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southampton). Azizan, F. A., Mohamed, N. F., Rahman, Z. A., & Aziz, N. A. (2016, October). Statistical evaluation of commuters’ perception on safety and crime rate: A study among women passengers of KTM Komuter in Kuala Lumpur. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1774, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
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251 A CASE STUDY ON SIDEWALK OBSTACLES BASED ON PEDESTRIAN PERCEPTION IN COMMERCIAL AREAS AT KUALA LUMPUR Hajar Aisyah Mohd Isa1* Muhammad Firdaus Abd Rashid2 Siti Khadijah Mohd Mokhtar3 1-3 Jabatan Perdagangan, Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Pahang *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Most city centers urban cores are clogged with heavy foot traffic. Despite having considerable pavement space, pedestrians nevertheless use the carriageways, putting their lives in danger and obstructing the smooth flow of automobiles. The perception of pavement impediments by pedestrians in Kuala Lumpur's business districts will be examined in this study. Using a quantitative methodology, this study. Through questionnaire surveys, the important feature of current pedestrian obstacles is assessed, and pedestrian opinion of sidewalk obstructions is also looked at. All 390 questionnaire that been collected have been analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 29. In the centre of Kuala Lumpur, between Pasar Seni, Jalan Masjid India, and Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, is where the study's study area is located. The majority of respondents, according to the study's findings, thought that removing pavement impediments would help Malaysia develop sustainably. The findings of this study can help decision-makers better understand the specific policies they create or alter so that they can ensure that they either promote or restrict certain types of pedestrian experiences. Keywords: Obstacles, Pedestrian, Sidewalk. 1. INTRODUCTION The number of people who can walk on urban pavements must be increased using methods that respect the urban environment and make sure a good public place. This can be done by giving efficient space to environmentally friendly ways to get around. This will make more room on the street for other activities that make city life better, like public transit. Good pavements help people move around in many ways, make people safer, bring in customers and businesses, and improve the public area. Higher retail sales and rising property values are just two examples of these positive effects on the economy. The streets are a long-term investment that pays off. Other events, on the other hand, were done too well, so there were too many people on the pavements, making it hard for people to get around (Khairi Mohamed, 2008). Bachok (2014) did a case study in Kuala Lumpur's Central Market and Tunku Abdul Rahman Street (also called "Jalan TAR"). He found that things like furniture or facilities on the sidewalk can force people to walk on the road, which increases the chance of an accident. The grassy walkway is likewise not suitable for foot traffic. There are obstacles in the form of trees, bushes, signs, and even fire hydrants that make things more difficult (The Star, 2023) along the path. All pedestrians, especially those with mobility issues, should feel safe walking on newly built and maintained pavements.
252 Obstacles and protruding objects can create barriers and hazards. When it comes to pedestrians, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, 2023) classifies obstructions as anything that narrows the available vertical passing space, blocks the circulation channel, or narrows the clearance width of the sidewalk. Avoid having anything protrude across the width of the circulation channel by keeping these obstructions to a minimum. Having "pedestrian perception" is being aware of and able to process information about things like cars, other pedestrians, and potential dangers in one's immediate vicinity. Understanding how people perceive their environments is crucial for designing devices that can interact with pedestrians more efficiently and for upgrading pavement infrastructure. The capacity to detect obstacles in the pavement is crucial for ensuring the safety and convenience of bike lanes and sidewalks. Increasing the capacity of urban pavements must be done in a way that is sensitive to urban conditions and results in a high-quality public realm. High-efficiency modes like public transport can help with this goal by freeing up space on the street that can be used for other, equally beneficial uses. Superior pavements enhance the quality of life for all users, encourage the use of a variety of transport modes, boost public safety, and bring in new business. Some examples of these positive economic consequences include increased retail sales and higher property values. In the long run, spending money on roads pays off. It is essential to routinely check and monitor pavement obstructions to detect any faults or potential improvement locations. Maintenance and enhancements can be better prioritized if data on foot traffic, safety issues, and user feedback is collected. U.S. Department of Transportation (2023) says that pedestrian facilities can continue to get better if transportation organizations, local communities, and pedestrian advocacy groups work together. Nur Sabahiah Abdul Sukor et al. (2017) say that pedestrian services and infrastructure have not yet reached a satisfactory level in Malaysia. Since they use the services the most, pedestrians are the best people to talk to about making the area more welcoming for people who want to walk. In general, the pavement is important for supporting non-motorized transportation (NMT), which can be done with little cost and many benefits. Today, more and more people agree that pavements are an important part of business areas. They must strike a balance between the need to allow enough pedestrian networks and the need to create a safe, interesting and busy public area. This study will look at how pedestrians in Kuala Lumpur's business areas feel about things that get in the way of walking. Last but not least, this study is important because it has improved the sidewalk for pedestrians and is likely to make neighborhoods safer, easier to get around and healthier. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature searches for artificial intelligence, business studies, information science, information systems, organisation science, psychology, science and technology, sociology, and strategic management all turned up useful papers. Most of these publications come in the form of study papers. Leverson (2001) says that the U.S. Department of Transportation describes a "sidewalk" as the part of the pedestrian network that runs parallel to the street from the edge of a highway to the edge of the right-of-way (the edge of a building or the property line). (Hawaii State Statutes, 2016) says that a "sidewalk" is the part of a street meant for walking that is between the curb lines (also called "lateral lines") of a road and the property lines next to it. Studies show that pedestrian accommodations that are separate from the road are better because they are safer, have more facilities, make towns healthier, and cut down on pedestrian accidents.
253 A pavement can also refer to a designated walking area. Green spaces, gutters, tables, bridges, and other non-pavement sites are all part of the accessible network used by individuals who are not mounted in the city. A pavement is a road built for horses or other mounted vehicles. The term "pavement" does not refer to a specific location in the city, but rather to any open campus that is used by pedestrians. When streets are crowded, pedestrians often outnumber footpaths, and pavements are often used in place of roadways (Pour Sartip, 2010). To A's mind (that is) D. According to M. Osman (2016), pavements are distinct types of public spaces. Separating vehicles from pedestrians on the road helps keep everyone safer and minimizes the likelihood of accidents. Because of this, they are considered transit hubs. To further facilitate social interaction among the homeless population, they also create public gathering spaces. "Pedestrians" are described as those who are mobile only by foot, wheelchair, or other mobility equipment (The State of Wisconsin, 2011). Whether making their way from the front door to the bus stop, railway station, parking lot, or office, everyone eventually becomes pedestrians. However, pedestrians are described as a heterogeneous group sharing many of the same characteristics as the general population (NZ Transport Agency, 2019). Even though many pedestrians are in good mental and physical health, have normal vision and hearing, pay attention, and are not physically disabled, this is not always the case. Many citizens do not use the pedestrian network appropriately. Obstacles in the pedestrian network are defined by the US Department of Transportation (2014) as anything that limits the sidewalk's width or reduces its clearance width. For instance, it may be challenging for pedestrians to use a sidewalk when there are garbage cans, street light poles, phone booths, café tables and chairs, cars, and fire hydrants nearby. The current literature (Ramin and Seyyed, 2014) claims that some people park their cars on the sidewalks and that some store owners set up their inventory there. Different research was conducted by Ravind R., Lakshmi S., and Gunasekaran K. In a 2015 survey, 57% of participants chose "poor" for pavement obstruction. In addition to that, the pedestrian including elderly are not being satisfied to walk on the sidewalks and it is necessary for the authorities to remove these obstacles from the sidewalks. The study's secondary objective is to show how sidewalk merchants regularly restrict pedestrian mobility by narrowing the sidewalk as a whole. Pavements are frequently thought of as bare areas where various goods might be stored. Street vendors frequently occupy space within the sidewalk's width. Additionally, pedestrians are concerned about transient sidewalk obstructions like parked cars and motorcycles. One of the reasons the pavement is ineffective, especially for older and disabled users, are temporary and permanent obstructions. 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The variable in question pertains to the specific area of interest that the researcher intends to study and investigate. There exist a limited number of factors, often referred to as independent variables, which exert an influence on the dependent variable in various manners, as depicted in Figure 1. Theoretical frameworks serve to delineate and expound upon the interconnections between variables, elucidate the theoretical underpinnings of these connections, and provide an understanding of the direction and character of these relationships. It will become apparent at this level that in order to arrive at effective answers to the challenges.
