Giuleanu, Victor - Tratat de teorie a muzicii (Vol.1)

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narr! a1uJlznlu llcqJDp.tp DtJolst ul

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Pentnt eei tloi ottlori, Lucroreo de .fult1 inseunurri tttctututlereo utr(tr ef ,,r-
turi .sttslr,rrttte eiliua uni til.>^ir .ti slri ct rlrtttttli a conlpeteiltei lor ltrofestrt-
nole. ditluctice, prc,cttnt si a r/rogosta f atd tle tinerelul shtrlios tlin c,tn,ser-
tntoore si scoli de nutzic[t.
S-ar pdrea cd nu poale fi uorba de nwlt eport l)ersonuL si orrgtrrulttote

-dneeinitsneSeoenirnuipetleoataaleetsc-nurtlott.ar:sbilrceriiiicc.dtliPisanrclirinptcdtlitinpexeiiineli,terruieslnstretpvinetr-lcai,titr<etr,:r,tttttrtuttqirutincniuf Loncsteidntr.ndiucullnsetle.eenolnuerlrcel-tdttititutincrcetlustni:tra.e..eircuasclnteaalhemtrielpnitllueretr..ti
.foarte ltogot. foarle tontpl.er. acuntuLut, in rlecrtrsul trlttor secolc. de la in-
ceprt,iltrile cristali-"urii sistenuilui rnuzi.t:ol astazi. Tonte coltu,rile
si pind
ocestui sistem nrc$tcni t, cltiar gi cele ntai (rscunse, au fost explorate. e$
zice chior bat{rtorilp.. T'oold erperientra si trtt'dltintintcit' dohtndile prin nilrttcc
.5i geniul marilor reatori $i in;terpreti clin treart funrlametttele stiin[ifice
stabil,ite prht cercetdril.e teareticienilor di n totrte t;renturilt. ronstituie. pen-
tnt onutl dc sti,intu nutzicald de o.sltlzi, tut nlaleiel enornr . eare asLeaptii
ic ln'fotetour,estii,ci&turrlenunnturnziicsodlul.ieperixtp,iut,ds dupi o metodd proprie.
stt,h toute aspectele ei. se aflu in
con-

itninutdlomlrdennfiiinntaorei ,dhet pernvntentd, dp:uoltarr'. Creatorii cauld nlercu si pd.trund
exprcsie : gusturile. sensibilitatea si rncnlalitatea aruli-
torilor tuolueazfi neinceta!,; stiinlel.e eracle 5i t,lmica, leg,ate 6Js qyS61 ntu-
:icold, i;i ldrgesc netncetet tloneniile" nintic nu std pe l.oc. Pentnt toote
tceslea, sarcina teoreticianului nntzicnl der-ine tlin ce in ce mai diiirila.
llni intii. e'l trobuie sd.sis/emari:p-:e..sri orsuni:el:e din nou ttutleriulul !oo-
retic nrcstenit. adaptinduJ. perntanent la necesitiilile actuale. int.puse de dez-
ool tarea si nirclul artei ntuzicale ron!,emporane. Ye,:hen teorie a ntuzit:ii,
f.rebui,c reconditrionotd, reoruanizo.td ;i ecomodald, noilor cerin.le ale muzicii
nrorlorne, in aceln;i. ti.ntp rdnfintnrl insd lcgatd de moStcniren mu,:icalti ncrt"
nrtrlotti pind. in, pre:ent.
,l[ai mult, It:orelit-.ionul ntuzical tle ustdzi trebu.ie sd. sesiz.ezc tenonu:-
nele ruti. sd, surprindd tle;uoltareo petnlonentd a artei nntzicale in toate unir-
nttntele. in taote nuanlele ei, sd analizeze, sd, tn{eleagi, totul ;i sd, fie gatn
ctricind sti expurtti $i altora, uL r.ompetenld $i cloritate, stiin!.n sn. rezultattrl
tth sertntriilor. eoncl uz.iil e sale.
Epoca noastrd,, tn special de duptt primul rdzboi ntondial --
,si nroi ntul,t, ritimii doudzeci df)peroionaida adus artei muzicale mari frd.

mtntiiri.,Nrr,i .si noi cuente. Scoli +i personalitdEi mu:icale tn creatie si intp.r-
Sretarc, noi instrumente muzit'nle .5i aparate .fonice. apoi modificdri si ino'
tali,i rodicolr: tn donteniile audilieio transntisiei sunetelor. difuzdrii. impri.
tnrrtlderiiinstuizicTotdlestcrdortidi,e-ntpcoorannseerNuidcrioiid*atamn-uaz.ifdois. t toate reprezintd
ntoi osttLti.td ca aspecte ale
astdzi lupta
tntre tenrlinlelc sdtuilottse. reoliste, ptistrfiIoore ole traditiilor mari ale nut-
=icii,Bgaixtterriurtltitntrleallde antostliesrtneinsrtueI.uifomrnumzilcisatles. -duezlaunrtgaintiztonnteultinu: urenTe gi se
!drge;te necontentt. o tlotd r:u d.ezooltarea rertiginonsd o gtiinlelor fizic.e
aIcautsdl.icrlae,<:ei lecctttrodneicog.re- a ,si a aparatelu .fonice dc tot felul.
- tleuine sarcina tearcticianuhti nrn:ical ntodern.

;i eu ce rd,spundere se prezintd el -tn fald oamcnilor rle nstrizi
In randi|ii,Ie trecerii spre socialisn. $i comunism. arta rnuzicald derintt
t()t nui ntult rtn bun al nmselor largi, un factor pulernic de etlucatic al
rvrtnpnilor. rtn ntiiloc de transfarntqre fl oamenilor. de conturare a unui nott.

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practiftl ttie e treftliei gi hfierpretarii, u urlei Si uietii mrtzicule. tn toftti
lor.
''omple.\iluleu acestui trfttat uu fd.cut eforturi laurlnhile $i au i=.
Socotesc cd autorii

,l,s!t:liueeinn,lteetliatiI.trrtrisrue!urttlinlcrLeisturrteearLee.ttaurp;tc(Iir!uhreutlsliu!ieuaddrenteede.uenlltmtuatttriSzeiuitidsati..pt,eontltimtantlttottturle{ieenirorotctere{eatu4tirtpanenli)ttsteeeouur.lzpeuliumlcate,rarleocclcetiulaeest-ru-eeotineristidonimi,rbejetpiiultnellicainln.edem,lumesacogceeieloscfrprtdoieuirineinnSs.lticoonitirrapulciesriihnLielldoiLo.ednrurieluSct!re.teloecstdaoatuinrciii,i.i
Ir{tt{t.t. rtt il,' e^:entplu: scdrile diatonice, cromatice si e:norntortict:. itttertu-
lrle. nrusttr|Le. rntele
trrclodiae. ornurnentele. tempou,l. nuunlele",entnelp

'le exfu'esie, s4u slriiduit sd, tie clari, sistematici" sd prezinte gtiintiJic

,4utori.i
nnterkilu.l uechi si ttou nI teoriei muzicii. sd. ilustreze teoria cu exint-
1t[ril litt,.
flanfine ut tei ce se tor folosi de ocesL lralal siL oprecieze ln ju.rta

r{rl.t*tre striitluniile autorilor.
rr.il;oeinarlreel.tz;ii.tgdiinlteturnrltnecdrl,deeuszeuittid:cniiei.olistlaudtocarcraeerdxeompaueaadrni.eeupnaflelee, .ddcaDerpeesotnoauttteualilgutdeteeipocntirtiit.t.nfui.nluep.scxeerpureuu,rrariiimtlneoraelcrneu,tamu;tiapalipcE{ieunctoeetelistseeseaunnplrei;ui;--i
muresc nu nu.ntui de r:dtre protesor singur, d de rdtre proJesr,r si eli:ui

- itrupr.pttil(i.

In tnclteiere. nu poL decft sd l,aud initktti,*n telo, tloi autctri, cqre si-loLtt
rroltus "sd re=olt'e o lipsri ce se Jd,cea simtitti din cc in ce nwi ntult tn in-
adtdntinttrl rttrt:icql superior, ,si sri.i Ielicit grontnt rrolizarea de !ulit

TON DTIMI1'[.!,ESCU
.llaeslru Erueril at 4.rtei

buc:ure$ti, lllti2

ap aaapl 1*'ptDPolat "pu!!t t!.tlsl)uu DlllNJut u!'luJtzttlu ruTradrk'fltltuulru
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ilJnrltrl n'lsuarl u! alauayprd a7a7nt7 luls aru;) Dl lnPrlu'42c TdaLp alsg

'11)7zn1u apualqoul u! Iriunu
'ptuv 'tD1u pola iln-Jltl! arat!tur as &,s JsaJop a.n) DJoIaJD JoJnlnJ Trttatni tt3
rS 'nltiuapnTs rS r(rltro"aJoJd 'toyfiaLdn7ut 'LnTilloyt:tnntu 'tolttoTtzotltutt:t
u'trn1l:staatudtllJlotauliquola'tpoult!s-oytJare!|qaaro'apatJ|ts.latDoyrl)tattrrt)llttsstutltopttdnttltrI.ntta)utadDJlDoDuIdaaup.1lpln'oaalJpXpnauuPttulaptottDdTIu'tetto- t

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'ap ps Ttnlatd tuu'q,JttJvrtl 'otttls alJoat o'l ap'csaLttau ?out utr'tlurod tl
u,n ptrDI) nylrLtl1ng l14nd tl .ia's ax 7ilot 'a1ua1s aluA).1!aroal llttltlo'l

'l',t3 l:llIt)

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'aJtsDou alarz

u! IriDJrrnlll filro ap lozllDar rnynsat?otd oa.ta8ayaful nI atnto ps "up ap

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n a?JOa| AP lUUt lln Inlatru PS ttntuapu! baxJ .)JAr ln|Itlt) sstt.[

utalJs9

d]TJNAOAJNI "T,AITAffi

a cutttrihui lu elucitlurea un,or tlispntr- tle ordin teotetic. cat.e :t,,.i
incti tn luntea nr,uzicienilor.

riltti In lucrare nu r)or fi gitsite multe referiri tle ordi, istori,,,..j, t:,,
rtaturd, tnenilc ,r^i ele -- o
tezd teoreticd; dar ne-am gtndit $ctdimes-te sri tntdreascd sou sri cttr.iirn;e ,,
nr,ai hine sd prezenttinr ntrtterialtii
tn primul. rintJ rJin punctul de ueder.e al teoriei muzicit. ctt stopttl tct; ,lr1i
de o preciza Limitele $i preocupdrile acestei discipline.
Vor apdrea, fara indoiala, si unele consicleralii teorelice aJtLtrlinirtrl
altor disciltline muzicologice ca : arntonia. f olclorul, lormele etc.. ttt-a.<terr
'frr'sd uor fi expuse numai utit ctt ua fi necesar peillrn tn.telegerea lr:rt,t.
nr'enelor de care se ocupri direct teoria muzicii.. tn speciol cele rare priuesc
ntelorlia si ritnul.
Pornintl pe acest drum, nddd.itluint ci, 'l,ucr,rcu Llc fald ta etluco., ,t

ett de morlastd contribulie la tra.tarea el.ententclor de ba:d ctle artei tnit.
zicale pi la tn,lelegerea lor,

AUTORlI

ilcuoru vIH0g,[

BUgC000 u'INI



ei

'gt 38d'.,qsli.'{ ealJBJ" sJnitpg'rau!t B 4lilr}al ap llp'rits 'urtrlsoooN D r 8E'l
'196['q]tJlluMs 604
ern+lpg',a10?aa6 !aiuz!1t1t'aa a\aw"r'od 'r{os[rit\(1x 't/u {* a{[o]l t

.'.1{rO.t{:.tirr{oirturtsoi sinur"Tul Sr"Frr.telruiu}tStliO)l,l3.uJt{J6/lz!!xtliqr;tr'utl1ULlrtttl!altt[OtulztnJl1:d'T]'i:}tIaaZxlOEtaOi'a]dlfli{xtft.,!!|w'r8a'.J}f'}$taJ(nltirS{lr/Ji'};'i,u:{Jtlllrr{l{i1"1[{r(eBip'nru;'$r'nBvlult[d!ui{]nrr1l
l?.j .1.tr)[x];) rfi o]Bpal I] lOd A:r[]-q[]Jt: i.rxirrn{ ulilt ".1{tIa]Je s"In.![:{1 +v'fn(t

'dc'tlt^I!.Mt tuttirnut rut.rrl t:Ili];-lolJ]iiJl ']lii:] ]li]]lrl Iill']'r

l:1.!ti Ir-iilrrri{)t{ urJd Bo}ts&[[dai ulaa[jrf^r *rtl;r "gitttttr-* !Jl] J"II{{J3ttd[".].{ds

'gl$lIl l {!' 'r'lltttl

ryjurrtiil6.r,,' rr!|'{iUl{IBO to[l ni] ]UJlgAz{!ll'l-16u Clnl;ry llilllilt{o tsa"rl!|Jflpa sI
.1;'j lSA;rL: [r!'F!Urrl(lt"t]rro;r'lj"teuotintoAo.n t6e u;t'r!'ll{etz'ti) tlI rlil'lIli.'"].{ tr'1r1:'1$

lrr{it tnil{ ilc.} u! "ll.rrprJirA EOJOpAJ d0i's }-dl{}J[[!]i[{i]tJlltrri(}-$ tt{itll[l;],dJ.l l,rl.Ifi J{17
i,llrllr.r.r rrltppJl arglq TEW'"r[Oi.! lpugtrtOJd
tnpl[rNs]Ll*l.r.r s1J\i
'J{E$.1{rIu

-rrIrrr.i ti ,i(l[i!iua[ur!r["rs u,[r{rx!+i iliuentJult it6-npil[lrJJa\ir 'titItrlrl1{r [B Itrnl

-t'tttlo llinrlrtltl'r lr't'[trrl't{'i{r$ (ln alnq["nntl{-}il cl'nn ';!J;}[-{u{}tttx;l 'JI) ;uonItcu l:"]

e - \:lJg

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rl*illrl.lrri tIutt'ili -irnl,)t{[ftt[i!i lii a]dt] J"ill6[(tr '[lJrrItlt-{ {g ti[Ell{}! ai+lt6n"

' i-lJSOi FJ[tIut]!tlt{[ u[9l u]lli:aJ

n,r r[])j.rr(][nit:tr,r.1 t: 'rlri]tr;fiilttlu;n u$saJlui! il!'['il{'tl1! Jlsa l;]1"18 l[rtli''];ttq[!
i:T[5^o;}gu
l0lltI;'Ltlt](} "'IE J{H{J0}l]l-il rlIiaIA "lirr}ltrltlu"'l 111|}.Jll 113
r.tJttriltJ{r l:llgal'r Iri q]
'lrlrr.ri{t} u '.JnB[C{}$ lril.[ut[]Au{'}n '}[B +IU'r{r} li{rB

r,5Jlo *rJu,iiii.])ln[rIat[[3'Itl.n
-lrri 'E;rz[ru]l 'r:.lrrl.rlli .t"tJrlstLJ]i]{t.rr.} B"rtn}n"rirltll :;}}a"t;}tlo}it ;1{l{J{)t JltJ'!}[p a{It8
ll! Jl,ur.rdnJ sJLr,e - rJtfltlr{}t} [5 0[J [.]ac[ii F?ti]os ui]luoua"[" tf rl a]si"] P'd

.r,a|nlli]pa-lilJl.}l!Jf'd',aJlni'al$'J{rgx.alu.n7,|gua.J.rlylltllo{{,an$@8,1J'f,

}1O'lEIEN] NS VT}IV'V3.yZ{XV{

Muzica in raport cu celelalte arte

r\e si41 cunoscute. illlr-o lllAsut'il trtili |lliil'e silu ilt.ri :r,i .. 1,,:!.. ,i-.
tele: prctura, seulptura. coregrafia. rnuzica, poczia gi celt-lrrlt,..

liier-are dintre noi ilm luat contac!-, intr-Lul fel sau alrLri. e it ,i,i,..,,,
tnanif estiri f ie
o stature. ale acestora. un vizitind o expozitie de picturii. f ic ,r,lu "r:r,l
fie ascultind conceft slu urrnitr.ind rln tlan..