254 Figure 1: Theoretical Frameworks 4. METHODOLOGY The scale of this study says how much the research area was looked into and what the limits of the study will be. The scope of this study will include a questionnaire poll (quantitative) at Jalan Masjid India (JMI), Jalan TAR (JTAR), and Pasar Seni (PS), which were chosen as study areas. Figure 2 shows that the total length of pavements in this study is 1680 meters. Nearly two million people live in the city heart of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which has the most people of any city in the country. One reason Jalan Masjid India, or JMI, JTAR, and Pasar Seni were picked is because they are places of interest for a lot of people who walk, such as shoppers, street vendors, street musicians, tourists, workers, students, and many others (Dolbani, 2000). Second, the main and most important walking network in Kuala Lumpur is in the JMI, JTAR, and Pasar Seni areas. Figure 2: Maps of study areas at Jalan Masjid India (JMI), Jalan TAR (JTAR), and Pasar Seni (PS) The researcher used methods from the natural sciences to come up with a precise method for this study. A mathematical method tool called SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) is used to analyses the data once it has been collected, turned into a numerical format so that statistical calculations can be done and conclusions can be drawn, and then turned back into a numerical format. There were three parts to the questionnaire: section A, section B, and section (Independent variable) (Dependent variable) Pedestrian's Perception Toward Quality of Sidewalk Sidewalk Obstacles • Physical • Non-physical
255 C. For section A, which is the interviewee or respondent description, the demographic background is given in the form of nominal data. In section B, the factors or variables are shown using a Likert scale and nominal data. In section C, ideas or pREFERENCE are shown using nominal data and open-ended questions. In this study, a basic random sampling process was adopted, allowing the researcher to adequately determine the link between the sample and the population. The researcher utilized a basic random sample procedure to limit the possibility of human bias. The population used in this study is based on the population in Kuala Lumpur, which has a total area of 224 square feet and a projected population of 1.7 million in 2022 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2022). According to the Raosoft calculator (Raosoft.com, 2016), the sample size for this study is 390 respondents, with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. The questionnaires were placed on the pavements of the crowded local and tourist routes Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Jalan TAR), Jalan Masjid India (JMI), and Pasar Seni (PS). 5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The majority of participants in the survey are tourists, with a split of 94.4% domestic and 5.6% international. Almost 60% were in the age range of 18–35, and another 21.5% were in the 36– 55-year-old bracket. Other age groups included were those younger than 18 (15.1%) and older than 56 (4.9%). The majority are women (57.3%) and men (42.6%) make up the remainder. Figure 3 is an illustration of the reason a pedestrian would make a travel in each of the three places that were studied. As can be observed from the bar chart, the most common purpose for pedestrians is to go shopping, with one hundred and thirty-four responses representing that percentage. The category of job received the second largest response, with thirty percent (30%) of the total, or one hundred and seventeen (117) of the total respondents. This was followed by the category of school, which received thirteen-point three percent (13.3%), followed by business, and then others, which received eleven percent (11%) and eleven point three (11.3%) respectively. Figure 3: Frequencies and Percentage of Pedestrian Reason for a Journey The Shopkeeper or food vendors can play a great role in activating sidewalks and providing additional food choices for pedestrians. Figure 4 illustrate the summary of results for question C3 from the questionnaire by Likert scale at three different locations. 43 (11%) 52 (13.3%) 134 (34.4%) 117 (30%) 44 (11.3%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Business School Shopping Work Others
256 It can be seen that, the highest numbers at Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman with seventy-five (75), Jalan Masjid India with forty-six (46) and Pasar Seni with fifty (50) that choose agreed which there is no shopkeeper on pedestrian sidewalk. However, for area Pasar Seni the results show respondents choose strongly disagree and disagreed with the total number of forty-seven (47) which is higher than agree. Figure 4: There is no Shopkeeper on Sidewalk at JTAR, PS and JMI By the late nineteenth century, urbanization was increasing, with more vehicles and people populating the streets. The stacked bar chart Figure 5 below shows the results on the vehicles is not blocking or obstructs the pedestrian sidewalk at JTAR, PS and JMI. The results at JTAR shows the highest is fifty-five respondents (55) choose agree. However, the respondents at PS choose slightly of strongly disagreed and disagreed with twenty (20) and thirty-seven (37) respectively. The same situation also happened at JMI, where respondent choose strongly disagreed with twenty-eight (28) and disagreed with twenty-four (24). From this situation, no person shall place or keep, or suffer to be placed or kept, upon any sidewalk with any vehicles or merchandise. Pedestrian shall not obstruct or prevent the free use of sidewalks by other pedestrians. Figure 5: Vehicles are not Blocking the Pedestrian Sidewalk at JTAR, PS and JMI 20 22 13 50 25 26 21 20 46 17 12 14 10 75 19 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Strongly DisagreeDisagree Moderate Agree Strongly Agree JTAR JMI PS 20 37 14 46 13 28 24 19 45 14 17 18 14 55 26 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Strongly Disagree Disagree Moderate Agree Strongly Agree JTAR JMI PS
257 The purpose of strategically garbage receptacles cans is to help keep pedestrian sidewalk clean and attractive. The stacked bar chart Figure 6 below shows summarize of the result from SPSS for question C6 by Likert scale. Most respondents choose agreed on rubbish, signs, or streetlight poles (SLP) are one of the factors that makes obstruction to pedestrians on sidewalk at JTAR, JMI, and PS. The highest majority of respondents that choose agreed at Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman are thirty-eight (38), Jalan Masjid India with fifty-five (55) and Pasar Seni with forty-four (44) respondents. Figure 6: There is Rubbish, Signs or Street Light Poles on the Pedestrian Sidewalk 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION A city that is comfortable to explore on foot is considered walkable. The ease with which a pedestrian can get around in their environment is directly related to those factors. According to the data, most of Kuala Lumpur's downtown, including popular tourist spots, is a pleasant place to take a stroll. However, tourists are less likely to enjoy their strolls in the smaller streets because of the impediments in the paths. One of the most crucial aspects of creating a sustainable city is investing in its pedestrian networks. Sidewalks can have a significant impact on people's lives, both positively and badly, depending on their design and condition. The sustainability, economy, livability, and health of the city will all benefit from a pleasant network that encourages walkability, social engagement, and the use of public transportation. Because of the potential impact they can have on a city's prosperity and allure, more and more municipalities are prioritizing the development of their pedestrian networks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (POLISAS). In addition, a special thanks to those who also contributed to the success of completing this paper. 11 24 23 44 28 20 10 17 55 28 16 25 27 38 24 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Strongly Disagree Disagree Moderate Agree Strongly Agree JTAR JMI PS
258 REFERENCE Aravind R., Lakshmi S., and Gunasekaran K., (2015). Study on Pedestrian Behaviour for a Cross Walk Facility, IJCMPE, pp 16, Chennai. S.Bachok and S.H. Anuar, (2004).Light Rail Transit stations and Pedestrianization: Case Studies Travel Pattern and Behavior at Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Copenhagen, Denmark. D. A. M. Osman, (2016). Planning urban sidewalks: Infrastructure, Daily life and Destinations. Journal of Urban Design, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 459-471. Federal Highway Administration, (2023). Lesson 9: Walkways, Sidewalks, And Public Spaces, US. Department of Transportation. Khairi M. (2008). The Use of Wakable Street, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Hawaii State Statutes, (2016). Toolbox Section 4: Sidewalks and Walkways, Hawaii Government Highways Division, Hawaii. Leverson B. P. (2001). Accessible Sidewalks and Street Crossings - an informational guide, Virgina: U.S Department of Transportation FHWA. NZ Transport Agency, (2019). Pedestrian planning and design guide, ISBN 978-0-478-35229-0, Victoria Arcade, New Zealand. Pour sartip, Farinaz, (2010). Solidification of human of City environment relationship, Number 31, p29. State of Winconsin, (2011). Pedestrian Safety, Department of Transportation WISDOT, Sheboygan Avenue. The Star, (2023). Footpaths should be free of obstacles, user-friendly, www.thestar.com.my/news/nation. U.S. Department of Transportation, (2023). Safety Benefit of Walkways, Sidewalks, and Paved Shoulders, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D. C. U.S Department of Transportation, (2014). Chapter 4: Sidewalk Design Guidelines and Existing Practices, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C. Ramin B., and Seyyed A. (2014). Sidewalks: Forgotten Areas In The City (Case Study: Kermanshah, Iran). Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 1118-1121.
259 FACE RECOGNITION-BASED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM Masliza Maskin1* Mohd Zhafri Mohd Yusoff 2 Mohd Aizal Arif Mohd Asmawi 3 1-3 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang *Emel: [email protected] ABSTRACT The attendance system uses faces as objects to be detected and recognized as a person's identity and then stored as a face database. The process of matching face image data captured by the camera with face images that have been stored in the face database will result in face identification of the object faces captured by the camera. The face recognition-based attendance system in this study uses a Pi camera 5MP, Raspberry Pi 3 B+, HDMI Cable, and 5 Volt USB Power Supply. The face recognition-based attendance system using this camera is very effective and efficient in further improving the accuracy of user data. This face recognitionbased attendance system using this camera has very accurate data processing and high accuracy so it can produce a system that is reliable and powerful to identify human faces in real time. The objective of this project is to avoid fraud while students making the attendances at the classroom and detect also locate student faces in the database. The camera of face recognition students must be at 30cm - 50cm away from camera and the student’s faces must straight looking at the camera because the coding inside record_face.py capture the front face only and the faces will be saved in SQLite. Then the faces must be trained to analysis all the faces that have been captured. After that, detector_face.py must be typed inside terminal the RPi and camera will be detected the faces that has been saved inside in database. The display at the monitor will show name, class, matric card number, subject and date time of the students. Lecturer will be checked the attendance from SQLite and print it. Keyword: Pi camera 5MP, Raspberry Pi 3 B+, HDMI Cable. 1. INTRODUCTION Organizations of all sizes use attendance systems to record when student or employees start and stop work, and the department where the work is performed. Some organizations also keep detailed records of attendance issues such as who calls in sick and who comes in late. An attendance system provides many benefits to organizations. There was a time when the attendance of the students and employees was marked on registers. However, those who have been a part of the classes when attendance registers were used know how easy it was to abuse such a method of attendance and mark bogus attendances for each other. Of course, technology had to play its role in this field just as well as it has done in other fields. The attendance monitoring system was created and it changed the way attendances were marked. The attendance monitoring system has made the lives of teachers and employers easier by making attendance marking procedure a piece of cake. (Ajinkya Patil F1, Mrudang Shukla2,2014). Presence is defined as being or being present in a place. Student attendance systems are maintained in schools, colleges, and institutions to record student attendance.
260 However, the manual attendance system that uses paper is not systematic and takes quite a long time to properly record the number of students in the class. This is because the lecturer has to count the number of students each person presents in the class and it will delay the learning process to take place. One of the developments in computer vision is the research on human face recognition. One of the implementations of the human face recognition system is used as an attendance system. To invent a face recognition-based attendance system that makes the attendance record system will be more efficient and less time was required to record as well as calculate the attendance of each student. Besides that, students will not be able to cheat while making attendance for their friend’s if not attend the class. This project is being created for develop a student attendance management system using recognition face and test the web-based system that has been developed in terms of recognition performance face and subjective data from users. Because of that, this project was developed to move the manual attendance system to a face recognition-based attendance system. A facial recognition system is a technology that identifies or verifies a person's identity from the components of a digital image or video frame from a video source. In this project, a microprocessor that is Raspberry Pi 3 B+, Python programming, OpenCV software, and other components for the development of facial recognition system are used. The development of this project is able to change the attendance system more systematically in line with the world of the digital era today. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Existing systems such as attendance recording with paper sheets and QRCodes have some shortcomings. It has been shown that the use of both methods allows students to cheat their attendance in lectures with the help of their friends who attended the lecture. The consequences of this fraud result in lecturers not being able to obtain accurate data on their students' attendance at the college. This will continue and give students more room to perpetuate this bad habit until it can lead to decreased performance, Student academic performance declines. (Fadelelmoula, Tarig 2018) Unlike facial recognition, the accuracy of the attendance data that the lecturer receives will be much more authentic and accurate. This is because only a person's face determines their presence in the lecture. If there is no face, there is no attendance data. Fellow students who are present also cannot help students who are not present. In this way, instructors get accurate and effective attendance data to improve student and instructor performance in collecting attendance data. This facial recognition system is a web-based data management system that includes functions such as receiving, recording attendance, storing, and creating reports on the dashboard. The attendance management system with facial recognition replaces the manual attendance management process with a more systematic and accurate computer system. The importance of attendance records to an organization cannot be denied. (Olalere, Morufu & Osho, Femi & Ojeniyi, Joseph & Ugwu, Joel 2015). Therefore, this face recognition system was developed to record the attendance of students.
261 3. METHODOLOGY Based on the flow chart in Figure 1, the first data was created in SQLite 3. If a student comes and scan their face, the camera will detect the student’s face. Face only on the front side will be recorded. Next, the student's identity will then be identified, namely name, registration number, class, course and time when attending class. Raspberry Pi B+ has been used in this project as a main component. It has controlled the full system in various ways. Moreover, Camera Pi 5MP has been used to capture image of students face for recorded and put in a database. Then, a programming language in this system has been run by Python. The microprocessor is a Raspberry Pi, and Python is the programming language utilised. The flow chart in Figure 2 also shows that the first data was created in SQLite 3. If a student comes and scans their face, the camera will detect the student’s face. Face only on the front side will be recorded. Next, the student's identity will then be identified, namely name, registration number, class, course and time when attending class. Table 1: Block diagram of faces recognition based attendance system \ Input image: Capturing by camera pi Record Faces: Storing students Faces Trained image: Analysis the stored faces Create database in SQlite3: Name, Class, Matrix card number, Subject and Date time Detecting faces: Identified the stored faces and show information on monitor
262 Figure 1: Flow chart face recognition based attandance system The flowchart is shown in Figure 1. 1. Create database SQLite Student information including names and matric numbers will be kept alongside the image. 2. Detect Face Camera captured image
263 3. Recognize the student. The camera then makes an attempt to determine the student's identification using the image. Figure 2: Camera Pi connected to Rasberry Pi 3 B+ The facial recognition camera and monitor will be set up in the corner adjacent to the classroom's entrance. When a student arrives for class, they must enter the building and take a seat in front of a camera so that facial recognition technology can track their attendance. Secondly, the Raspberry Pi 3 B+, Pi 5MP camera, HDMI cable, 5-volt USB power cable, and monitor are among the hardware and software used in this project. Python programming, OpenCV, SQLite, and NumPy are the programmes utilised. Python programming is used to run the system. Figure 2 shows the connection of the Pi camera that has been connected to the Raspberry Pi 3 B+ to function as a facial recognition system. The camera has 5 Mega Pixels with 1080p30, 720p60, and VGA90 quality support and is able to record video well. The process of the student face recognition system has been shown as in Figure 3 where the image captured by the Pi camera is used as input. Then, the student's face will be recorded to be stored in the SQLite database including information such as Name, Class, Matric Card Number, Subject, Time, and Date. After the recording process is complete, the image will be trained to analyze the student's face storage that has been stored in the database. Finally, the student's face is detected after identifying the face and the information will be displayed on the monitor screen. Figure 3: Face recognition attendance system
264 The Raspberry Pi is attached to a few peripheral devices, including a mouse, keyboard, and display in Figure 3. The student's name and matrix number must be entered during the registration process using the mouse and keyboard functions. Additionally, the monitor is utilised to display the entire system. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sample face images from the face dataset are shown in Figure 4. The sample showed one person persons with good conditions. For easy explanations, only five face images from one class or students are taken as the training set. Thus, 5 face images are used as a training set and that face images as a testing set. After that, the face has been stored in SQLite included name, class, matrix card number, subject, and date time. Figure 4: The face has been detected and information will be shown on the monitor screen. Figure 5: Student attendance record printed from SQLite
265 Figure 5 shows student attendance records that have been printed from SQLite. SQLite will store data such as images and information related to students to record attendance in class. SQLite is also called a database. Lecturers can also save the record to Google Drive for printing. 5. CONCLUSION A facial recognition-based attendance system has been proven to be an efficient system for recording students in class. By using this system, student attendance fraud can be eliminated. There are many types of Biometric Systems that can be used to manage attendance, but facial recognition systems perform better than others. Software such as OpenCV, Python programming, Camera, Raspberry Microprocessing, and Monitor have been enough to develop a Face Recognition System. With this project that has been developed, lecturers have more time to teach in class. This is because lecturers do not need to call students one by one to record attendance. In conclusion, an effective facial recognition-based attendance system can simplify management of attendance, improve accuracy, and offer useful insights. To achieve its successful acceptance, however, rigorous examination of the technical, ethical, and privacy implications is required. The server that has been established allows lecturers to view attendance data. This method is incredibly efficient and time-saving. The recommendation for this project's improvement is to develop a photo position that can take pictures from more angles in addition to just the front angle. REFERENCE Ashley Du Val. (2012). Face Recognition Software-History of Forensic Psychology. [Online] Available at: http//forensicicpsych.umwblogs.org/research/criminal-justice/face-recognitionsoftware/ [Accessed 25 Mar 2018]. Ajinkya Patil1, Mrudang Shukla2 1Mtech(E&T)(2014), 2Assisstant Professor Symbiosis institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, India Doberkat, E.-E. (2018). Python 3. In Python 3. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110544138 Fadelelmoula, Tariq. (2018). Impact of class attendance on student performance International Research Journal of Medicine Sciences 10.30918/IRJMMS.62.18.021. Klein, B., & Klein, B. (2014). NumPy. In Einfühlung in Python 3. https://doi.org/10.3139/9783446441514.031 Kolpin, D. W., Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., & Meyer, M. T. (2002). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 1202-1211. Environmental Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011055j Margaret Rouse. (2012). what is facial recognition? – Definition from Whatls.com. [Online] Available at: http://whatis.tectarget.com/definition/facial-recognition [Accessed 25 Mar.2018]. Olalere, Morufu & Osho, Femi & Ojeniyi, Joseph & Ugwu, Joel. (2015). Organization Attendance Record System: Frauds and A Proposed Facial Recognition Technique. International Journal of Innovative Research in Information Security. 5. 2349-7017. Reichert, C. (2017). Intel demos 5G facial-recognition payment technology | ZDNet. [Online] ZDNet. Available at: http;//www.zdnet.com/article/intel-demos-5g-facial-recognition-payment technology/ [Accessed 25 Mar 2018]. Robert Silk. (2017). Biometrics: Facial recognition tech coming to an airport near you: Travel Weekly. [Online] Available at: http://www.travelweekly.com/Travel- News/AirlineNews/Biometric-facial-recognition-tech-coming-airport-near-you [Accessed 25 Mar 2018] Sidney Fussell. (2018). NEWS Facebook’s New Face Recognition Features: What We Do (and don’t) Know. [Online] Available at https: gizmodo.com/facebooks-new- recognition-featureswhat-we-do-an1823359911 [Accessed 25 Mar 2018].