Caracterul emolional al artei, aceasti calitate f ara de cilrc rlLt ti,,ir r.

exista opera de arti. constil.uie clementr-rl colllun - cselltiill qi nr-,r'e.iri- -
al tutrtror acestof arte

Emolii de neuitat cxpriurii 'uu tablou dc ltcrnblandt sau dc Ropin.
ori dc cunosculul nostru pictor'(irigorescu, dupa cum, emotii incercf,nr
dc asetneuea gi atunci eind pr:ilirn o statuie. operii a unul I'lirlrr,l A,ngelo
sau trind ascultiinr o sirnfonie tle lJct-.lholcn.

[ixi sta irtsit crriterii car.c difelcnflazii arteli" iulrr: ele. Aceste;i iriiverc:
n. rlesfri;urarea lor in tirnp 1i spatiu.
lr. pcrcepcrea lrrirr sinrtuli tlifcritr..

t, I'otriril. irlii tlc !irttlt si rle sputitt. ,li-rirrgcrrr : :

legii- erlc lent,porule_ ale cii.ror, oJtcre sint in continui rnifcarc" se. sLr[nln
trcccrii vremii ;
-- r,u'tc slnti.ale, alc cirro' opor"e. ilirirpotril'ti, -qi-nI nc'riicate, ilnutri:ilc.

Asr:ullinrl {, sonatil s11 o silrfonil. 1n discurs sau o poezic. oltser.vir'r
r:ii al0estea sf petrco irl tim1r. pbr l.r.rr tlc:firluraiea lor cr-rusuprindl-se rr1
lragrrtcnt dt tiillp, pe cind, tlat:a 1rr'i.r.irn un nlonunlerlt de arhitecturLl, rr
colutrtnii, o slatriic sau un tablorr 1rictrrral. olrservim cii accstcil sint imu.
t.bilc. orirduiter in spatiu gi rirmnsr definitiv nernigc:rr"e. :, ,
Flxista ded arle !emTtorole, jrrctice.
in tirnlr. r:rrrn sirt poezl'ir gi arte arte sul)use ccnt,indLt nli 5-
r:

ciilii rnuzica, 1i arte spoliule, ale ciror op,cre

llll se supnlr lcgii st:urgerii rrcnrii. cutn sint arhitecl"ura, sciriptura, pictpra.
{l consiclclllit aparto se culine sii facern pentru unele artc, spre
cxcrnplu arta colegrafici. ale cirrci oper.e sc desfasolrrii atit in tiurp (irna-
ginilc artistice prriducindu-.qe prin niilor:ul gesluhli, car{: se sclinrti con,
tinriu) cit 1i in spatiu (chiprrl omului, aceastr
dc spatiu). l'etttrlt.lccste nrotive consitlerinr statuie vie dindu-ne 9i itleea
trili ternporala ;i spa!ialri. arta corcgraficii a fi 4eop..r-

'['oate artele carc se pctrec in tilrp -"i11 considerate u,rte ritmicq des-
IiSrr.area in timp fiird o caracterislicir
prirrcipar. a acestora.
Arta ritrnului prin ercelen[i este rnuzica.

h. Potriuit sitnlu,rilor prin care se L,ercep, distingern :

tura,- arte cafe sc percep pe calea ud,aului: pictura. scrilptura. arltitec-

coregrafia ;

- afte care -ce i)elcep pe calea auzului.' rnuzica Sl poezra ;

l4

9I

.?.961 'Ju rF+re 13 rlJnleJalii sp €ruaiq
V oju?uod,tuoJ 'Ao!luaJ),I 'I
-ard 'aIoc?z1x1il xlutuotu| n r
p1dx11n7u plvuoliouo?u.x

IlrFcJlul IruJoJSuBJl eJBc 'rrcrznur aurlrcJ l! ,crlsrl.rE aJapc,r ap lcund urp
l?zlrreFJo rS runeJ aI B ap !.ro1a1euns luuorjorue suos rrn up u ep InloH

'(pouno3'q3) .,uqrnrl ernlrl-cutlJ frrr
aJniurs elelur.rnc tunc Ednp,Blunlrr arnlrlsuoc nu l).rnFrrrs olcleunqo,

'afouznu a:ttlsll.tD t,rtiual.t ynsato.ttl

r-r! rurunu alauns eJlur cselrqtsls es rrnlror,lu.r ep IaJlsy'a1auns alin lrJ
ocrlclse rrnl.rode;r rrr snd clso EJBp rarrrnu crlsrl.n? suas rnl BrqdEJ [,Il

'Jr1utu aunds au nu XDIozl 1aut'ts un 'pltznttt rr3 '(c.r1snou Jolt.r
-niulrs BJdnsu rroruoucJ lsaJB gzueuoricu tunc tnlaJ) ct.8o1orzr1 r$ (B.rnlurr
rr[) rnlnuoruouoJ rrarelSeounc) :t!zr.! rrcnrouoJ l?r]'7o1ozt pou.tt! lBrpnls
"llsc Inlcuns rlrrlsnJe rr! pulo arl : cricrrrlsrp o ruocp] gs rsu! errrirnc oq

'llJllsrlJBau 'nln.rq rn1 uu.ru1

u! Jouos ltstJoluur FrBa.rlur ;rlsJrznu. ralJu LlzeezrrrJnJ s.rpc rrclzrl u r.nlru
-nJ uacu 'noqsnxt nc Bcrznur c.ru o oriule.roJ i3sur.{trs rulu uao ',rnFrsa11
'trltJDutalout rJ ncgsntn : olluxa aleiurrls' aJlurl| Enop BJaJo rrl r oc clcllrl] rp
"4SoAJas o|-i L"tlzntu 'c11cu,ttl laa) {rr rl lgl '.rr1a.to;rj nf c |lnrrrrrop u! lI}Y

elJsxa eleiu!llt nJ rrrtznLu elielaJo)

'r:rniglsap iltutld ils lrrr B;)
*rlno;tiu Bl.ru ElsEaJu.rJuJ op pJE]'clulJE,r luru olac olr.rntrrlrr r$ alruqo:'rur
rerlu.rSo.r,oo azcJofins qs fllqudul alsc ti'l:rnl;intr uI ac'alr.IJIIp ruur aiar
.IJtJlsarlcJo alr.lo[nr ezrlucJ cluor.l 'q.rn1ce]rr[JL? u!'uo 'o1es .rolo.tedo a1u oi1lrr
-'Jop curq rlicnJlsuoJ ap aundstp ue 'c1.iud r3lltr, op 4,1 lrr]outrs ilc lltlur]
-uo:l o,s'1n1rr1ln:r EururJol as {}pulr'JlJr,'Io}so:}11 lB a.Iopa},r lp lnlcunrI urlr

'l[onJ]u!

'rarzcod [n]ul,rnc rs lnsJo,r uo Itcurtutolund eyrnlsaeo ls ucrul,I,ul ]lJcP
rllr;^ 'oglsultl InllllBlJolEur EoJrnulur $! Ulu.rrtirllttrs l$ !i1u.ln1ard BIJISoIFIII
r?.rilJo al e.ito ad slec llcep sofcJ'd ltB[tt lrrls rlu aJu;) 'cluulrlrcls 1s alur;ralelu
lliElrpro.I o1n elcedsu ep qllurJur olrtlJlrtsi!" o r-rprrl.rdno qs rSnlotr alSo"rna.r
'(1 ,rllrrlrzra naurnl lloap BsrrlJlso"r rtur llnrr nJ also ?llqlpnu uarunlo') lnrqco
ruc epurlr:lna as ac Beac ]ot Bpe.[ E u! asnpoJ ruur Jlnlilqrsocl a.ru IiJ J]eol
nl'(claleuns) arrrlrpnB arsl.rdxc ap aleceolfrtu pu{solo} '?su! Balzlq{

Fler,ril,r'g3.ru1 rlcrleuel o lulurcPu! uI lcop nu'e1t1r1tlar
utp crrcur'(Irral 13 alaarqo ?p eulpnlrlirrru o 'ltqrzr^ clso oc Eaac 1ol uili
-qJul lod el.ru olsililts 'clr?Ilzr,t arso.telxlr ap alcl-tuoll ttll cP os-nptllsolod
'ur1n; runlS alr aJrJlourroas cllull rzB{rztll}n cJnlJalll[.Ill JBI ']rll rS stlr!
rrI caEJ ?s e.In]dprcs'uzu1d r* al,tJolr]:] FzuoiurrlqeJltr! as qlnlor'd utr

'u r1u.r3o1unr

r;rrrrc 'ln.guc] : ljptlMlsod ala(lutb tltr.t.r|tttloalt :tsasoTo! aJcc e:!.tD -

nrrtrrial son{rr brlrl al aeustieii intr-rrn limha j aI su.netelor. linrbr.j liltrr
Ali-)i$rdareIdnaattttoern.fadllpselateattnccrteia'neicpdlistl'eitnvncoulraazbcirrcruacI)si-n-tiAcirauiesnrutJd(n)Ie0e1"tnerttlilrelertngrgslseenilnrariir.ttcec!llsirrlrliecliiaa$te-i-
rrare serttint(ttte !t.ntune.

* ,:!iittlrr srtttr'lclor
S
cil {r'r!iinlr'ile iz{}-

late. avirrd !rurnai o ualoure ;tiinliJica. in tnuzir:a olc sr.' a Il;r trr llliritt ritr
e-qtetiee 9i Ii se aeorda rt unloare alectit^rt. cmt)tioneld.
l,egdtrrru uruzicii.:u mat,enLutica se face liurnai trr tlotttr-'rrirr.l tr'(|rr':1if.

unde o serie de principii se explica prin calcule 9i nlteralir ,t,,,,',,,1lir'u.

c,um sint. spre exenrplu. sistemul de divizsre a tinrpnlui" miitsurilc -ci .lltelr'
Nrr f ar* inrportan{A este insa aportul indirect pe {:af,e rtlx Ir'nrali{':r ri

arluc€ rnlrzlr:ii prin ruijlor:lrea acusticii.

*

t-ltilizarea rlatelor pe cane le eifera rytiin{ele exaetc. nlol,r t;nrle rr,"r''t
Iuer'rr est€ necesar- insearnna peiltru nruzici {undamelrtanea strinllfi|i: ii
principiilor sale teoreticr: ;i aplicarea cilceririltlr acesl.,rt' : {iinre l.r {j(:r'rr
gclr: proprii alc artei rnuzicale. Sa dAru nurnar nlN .;ngnr r'\r'rrrl)lri : .riliiltirerr
a riiul;r't ii fArri sit frllnoascrl lcgea armonie*lor I. s.l*r rle irrd* lil t:t.' gttnirrl
nrlrirn i:l 'Ll*::i'nperi t fcrrornerrul in natura, tfcalrB arti;tica rttrr;rtcaiii l-'it l,"
losit rlin plin. a;czildu4 la tremelia pt'ogrcrltltlr r'r. rtr sitc*'i"t1 *l ,rrrt ('r'rir
naltcre str.itrui rrrrtrorric in cnrnpozifit: {see. X\rtl--\\l!ll}.

Elernentele principane ale nrurzieii

T'rri i.irrl pr'llrcip*lele eXelnelite ale gnairrilr i wtuzical : nlefocliu. ri.f mrtl

1i rt.r tnttrl,tu.
I,lel.aditt I cs!e ideea satr E:ifldireil rrirrrir"allii rlx6rrirnatrl i;u o -rrii.r*r,r 1,r, r'.

cfir'rstind clinlr-et .-*rrcrlesiune nltl runetL'rinriprr:*nc or"gatlizrit{'rliil l}r;rir.[,]c
r i:,lerd inlolra!iorral :i ri triric.

l-n scnr ['estrins, melodin eate {'! gut:ce,qirrne rJc rnnr'tr] d+: rlift'rrilc'ln;r}-
1i rni (elcrnentrril intonaiional) 1i rle tljferite (lurrulsr (elcnrcntul ritrnlc).

{lcituireu ri t{upir anumite principii dirtate rle legilr t:steticli..",lc
frrrntosuiui li alc *xprcsiei ntti qtiec. ne r{etern'linr'i siil nlr ccnsirlr:r";in} n}e-
lodit' riricll succcriuJ-l{' iritirnplfitoare {[e Bltnete.

l)in eelr.i urai veclir timpuri, oniul n re*latr pc {,a}ea ir}(11;}{liei .,ln[ilnrn-

tr:lr:. iutpresiile gi ideila: sale. Tn antichitatea gneac* s{r (ji.inoltea onrlr,!rc,.u

irrta rleclirnrefiei cent;rliiie a discursrrrilor 1i u verrurilor l',i,:tice" din carc
:rpoi, prul reunireir ru t'ilt{tnfrceft (oonrpozilif oln rlii.rtrirl
rrlrrr!rri,lert1'rnd

iA sleinllbea<iegare5ac5d. rnelas : aintec si od,e :cinlai'r. inl<:lnarJ.