266 FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMILIHAN TREK PENGAJIAN BAGI PROGRAM DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT (TEKNOLOGI DIGITAL), POLITEKNIK BALIK PULAU Amirah binti Rashid1* Norshafinaz binti Mohamad Fauzi2 Azura binti Ahmad3 1-3 Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang *Emel: [email protected] ABSTRAK Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti faktor yang mempengaruhi pelajar Program Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital), Politeknik Balik Pulau dalam pemilihan trek pengajian. Kajian ini dijalankan di Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat, Politeknik Balik Pulau yang melibatkan 237 orang responden yang dipilih secara rawak daripada pelajar semester 2 hingga semester 5. Antara faktor yang dikenalpasti adalah faktor kecenderungan minat, pensyarah dan faktor peluang kerjaya. Data-data yang diperolehi dianalisis melalui komputer dengan menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) versi 25. Hasil kajian juga mendapati faktor pengaruh rakan dan peluang kerjaya mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan terhadap pemilihan trek pengajian oleh pelajar. Justeru, beberapa cadangan kajian akan datang telah dikemukakan bagi membantu jabatan dan institusi dalam memastikan keseimbangan bilangan pelajar mengikut trek yang disediakan bagi peningkatan kualiti pengajian. Kata Kunci: Pemilihan Trek, Politeknik, Diploma Teknologi Maklumat, TVET. 1. PENGENALAN Perkembangan teknologi dunia kini semakin berubah hari demi hari terutama dalam arus perubahan Revolusi Industri 4.0 (Begum, 2019; Nair, 2019). Perkembangan ini sebenarnya mengubah pelbagai sektor termasuk sektor pendidikan (Abdul Rahman et al., 2017; OECD, 2018). Sektor Pendidikan yang menawarkan bidang Teknologi Maklumat antara bidang yang sangat kritikal dan sentiasa memerlukan perubahan agar tidak ketinggalan (Khor & Chua, 2018). Bidang teknologi maklumat ini telah ditawarkan di pelbagai institusi pendidikan awam mahupun swasta. Politeknik antara institusi yang menawarkan kusus teknologi maklumat ini di bawah Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi. Program Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital) adalah merupakan salah satu program yang menawarkan bidang ini dengan pilihan dua trek ataupun aliran iaitu Pembangunan Perisian dan Aplikasi serta Sistem Rangkaian. Pemilihan trek pengajian merupakan keputusan penting bagi pelajar yang mengejar Diploma dalam Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital) di semua politeknik termasuklah Politeknik Balik Pulau. Pelajar-pelajar ini akan mula memilih pada akhir semester kedua dalam pengajian di politeknik. Sejajar dengan teknologi yang sentiasa berkembang pesat ini, kemajuan teknologi yang ada membentuk kepelbagaian teknologi baharu kepada industri yang ada. Justeru, pemilihan trek ini menjadi sesuatu yang penting bagi seorang pelajar DDT untuk
267 mempertimbangkan semua aspek yang perlu sebelum pemilihan tersebut dilakukan. Selain faktor minat dan potensi kerjaya, terdapat juga pelbagai faktor lain yang mungkin mempengaruhi pelajar sewaktu proses pemilihan seperti faktor keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sekitar (Othman & Hussin, 2020). Kajian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelajar dalam membuat pemilihan trek pengajian bagi Program Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital) di Politeknik Balik Pulau. Memahami perkara yang mempengaruhi laluan pendidikan pelajar akan dapat membantu institusi memperbaiki dan membantu pelajar dengan memberikan gambaran jelas kepada pelajar agar membuat keputusan yang bijak serta memastikan mereka dilengkapi dengan kemahiran yang diperlukan untuk berjaya dalam era digital ini (Azizan et al., 2017; Singgih & Rayhan, 2022). Dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor ini dalam pemilihan trek pengajian, pelajar ini dapat memastikan bahawa mereka memperoleh kemahiran dan pengetahuan yang relevan untuk memenuhi keperluan industri pada masa depan dan institusi dapat membimbing mereka agar pilihan yang dilakukan bersesuaian dengan minat dan keupayaan mereka sewaktu pengajian. Seterusnya, akan meningkatkan peluang pelajar untuk menepatkan diri di sektor pekerjaan yang baik dan berjaya dalam bidang Teknologi Maklumat dalam perubahan era digital yang sentiasa berubah. . 1.1 Persoalan Kajian Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab persoalan berikut: i. Apakah faktor-faktor utama yang mempengaruhi pemilihan Trek Pengajian bagi pelajar Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital), Politeknik Balik Pulau. ii. Adakah terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor pilihan keluarga dan pengaruh rakan terhadap pemilihan Trek Pengajian bagi pelajar pelajar Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital), Politeknik Balik Pulau. 1.2 Hipotesis Kajian Hipotesis kajian yang dikenalpasti adalah : i. H1 : Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor pengaruh rakan terhadap pemilihan Trek Pengajian bagi pelajar pelajar Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital), Politeknik Balik Pulau. ii. H2 : Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara peluang kerjaya terhadap pemilihan Trek Pengajian bagi pelajar pelajar Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital), Politeknik Balik Pulau. 2. ULASAN LITERATUR Faktor Sosial Faktor sosial adalah merupakan salah satu faktor yang mampu mempengaruhi pelajar dalam melakukan sesuatu keputusan termasuk pemilihan program pengajian ataupun trek pengajian. Faktor sosial ini juga mencakupi faktor pengaruh rakan sebaya, faktor pilihan keluarga terutama desakan ibu bapa dan faktor persekitaran seperti tren perubahan teknologi (Yahya & Mahmud, 2021). Namun terdapat juga pelajar yang cenderung mempertimbangkan peluang
268 pekerjaan dan keperluan pasaran kerja dalam pemilihan program pengajian (Husin & Md Nor, 2018). Mereka ingin memilih program yang memberikan peluang kerjaya yang baik dan relevan dengan keperluan industri (Muhd Hussin & Mujahideen, 2017). Keperluan pasaran kerja yang berkaitan dengan program pengajian tertentu dapat mempengaruhi minat pelajar dalam memilih program tersebut (Arsat & Rasid, 2010) Perkembangan teknologi dan tren industri kini juga adalah merupakan antara faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan pelajar dalam program pengajian (Hassan et al., 2013). Perkembangan teknologi ini menjadikan sebilangan pelajar cenderung memilih program yang relevan dengan tren teknologi dan perkembangan industri semasa kerana minat terhadap teknologi baharu yang ada. Kecenderungan ini membawa kepada minat untuk meneroka kemahiran dan pengetahuan yang diperlukan untuk berjaya dalam sektor yang berkaitan (Verma et al., 2021). Namun, faktor-faktor sosial ini dapat bervariasi dalam setiap individu dan bergantung kepada pelbagai konteks. Setiap pelajar memiliki pengalaman dan pertimbangan yang unik dalam pemilihan program pengajian malah, faktor sosial juga tidak semestinya berdiri sendiri. Mungkin juga terdapat gabungan faktor pemilihan trek bersama dengan faktor lain seperti minat pribadi, keperluan kewangan, dan peluang pekerjaan semasa (Azizan et al., 2017; Singgih & Rayhan, 2022). Faktor Minat Selain faktor sosial, minat pelajar juga adalah faktor yang penting dalam mempengaruhi pemilihan program dan kursus pengajian pelajar. Minat atau kecenderungan terhadap seusatu adalah juga menjadi pendorong kepada individu untuk meneroka ilmu dan kemahiran dalam bidang yang diminati tersebut. Keperluan untuk mengikuti minat pribadi merupakan antara aspek penting dalam memilih program yang sesuai, kerana minat yang tinggi akan memberi pelajar motivasi yang lebih besar dan memungkinkan kejayaan yang lebih tinggi dalam bidang yang mereka pilih (Abu & Leong, 2014). Pemilihan program yang berdasarkan minat adalah merupakan faktor yang mampu memberikan semangat, motivasi dan keupayaan kepada seseorang pelajar sewaktu dalam proses pembelajaran malah mampu memberikan mereka kejayaan yang lebih baik. (Omar, 2022). Selain itu, pemilihan program dan kursus yang selari dengan minat pelajar akan memberikan kepuasan dan keseronokan kepada pelajar dalam proses pembelajaran sepanjang pengajian. Pelajar ini juga akan lebih cenderung untuk terus meneroka ilmu pengetahuan dan kemahiran dalam bidang yang diceburi sama ada melanjutkan pengajian ke peringkat yang lebih tinggi, mengikuti kursus-kursus professional atau menimba ilmu tambahan secara terus dalam talian melalui kursus-kursus dalam talian yang ditawarkan (Mohd Ali et al., 2022). Faktor Peluang Kerjaya Selain itu, pemahaman pelajar terhadap peluang kerjaya yang ada dalam bidang IT juga menjadi faktor penting dalam pemilihan kursus dan program pengajian. Pelajar cenderung memilih program yang menawarkan peluang kerjaya yang menarik dan berpotensi untuk gaji yang kompetitif dan memberi jaminan pekerjaan untuk jangka masa yang panjang (Muhd Hussin & Mujahideen, 2017. Kemajuan teknologi memberikan pelbagai peluang kerjaya bagi
269 pelajar teknologi maklumat. Peranan seperti pembangun perisian, analis data, pakar keselamatan siber, arkitek cloud, dan jurutera AI sangat diperlukan (Ardagna et al., 2021). Selain itu, dengan perkembangan teknologi baru seperti big data, pembelajaran mesin, dan blockchain yang terus mempengaruhi industri, profesional teknologi maklumat dengan kepakaran dalam bidang ini mempunyai kelebihan bersaing dalam pasaran pekerjaan menjadi faktor kepada pelajar untuk memilih trek dan program pengajian yang menjurus ke arah teknologi tersebut. Selain itu, perubahan tren industri juga memberi kesan terhadap peluang kerjaya dalam bidang teknologi maklumat. Jika pelajar boleh menyesuaikan laluan kerjaya mereka dengan trend industri dengan memberi tumpuan kepada sektor-sektor seperti e-dagang, keselamatan siber, dan tenaga boleh baharu pelajar dapat memperoleh kemahiran dan pengetahuan yang relevan untuk memenuhi tuntutan industri tersebut. Pelajar bidang teknologi maklumat perlu sentiasa mengikuti perkembangan teknologi terkini, bagi mendapatkan pengalaman praktikal melalui latihan industri atau projek, dan terus meningkatkan kemahiran melalui pembangunan profesional dan pensijilan (ILO-UNESCO, 2020; Uzorka, 2022). 3. METODOLOGI Reka bentuk kajian adalah berbentuk deskriptif kuantitatif yang melibatkan instrumen soal selidik. Populasi kajian adalah seramai 628 orang yang merupakan pelajarpelajar Program Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital) di Politeknik Balik Pulau. Sampel kajian adalah seramai 602 orang yang terdiri daripada pelajar diploma semester dua hingga semester lima Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi di Politeknik Balik Pulau. Pelajar semester dua hingga lima dipilih kerana pilihan trek pengajian adalah bermula daripada semester kedua pengajian di politeknik. soal selidik disebarkan menggunakan pautan Google Form dan pautan soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada semua penasihat akademik bagi pelajar semester dua sehingga lima. Seramai 237 responden telah memberikan maklum balas kepada soal selidik ini secara rawak. Berdasarkan cadangan formula Krejcie & Morgan (1970) jumlah responden melebihi 230 orang adalah cukup bagi memberikan gambaran kepada 600 sampel. Analisis deskriptif melibatkan min dan sisihan piawai digunakan bagi menjawab persoalan yang pertama manakala ujian statistik korelasi digunakan bagi menjawab persoalan kedua kajian. 4. KEPUTUSAN DAN PERBINCANGAN Kemukakan hasil kajian secara objektif dengan memasukkan nombor, jadual, dan angka. Di bahagian perbincangan, anda boleh menyatakan semula hipotesis anda dan menjawab soalan penyelidikan anda. Sebagai pengarang makalah, anda harus membimbing pembaca anda melalui analisis dan mengelakkan menyertakan penerangan terperinci mengenai narasi lebih terperinci mengenai jadual dan angka. Demografi Jadual 1 berikut merupakan taburan bilangan dan peratusan responden mengikut jantina bagi kesemua responden yang memberi maklum balas terhadap soal selidik yang diedarkan. Seramai 237 orang telah menjawab dan memberi respond terhadap kajian ini dan daripada jumlah tersebut didapati seramai 141 orang dengan peratusan 59.5 peratus terdiri daripada responden lelaki dan 96 orang iaitu dengan peratusan sebanyak 40.5 peratus adalah terdiri daripada responden perempuan.
270 Selain itu, seramai 154 dengan 65 peratus responden adalah daripada trek SAD manakala 83 orang dengan peratusan 35 peratus adalah daripada trek Sistem Rangkaian. Jadual 1: Analisis demografi responden Bil Latar Belakang Kekerapan f Peratusan 1 Jantina Lelaki 141 59.5 Perempuan 96 40.5 2 Trek SAD 154 65 Sistem Rangkaian 83 35 Faktor-faktor Utama yang Mempengaruhi Pemilihan Trek Pengajian Jadual 2 menunjukkan min dan sisihan piawai bagi semua fakto-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan trek pengajian. Antara faktor-faktor yang dikenalpasti adalah seperti pengaruh rakan, keluarga, pensyarah, minat dan juga peluang kerjaya. Hasil analisis mendapati, min yang tertinggi adalah pemilihan berdasarkan minat dengan skor min 4.25 dan peluang kerjaya dengan skor min 4.13. Manakala pengaruh keluarga merupakan faktor yang mendapat skor min terendah dengan nilai skor 2.91. Ini bermakna, majoriti responden bersetuju bahawa minat dan peluang kerjaya merupakan faktor utama yang mendorong mereka untuk membuat pilihan dalam pemilihan trek pengajian. Jadual 2: Faktor-faktor utama yang mempengaruhi pemilihan trek pengajian Bil Deskripsi Min Sisihan Piawai 1. Pengaruh Rakan 3.48 0.82 2. Pengaruh Keluarga 2.91 0.82 3. Pensyarah 3.28 0.76 4. Minat 4.25 0.82 5. Peluang Kerjaya 4.13 0.85 Faktor Hubungan Yang Signifikan Antara Faktor Pengaruh Rakan Dan Peluang Kerjaya Terhadap Pemilihan Trek Pengajian Analisis korelasi Pearson telah dilakukan untuk menentukan hubungan antara pengaruh rakan terhadap pemilihan trek dan peluang kerjaya terhadap pemilihan trek. Jadual 3 menunjukkan rumusan hubungan korelasi antara pengaruh rakan dan peluang kerjaya terhadap pemilihan trek pengajian bagi pelajar DDT Politeknik Balik Pulau. Pertama, keputusan menunjukkan hubungan positif yang signifikan antara pemilihan trek terhadap pengaruh rakan, [r(237) = .201, p = .020]. Selain itu, hubungan antara peluang kerjaya dan pemilihan trek juga menunjukkan hubungan positif yang dengan skor, [r(237) = .591, p = .030].