:in

l6

LI I {0r '!!lr?ne s rlrosl {t leler.l -

'!"ruaiiln\.pG ap avLqlfLr 'aJ€FJn' : sotutnnur g)sar8 €qtull Lq 0
a-J €arBrtnl ulp lellt z
'1'orl3$!aINJnrCnggudnrpo
,,nasaq
-ulruod u€irdrJ' [n-role^J€suoc el ap aflpzod,tuoc ap gn\ns.LnC alazJ? ulc r

-cll.ru ctcola Jnoqtlrs Jrrrlrr1p0.rd.arieuo]ur op iriostr! J1] 9s EJS! IS Atlndtlrl
ulp asetor es el'roJ
+s lnur]lJ.rJo'.,un ec 1n1de; Is Ellqasoop E'rtserdxa 'BIeJrz

-1ttl a0pl o-.t.lrr! "Ecrlalss elBlrlua o-J'lrr! EurJoJStrnJl es'PIIqIFrlalur ettlaap

{nIntullJBllJolE[,.JllsllJ€SuosunoJ^PJBlalatttlS'epautltSaJcns0
'€eltlt[8lta rA BeJ€oBlA oerfesittd'lnlrou Frutltftur a1 rA et$ei

-ellrrsu!;r1 'tatuotu.tu rS 11c oratpo[atu lllB BiBIr Bp [e'as BJnlIttl ulJ(l
'BIJB ap BJedo u! Jo[e]eune

e rrn'.r u1 ec..,.,'sslsor qz'ouoo'no' "l"",rJli[ll'"ji "J::;.1*,- r,ll,,jl *,0
slpArllnJ clnqall ErTloloru eoees ap'e1rqou IPul eloJ ololtretrrlltlQs rs eie.rEu
rutu aloc alrePI alEpr.l 11 lod "olBJtzilu ]etJB I8 etseldxe aP:rolfrur ludrc
-rrud na oatp()[oru ur.rd.gc Blzn[cuoil el cnp trie.rcptsttoc e]saJe alsol

'6 ( uerutrlurploutt.rd aJ€ ulP(,fctu JUP 'Balsl

-uor.rd o.lu lnrulrll) ,.glnuurrld eI e erpol;rrt BI sr€ru'91r.rorrd u1 e eurqlil a1"'
t?utt.ldxa rlJcnI lsocB Ieuro().L 'BIPolatu nr Blup o ello^zap e$
; alalullnr
e ade:rtrg Eclzntrt 8l eJEAope 'lnlnul I.I autJn u1 elede olseJuolsl lsoO
'.ro1 alaretlo u1 Eiuellorlul aJBle o t-nl,u!p oaTocrznu rc\rn lD :ttutalnil mu
pt onattxa ap lnco1t'uu uc 'ulpopur rnderuo;r ne s-(e :ifilT:rr,illtrro,,
qsu! also eseotl.tnJJ ttnolatu iotln BeJaluo,r,ur nalncpld Jleuns ElIeJosl ezesB E
n.nuael atueroiJns luls Intpnts lS eaJEPqEU 'lEZll€ar ep ne'r3 tetu pJ alse eg
IrnnJlantiua.trBgJluolcJPoJs-enJPeuclsBaJopaBle'raarlpsoolaeurprol[eu;41]ul]0sa: rerenuJnldssoe"u(1t'1uapyitll1e1et1;ttrg
'rr?rznur 'Inl eeJezrlee.r u1 sor iuete-rd ep gsu! alse lllu arl 'a1ua1z
zapuBFr

e.aan*"..,rr,lpu6edo.lsroriio"ilI,tulnalJ,pJBorl,a'up,'1".rarorutn1.,l]1Bransrt.lJu,,.relrinrrezuzll.tnn'nrclrtJdclluxoarltlE1pipalu1o^pur.Irttzll:q3lIo]urnr:rsd[urd3urrcrEoeusa{rrr€.p1nrtJdouslnrlzaoercnloxrrIuou]lofu-r'lJatIarlruItrl]'utlnslJtRlls)lonlJJalpleceeeeElu3.ttIJl'ntl'nltIIlllntol[nIBnJfJters.CtlsBor1lrne]'nBttdul?srp'oaap:JlropePJ'arrOantrlorllissnJlSarslllstlr.llao-oelocrclrprrt?Eloea"n.lo'*ull.sroalcul'rnasIdl'*r'
'elrnuEqotl ltt.lltlJ sutlu P'PaIlOtUoss.)[r "l-:lBSJCrllrrl E]lrlc EiuJlznltl tl.lJv

, :lpirrrnz!il 'eleluttttgiitt ts 'aiesnr1tn.rJ BJBJ o ep Ilnolout ttt";;desouauinrtelee'pr
-1tlsu l3
is al) rr:) l]'Ilsotr protlo.l
-loruo, ,r,r, ,rrlxa e-ri -'arn,<I,d atlv ,ltlllln -
lt{ Balnll0rp(ilstu
ul'r{i

nln,lsqunceJ tcu0tucsP ap 8Ja L?zoulllJ ti p'rtt:'tr1'r'ButltPU! 'rl[')aA PJIznl'{

'Jrrrla aJEillT

-{rru rol.tE r: arseldrl ,rp lruol.iadns qlrr'l(tJ DtPolalu a'tolSuu sl (sttnp utlt

tioc. ai:r ourn este caznl in nnrzicir |c o iruunritu tteltpl.ii a rlt'zvoltarii

socie tir 1r i.

ln istoria creatiei a,rtisticc rnuzicale, el constituie pn.ma manift;starc
tle traturri nruzicala a otnului, aparind inlinlel rnelodici. instr1rnrcntolc tll,
percusiune {iind primele instnrmentc rnuzicalc fiurite dc mina omulrii r.
Nrr eristi mclodie fiirl ritm. Aparlinind in rnod intrinscc nrelodicj.
acelea$i legi ale esteticii, frunrosului gi erpresiei artistice. carf !c cer ir
fi rcalizate i' rnclodie, trebuic dec,i sir c:rracterizeze ;i ritmul.

.lrnoniur este elcnrentul care conslii dir t:ornhinareir simult,rnii a rroi
multor sunete, orinduite in acordur.i tlupi legi
Ca elenrcnt plincipal al alrci mrrzicalc. ea pnoplji arrrrtrc'loi duiinu.z'iirillnr..licfelzl
sustinc

con{inutul Fi-i scoate in eviden!:i fnllnnselilc.

l')acii insii lrmonia cste rul)ti r-lc continutul rnelrrlici sirLl o irriilrupc"
e{l rlevinc o piedicir in irnbogri{ircl si infrtrmuse{arca grliLrliri rnrrzical .
I',.;ttr drcpt ca gi lumai prili arnlonio se l)ot erprinra rrrrelu idci r,i sen-
timerrtr'. Lrlilizarel ei esccsivii incri, il rlauna rnclodici . cst{,. rrcarti sticii.

*

1nIrc rrrclodie, r.itm;i alrnonie cristil o striirsii irrttttlr:1rlrrrlrrr{.ii, rtrcri

nrtura Iieciirci:.r este distinctii,

[iolosl'rea cu miic-qtlic a,0clor tri]i r.lemeritc lrlirrt:ip;r1,, ;rt,:/uilitt.
ritmul 7i arntonio -- a adus muzica la grarlril .rlc irraltri rulrri t,.tlr,. a
simlirii 9i gindirii $ circi rapacilate de rcflerlarr: a irrrirrri f t nespult
umane.

de rrrult tinirtrirea in rlrunrrri ei slrre I)t'()gre s. llatoltitii acestui lirirl. ;1pg;1
muzicaLi;i-lr ci"s1ign1 rrtr loc binernerititt 1rr. lrqrtele cnltlr'ii generlic gqldi*.,
5i t:ontribuie, llnpreun:i cu celelaltc rrtc, lR cunoa5terca ii lr,rrriforinlareir
societagii 1i r lunrii incoujrrriitoare,

rHa,ns von Biilolv (1830-1R94). sef de olchestrd Si compozitaj.' g,ermai. e
ilustJat acest luclu prin cunoscu,ta parafrazd: ,.Am trnfang rva del Rhylrnus"
(La inceirut a tost ritmul)

2 In .limba Breacl harmonia : propo{rlie, concordante.

6t

'ale}lznur atnaJoal JoIaurIdI)sIp Jo.rnlnl lEnllqrz{rnrL€usu:e ef, qlr^r,Td l,tJ|zrl,ul o'LJoa$ 6
t lLstl1il -eceaJF equll uI r
'aJrqJoA : so6ol iS

'ilclu,rout

,al erilloi.relrq.Ig reri.)nJlsuoc 16 llJllzruuFJo eie rS Jtp 'rnlnrrto e o1ertr
.r,rBrr! lurpuSS e1,e alopoul dIlIr't ISulosE u! luls oletrznw a.Ie clo oluPJ{

'lnsosll'uautp.lozep'ea.le1du11u1 ouljJede [-n{r trJlzntu'oltrz

-TupSJo ruipu!E B BlJp o nES Inlnurirror rud purr,{ ales.lola.redo luEloJ(I
-"ralul !6 IeliBoJc ez\q eI tels Ps or€o 'olrlrqtls ourq rBal f.rf; nr-Ido.Id sIlaJ
-oal ruclsrE un gJ?J odacuoc alBod cs nu lrclu qxaldtlloc ap lllp tl.re 9

'eJeloJdJolur rS erfee;c Jl) JIIsU
.r€ Inlnu3uroucl l' tiIuIIoIiBJ BeJ€l$Eount ad Wzeq rS !lal)Iznut uo4crrrtr
UIF! Plrr:ltnzaJ'1uEaqlul aurq oI:lc.roel IuelsTs tln ap atlndsrp 1?ilrzntr\J

a !!Jlznur slJoeJ 'V

'illf Drfraura

r.t a3l.tolst 'ittr ,;t.t6ag : litt:rlznut FcilIiurilS 1r.tillerl op TJpdntoo:rd op aie{r:r
-rrrJ(I truourop Ie.Tl'rctBoloorznni InJpB0 III 'lnzIIl?lsu,x l"IB-s IoJ lisoce ul

'.lolrzundsoJoJ llotrl u! r1,o lg lello^zop B-s rlLclznu.n
J'EorliJuBrE,qoJ$n]tsrBtust1or1oJxleau.atiJtIt?i'IoirecacrJJ'lEiuu1leIl'lr"*tzDn'otu]tItlrupB1I1Jo1.Bror:l(lslOorsAlBzerlJdBBpr]olooop+rlornlc'JInJsrootuur nnoJl'cIncu]teo?lIIIJgqUeoIrtzuln-rrIn0ullrlRrsr6cu1IloaBcJdll

'nJITUOIUO B IJnCS,en

ap clporznur IIJiliit?JC[ ng lailtelJodxo uaJezIIP,Je{ioB purrl 'gcrznut a.rdsap
rlrrlE{ualsls IIlrUs rB aiullsounc aP nnul)rlloP ln,Sc.rltt! opurrdnc BI

' r a.fr,ro)En?rr cp ararunil lrrp'd llli,,1T;:*"ilir"-t,l,,jno"",,,

tJ.rlod os JJ .rolrJnl.roeft:.r r.$ JoleueurouoJ [nrp]r1,s no ?rln,co os a-JeraIlr.lInriort
lB lclJtrs Inll aJB ISI 9t.rs
liar Insu'e s 111 - 911'1 's5 Piu-ttlS

IIf,IZNW ViITITIIS .VIDOIOf ruNW

Princilri ile ile organizare, corrslructie 9i inlcrl)r.lt:rre a olicrclor tle artd
nruz,icala sint r:ulrr;use iutr-o serie tle discr|linc teorel-ice eu preoeuparr
rlistincte, ce laolalti alcdluiesc ,teo,ria mrrzicii". Accstea silt:

1. teori.a eLtnrcntelor ntuzicii sau leoria nruzicii 1 se oe upi cu studiui
elermenterlor rnelodice gi ritmice de baza ale linrbajului rnuzical ;

2. nrmentia se ocupd cu studiul eorrstrurni pi irrlantuirii acorrlurilor;
J. polilonia sc ocupa cu studiul conducerii simultane a mai mul-
tor urelodii;

4. lormele studiazi planul de construclie, arhitoctur.a operelor de arta

rnrrzir:alii;

i>. itrsttrtntentutiu pi orthestniliu se (loupa 0u studiu,l diferilclor iu-
strumente 9i folosirea lor !n r,onrpozifia rnuzicala i
(t. estetica nut,ziculd studiaza legile de dezvoltare ale artei, raportul
{lintre arta ;i realilate, rolul ei soeial, founele gi rrretotlcle de c1ea1ie, loate
acestea t,;rlicate la specificul muzii:ii ;
,:

v. . compoziliu, studiu r.le chinlesenla, oonste din aplicar.ca crl rniies-
trie a tuturor d:isciplinelor sus-amintite la procesul de crea$,ie al operci
de a rtn.

, B" lstoria muzicii

Ca toatc celelaltc atle, mtt:i(a isi are o islorie fl so, {"nre st. h;trt'azA
pe docu,mente gi rnonumente ale vrenrii, av'lrrd drept scop cur]oafLerea proe€-

sului de tlezvoltare a acest€i arte Fi a ,r:ontributiei adusd de ea lt nrarirea
tczarrrului tlc culturi generala a ornenirii.

giu "rlatind protrlernele nunrai sul.r aspoctul istoric ei social, materiah-ul
este cuprins intr-o sirigrrri lnare disi:i,plinr, dclumitA."isforia mu.
zir-ii", al cirei corrtirrut insa poatc I"i dclirnitat pe cpoci. pcrioutle" rralirrni.

gcoli etc., avindu-se in ve,dere factorul tim,p gi consideraliile tle orrliu socral

9i pr-rlitic c€ stau la baza oricarui studirr istoric.

C. Etnografia muzicali

{.tnogrnfia muziurld. * foiclorul * se ocup6 cu strrtliul crcaliei rnu-
zicale populare sub raportul genului, structurii modale, rilmicii 9i metrir:ii.