271 Kesimpulannya, rakan juga mampu mempengaruhi pelajar dalam memilih trek pengajian namun, hubungan antara keduanya adalah lemah. Pengaruh rakan tidak terlalu mempengaruhi pemilihan trek. Oleh itu, hipotesis pertama bahawa terdapat pengaruh rakan terhadap pemilihan trek diterima dan gagal untuk ditolak. Seterusnya, pengaruh kerjaya juga mempunyai hubungan positif yang kuat terhadap pemilihan trek. Justeru, hipotesis kedua bahawa peluang kerjaya mempengaruhi pemilihan trek pengajian para pelajar diterima. Jadual 3: Rumusan hubungan antara Pengaruh Rakan dan Peluang Kerjaya terhadap Pemilihan Trek Bil Faktor Pemilihan Signifikan Pearson, r 1 Pengaruh Rakan 0.02 0.201 2 Peluang Kerjaya 0.03 0.591 Perbincangan Pemilihan trek pengajian bukanlah satu ukuran asas bagi kejayaan seseorang pelajar namun, jika pilihan yang dibuat adalah selari dengan kehendak industri disamping usaha yang berterusan di dalam pengajian mampu meningkatkan potensi pelajar untuk berjaya di dalam bidang yang diceburi. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini dilakukan bagi mengenalpasti faktorfaktor utama yang menjadi ukuran pelajar dalam memilih trek pengajian. Berdasarkan kajiankajian yang dilakukan oleh pengkaji terdahulu, beberapa faktor dikenalpasti sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan pelajar seperti pengaruh rakan, keluarga, minat,peluang kerjaya malah pengaruh pensyarah juga mampu mempengaruhi pilihan pelajar kepada bidang pengajian mereka. Berdasarkan demografi responden yang memberi maklumbalas, didapati majoriti responden adalah lelaki dan daripada trek SAD. Umum mengetahui bahawa pelajar trek SAD adalah lebih ramai berbanding pelajar bagi trek Sistem Rangkaian. Berdasarkan faktor-faktor yang telah dikenalpasti daripada kajian terdahulu didapati bahawa pengaruh rakan dan ibu bapa bukanlah menjadi faktor utama yang mempengaruhi pelajar dalam memilih trek ini. Tidak dinafikan dapatan menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan daripada pelajar menghormati pilihan ibu bapa namun, majoriti kurang bersetuju untuk memilih trek pengajian yang dicadangkan oleh keluarga jika trek tersebut bukanlah trek pengajian yang diminati. Selain itu, majoriti responden juga bersetuju bahawa rakan-rakan banyak memberikan input tentang trek pengajian yang ditawarkan namun majoriti responden tidak akan memilih trek yang dicadangkan jika trek itu bukanlah yang diminati. Penyataan ini disokong oleh dapatan yang mendapati bahawa pengaruh rakan mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan yang positif terhadap pemilihan trek namun hubungan ini dilihat lemah. Seterusnya, faktor yang mendominasi pilihan pelajar terhadap trek pengajian adalah faktor minat. Majoriti sangat bersetuju bahawa pengajian akan lebih mudah dan menarik jika trek pengajian itu adalah sesuatu yang diminati. Dapatan daripada kajian oleh (Supeni et al., 2010), menunjukkan bahawa minat timbul berdasarkan pengetahuan, pengalaman, dan pendedahan yang diterima oleh pelajar semasa proses pembelajaran dan melalui persekitaran kehidupan
272 yang ada di sekeliling mereka. Selain itu, kajian yang dilakukan oleh (Fauziah et al., 2017) juga ada menyatakan bahawa minat adalah faktor pendorong utama untuk seseorang individu mencapai cita-citanya. Selain itu, dapatan analisis juga mendapati terdapat hubungan signifikan positif yang kuat terhadap peluang kerjaya dengan pemilihan trek pengajian. Ini boleh dilihat sebagai semakin besar peluang pekerjaan dan semakin tinggi gaji yang bakal ditawarkan akan mengakibatkan semakin ramai pelajar berminat untuk memilih trek berkenaan. Dapatan ini juga dikongsi oleh kajian oleh Karunamurthi & Wei Sieng, (2018) yang mendapati bahawa pelajar cenderung memilih pengajian yang diminati, mempunyai pilihan gaji yang tinggi dan setara dengan pengajian yang diperolehi. Oleh yang demikian, beberapa kajian lanjut boleh dilakukan iaitu kajian tentang hubungan jantina terhadap pilihan trek dan faktor-faktor pertengahan yang boleh dimasukkan sebagai nilai tambah minat pelajar terhadap trek Sistem Rangkaian agar bilangan pelajar adalah lebih setara antara kedua-dua trek pengajian. 5. KESIMPULAN Pemilihan program dan trek pengajian adalah merupakan satu keputusan yang sangat penting bagi semua pelajar. Pelbagai faktor dan perkara perlu dipertimbangkan dalam memastikan pilihan yang dibuat adalah bersesuaian dengan kehendak semasa kerana program pengajian yang diambil akan menjadi tiket kepada bidang yang bakal diterokai sewaktu bekerja kelak. Faktor minat, keluarga, pengaruh rakan dan peluang kerjaya antara faktor yang dikenalpasti menjadi penyumbang kepada pemilihan trek pelajar Politeknik Balik Pulau. Hasil kajian mendapati pelajar membuat keputusan dalam pemilihan program pengajian dengan menilai peluang kerjaya dan berdasarkan minat pelajar itu sendiri sebelum membuat keputusan. Justeru, diharapkan hasil ini mampu membantu Politeknik Balik Pulau khususnya penasihat akademik untuk membantu pelajar dalam membuat pilihan trek. RUJUKAN Abdul Rahman, N. A., Abdul Kadir, S., Mohamad, M. F., & Abdul Moin, M. I. (2017). Higher Tvet Educationin Aviation : Teaching Quality and a Master Key To Industry 4 . 0. 44–53. Abu, N. E., & Leong, K. E. (2014). Hubungan antara sikap,minat, pengajaran guru dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap pencapaian matematik tambahan Tingkatan 4. Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 2(1), 1–10. Ardagna, C. A., Bellandi, V., Damiani, E., Bezzi, M., & Hebert, C. (2021). Big Data Analytics-as-aService: Bridging the gap between security experts and data scientists. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 93, 107215. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPELECENG.2021.107215 Arsat, M., & Rasid, N. (2010). Faktor Kesediaan Pelajar Kejuruteraan Elektrik Dan Elektronik Dalam Pembentukan Kerjaya. Faktor Kesediaan Pelajar Kejuruteraan Elektrik Azizan, F. L., Ahmad, N. A., Rahim, N. F., Daud, R., Samani, M. C., Zailani, M. A., Mustapha, M. A., Bukhori, M. F. M., & Kamal, A. A. (2017). Factors that Influence Program Selection and Its Relationship with Students’ Achievement in Pre-University Study. Asian Social Science, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n9p145 Begum, J. (2019). Challenges and Opportunities 4 th Industrial Revolution : National Conference on IR4.0. Fauziah, A., Rosnaningsih, A., & Azhar, S. (2017). Hubungan Antara Motivasi Belajar Dengan Minat Belajar Siswa Kelas Iv Sdn Poris Gaga 05 Kota Tangerang. Jurnal JPSD (Jurnal Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar), 4(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.26555/jpsd.v4i1.a9594 Hassan, R., Awang, H., Ibrahim, B., & Zakariah, S. H. (2013). Memacu Pelan Transformasi Pendidikan : Peranan IPTA Dalam Membantu Meningkatkan Kuantiti Dan Kualiti Pendidikan Aliran Sains dan
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274 BRACKETING TECHNIQUE IN DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND ENHANCING CREATIVITY WITH ADOBE PHOTOSHOP Azizah Siron1* Khairul Anuar bin Ishak2 1-2Politeknik METrO Tasek Gelugor, Pulau Pinang *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper aims to provide a project-based practice using digital camera in capturing landscape photography, enhancing creativity and providing a guide on how to edit triple images using Adobe Photoshop to produce beautiful landscape picture. Keywords: Digital Photography, Bracketing, Adobe Photoshop, HDR Photo. 1. INTRODUCTION The process of bracketing need is to change the exposure compensation for every shoot. In manual mode, set to manually change any of the "three big" settings as: aperture, shutter speed, or ISO. Bracketing is used when dealing with high-contrast objects and/or media with limited dynamic range (such as transparencies or CCD sensors in many digital cameras). Planned three exposures - one overexposed, one underexposed, and one correct exposed. The term bracketing usually refers to exposure bracketing; the photographer chooses to take a picture at a given exposure, one or more of which is brighter and one or more of which is darker, to choose the most satisfactory image. Next, the three bracketing pictures edited by Adobe Photoshop were to finish the process of enriching the colors of the images taken. According to K. Iqbal, (2010) image enhancement technology is to make images brighter or darker, increase or decrease contrast, or remove unwanted image features, such as color casts. He added that low contrast is considered a serious problem because it reduces the visual quality of digital images. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Photography is a combination of technology and art. To improve creativity in photographic technical aspects for dramatic results, equipment and practice need to be controlled. With the advancement of digital image technology, one big change in the camera market is that the digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) has replaced the recently slow-developing film-type SLR. This progress is reflected in some of the core technologies of digital SLR cameras, such as digital image sensors and electronic shutter mechanisms, which can take pictures even in the harshest conditions. Nowadays, DSLR cameras are becoming more and more popular among photographers and enthusiasts, Yoon et al., (2013). Landscapes photography is an interesting subject to be captured. Somehow, it’s a bit difficult to get extraordinary effects to get stunning picture. As time goes by, sticking to the present practice will produce the desired future; day-to-day activities, every moment of experience, and finally accumulate in the form of collection, record, and photo. K. Cohen (2005), justify why does one need a reason to do what one likes to do?
275 Because although the happiness of the present tense ensures that people enjoy the activity while doing the activity, the happiness of the past completed tense ensures that the pleasure of completing the task complements a person’s motivation to do it now and continuously. It is because to get the best picture practice makes perfect, which means regular exercise of an activity or skill is the way to become proficient in it. This project base can push young photographers to practice an aesthetic approach towards everyday or the commonplace photography activity. It could work in a very different way but influencing the develop and expression of the photographer’s own brand and specialty, Morton (2017). 2.1 Theoretical Frameworks According to Asko, Jukka & Janne, (2017) the need to maintain the purity of photographic images because the traditional understanding of photography and it relies on conventions to maintain specific causal relationships in photos. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Examples photos were taken using Canon camera model D60. Camera attached with the 27mm-60mm lens. Multiple images taken through the depth of field were stacked with f 5.6 with 1/500 speed with 500 ISO. The white balance used was natural light. Bracketing with which generates a single image of combined focus. The images were edited using Adobe Photoshop version CS5. The name of each tool, its function and shortcuts were used according to the Photoshop User Guide (Photoshop CS6). Adobe Photoshop 6.0 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, Calif) is an excellent tool for editing and annotating images intended for presentation or publication, Caruso & Postel, (2002)6 . Some tips in editing according to Bevilaqua, (2020), are always try to compensate for more or less lighting points, so that the photo is at the maximum uniformity in terms of lighting. In addition to being uniform, the photo should be clear enough to show the structure in the best possible way. 4. FINDINGS 1. Steps in Bracketing Manual Bracketing means you can take a series of photos while constantly changing camera settings. This means that you will end up with two or more photos of the same scene, each with only a few different.
276 2. Quick View of default Photoshop workspace The Document window displays the file you are working on. Document windows can be tabbed and, in certain cases, grouped and docked. The Control Panel displays the options for the currently selected tool. The Tools panel contains tools for creating and editing images, artwork and page elements. The related tools are grouped together (Fig. 8). Panels help you monitor and modify the work.