I)coarece studiul crealiei muzicalc populare isi are particularitagilc
ri specificul siu, etnografia muzicala trebuie colsiderald ca o rarruld
aparte a muzicologiei, cu toate cA are rnulte problenre colnune cil celelalle

di sciptrine de natu.rA teoretica.

e!naremraocCdeheorpbttoiisuannineeritcvdapn,ti,intefnaorclioaessmtit tuemzrmiaciiei"dnecpsrare:xpitrneinledinleegt]oeuac.tr,eaterdeoiarsiacdipeellienfamet6lee.ntteeolrrlretmicuezmicuiiz"i.caclueb,

2A

-r---

IG

'Jlso oIlPlIllulo roJUJ l] IolJs tlJttllillilr! al lf lffoloxlzlrlu
t[I!.raptsuoJ Bs csojBl{aJpu! au ( rr.rglc.rrllalut 13 rorilc.r:t ptsir;lold al) nqJo,r
AlSa pu!.r'rounlU .aJDoXDaJ?-atlnut?utut BOJ nC B'llltll(lLtl! 't2:tyaluts lS 'UlJl'l Jp
ralarln eoJelaJJOJ aJBJ es pu!? t:)unlB '72ct7t|Oun) ulrsr)loJ- nJJlll Jp uJrolctu tA
lunaatd .BJllBulelsts Jol BztluuB "ac11r.lads Joll)ttli)l(loJd uclrtlrxaldrrt()'.1

'nJlz'rlur Dllttlt( ne,s nt?oT
.oT,rznu EzpaltJo] aJ'eleatznru lell.lu llJalSBounJ taltlrsa.)au ulP ellJolzl
.a:rr1 riurrlS FBdlIJOaJd ol) rrruouro[) Fc.t1u1 utr r.rrztl!.u ul ]lblxa 'lupuSy

'BrrznIu Bl aJPolrJrJoJ artl;tt:.rd tA s:rtla,roal ;ritllltott
-nC Op E;r:1 lnrrralsrs uI BttJcA o AtnJIl.-tloo "Ji.r llJlzlltlr Pl.lr)lil'el.|!ll'loJ
,uluo;rlod.atuotlJIl nt p1!llulluoc li nJtzrrut llrJ()oJ tt.r ptttd:r;ittt 'clo,).IltlIp
6,rptolJ.ll!lozt eJB{)SEJSap aS qS aJnt grrt;rlr.rsrp O t:}lu r:lslxC llu alff()lOJ
.rzntl g!.fdn1 c11 'n.rulnrlod ntine.rc 91s tlitzorlrttoJ cP IolliE JoIln Pzeq el
pu!J InzBJ u!.!ilnJtzll[r BIJBJFou]C AP r^Jcs III()A au'Jol Pzlll?ttl] u!'llJPp
csrrn.rlfd .t(lSn rnrrt lJ fod rJol lzotluoJ Jrlun ollJl-lzllPeJ tlln:) ?dnp 'acUolsl
ollrp alorrn ep rursoloJ ou EtuI) csoleiul eulq lll111 lJ lorI'rtltlrttcxo:urtrg
,er1eJ6e1 ;lJcJ)aA op luund u!P all?tllnls alctuirl(loJd'o1[BllolJJ BiuaBalcir!
p1 lrrrlllftr rrcs pulrrorlrpttO; uun 'Otit?lOJoJ tl-ttl!.llS o BlslIa'Clctttlsrp r.lpd
,1.,rr.rJlrl aJB eJO)otI r$op'urfioloJlzlltu csolnl!:Jlr? eJeJ ClotllldlJSlp allul

!a!EoloJ!znur ale au!ldlJs!F alellJalrp srltrlp eliularo3
"B.r'lsu.)n r).roi ul nrJn.rolJloI lr a.rrle?JaJ ap nr.rrlolrl .liiolortzttttt nrrlonr)lJ trrl
r^lulrUJ,,l.rp ll.]r.]lrilrJl:rs tls lliJ;]llrttls attnrl cl oJl-'t ad ax'r1rlt'ttxl .r1lttlt"l1r1,rlll t0
nrrrli\-rJts r,'!rll:ri.)lJu,r 'ltl1iltl0rl ll-l lsoll llrltl,ra)]tl!c e uljultl\.,s nJuJ utlr;,io11

TEORIA MUZICII

Delinifie, importanfd, con{inut

Teoriu ntrtzicii e.ste ytiintu iltre se ocupd cu, studiul fertontenektr si
roporturilor ce inu, nastc-re tntre srtnete in. opera de artd muzical,il. l,re-

ercupinile sale din acest lrunct rlc le,lerc privesc rnai cu seam;i raporturil('
;i fenomcnelo ce rczultir din snccesirrnea orizonta]ir a suletelor (rnelodin )
si din dcsfd;urarea lor in linrp (ritntul) 2.
I'iind r' tlisciplini rlt'rtalttrrt;tiinlifir'rr. tcoria nrnzi,:ii constitulr r,.-
interprctatir c ;i
zultatrrl prnroarcltifciriei smcuazciccasltcei:-r, al artei conrponisticc - .!rr-
rmind in de alta nefiinrl posibili.
una fr'rrii

lmpo tanla tcoriei muzicii. r:a slrrdin (l(, {pecirlitate. rczr}ltu i}iu ur-

lnitoarele consideralii :

opere-lorensrtrerzipr-arilen;ntl sltirljri .si.slernctir: r,lrc rFe irrtlo.drrc:e in cinnoitrst€l"e;r

irrinc-ipiliele<tteeodriesctieipelinrale fLrtrnatzluimncecnetsaaldrettinlenlteug:iecroiil.otugiteuir,oirnctrerlcoritlal't;crqidriinrctlie-
piline m.uzicale, ca : trmonir, polif onil. i-etoria muzicii, f olclonll ctc. l

, iire -se datoritri unor eonrlilii spceifi,:r: rl,t insre,sirc a principiilor t(j{iretil:er.
face prin cilirc;r fi int€rpretarefl tetitului nlrrzical, eo cantribwie ht
tlezroltarr:rr. oriciiru,i elameniu. de acti'"-itate. f)rfittict] mttzicali.. c,nprrpozi{irr.
stuiliul ;nstmmerll.clor, al cintrrlui ete.:

,flunr- ocupindu-sc irr rnod <lcoscbil cn -qtudiul nrelodiei $i nitlilului, []ri'-
Si err strrdirrl altor cle;rienfqr lle Iinrbajului muzical, crt. dt:zt:o!.[tl
* laolnltn cu celclalte
'rlisciplinc - spn,gililitate{r.si gil.strr'l XtenIru. !nt-
iltu,seli.le artei mu:icrtlc.

:tente' loTrei'mmuezn:cuiil. va fi fd,losit de aici inainte in sensni restrins de itxlr:e a elt-
.sscihlira2nbTa,e-eoltsertieactlmirsacutizapiltci.nieidnc: ucaAermptrueoiznteeieao,zriipasotmulidfuoirzn.iricleini,,efilonordmmieeoi,c,tracccooemmstppaoleczt.oitnietineutcin. d; si se farA
rjtnrul. in

,)6)

'aJElu"ttl,oliftfioi oJrlaJoa] trdrcurJd rl ualJP{l .--
'Jol.unpour Buoal un1IA[a1I1Igtuuuulrrceoalpllu...rrrueuur'diiJllll-J---urls
'carlonpo.rlur
'lliEtlluuol Frroal
I It
olnlnurlr'r er.roel

auli.rool rrdrcuutl

: TznorrrJn

Ji.rcd rtur,c uI lnI Ba{rnqFlslp uarrndoltl urnJtc ealo}SBouni n.quorl'ottr
-rleloads cp crlriulltS luFareu 1e8oq un arrrittoc eit otiiurcasuoc ul

'c:lo clrrlrolau a[aluour.EuJo

o'ulorirrueooldssrsuu'.lrnl o'Edculpeollo'.crultnurluinln[nproutuolsorgsl.roua1oap1eJ,to.rlea1Juer dooErlezcetzqntrtltl nuls a;l oJouo:-
uJttuuurP 'elirl
-ou op Intuolsrs'IJEcs talsacB clelauns o.Ilu! eJalSBu nat 3c olrrnllodn.r t:
Brorros rlulaueF BJBcs 'eJus olliEf llsa tS Inleuns : oltte{uolo JoJo.ruo.l trlrr
-Jn lnrpnls apur"rdna llctzrlul €IJoal oTnTnutlttoc alSo,rr.td 3J P?ai) ul



I,\IICII0CUINI g)I,tguofiJ ILIICNIUd

I Vg.'THYd



-(t

eJnlrpg) u€}ina t} '3ul ap Dlnc?212u1 '(BE6I 'pairx{.[e1
+uis 'iollder ?sa3e u{ a}nsotro} '3l'lsrce
pa.x$n)fl ap ?waulalg €areJ)nl urp ase.r?xs

.ro13sJs3 n] 'atrus+rodulr Teur alaled a
'(pzalFua

BqLulll t ot -r"Sl}rpunnnuosnu'(Elsrus€uuar-uI3rForeFq} wgnrlo) p?rao+Jsa1agB SunlY '(ezaDuexJ €qtu{I) uo3 13
rros : ?lJalip 'oJeodod Jolle oltqult[ uI s

'(.uu cp alauuolot,) esBozuF nus (udu) a{){{[orl atJ
'(;Lru'lrluraru rlirolgp'r:pr1s'Frutuol t[nIB]oru) aprtros olo o'-r] (ac,I]selc .iolr.r
-lr(l.r{)J 3Il v.Jdal .utltiDJql:L ?nsnpl,.t{/ elso 'rrzttr tretttOtli11 ril 'ln? llne

Inlnleuns llJ;Jnpord Inrus!uPreW'l

z nrilrlauns urdnsu eolzfl alup €aol,t3 'd s

';'J(-)IIOS ilriUZ

.uo,q ui J0l p,ilJBttr.r,{}J-rut:Jl rrr JaraJ'.} u[ ,rolnsa,rdrur uoJOlr,tusrIBJ[ 'a[]rpnP

I riln{rpfq^i{f nJ{[n5u ,1{-r{aPu11 eotlntj?'P r]ztrlPnii QJlFolol:rl t].ol|snotv -
i ,ro1 rr.rpSedo.rr[ r$ uJccri[,{}Jd uaru,B?,otu

ri rurrraJq{ 'J.1r)uoi Jol{JrrdJoJ clrrir:rqL,r r-rzptp,nls AJ!t!{ DJrlsnJtu -
: i,.ICrJ r Ap
0x,etnrd

L?rlol) utp ail:J ils IftFtlJllll3 lu{pttls'!3c'11snr,tu lr!'nLIo}uc lscr'}l pu[ru"rll
'r rn[uil[t] u,tduiu oJltpottl l! L:'ttt tllt{ {rII) ,}lzlJ Inl"lstuo[tal erJnc o{t

'!,il13ar{lrf! li.rnlP11 ap 'L?J01{OS uriuzue; liEs L6oytt:rt rtualuowaf *

i aJouos .roltlndJot talitJclrA iu luliLnze.l
r?t '.\11;ror<1r.r llrrlrr rr! '4.ttt1tl.u r(! cJillro{t[ as ac '''ttzr{ lnuatua"lM[ *

: ouaruouoJ qnop LttcFoleirrl lcuns uurd or;srrg

3!Jt jllulii aJapa,{ :rp llttrrd Ill(1 '}auns +f op trll1t rjlJlro(l ttrlzlrll :}!) }o ll.

alfi(|lrlz1f lil JJztJ {Ioruofi'o; u':] tnlouns 'I S

I Tn'loJ,l,lvf,

I/i.ltnrlin sarr nriscrrrpn t.iltrolnrie. carc stA la lrazlr orii'iirui $rrne.t" tro.
buie irtlelt:a,sar ca o ttscil.ulie pe care un {jorp sorror. tlutorita elastruittitii,
o cxecutn in .irrrrrl lrozitiei sale rle repaus 1.

Srrlr actiunea trnei forIe exterir)irre. corpurile au preiprictatel rle a gc
inrloi, rle a se rleIorma, gi de a reveni apoi la for.rna lor iriitriala dupa
incetarea actirrnii acestci forte, arlicri sint clasticc.

In naturir se prorlrrc nenulllarilte mi ;rari vibratori i.
Perttru a sturlia nl()(lul culn se protl uc vibratiile 9i proprietritile aces-
tora, si grornirn de la una din osr:ilaliile celc nlai cunoscute il tir,ici

oscilatia Jrenrlulului.

Cel mai sirnplrr pendtrl este fonnat rlintr-o greutate suspendatA de
un f ir (A ll), avirrd un capat fi x (irr prrncrul A ).

Cirrrl estc in nemi5r,are. rlatori [a atrac!iei gravi t:r(ionale, penrlrrlrrl se
va tnellitre intr-o pozilie vertioalil. []e (.;lre o nulllllt ,r.stafe tlc ropauo":

A

B
[)acl depirrtilm gro'ntatea din puuetul ll pinA la prrnctrrl Dr gi-i dau,
npoi drumul (a se vetlea figura urtnAtoare), vom olrscrva cd pcnrlrrlrrl vn
trece lrrin pozitria initialn B sJrre prrrrt:trrl sinretric opus B.:. apoi va rcveni
in l|, din nou in punctul Ilr si a:a mai dr-'parte va contirirrlr si oscilczc
pirrii la slrlrgorsa sa corrrpleta pi rcverrirea irr s[urea de repaus :

A

capet n'x

=Pu,

r ln limtra latind uibrat,o - trernurare"

28

h6

: oJBolgurJrt m.rnBt; u! E:r 'sttJ [[]lutt qrnt"roJ

ltr llJl!to?u BJ J.ltrlJb.Oi:|p nJ'sttg IlluI AsIJcsep tSal riealo;ttl {rdngr;'npo,rd
alaluautlul$ut el olsa lttnc qnl ffn-"t]u[ asn!
oli'lrr[Jns ap lnzE3 l* urncercl eSu'Jouos
onE0[ol] teun OIe elatn oaPJBoo n0 afalt!ou!rlJls{ri cl
-o.Uirr JoB Op

lnzr;) al$a runo r*n'aterlsa ?loqurB Bl olExU apJlloa t+un +1ttie1r;rs6X

,pleidrrron nw plqnp elflepcso - 1tr+-$5;'+-!,[+-r{]+-1,!
g

rtg l-\tg
q

'
J,'

I

l leidnro;r

rurrJlr un l.)rilztIu;]J'3n*t{oJ op IIJg}:! alu lJtrstla}s aleqillP u! ;1r,llcIIIIs +:]BI..g$
rnlrrlrrprrorl qa,rr:snlr{ap pulr tctrulB p|alduol nP'r 4t!(lttP ?lra E[; Elr"]s{ t

gldrurs elielrcsr, - g{-zS+-S neg FI<--tt'i-fl

g g

'aq.r5.j'l I i--.-"----/ftig
'.r. I
t'. nes
i

I

t

".1T

: alcrlrur reritzod [E 6nos tr?oT*
un-.r'filt axnl 53 irtltrltrprrrtl r:e.restrldep pttlc trutrls'QTL|larts alse urieltasll

'arrt)/lJso rlES dtrulltllJso dJDJ*Iru ap alettlntl E'|UsnlB
n1 91.rertrl enedar ap l!rglt- lrt.rtrI tr1 lrrltrJrrrad e.]BJ 1-a.ruc ad ln'rtrrr(l

'l'irnpul in care se prodrrce o oscilatie rlrrhlii sau conrlrlctii poflrte 1u

acusticit nunrele de pertourlti ('l'), rar drstanla Ia care se afla corplfl sollor'

la rnl rnorucrit dat, fala rle pozilia sa rnitiall, sc nlune$te elutgu!ie (E):

\\
\\

I
I
I

It

B, _- B2

BE

0longalia rnaximi, adica, punctul maxrm de dopartare a corpnlui sbnor

fali rle pozilia lui iniliala. se nurne$te amplitudine (a).
Amplitudinea se lnasoard prin unghiul fonnat de celc doui pr-rzi 1ii :

ltozipia initialn AB Ei una din poziliile exrreme ABr sau Allz.
Oseilalia se consitlera uibragie sau migcare uibratorie ntrmai atult:i

cirtd llerioada in care se produce este foarte scurtd, intruc:it nuntai irr
itccit (::tz se oblin frecvenlc sonorc mai mari, atrtlilrrlc (intlc aIr'orirrrativ
l6-10 000 llz.l.

I'rin frecaen!d, se illlelege in acusticd nunttinil de tibralii produs
intr-a secunclti. Ea se masoaril in herzi (sirnbol'l{z), rrn herz fiind ega}
cu o vilrraIie dubli sau completA pe sccunda. De excmplu: sunetul do1
(do din oct:rva l) cstc produs rle 264 <le vibralii rlublt: pc set:untla (llz1.

2. Mecanismul propaglrii sunetelor

\riblatiile produse de un corp sonor oarecare se pt'ol)ilgii in atmosfert
il toate dilecgiile, punind in mi5care molcculele clc ael r ccine. A ccstca
la rildLrl lor impilg miri departe fenotnenul, facind sa vibtezr.,rlt,.ii rlt,'
rnolccule de aer, formindu-se in acost fel ,,o serie tlc sttatrir.i de. rrcr alter-
nativ, condensate S! raref iate, ca.re se nunlesc unde'' 1. Iile sirrt dcci urr
lcl rlc,,contpre-siuni 5i rariri altcrnative ale rnediului iu calr::'-, 1,1'r.'j),r;,i".

I A se vedea nota de ]a $ 2.

30

I('

Bpunras. ur 00ttg_fl

nl, LrrJl l\ {) ll,} PI[(ls IrlrPJrrr irt .r1I 'qPililJeSlru 0frtT op qzolr^ o nJ fdr {r,r

'ulrun?csiur f')tr,f],tIr lr:dalt,\ o ilJ Jol: rrr tjslrdoJd as o,rolros olilieJqt-l,
.r^riudo.rrl as nrr olalcuns,pr,r rr1

"srrap rBru clsc.l rursult.rl cs J.ntJ
Ln.rrl InrliJr.rr 1I.r Lr.r '.)ur(l rEut lrlu rlJ citr"J c-q .l{}lolclns rra:n5rlrlo,lutr

'(',,1e Inlutaur'lnutucl'Irlulruqd) prlos nBS (r:rhr) prrlarl 13
11 olroel li) Ju[]'{1n.lcu) sozrF clse alrnuSlrlt pour rrI'nrpour 1:.n1.

'Jol tcJiznu q:11qrsorl clso nrr 'Ltop a1rriu.rt1r,r aFrrrlo.rrl cs is aJlt,)
ll! Inipclu r-r.tljil '-tr'lrf lrll rlJlsou inrruS.ro c1 lu!d 'c.toItos olltilt cp l.rrrr.lo I
{[lli^ ';]f ttitl.I(f r \ Jl ttrt:-lilr.rt l-'JSi]r11 '.tolr.rJll ILr(Iilug II]lpa{Il ut cs-il[)rr!rcprlo.rJ

eJcUu e/Apu?
J\UW /ndJ03

: !zEaJ(lr.\ ,)Jt?J lrLd.rol Ltrllj IJJOJs [n.lluJ.l u1 ,c1 rlirurl
arlr: toun uir':.1r"rrlLr'- ad glucunJl? r:"rlerd ap csnPold cculucJuoo.lolr.rnr.f.r)
il.lr:r)l nulruosu '(acr.re;s cpun) Elr.ro.[r- pruJo] rlu BelsAcu ,Ezelr.r riuOOon rra l:^
rlpIr)ap altirorrI e1no1 ul c:lpT c:- "1.ToTr()i.roiepnlt lli.rpcir,ul l!JnJlul

@n

: IaJlslr llluJl JolrlJrriuo"rug rn[nlpdrlt Jll,: r.rug.r rt rrrnrsilrlurrtr
rrozrrrlurp rnrrn.rolrriu.rqr,r rr.rpFrrlo,rrl 1rr orz[] yluclu{lrreJ ull} cunrjlcs 11

$ 3" Citeva date fiziokraice asupra sunctului
L Receplionarea sunetului

Vihratiile, cu ajrrtorul nrerliului lnrorrjrrrrtor, ajrrng sub formi de
tltlt-le sottorc lrirrii la uret:ltca noastrii, itrrpresronilrtl tinrpanrrl" r.:are, fiirrd
gi el corp elastic. r-rLlrtraza la Lrni srlrr {.[r sur-qa $ol]{rra (dirr acest irr6rrreil!

incepe pror:esul fiziologrt acusl.ic)

nen r'rl'liunripaacnur-rsl tIirca' r(r:sanrrLr)teoecxocnrlriru!niaicarnaaiptoiei lrearcritecru-l irrin f iIrele Irri Corti r -
ui" urrde se trals{grrna
{cnzHltil solorii rlenrrrrtila strrier. in

Nogirrnca de suttct este atadxr tlc naturri fizir.rlogir:h" acestcia coree-
prrrrzirrrlrr-r. din prr'r'l de r,cdere tizic. tiibrugiilc corpuril,r.

Ailuljzrnd 9i prelur:rtnd calrtalile fizice ale vibratici, creicrul le truns.
It',rlnA in senzaSti' strbtectlve. adrca in coreslr1111dsl;15'ls lor fizi6lt,gr,.e:
lrecuenln tlevirrc tntil.ltrne. umplitwliruta. !tirie, rar turttJttt:ilia irt urtttttrtice
i' transfr)rlua ilr /r'nrrru soilor, ala {iu11 uor fi
ti!ile srrrrelulrri" 2. r.ra!.ate la capit.'lul ,,cali-

Apr'a1rc trate fiintcle vii 1r'sedi cayra.itatea tle a culege. cu ajrrtorul
rrrer:ltii, vibratirlr: sr)nol'e din urccliul ilt:ou.;s1,g1s1, pi de a le trarrsluLura
a gr+ti itr scnza 1ii sotrore.

2. Domeniul de audibilitate al omului

senzaliile daeudsituivnecle-le dupi cum este.lrvetlit pe cale griinrifir..r
a caror frecventa este cuprin.sa
sinl 1rr'rrltrse intre lirnrtele
ap',xir'arive: I6,s llz (limita inferioara) 20.0()0 llz (lirnita supe-
rioarri ). iutre aceste limite se cupriltl sunetele rare alcituiesc tlomelrrrl
no$tru de arrd il-rili ta tc.

Vibraliile cu o frccvcnla inferioara clornelriului de arrtlibiiitate, arlica
uele sub l6,s llz, se ru'lesc o,infrasonore" sau,infrasunete", iar cr:re
care dcpi;esc 20.000 llz se nulnesc,.ultras,,rnore'o s.r'
Aeesiea nu pot fi perccpu'e drreet eu uLethea or''creascdo ,ultrasunete*.
ajutorul ult()r &parate acustice speciale.
ci nunrai cu

ipxnirmeaca$i21stai5vAFfivbe2si4rlbee.0irlnvee0e0cadl.iuzteaiia$soedcgzo:sibfrriee.tbiritEnrsarinnustsrumeucinhat5enfauernmriandirtteeedrnecdpdojma.a.rerp.drnecesnnrtutruranulnrnsf:i{*vejuecanar€sgnaeeiml]ess,euu.innneel6itt.n,imucmeu,dor de apro-

frecventi

inhncierc),

3?

t8 I lo,1 'rrJrznu e ruoll Jp lrllc.rj I

alFFa dulll ap al€ara.r

-ul uI Elelllur r€ earl?ls eI aur^er pur) raunl€ ElrpoFad else a.IleJqrA o r

't!rrlu Ll I all,l1sualu! 'pIDJnp : lintluc laJl alnqtJle €s r rnlnloruobz ".r.ru1r:
sJ'riluzricJd rJ oluod nu rS glrqer.ru,r ludueur.red *or.rrri1prr1 e,re oecrporJodorl r*
alpln:lcJau IiBJql^ op snpo.rd pullJ'(lecrzrturau lnleuns) lntoflrr)32

'ftJqu

r* a2D1lsuaytr 'p7atnp 'au(y2uy : tiqlrlrc n.4ud o.ru IErrzntu Inlauns ^11
"touns lls ap uiey e8u4srp es lerrns un BJoJrc eztq at)

olua{uolo clccE tucrznru r,nlnlouns a1u t.rtSnsur nrs !iUr11ua csctunu aq

iloliuu nup oJBo Bl olBorznul ololuiluldJi, no BJolsooB BIi€IoJo)

lBalznlu Inlnfouns alliEtltB) .g S

'.i1ir lnlotlr-r.rt 'ilr1r6dpt 'Irrltnqn{l '[illJuill t u") 'VJnlBu lnr aorJ(lu]crrr
-nu(f alceJe Joun piJoulitlo n.rlucd er; '('r1e cJ+rauiugsnc .1nFrrofi .o1a.re51ur
'flqot) clnrceds alrrcunJlstrr elrnJlsuoJ lso] ne doas eJpc u! olnttllu BcJuu]
* n"rlrrad arJ aluzrIrtn 1lurr1 6Barznur u! qslrl4sa.r alleerlrIe o nE EolsacV

'olrlorznru alrlriurrl3 rJzrlerru [nlocrqo ooJ nu ri ,a7our
.o,9:.lseurnu +s oacrpor.rotlou r$ oleprficlcu,ro1rrlu1qr,r psnportl puul .reurll
-{EtIl plrzrla;d nr nrI alllc i}lclcilns'elprrzlr.u alo;r Jp orrrlirsoep e,rde

.'gorzntll ut urr^"r.]s ;rt i]Jpc ap, Jorros InlprJeleu{
gzuJur.roJ gla [S ;]ln'Jtznu alauns ep alarilnr! rnJrorl alouns ap IoJlsV

I 'OJPC€JS(t

feelztlur !uorrJnJlstlt un n] nus eetoi, na ualcrrnpri"rrlb,l uurl sctJrlrrept r$
ezroo.:d aleod os crutilgrrl J{rJBa B 'aJorros .ro1r.rn.d.roc elv aJtpol.rad r* a1nynH
-aJ a1t rlu:qr,r ep asnpoJd luts *JBO alilr{rrs alcau ?l$cso1o.; rr")rznlt

'nclznnr Inllerqo

;)ul illr?{).1 nu qrsu! toloung ltp;}"ntnt a1.rBol Jpurnu un tslsr\J gJnlBu ul

{ntoluofiz $ ;uolznru 1n;oun5 ,7 $

'uJnpl?i'

rr{ rlm.t<rJsunJf os Jol erS.rous'l01p.rrrftrocu! lrill)Jril u1 pFutlo.rd rBu as nu
alrrie.rrlra Ur gznBc ulp 'zll 000 06 alsed a1Sa.r.r eiua.Lca.rl Ecep : pne ru&r
olr nu Bclsacs 'zll gI op qJlur rBrrr ol$o Jololouns uiuo,rc,all EcuO

l. Iniltirnea sunetulul

Calitatea sunetului de a fi mai acut sau mai grav, in scara sonor{. sc

rrulrevto iniillime. Ba se datoregte frecventoi vibraliilor, adici nurnArului de

vihralii lirodus intr-i, secunda. Cu cit frecvenla este mai mare, cu ar"it su.
netul este rtrai ar:ut 5i viceversa, cu cit fre'cven[a este rnai micd, cu atiil

sunetul cste mai grav.
Cind doue sunete au aceeagi frecventr:i" ele sint de aeeeagi infilgime

se uttrl tra unisorr.
Gralie acestei ir,roprietA!i, toate sune{ele nruzicale pot fi agezate intr-(r

ordine succesiva. de la cel mai grav pinn la cel mai acut, f orliliild s.car.,

sonOrii.

Ficcare sunet uruzical este produs de un numar precis de vibralii, Con-

lloarndrinctoacntdaavradiiznatiriii*a, csupsrteiceexdeimnpllau.raesnteoapsrtoradu(s1.iXle.1945410),desuvuiehtrualtiIiadrrrshalet,

sau tl80 de viblalii simple pe secunda.

Locu,l sau pe portativ este nr.mitorul :

-u-,--F-raut'L
n

ln funclie de acos,ta se ca'lculeazA numirul de vibralii;rl tutunrr celor.
lalte sunete muzicale. El serve$te dreltt etalon acustic sau diapazon oticial
in constructia gi acordajul tuturor instrumentelor muzicale, precurn 9i pentru
inregistririle sonore de tot felul (cinematografo placi ptc.) r.