277 Examples include “History”, “Brush”, “Layers”, “Character” and “Paragraph”, but other panels can also be added. Panels can be grouped, stacked or docked, Bevilaqua, (2020). Photo Editing Step 1 Figure 8. Default Photoshop workspace. A. Tools panel B. Control panel; C. Menu Bar Figure 9. The images in the previous section will produce High Dynamic Range (HDR) when mixed together. Step 2 Figure 10. Browse three captured images in your created target folder
278 The example of exposure: Usually bracketing end up with a photo that is too dark, a photo that is too bright, and a photo with accurate exposure. Exposure setting steps shared by Bareither, (2021) by set the focus distance and other settings to generate a front focus, a back focus and an accurate photo. Mantiuk et al., (2009)10 says color reproduction in tone mapping Focus on preserving the color appearance of real-world scenes on the computer screen, as human eyes perceive. The photo should be clear enough so that the structures are visualized in the best possible way, besides presenting a good contrast so as to have a notion of the tridimensionality of the structure such as sutures, grooves, bristles, tubercles or depressions. Step 4 Figure 11. Select three images. Figure 12. As in the photo above, the 1st scene was shot with a fairly high contrast. Step 3 Figure 13. Untick one box will affect the colors of the picture. Remember that to upload more than three pictures for bracketing techniques to enhance the tone and the color value. As in the below photo, the shot was fairly high contrast. Figure 14. By untick the second picture some light is removed from the overall picture.
279 Figure 15. By clicking these two boxes, the final picture is looks like as below: Figure 16. Picture from selected two from three uploading HDR features converting process. Figure 17. Click menu bar > image, choose Auto Tone Figure 18. Click menu bar > image > Auto Contrast to improving overall contrast or removing an unwanted color cast. Figure 19. Click menu bar > image > Auto Color to controls for fine-tuning or improving on the results image looks afterwards, something better. Figure 20. Click menu bar > image > Adjustments, slide the vibrance and saturation in the dialogue box and see how to warm up or cool down an image with vibrance. adjustment.
280 In landscape photography, sometimes it’s tricky to expose small bright spots in the sky (even if they turn completely white) without blowing them up. Think of it as "cautious exposure" may still be over exposure. For example, here are three unedited images of bracketing: Figure 21. This is the final outcome of the three- HDR images blend with Adobe Photoshop. Figure 23. The closest to the "ideal" exposure. Figure 24. The darkest. Figure 22. The large number of bright areas in the clouds.
281 5. CONCLUSION This guide provides anyone with an easy and fast way to capture landscape photo and editing to make them more aesthetically appealing and attractive. Henceforward this project based practice will help amateur photographer in increasing knowledge, skills and creativity. We conducted a survey to measure students' understanding and competence after following the provided manuals and tutorials. Besides landscape photography this technique is also applicable in studio work such as for product photography. Commercialize and entrepreneurship in photography used to sell or promote products or services. Therefore, stunning picture is a must as a visual unique selling proposition. Kabukcu, (2015) says that today’s global economy, relies on creativity and innovation of products and processes. 6. RECOMMENDATION Blending a set of bracketed images is more than just exposure. Experimental by take multiple photos at different points, and combine the best parts of each photo into a clear result also counts as bracketing, because it involves multiple photos of the same scene while changing camera settings from one to another. This is something that many landscape and macro photographers use to artificially extend the depth of field. In future we will demonstrate on how to do an incredible macro photography with bracketing technique to a still life subject and commercial product. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Dr. Majdah for her commitment in checking grammar and sentence structure for her support of this paper. Figure 25. Graph shows students understanding with skills are improve after following the provided manuals and tutorials. following the provided manuals and tutorials. following the provided manuals and tutorials.ffollowing the 0 5 10 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Student performance before and after using manual Bracketing Technique and Adobe Photoshop tutorial PRE-TEST POST-TEST
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283 KAJIAN KESEDIAAN PELAJAR SEKOLAH TERHADAP PENAWARAN PROGRAM DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT (TEKNOLOGI DIGITAL) - TREK PEMBANGUNAN WEB DI JABATAN TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT DAN KOMUNIKASI, POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MU'ADZAM SHAH (POLIMAS) Norhazaliana binti Affendi1* Noor Azmiza binti Ideris2 Abdul Aziz Ab Nasir3 1-3 Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Muádzam Shah, Kedah *Emel: [email protected] ABSTRAK Sebagai institusi TVET yang menjalankan program pengajian berlandaskan keperluan industri, politeknik sentiasa menjalin kolaborasi strategik dengan industri, institusi pendidikan lain, agensi awam mahupun swasta serta komuniti setempat bagi memastikan institusi ini tidak ketinggalan dalam perkembangan teknologi terkini. Oleh itu, program Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital) - Trek Pembangunan Web telah dirancang untuk diperkenalkan di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah (POLIMAS) sebagai pilihan tambahan kepada program sedia ada. Satu analisis keperluan telah dijalankan untuk mendapatkan maklum balas berkaitan penawaran program ini daripada pihak berkepentingan iaitu pelajar sekolah. Tujuan kajian ini adalah mengenal pasti bidang pengajian yang diminati oleh pelajar sekolah dan mengenal pasti tahap kesediaan pelajar sekolah untuk menyambung pengajian program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web. Kajian ini menggunakan borang soal selidik yang disediakan secara dalam talian dengan menggunakan platform Google Form. Responden dalam kajian ini melibatkan 1109 pelajar sekolah menengah berumur 16 tahun ke atas dari sekolah di Negeri Kedah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan 51.9 peratus pelajar berminat menyambung pengajian dalam Program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web dan 76 peratus pelajar bersedia untuk menyambung pengajian dalam Program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web. Impak penawaran program baharu ini akan memberi peluang kepada pelajar untuk memilih bidang pengkhususan yang mendapat maklumbalas positif daripada pihak pelajar. Ia bakal membuka ruang dan peluang pekerjaan yang luas kepada graduan pada masa kini atau masa akan datang. Justeru, program ini sangat sesuai ditawarkan di politeknik atas permintaan semasa kerana mempunyai peluang kerjaya yang cerah. Kata Kunci: Diploma Teknologi Maklumat, Teknologi Digital, Pembangunan Web, Penawaran Program. 1. PENGENALAN 1.1 Latarbelakang Pendidikan dan Latihan Teknikal dan Vokasional (TVET) adalah proses pendidikan dan latihan yang mempunyai hala tuju pekerjaan dengan penekanan utama terhadap amalan industri.
284 Lulusan TVET dijangkakan dapat berperanan sebagai enjin pembangunan negara untuk menghasilkan tenaga kerja mahir yang kompeten dalam pelbagai bidang. Sebagai institusi TVET yang menjalankan program pengajian berlandaskan keperluan industri, politeknik dan kolej komuniti sentiasa menjalin kolaborasi strategik dengan industri, rakan institusi pendidikan lain, agensi awam mahupun swasta serta komuniti setempat bagi memastikan institusi ini tidak ketinggalan dalam arus perkembangan teknologi terkini. Oleh itu, program Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital) - Trek Pembangunan Web (DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web) telah dirancang untuk diperkenalkan di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah (POLIMAS) sebagai pilihan tambahan kepada program sedia ada iaitu program Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital) - Trek Pembangunan Aplikasi dan Perisian. Sehubungan itu, satu kajian analisis keperluan telah dijalankan ke atas pelajar sekolah untuk mendapatkan maklum balas berkaitan penawaran program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web. 1.2 Objektif i. Menentukan bidang pengajian yang diminati oleh pelajar sekolah. ii. Menentukan tahap kesediaan pelajar sekolah untuk menyambung pengajian program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web. 2. ULASAN LITERATUR 2.1 Dasar Negara Pada tahun 2013 Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) telah merangka Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2015-2025 (Pendidikan Tinggi) atau dikenali sebagai PPPM(PT). PPPM(PT) menggariskan 10 Lonjakan bagi mencapai aspirasi sistem pendidikan tinggi Malaysia. Lonjakan ke 4 memberi fokus kepada penghasilan Graduan Latihan Teknik dan Vokasional (TVET) yang berkualiti (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 2021). Oleh itu Jabatan Pengajian Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti (JPPKK) telah menetapkan matlamat menghasilkan graduan TVET yang holistik dan kompeten serta berkemampuan menyumbang kepada pembangunan negara dengan menawarkan pelbagai jenis diploma dan sijil termasuklah Diploma Teknologi Maklumat (Teknologi Digital). Kerajaan juga turut memperkenalkan MyDIGITAL yang menggariskan rancangan untuk mempercepatkan pencapaian Malaysia sebagai negara ekonomi maju dari segi teknologi yanag mana terdapat 6 teras dan teras ke 4 nya ialah membangunkan bakat digital yang tangkas dan kompeten (Bernama, 2021). Pada November 2020, Malaysia telah menubuhkan Majlis Ekonomi Digital dan Revolusi Perindustrian Keempat (4IR) Negara untuk melonjakkan keupayaan tempatan dalam menguasai pendigitalan. Terdapat 5 evolusi industri 4IR dan evolusi ke 4 ialah Industri 4.0 Pembuatan. Industri 4.0 Pembuatan adalah berasaskan rangkaian pintar antara mesin dengan pemprosesan yang dibantu oleh ICT (Unit Perancang Ekonomi Jabatan Perdana Menteri, 2020). Komponen tersebut adalah meliputi teknologi digital, inovasi dan ilmu. Melihat kepada dasar negara melalui PPPM (PT), MyDIGITAL dan 4IR ini, ia menunjukkan bidang teknologi maklumat sangat penting kepada negara bagi menjadi sebuah negara maju. Oleh itu penawaran Program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web adalah sangat relevan dengan dasar negara. 2.2 Peranan Pelajar Sekolah Sebagai Pemegang Taruh Di Malaysia, kanak-kanak mula bersekolah rendah pada umur tujuh sehingga dua belas tahun. Selepas itu, kanak-kanak ini akan belajar di sekolah menengah sehingga umur tujuh belas tahun.