Istoriceqte, determinarea lnSlfimii precise a sunetelor s-a fecut cu rni jloace
djfer"jte. Cei vechi ficeau acest lucru prin mdsurarea lungimilor de coarild.. Aqa a
procedat, spre exemplu, Pitagora, filozof pi muzician grec (secolul VL i.e.n.),
care a descopexit cel dintii raportul de cvinti perfecti in scara sunetelor 2. Cel
modernj insh determin5 indltimea suneteior prin numd,rarea aibratiilot coard,ei.
mijloc pe care dezvoltarea moderni a tizicii l-a pus la dispozitia nruzicie'nilorr 5r

aeulstici eni lor.

mstteuuullloutzerii.ctr'icaDIdddAliree,e-oescpsaeateinrdbvreceieet5edzaaeudialntsesatseatiip,snbeattpieeliiuetmtripnm:u'gprieepllaaotualcnralrteal:iu,nvodeitolsi4oBnrt3nraa5anccSdtahitaoLu1rs2znzd..aia.izlM(aaPsc,oroa-ezrardaiaas;are,tjjuuu1-sBlntuiBscmi5d)I'n.uasezA-uiaoccnieeiimfcsnootiprinmauivncsetoaimndrldlapieiatnio,isn,artaircitunAuumstdfeaiaciJnfoir}li----i
dstianbuilnrmdui,-sseublairnf:iue4n4ta0 Himzp. r(iCmoinrvileonrtipaeddeislcaurLi o$nidalar,a1d9j3o9u).lui. a fost u$or urcaS

. A sc vedea { 16-

.rnlnutlrJ eJolsuu Ep
?.3J8 ?p urado uI ale.rnp elaluaJlp e.qu1 at3alrquts es ac lnl.rode.r'r9^apB-Jlrrl

'alrorzrlru rersa;dxe 1u cru.ralnd ep lrqesoap luaulale llu un 'uttr op Beepl sl
'dun1 u1 rolalauns ru?JnSEJsop eoapr €l acnp'(rnlnlauns s o,lBlrlea rjlsB?ca
B'rBrllnls es nu gcrlsncu u1) E[Bcrznru giualacxa trud a.u$ns,uL'Dlnrnq

+

'lBrJBrr Jol TtJqNU :g BJ(rlsao.B u qcrttt lurn nus eJuur ruru Da?Dllsuanrl

f,xoleleuns B qllJeJlp natutJTpu3 e8utlstp Fleod as gs aJec ug 'a.rouos lariuztras

p saco.rd rn1nFa.r1u1 BoJBzr[Bur] rS re.re.rnSplsop n.rlued trrrutul prdturl 1r.rnB

.rsB also nu llJnJtu! 'znJrp pnB os nes pnB rBru es nu ola'elrqptutpu lttutu
aw l]lnJnp o-Jtu! osnpo.rd 1u1s nu oJotros elliurqm qcup : nldtirexe e6

'lnJqur:t ls EalBllsuelur ouaurlilEuE : rnlnlauns alB Lnsns
.rrl a]lelalac uuorf rpuoc r$ ufuanllut eluod ule.rnp 'ecrzr] oznuo pul,rV
'[olm ruur olpJnp op aleuns r* t.tt;ru relu g]eJnp ap ale,rrns rc,ap Elslx3

'arir.redsrp us uleldruol e1 EuId r$
touns rnun rr.racnpo;ri liltuiluroru urp oJaJl erec durrl ap lnluauFuJ; ep Ecrpu

'.rolrrierqra eelBlrnulluoc ep epurdop €g 'plDrnp_ altownu es durr3 ap Bcrur

r?u nas aJsr.u rEur eunrioe.r; o-Jlu! ai)npord os e ap Inlnlaulls BalBll[u)

!nlnlsuns ?l"Jnc '6

'cte ollJnpJocu'(elepou rA eleuot) e.rou

-os olorualsrs'alolcAJolur'E.rouos uiuu.radualeu r$ eiue.radural'BluoruJBua
'alunuolruas rS ap.rnuol 1al€Jells r$ alurnleu te e1a1de.r1 nc EIBorznu EIsJ

-auaB e.rucs : egieuolur csalIJd a.ruc toprdrcur.rd .ro.rn1n1 Ba.rulnruoJ rS eztlertu

u! BzEg ep nrJalrJa tdarp .rolapuns eeurrilgu! gJaplsuoc rlclzuu PtrooI

'EcrlaJoal eoo rS trcrlclrn g]InzeJ

aJouos !iff rlee lalsatB B EIBe Iznru e1.irr n.l1tred Ecqce.rd uiuel.rodntr trrq

' ariuuolur ap lBrrznru urals gs rnpr8

-aJlu! BzEq sJ Fls sorurilpu! 'slulAnc alle n-l 'D'IuoTulP * mTtapur : Ilclznul
al$ olururale alcledrcur.rd aJlulp BltoP a.rel$eu nsl 'lnullu t1c el€ra
-ose 'ruuilgu! elrJoJrp op aleuns urp llcnJlul 'pu.t8 l1uu1 lutu lac ul Ell?clznul
p!J? !?zaose.lelrrr o.ro;elauns B pct8optzt; BJnIBrt ap aJlSnsu!'oawtilpul

+
'ellllpue oil?s rlalu€uJolo oslJ:)sul luls oxec ad euesep gdnp 'galptum a1€c ad
snpo.:rl nps lentsr8ulog 13 aleod ln:tauns 'aleitads a]Iuqat a]eollrur uud 'JBII{J }lnur
retrAl af?nzr^ rol IUqululexa eolslilrqxsDd lS IaJlsB as-npulp 'aqrnt ap qurroJ gns
al]?r?srgaru! g 1od tnlnlauns all!leJqr^ 'tnlnJeJFollrso eeJelu€At!! ulJd :lzFlsV

In scnsui larg al cuvintrrlni. pentr"!l artele telnporalc flr'1r' i{l€ r:aror

olrcre, in rlcsfii5urarea lor, sin1 supus(:] miqrarii - clurato tebuie cotrside"
ratd. ctt element de misurnre tt timpultdt.

Opcrele urteLor spa!iul.e' { pit:trrra" *culptura, nrh;tec.tura etc. } ocnpa} (}
arrurnrli portiulre din spaIiu. ['it:torul, spre cxenrplu, i$i aiaza liniile gi r:ri'

lorile 1rc rr pinzi sau un tablou ile o arrurni tA suTtrafa!d.. Sculptorul Ei arhr-
lcctul au rievoie sA fixeze opercle lol -..- o statuje" ulr rronulnent. o cotunrnt.
rrrr rrlificiu * de a-.ctttenea inlr-un spa!irr tlcternrinat de ul anumil uoltnrr
Spltirrl rlr: t'arr.rrr levoie ircesl fel de irrle sc poote rnisura prir! cele frrrr
r'oorrlurrlt*r spa!iale r'nnosr'ule : lrrngime. lalinie. iunllirue.

Upcrcle artelar tt'mporale insil (rnuzica, dansul, poezia, baletnl ), in
ijxprilnarca lon au nevoie rle *..ecliunr sau un interval de tirnp. Sunetelt:.

paSii, gebturile" silabele ronsunla, irr dcs{aguraLca l<ir, un fragnlerif sau o

p{}rliune din timp. Coordonatele spati$lr: (lungirnea, lalimea- inaliimr:e) nrr

pnt servi la tlrmelsionurca rlnor ascrnenea opere rlt: artA. {le acr:ea apilrt:
nevoia unei noi coordonate * durata - prin eare se pot nlilsula 5i optrcltr

qle nalura rlinamic&, opere supuse contr'nriu nri;carii"

ASadan, pe cind rlirnensiunile artelor spaliale sint lungiuri, suprufelc

ratr volurtte, $i se rnisoara €u nlaf,inii fizice cor€spunzatoare (metru, cuha.i
etc"). in arteie temporaleo accstc ililreusir.ani sint secfiurri sinl fragnrente
ilin tirnp, gi se nrasoara prin durate

Dilcrcnliind sunetele din prrncl dc vedere al desfAgurArii lor in tirng.
tlurata este criteriul de bazf in cxplicarea teoretici a irtregului sistem
ritrrric nruzical, cu comironentele sale: rnetm, masura, ritrn, valori tle lttttc,

divizrunea valorilor, fonnule ritrnice ete,

3. lntensitatea sunetulul

Calitatca sirnetnlui de a fi mai tare satl mai slab, ca reztrltal a'l unui
volunl de etlelgie tnai mare sau mai mic Lie insotrest€ vibraliile se tlilmeile
intensitute, Aceastd insupire <le natur* fizici a sunetului iFi are t:oresPt)l]'
qlenlul fiziologic in setrza!ia de for'[a pe care un sunet o pr(]dllce asul)rir
noastri gi care se numctte ,(irie"

$tiinta a tlovedit cA intensitatea srinetului depinde de u'nltlilu'!tne,t
sat:, l,irgimea ttibrutiilor, in Inod direct proportional : cu eit arripliturlinea
este nral tllirre. cu atit gi intensitatea este lnai mare, Si vicev€r'sa, ctl l-'i!
arnplitud inea esle mai micA" cu atit intensitatea este lnai mic?l .

t"a.rte€mateN"mo:etlidsuunereil.rarcedeea, ,,tsimapn"uesstee fcoolonslujtnSdeincaucensottrciuanpeiatolmlunz:scea-nldsudl eei*tglmenpe"r,al.undle-

36

LE

"rTnilrznru PlrlsP.r(l rr! BJoros pel?llsnalilr
o.r.drepoot1cJBnotpoc,cr IBr:rciarrsnlu.ru'on.tr?JltrtEnlrd;lanopplf'z-JttonlarlB.siJaoptJlJoorzonrratratlno7ula.)LulutnlpLarlllrttdlt)tn';,urtolJlzl-trnDuirialrBtu1r":.trraoclorall.spaur.nL,.Ir.r;1a_o,ld1
-xa n1'lol IcaB 'plDJt2rrur D:rltutrutp a.rolstu Br RJou()s r?clplrsrrJlur ln6

'ria,rElull tg tl*rluclnli.rlsttt'tJol'r.rrp :.ropiclrl.tolut HtrLru
il1 qlJB BleJBAOpE O elJA AJouoS llil-rtrsr!altll B ar.llsclLrur nc Po.ils{rlr},1

rr'ra'rJir t3Jln3.rfr'rJJt.lll'lrr-tloiJll$ulBCuol]lo!Jlrlo.?rtrltrall[ll!Jr,s{.olOpl"lttU:.rrtltslla] rl'xl{arJlsro"lo"J"r*U.rJ,LfJ*^rtzt"t,l,l:',;l,J"ltl"tJ:'.1:

'.lltlcl)Je

'JolrE.r!,rot l(|..! utt elqelnl(lol)ur apun't?lJB a1t.to1c"t;rrlo !lJulc"r(lJJlru IntuJru(]p rrl

[€rJods Lr! "a"rBrr[{lB gF,lu1 o ri.}rznur irr elSlsgi r5l roldli)uns t}alt)Jtsu)lutr

+

'eJlsnTlir.ro rcun lriloil'rrtr u1
lJrrTlsrr l3PriF;.i! gs eiPfrd t)ir):'4Jr?orA o 1i;r Jrrlt{n3 li urfu.rrldxi,r aJu rs! BlsEcon
rr! EJlr0r,! rl"!nsuls tt ap snprurl 13.) trr3al) "rrulalrrd tuut t.r0 ap 0e ap touriF
r!n BtEllolJlu arnpo.rrl e,r nrrrrldtuaya a.rds 'l..toi I ap 06 op Jrjru!ru uil EJlz
-rJ eac llJap BJlut leur riunsrll)lolrrl ll1$o EtlffololzrJ Bi)lBl lsrrolur "aloul-lg
;lp JolqJul)oJd Jnd.ro;r al, r?atl.!JJn olJtsdr-J[.] oJtrJ tillntl)Jru nznEJ ur(J

'scrznul llnur luut Fzil.]scJelur FU.rn u!l) r?Jsuc"le I erlu;t1rn urznu
J.n?o n:, []JlH1 rsilrllilr ..]lsa Etrrl tpnil uBs il.triolorzrl EJll?l l:rrolilt *rur 'BzeaJqrrt
rJpJ Inln{hoJ arJllo.ld Bci} also V.}rzl} Eclell!tuclu [ ,cltr)lorzrJ tg ll;.] 'i]tzt]
;lJopa,r cp l;rnntl urp i!ls FJtlstloe u! UZptpnls ai J.JIclcuils rclultsuitlul

'JOlr{]3 Inqnl i.rr ilirltr)L)"rtili r-q r:i "1oE i)[r lnrutr[{}:1 qdnp,lr1lns i}P Jlcluaru
-!tJls{il irl "lur lr{iJltc}:l ad in*n3"lil tltr-r.};-},tl SJRc nil er.rg1 gdnp 'gctul illlrr llEs
{r.{rur ilrlrl r1 iult(j(.1 .ro1r rlr.lilln iiRaur pr:111,ilru '{ []Jilo., nJ o[o]Ui}[rnJ]srn ET

'unop H +lt l1a.l3 l!.'itl,r rJilu ilrit.l fJlLlllsUJlur rcSp
a;n atit.lqt,,u rltilr"1(l"til[,Ju{}3 ts riiur{Xr,\.}llPl!;rl{i::r }rJ!ili}rrlrirlruu;.Ds.l rlq-l il.}lilrF
-.rri Jul"tJl, li)1,,!Et.i lr iljl:"rgr,r rprnr,lq! iranrlrnlrlririrl' ai$a t:;1 g;ilriii"i p'tr

***i[_b' _

lt

: [tltitttoxr r.lq 'autlttt1tldutp op oFrlrrriu BiJEod "sti rrdo.t lllr
$r irzo{[ .ip €ipJ 'oP"rurr3 lcun .roltriu.rlt,t nt]urrFJi.,l !r) ; $ Fl lctUr$ iut

4. Timbrul

ccaure,,ccl-aualliotapurtreoeadau"sscaasureeinndsueunoqlseiregebtaeepcttiaenrteubnrfuao.ceblniescaat lsttelee<,laolismlttienorbgriiedic,ru_tir'Isn, ubrnuel tesdtuepaasesm'rusiat

Datorita acestei insugiri, sunetele se tleosebes,c nnul de alt'ul ehiar daea

sint de aceeagi iniltrime, durati 9i interrs,irate.
Fiecare instrunrent sau agent sonor igi
voce, el fiind evident cbiar gi in vorbire. are tirnbrul siu proliriu. la

I)irr pu_nct de vcdere fizic, timbrul se datoreaztj urntonicelor care conlpul
qunetul punct de verlcre fiziologic, timbrul este rellectarea
rnuzical, iar din

aceslar arntonice tn con,,rtiin[a noaslrd,

Rezonanta naturali a corpurilor sonore

mctzaooaetnerxaejsnAotdtecaeunscststearittu,ic2ccan'teuuAdlrmcedaemisltcoetoesnumassntrpufemelnteaueoxz.tnlS€eui,icacedgeuee(tinunuinesnnironatndstiotuuor,inarnnperdeetcrmoscdmaaueruzpeivoccinaibolerrn,nacitantoarspmioiastidetraeseecnn.ct2te.)s,s3iemc,rapi4err,ued5, ecaoeranteclst.rtejontu,sriruieenmaereratei_i-
i(ummgneepnnecetroMacxrleea,ppcteoastlirnobeinisslaeoam,uruu$(rccfiueopncaprdareodartdaeamu,tesctdneueetrbacnitio)ue,anmtrcfomui.r)neo,sdanae5iccdieleceesrutoad,r,aceereemmsslotuiefntuenicn.euedtr,iem.na. mdaatueofaxnnirutlAiaal l:,.drelednsassocautdurninefpait-uac-slertumsiandle.usetud,prarvipnfiurbconripdaeaapz._eel
edcfuet6cnf.dj)un,aDtnmdeuirencpfnedodtrarenpcl,naustcsmrtioae, nreceosaotrnaieecr!m'odibmosorvueniteeaircdsnzejetat,loipvrnseibusoacrneuanoalureszeruin5.nsateiiniiltreirinltroifaripcclpudeiranr,tai4gfgoii(amirjumlteei,mra.anrEaepiu6ale{ciil.,,osuetdrriessfnoiuemdrnmdien,aetaptauogaz]rteteefuair*lenza.dd,s,apufmcuaninepencnttcuuttieamrluulre.iii

Sunetuj fundamental (numit impropriu qi armonicul l) este produs de vi_
bratiile sursei sonore in toaH lungimea sa 1f) :

,-^-- IJ ---=- tru;ei c€nera!,o,-

reB ffiAl
2-lea armonic este produs de vibraliile jurnititilor de coardn (f ) ;
-

A
f,1",fl'!l;!,i,:,,,

l.i.tateI aHeslumnheotlutzlui- cuno.scut fizician ge,rma.n (l82l_f894) _ a numit aceasti ca_
Klangfrtrbe tcutoaiei'-sunetului), asa "urn ,. uiitir"ura obipnuit
1n terrntn{}iogia gelrnana

2 ['lanJuatlrrN;oou4nattuq'atgiieenrre,ma(usn)ui:toi.,iel1ate/rtmen7ocnutr,ucreaqlaelett)rp-reollnisrtd{lsiunnnrubemtaeefarleaanmdcocenzicdO€, beceolreotdcsnoicmn!i(tesdnvetneneutnemalte,utredaleae)l.)squuso)te;sau\suIncertletinircsoririsonabree)te
prrliale)
eau -;oa!

38

6s

'1t1153 A5hp"ipIoeaoc Ir{st elalaJe I€ BollJ

--a8uparlssneIBpaolJIandlpluaaJlsuea8ga.lnsulldzarapuJedsxenarpaoaJ3Jrddusoau"lrs8JalBInqat-.IrIuqn.ouJtrrupulo€eu'!rl:uJaregcan'aiaplJpor;+edeopIa! aIJrenolupeoraosllaIonp4drIIroeLJrPIunu+lnpuIaI u1Ju83ue-sI
IJ a+€od nu eaate ap ?l arlr'i'!
'slJJS uI +:Ep€r o7 \s lout'aq .( (ar ul
glulzalldal nu E,aualljas"emaapaq8I Inc:ruou-IJe
e13asp6 os arB ,pI€A.r e,ar.urilEu!
€ladurorl) aJeo+EuIA ap laladu.Io4 sialauns u! lIJ3p }zne ol€od as nu ts so[
!€ru ,eaHaulasB ap ,a1sg 1I lnsrtroune I gr.leado,ma eclznul uI pzeeiut,nqerlul
es a.nso taf }]c€p sof lvu louaq ,s un n-u€luerazlsaardteallltoI nrlIu3l
eau4l;eul llBxa t fnf,luourJv
elear nepa.r '$JaJIp aleuuiaslrq

tsotr nP (louaq !s) tI 1S ('tautaq q) S,l '(zalp oD 11 '(loutaq F) t' aTelruotrrlrv

: eloJeo?Enu.ln g JoA lnl aiattrn
o -eJeO
-otl.rxe 'op ad 'nlduaxa arids ';egraurep,unJ lelnnrs ea ean'pord BA EIpJeoJ .q 1od

'afluourle ldo alaunud Ia"Iqo ap al€zrsas '.laq;
1ttane nr 'a.rec a.rlupp 'leluaurepun; leuns ;nun ale atluourJe gI aiarulrd aluaTlF;ns
lsls au '9su3 lnlnuawou€ry salle4snlr nJ4u d 'qllulJul 4sa .nolalIuoluJe eIJ€s
'aunLsa))ns ap pT?unnlo autpro a-J]jlx\

g arept aloatayu? e[ as-npulcnpold ala 'a;ceJo.neo lqualuepuq launs un asa{osu1
a.re) eJreelJadrns elaJruorure alzraard nt lsulrudolap ne-s qag;lfulpS a1e ad

g.reo-uadns eiueuozag

'ales olall(lounne rt,;) Iearznur xalduroa lnlau

-ns olsa '.roJg;o1nc I€ rupad,s un-.!1u3 et 'IapJ€oJ ale aledou.ud rarfe.rqrn undeJd
-ns as e1elled alrrfe.rqgn a.nea ul 'alouos slualluroJuoc ralsale eluellnzag

'!ap.rea) ale a,\$'ad
-sal Jole4uaur€es alrlfe,lqrrr ap asnpold luls 'J'le 0I '6 '8 '2, '9 alaaruour.ry

PnnP e,e^%Jo ejr%i:. -rr =-=-

: (-L gpreo" ap roll-uTrlcuro egfelqlrr ap snpoJo alsa )ruouxJe eol-g IV

a .') sffiv

----r+|PueaequnJ nlurun.9
P FAep? en?p Y

: (f ) gpreot ap rolun+ro;s ayr{erq1n ap snpo.ld itlso truourre Bal-7 Iv

,p,lepoqa-LtJ: gffiV

: {9) gp"reo} ap rollruld4 aMierq!\ ap snpord a}sa tluou.u€ eat-E lV

tl

in aparltta armonicelor se observe a ilnutnito ier.arhie .. sunetul lunda-
m'ental do apar'e de cinci ori (armonicele 1, 2, 4, B, 16) ; cvinta acestuia, sol"
el,e tr'ei orr (almoniceLs 3, ti, 12) ; terta mi, d,e d,ouA ori (armonicele 5 li 10).
Din punct de vedelc al rela[iilor dintre intetucle observArr: octava do-do
apare de pati'u oli {armonicele 1-2,2-1,4-8, B-f6), cvinta do-so, .ie trei ori
2* 3, 4 6, B- 12), cval ta sol-rlc de trel ciri (arrnonice.le ,1, 6 '8,
{armonicel.e milre do-mi clc d'cuir ori (aflnonicelc ri-1. B-1t]) 3--
12--16), tcrta etc.

Pasti'ind;roelr:aqi interrra.lc intre ar';lronic! Si aceea$i oldir-re dc suceesiune"
putem ob{ine alrnonicele oricirlui alt sr-rnct dil sr-"ala mrrzicali. daci este con-
sid<.:rat ca funciamental sar-r gensrator.

Rezonan"la inlet ioat'h

S'eria de sunel,e armonir:r,' -. dr.rp5 unii tcoreticicni *.- se prodlrce nu numar
in sensul suiior. iolmind lezor.run!a superioarA saLl armoniccle superioare ale
r.:nui s'rnct gcnerator, ci Ei in seus cobori'lr-rr, formind' rezonanla infcrioat'i a
acestuia sau arnTanicele inferioare. Ele se plrirl-tc ciupA acelea$i legi ca pi almo-
niccle suF,erioare qi intr<r ordine sinr,eti i<tir itoils'L{rl':1. aq:} cLim se lroat€ ob-ser'..a

mai jos :

A t '/ drm,nceE $u0e?raarc(fez0nffJa sutfi1ile|
'+

='l ;' t0 g I ? E ! + r ' '/ wteluluildanenralgenerdw)

J'-
-

Fuiue'uaEd" i 6N.....
-_ -t (a rn u e r a,"er : c,; c€ t ry,/ 0' tahla' n l-p 10A r6 i
Fenomenul dLeegsecarisar,mnioinalc6eloprto, apritie'ul mcoenlestidtueiereezxopnliacnatfaiat&sttuiin,a{liAficai col'pu-
rtlor sonore sau
a tinr-

bi'ului sonor.

'l irrrlrrrrl poatc f i : lrillinos. rlesclrir. stlitlucitor. cati f elat. ntoirlt' ori
in1ulil'r'itt- irtr'lris" silntllnr. tilill ctr;.

(.rirrri f rrpt sc rl;itorcsr: a,'rlstc tlivcrsit.iti alo tirrrbrulrri soltor',
( l irrrrrlrzi a rrr,rtlrrlui (.rrnr arnrorrir'cle {lclcrtlrinii tirrrltrul sonot iiii .l{}z-

r irlrrir' ;i il('c5t lnr'nr
a lillrrl tirrrlrlrrlrri s(: (lat{)rcazi in prirnul finil nunuirului ormttnicclitr

ditt'rotttIr,trerrIa trrrrri srrtct.

Srrrrt'lelr,(.ilrl sllI lrogate in itrtttorrit'e atr ul tirttbru tliio.q, ptrtrutlziLor,

{urlr sint. sprc t:xetttpllr, stnt('Li'l(" ol,,rirrlrti.
irrrrctclt.trlrrr tontill ntili lllrlnrt,arttt,uti,'e an, (littl[)otrivtr, un tiinbru

rto:rle. rlrrlt'e. crrrrr sirtt. sl)rc excrttplrt. sun('t('[e flarrtrrlrri.

llt,t.r. r'rr cit srrrtctrrl esfc rlrai bogrt iu arntorrico, cu atit tiDrbrul srtu
t':te trtai anrl)lu. 5i vit:evcrsa.

| !'rirtcnla atmoni<elor a fort descopctitl mai intii de P. Merseooc (1588-1648) !r.xplic.ti 6por Jc
f. Sarvcr,r ( !6illl li lb), (rr<etarca lor o lort cootiouar! ;i de"Avtrtrtl dc cirrc H. Helmbolo (1821-1891) ir
luctarca sa t)o Lebte oon den TonchpltrLaht.n.

40

I}

Jolalauns € gsrlaJd ealurllgu! nar6 nr aulruJaxep as gs st 'lodop ap asnpo.ld
gn-€zep€saudn'lrJlJquIl€npulanrauenosuslalnlpeddleraJliru,gsrdaJda'aplaulou!dnaouslereo€OJI E'a'IleB3uplulolosarulpler po",ulaBn1oJ€dlFlnaallels^uJnnrdsu 'IBlt,aur
areJ ar Boar
alaJruourJe" oupipJI€nluqnt

elsate ''ol
EJ eZnEJ Urrl .

'olBcrznru clrraurnJlsur JSeoJeu,no D uJJprrorl

-cSJJcd r* eoJplrre^rrr ul snp E'rlserreuro elrco,l ap gll]p POc el rButnn a{unzar
es I ndrcu! cI cJpo oo.roilos r.rntl.roc JolaluaJ rp B n.r{{ut rl e p BolBlalre1

+

'c1e rtuilit1 1at 'otttytLos u()t nes aynttzztd erfn.xlxa ,rl) nJ{lulrl ea etSorlosoelr
as fllrtusrqo urin;lexo 'F.tBorA e1 : nldurcxe aO 'cllrcads JalrerEJ un ElEtlel
[nJ(luru'luanrnJlsur Bl Blu!{} E ep aepsJo"rd alsaen trrp aJeoor] ruluad

.alaulja

,ori r.l!] Blllrol nes prSnc.ru na Elesa.rJ 'BlecSrd .aJb-G til)Jsoa o : nlrluraxa eg1

"rnln.lqruu aJeleBJBJ alrurnur E.raJ{roi} alalartns asnptil 'luls urnl InpolN ..J
'eluor{l 'l BIcJ rl Bc lnJ(lur rl ne 'Baulodur Ip =olelauns ,lsJf;
r$ ntpau .loi 1n;l,erFeJ uL p1!a ad'giuapr.r1s oJnraJgo o po rlcuns .trcJaua3
'anpo.rd os lucrunJlsul
u1 elsS 'a|?()u.r alsa nBs IrnnJJq?uaolulJoIaBellFllleul!saJnle.rllusraFual.tlJ)rrrrlrlJBolnllralJrS{iloeunpur !nJ...llrrnrlt
rrn

'iuoplJls aul^ep urnlsars lnrqrun'l1uu1 alsa InlucurE[]unJ Interrns prllJ
'lruqrurl 'sailaur(}3p air "gauai
-ndnlJrrr (n7nnua?) ynxuamopun$ u4nlauns ln apJl1n.Jn aI, ytl)ntr) 'lt

'JrllSlafint

tnlnJqlull JelouJeo ltrunus nn pu!ulrnJolitfr.crl{rourJe aJlrTt[, 1nf1r od nes
lnun od p?rJ{)^EJ aSrnd oatrolauns elrua irrnc lnlaJ uird.prlsrluorunJlsul

'rlo (g lncniour.rr:) rnlnuJoii IB ler ap .ro[cpreor
lnJqultt lrd0.rdr: Jllll3 JBn'{p lnanrourrn}.ln1gzrrnl1 nd rrur Inlouils oi}H} lnllg
''n{7rrlilFrar;xrcrtrcolurlusr'F} zrunll.nll.srrlprourrul {i}l}[ui t.]l.lrtllrlslJnirBi 'eapJJriE)noluclsurrIfinl.nrrJugoulllrfJl B{nazJu]curLpl{IniltJlqnrrgiIat!
rnIrFirrlrrt rs nluordtrrn ;:rrurlur ; '(a.le1 rgur eilnr rb-] sualul muI alse q;,rup ors

lnlnJ({rull uiuiiucriu:ixr !.rr;iT11: allctlslJ.JlJltJlln u:};!rrtA i}[{rorrr-le iJ.it?J;}1J

-ur I€1uaril ppunl trnlilu ns op Eiu] r{}.laoruoru.r7} r, 'lrilnJ(FUrl pr1a.; uzueiuenll
'(rnln1aur.rn1o lnJquir
onldruaxo aJrls oslsa nrrne) p1n?rolt .poalqsDl 1rrcru.raqlurrIu .x r1r

tnaplrl nn
lnlauns EouJq{u-t 'u,rtl;odttlrp 'ios u.rel nes ios nJ "o1u!r!r{Jsuoa aJruour-lll gltulo
e.rea'lnr1e pula aEdi'l(u;oru1cqlrelgBd1euc1pItnnJts({criut?rl'a{ny.drr(u[ualxt+.l
ouIAcP'UiucprJls a.lds'alse urnJ) crlu}iJru

.u1 'aredrur oJemnu nr olecruolu.re elrula lno{.un.rlsr.lr uInn"]Brurotr{ui .r.nlnJeq{uarrp? pulrlcr

.soue!6

-?s3 ol.) 'rlz[r;:rzr.rol';prE:t Jolasmolutn n 1a{ !1tu.nur} tm..tlu! rDJrnqulsla .q

t 'acruoutJB {rl} aJRill
elJBO] Jllr{nu rirr i rurr 1!i)ru}u! 'e1at0do1a ne 11 lefioq lprrr Tar In.rquri,l.

9i a Folosirea titnbrurilor variatc a,le diferite'lor insrtrumen,te ;i vrlcr. llrerrunr
timbrurilor t:omplexe, imbogd,t.egte paleta componistica, {linfl lrrtd m1-
zicale posibilitatea rederii ideilor in c'u.lori no,i. nnbinrrite, ce le pritem ,con-
sitlera incom'parabile c,u ale celorlalte ar1e. 1
deo'-sPeelrnittrdueteironripaomrtaunzticpiiri-ncidpiinular,ceezaosntianinlesui gniaretuarosleunne,lecloorrp-lrilro.tr:tinseonnrorr(;:a.
gernrAenstef ,eiln, seel;ieexlpelmiceant-ele rind * f apt*l cf, sunetur eonline, in
in primu,l
ale rnuzicii: n.rdceIo,sd,fido,,su-rarcdaessfjimguprlataren;lr.
princ'ipale qi ul.trtttnia -.

succesivi, orizontale a .sunetelor -

verticalA a ace,stora.