285 Pada tahun akhir persekolahan, pelajar sekolah menengah akan mengambil peperiksaan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) atau yang setara dengannnya bagi melayakkan pelajar memohon pekerjaan atau menyambung pengajian pada peringkat seterusnya. Menurut Mohammad (2023), TVET memberi peluang kepada pelajar memperoleh kemahiran praktikal dan teknikal diperlukan dalam dunia pekerjaan sekaligus mewujudkan akses kepada 'lubang' pekerjaan luas di pelbagai sektor seperti pembinaan, perindustrian dan perkhidmatan. Justeru itu, pelajar lepasan SPM patut melanjutkan pengajian dalam bidang TVET seperti bidang teknologi maklumat (IT), kejuruteraan elektrik dan elektronik atau bidang berkaitan digitalisasi kerana pelajar memperoleh kemahiran praktikal berkaitan sektor pekerjaan pilihan dan mempunyai peluang cerah memperoleh pekerjaan stabil dan berdaya saing atau boleh memulakan perniagaan sendiri dan menjadi usahawan mengikut kemahiran dipelajari (Mohammad, 2023). Pernyataan ini menyokong teras keempat Pelan Pembangunan Kedah 2035 yang menyatakan tentang keseimbangan modal insan dan bakat (Bahagian Perancangan ekonomi Negeri Kedah, 2019). Teras ini boleh dicapai melalui strategi membangunkan hab usahawan ekonomi digital dan menyediakan program pendidikan teknik dan vokasional. Membangunkan hab usahawan ekonomi digital memerlukan ilmu dan kepakaran dalam bidang pembangunan laman web demi memastikan perniagaan dalam talian boleh dilaksanakan dengan jayanya dan seterusnya membantu membuka peluang pekerjaan kepada graduan lepasan program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web. 3. METODOLOGI 3.1 Prosedur Perlaksanaan PNA Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan lima fasa yang terlibat dalam prosedur perlaksanaan PNA seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Buku Panduan Penulisan Kajian Keperluan Program (PNA) Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti (2019). Dalam fasa 1, mesyuarat perancangan dan pelantikan ahli jawatankuasa penyelidik PNA telah diadakan antara penyelidik dari POLIMAS dengan pihak Pusat Penyelidikan dan Inovasi, Jabatan Pengajian Politeknik bagi mengenal pasti langkahlangkah yang perlu diambil dalam melaksanakan kajian. Skop tugas ahli jawatankuasa juga telah ditentukan di dalam mesyuarat tersebut. Dalam fasa 2, reka bentuk instrumen kajian dibangunkan di dalam bengkel penyediaan soalan dan penyemakan dokumen bersama Prof. Madya Dr. Shamshuritawati Binti Sharif (Pensyarah Kanan di Pusat Pengajian Sains Kuantitatif, Universiti Utara Malaysia). Kesahan dan keboleh percayaan instrumen kajian dilaksanakan melalui kajian rintis ke atas 71 responden daripada tiga kluster sekolah iaitu Sekolah Kluster Kecemerlangan/Prestasi Tinggi/MRSM/SBP, Sekolah Agama dan Sekolah Harian Biasa. Analisis dapatan kajian rintis juga diteliti oleh beberapa pakar yang dilantik di kalangan warga POLIMAS antaranya, Timbalan Pengarah Akademik (TPA), Timbalan Pengarah Sokongan Akademik (TPSA), Ketua-ketua Jabatan serta pensyarah yang berpengalaman dalam melaksanakan kajian. Berdasarkan maklum balas yang diterima, borang soal selidik telah dimurnikan dengan mengambil kira semua maklum balas yang diberikan oleh pihak yang terlibat. Dalam fasa 3, borang soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada 1109 responden yang terdiri dari pelajar sekolah yang berumur 16 tahun ke atas melalui aplikasi google form. Dalam fasa 4, analisis deskriptif dalam bentuk peratus digunakan untuk menganalisis dapatan kajian dari aplikasi google form. Kaedah yang digunakan ialah skala Guttman. Skala Guttman menyatakan terdapat hanya dua interval, iaitu setuju dan tidak setuju.
286 Untuk respon positif seperti benar, ya, tinggi, baik, dan sejenisnya, diberikan skor 1; sementara untuk respon negatif seperti salah, tidak, rendah, buruk, dan sejenisnya, diberikan skor 0. Nur Syahirah (2022). Dalam fasa 5, analisis hasil PNA didokumentasikan dalam bentuk penulisan laporan bagi membolehkan ianya dibentangkan dalam Mesyurat Mesyuarat Bahagian Perancangan Program dan Institusi (BPPI) oleh pengarah POLIMAS. Rajah 3.1 : Fasa dalam prosedur perlaksanaan PNA 3.2 Sampel Kajian Persampelan kajian dipilih berdasarkan kaedah persampelan bertujuan (purposive sampling) kepada kemudahcapaian penyelidik ke atas responden. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 1109 orang pelajar sekolah menengah yang berada di negeri Kedah. 3.3 Instrumen Kajian Instrumen kajian yang digunakan terdiri daripada borang soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada responden melalui aplikasi google form. Instrumen soal selidik mengandungi empat bahagian seperti ditunjukkan di dalam Jadual 3.3. Jadual 3.3 Taburan item soal selidik Bahagian Aspek No. Item Jumlah A Demografi 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 8 B Bidang pengajian yang diminati oleh pelajar 9,10,11,12,13 5 C Kesediaan Pelajar untuk Menyambung Pengajian dalam Program DDT-Trek Pembangunan Web 14,15,16, 17,18, 19,20,21 8 D Komen dan Ulasan keseluruhan : Perspektif pelajar terhadap penawaran program 22,23 2 Sumber rujukan: Nur Syahirah (2022) Fasa 1: Penubuhan jawatankuasa kajian PNA dan penentuan skop tugas Fasa 2: Rekabentuk Instrumen Fasa 3: Pengedaran Soal Selidik dan Pengumpulan Hasil PNA Fasa 4: Analisis Hasil PNA Fasa 5: Dokumentasi
287 4. KEPUTUSAN DAN PERBINCANGAN 4.1 Analisis Data Responden Keseluruhan bilangan responden ialah seramai 1,109 dimana sejumlah 30.2% adalah responden lelaki manakala 69.8% adalah responden perempuan seperti ditunjukkan di dalam Jadual 4.1.1. Sebahagian besar responden adalah berbangsa Melayu iaitu 90.6% dan selebihnya ialah berbangsa Cina, India dan lain-lain seperti ditunjukkan di dalam Jadual 4.1.2. Jadual 4.1.1: Jantina responden Jadual 4.1.2: Bangsa responden Jantina Kekerapan Peratus (%) Bangsa Kekerapan Peratus (%) Lelaki 335 30.2% Melayu 1,005 90.6% Perempuan 774 69.8% Cina 42 3.8% Jumlah 1,109 100% India 43 3.9% Lain-lain 19 1.7% Jumlah 1,109 100% Jadual 4.1.3 menunjukkan sejumlah 50.5% daripada responden berumur 16 tahun, 49.3% berumur 17 tahun dan 0.2% berumur 18 tahun. Jadual 4.1.3: Umur responden Umur (Tahun) Kekerapan Peratus (%) 16 560 50.5% 17 547 49.3% 18 2 0.2% Jumlah 1,109 100 Kajian ini dijalankan kepada tiga jenis sekolah iaitu (1) Sekolah Berasrama Penuh atau Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi atau Sekolah Kluster Kecemerlangan atau MRSM, (2) Sekolah Agama dan (3) Sekolah Harian Biasa. Hasil maklumbalas, sejumlah 74% adalah daripada Sekolah Harian biasa, 21% daripada Sekolah Agama dan selebihnya iaitu Sekolah Harian Biasa adalah sejumlah 5% seperti yang ditunjukkan Rajah 4.1. Rajah 4.1: Jenis sekolah 74% 21% 5% Sekolah Harian Biasa (SMK/SMJK) Sekolah Agama (i.e: SABK, SMKA, Bawah Kerajaan Negeri, Persendirian) Sekolah Berasrama Penuh (SBP)/Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi/Sekolah Kluster Kecemerlangan/MRSM