Alte principii iqi gasesc de a,se,menea exp,li,cafia in rrer.ona,r!a ri;rturala
a r,orprrrilor sonore, ca :

-- rolul cvintei (cel rle-a,l 3-lee anmonic) in gerlerare,a enrn,etel.or, irter.
valelor. garnelor pi modur,ilor ;
rrol:rrnea rlc o,ctava (annonicee l*2_,4-S-16):
*

-- {ormarea acordu"rilor de 3, 4, 5, 6 gi ? sunetc (arlnonicele 4, 5.
6. 7" 9. ll. 13);

de detrisonul major; acold d_e acord
oona;$€plna;
acord acord de

undecima ter{;adecini

* dublarea vocilor in acord (se dubleaza mai intii fur)rdaur€1ta,la acgr-
d'lui, apare de cele mai m'lte ori. .si apoi cvinta acestuia) ;
eare in armonice

paevcoi-cnidlolrceegaleecauctbearueinneaippsaoorznitlloiiinrsitctereilni isanede(iaesrpmsu,ponrno€iriia:ie€lveuotcgairleaovrinegguarasp,vatee*azil*ad).ipnotezrivliai llearlagrig9i,i

janlstotrusImiTebinranterbi{rsouanuceovtcmo. cpjlcdrife: riletr,insnpbrreulep-xreomdprilsu d: iontrocoi.mcbtainrianreeta a v2jo, l3onfcirenlb;rsmonpiradne,
sl

-op nB-{* nu l$ aaqolodg gs{r! lrjgs ?tn+Bi! 'P}lJllultis a.reruJrlufrr o v"]u! ifpulq
[Br,r.t alclrsnap nr slsne}a ap slrrlersprsuoc 3}eoJ
'sJeur
nc ala? 'alr"!aJ!p .rtgusuap alo.] llcap apodal lxesuarrBasu-u! .p€u{.]i;.j\u)rrtisr}E rru |grJ.!
ap zeo
a?e4!sr.!ap ru a4arrns "r\y'

'aaau"leItuuliJtasalletn.Id[aupaiunp4!]s+.aIrJldINJ"onI"tunrn-Btlrrddrt.a[u*iaIoIxEpas''"Iaanu.lInIIIdO?osnppe'a1[pdoEo1-araa.[dpE:pu.o[orae.irlJa1d.ltaralglia}smalaappiijoanou"sprIui.s.drEaar.ol.lnlnigdsreoguiiul.a'!ul!8eg]u?]!oJl}Jrs3.ruJ[io!]eulc-!a[i-..^.:[J5iJats{unrn.ug:s
glsrxa ,€' ea.nslB?suoJ B{ ap as-npulurod sunfs s-s orzii{iucr glseoJs L'l
-uoo lrrgs a-rB' ulp luallp lnlntBl'Ja3lols?ui-_F!utsrru0lsluBrplerrco-Jsds,qullF!fu(J;J1o1l$rosolill?i.lrrrodl{ili}Jg}lsi':;,)lJn,4sEp
lsoJ B nu luazald uI ?ulc ea.ofp'?'IJsollloznlor'uJnr sJDBll}loo?uBn1sll€?rprEi.?-s)reE"i>uval.tariliajJilotftoLiJptiuJsi-aulnti
o sJer ad
'aflsnsu! ?.atuts,

cAPt't'ot,{JL ll

SISTEMIJL SONIOR

$I ORGANIZAIIEA SA DUPA tNAI.TlrliE

$ 6. Scarra generalfr nriuziealfi

'fo'talitatea sune[elor fnlosd.te irr prarlica rntrzir:alri alciituiesr. laolalt:i

si.stentul, sututr ntuzit"ttl..

Succesiunea treptal;i" ascendenti sau descerttlclta, a tuturor sunetelor

oare conrpun ecest sistcur l,oarta nurncle de sccrd generuld mu,zicalti.

Sistenrirl ionor ;i scara sa gencralt au fost defiuite inilial pe baza
prar,:ticii urrrtului" clec,i in Ximitele acclor Fiunete ce pot fi redate cu vocile
'rhiqnuite, adicii sunetele produse intr:e aproxirnativ 6fi-1056 de vihrapii
,luble Xre secundd (patnr or:tave):

limttele aproximattve ale voc;lor

G tl]56 Hz
66 Hz

fitrin dczvtltarea muzicii instrunrentale, scflra gener'ala rnuzirala 6-a
largit, cuprinzind srrnetele produse intre l6.a-*[i448 de vibira!ii r-lrrl'lr, pr.

secul'-tlA ( nouA ocl.ave) " I

$ 7. Treptcle de bnzi ale sef,rii gcnerale muzicalc

gi dcnumirea lor

fn s'cara gerrerald muzicali. Iiecare sunet oclr,pi ulr loc precis -- in
5oridninuenareflreectlreensgceai rd- asernanator treptclor succesive ale unei scari, de undc
generuld muzicald ce
se df, scriei de sqinete mtrzicale"

Je la cel mai grav, pinS la cel mai acut.

t A se vedea scara general6 muzicalS g ?.

44

rin

'02 s eepa.l as Va

eJurS!ro Eaps^
ll "'gI s ,noralda-$ e aJlqelrs ts ale.fJltl lrxrunuop
ta 'oz 'Pt/ ' tP ' el
'tu

: loIutu In[np,ou.r rarueE 'erieuolur gar 'eleolgzuutlsa,r
-uJ Jlsc "?u [n]runs rr"r adc:ru1 o.IBJ'tJucs olsaJe uIp rtln'FcI]srJi]1JpJu;l r?s
plrrl.)ruls IrulAE aJU[]orJ'[crznur lalsa]B Rztq ts[ nul5 ac (t;nr1eo1ao] tJnsulii
rrrri rJ?on^ tdo aloc csernlErl? or i}louns oJsocB nJ '3u 'oz 'at1 't1t : ob ttn
'rr! : .roJelirunr oie IJrurnuap iildu* tol elBesolo! pln1uarJo-o;tat? o;tnny1

roloJBodod Bo.Izntn u!

rtlsoloJ rolalouns alE lrlltrnuop ollv 'B s

-rl+ ElFlas oep[u111

'srl.ruur,)uef[ 'er15uy 'uIuuttrJ+r) : eo'tado.rn"4 Irrls"a uIp alr.rqi u1 ?Jrqaroa[r nr
rl:.rs{}lrrl ';)c *, tt'o "t'l 'o'p':,,p1p-.s.rioue1Jogtil'cE.riyl ?Ell plolatq oaJltgnud(f
u3 tS urnca;d 'ur.ru8lng
'r:rrluruU 'q'S"tt'tt l B)
u)tlr als:) - t*;nl'1os'n[ 'rado.lng o[nrppt*t.storl$qtl[tnl;rrs.tcl lrp elr.tgi u! E]!putdr^e.i
'mt o?J tt illrqulw naJlulttuaq

tluJnlun aldarl nr ?luf,tzntu glsJ,rtra; ulr:rS

'r: \8130 if t *r rr'l"l{} u[trt
:rrrpo.rdo.t :)s t[:, !t:,]uJIur "ElRorztltu qlelouei uJtr,]s nl!J] JlEJnllrlr .)laun$ dF J[1
lnFa.rlur upoJ Nr rr,rluad;)lrrarJrJns 1u1s.rolrltlaJl pllr r.!nllrrrr.rp alr{gl;r1c3

, aTntayln ;t'1tlat1 [)utuorJl! Hals;r]lllt-tal]uc5s3[]
{r r:! }lrJpuoJs il suas uI 'qltlcIJIpot-ll lJ ;rlu{r{l +[BJlllPir .tolirltl;l"tl uoturi;pul
'( rprrr:rq-r1qnp r$ rz;]r[FrJ{lnl} 'rlouterq 'rzeIp) .loJttf rrlolyr Itt..tolttIe rll)

't1 'o "8 'l ', '[, '.N : ,'s]IoJaIt! D.rlnuntrap ---
: r.r 'rll " 1os 'nl ortu 'aJ 'af : VcrqDlts trdlrulttt,rlt --
: ltJ{rl{:}:)n u ).Ilulril! ;ll) ltlllr}riIs {?t}t}l} .}5jdriol0.l JS ll.iilJu.td u1

,rrrter r,1.r:, pu1zututs,a.r,r", ',,o1a1r1.,.t1 ,.,,,, ,li:il'l;l ,:lilnt;'",ttuTi"l::,d-""-

'rr.rdo.rd rJrurnuel) lBlEdB.' ne alB.'rznur ttrvJs elcldaJil
rrrq alo--leun( 'atra e.rllrr tl urirr:r.ra.; rp r* atu;rr}1luepr IJ tr;lltttl s ruluod

ri, llu,zictL indiand fnlose$te, de aseurenea, un sisterl rIe Sapte sgnetc: s{.r,

gu, nlu, pa- dha, ni, sunetul prim, so, corespunzilr{ sunetuiuj /er r-lin
scara noflstri
rnuzicalii. La baza acestu,i sisteru strl irnprir!ir.ea seirii in s$er-
turi de ton 1. l)oud sferturi de ton corespund sernitonului europodn, rar iu.

tervalul dc ton este construit. in douE {eiuri: tonul mare, Iormat ,lin 4 sfer"
tuli de [on, q;i tonul rnic, format din it sferturi clc ton. fi'atri de sca.r,a

crrropeanfi, eea indianfi se p:ezirrtfi astfel:

ma la dha ni otf

rIb liIi f^bl .ill I soItt.l td
ii'"'r l'rli i iu,fl,f 14,tl.t'ttvf44
444|t4L 4 tt4
|
!o t |

/d dl
dbi

( intonatie

aproximaliv6l

trtuzica uraba-persu*ri ar.e la baz* o octava irnprr.lita in II treinri de
ton' primul ei sunet fiiind echivalent cqr re din scaria europeand. Intervalu,!
cel lttare dintre trepteie al6turate in ar:est
rle tot1. iar e.el rnie. dintr-o treirrne rle ton : sistem e-qte alciituit rlin B treimn

ii t:J t ure rnt fafr t7l la si do rs
t,3 l 131333 1333l i: I

f iind format* din feinri de ton. tocasta scar.ii pare falsi Irtrntru s:urtr

peli. 0a este inse perfecrt muzieale pentt,u poponrl care o folosegtc. avin,du.5d

edur:at auzu,l in acest sens.

h|u:it:a rhinezd fi.rloseste un sistern.de cinci sunete (pentatorric). r:u
tlerirrrtririle urnatoare i gutl, sun, ceao, ciji. iru,, care corespund r:a irriilginrtr
rrrmatoarelnr trspte rlin s.cara europeanfi :

?uo' {dD, tea?, c,J'i , TU

Xn cintecele cane {oloses,c mai rnu,lt de cinci s,uuete, chirrezii utilizeaz*

doui trepte ajutitoare, a cdror denu,mire nu este proprie, ci cleriva r.lin
{reptele principale pe ling6 care se aila: beani-ciji qi beani_gun:

I Sfertul de ton" ln gama jndian[, poarti numele de sruti.

46

Lb

'(olnJE rS lrpauj 'a^eJF alauns) ar€oJ
-a-3ne.JsLl.?e,ra,sBCfanut,p.Aa.relalde.slrolIJerpsoasJullaaiar'l1ll^aue1rulp"cnrnesa'u"lIrpJJ1e-uleel1Jo)esua'r('aJEr0elllleIqenulgrl]!zunneoptIauSplepape?aJ.ul1lunaearll3naussulot€uJe3e)tIpJnaJrpplo1nPulqsur3lSaurupJa3alL€JpnJuoJnuIlsSrllllsnauauJulntllnsouIlsl8sleeaeJ.uraolnlarlnllJpureoqlIrlEudlalllxl€uEel,n,lEutainoozpuzNneeoEdratJweaOlrl.JspxaasT"

L?Jlllll.lJ O,,rr:^it.:dx;; utltt.tl tuut nlls lllllu,,t,,,,trq,,, l] tl lt BltllzJ.rrl '|r11u rtns
JOuos rUlsrSoJ un-Jllr! l.tluIC rUn,') gdrrP 'olaltrotUllJlslll lg l[O AIr:)o,\ lrl Y

'l lrlatlln.!.lstll IllJBlalJ ti

tcoA lcJEJotJ lnuozr.;rlet;r tr! lrulJdtl:] as a:i (o1tl.r€ lS rrl)ilttl'J.rBJH) elotllls oll
il.rcs reJl clco t?urul,rolclr cs lc ur.rd pIl!11 !strIJlsoJ 'JnlnJIlJnrl sza.s tltt -

: i)lP.ttznttt JIB.lJlleff II.II-1.)s els aJ()tl(rs tutttS,r.t

rJlL1 r?.ll elili tlult-u"lclOp AS P ur.trl pulC o.rolBzttt;rJtrC 'il)Jallafl sl/as ut, -
: IJnSIISS nn()P A.lP' ..tt.tlstiia.t" .)l) IntlaIIrJal 'o.ltlltl.lll Il lJ(l

.c*e; Eru's urp rlr(rrsorJB ru!s r! rJnr aiJtJurts dp ari.,r,rriJ,,, )lrtll,'lt"rrT.l,i

ltns nrpam 'au.rB ) 1n.rlstFa"t '9-r1t1 llrawrl.llsul nus a')oA a.lotalJ llJltlad
'lzll l.rSZ) lDrluar rlP rl) rlrttr

-rr rr r31.ruorl

2t hge. 0p

arlsrEel !erl etef, l3 gtuJ!znu PluJaue; eJslS

'l'lnlob^qu a.r"o5lJ o aP .)lsa nu nJlsrSoJ ln.lliJarJ El llllll
.ln1rj rouos lnt1stEat ?zBaur.ro1 OJPo oleuns oP elJeS BllE O rorlr l$ ttll)ottt
Jouos fl.Ustba.t :isarnlgole eJeJ olauns aP BLlas lrzPctuJtl ::ttt.rb .rttttos 2tt.t1sti
,aJ tszno[rJoJ (€/I el.rtc) alulrzl-llll IIJF:]s n *cof op t::rltntFcJ lIIp al;llellnq

'lncE ti
rgpcnr .,ru.r! putsrBe.t : at1sr8at ellunuop 'c.lotl()s trtntBa; t tl! 'Jolalalrns
I!irtrnce IE a.topeA ep lctrnrl tnp.olJ?dnlr cF ?lP:rrzlltu ?lP.IelleS P,IuJs

arlsJliau '6 S

'0Pa3

mai mare sau mai rnica a sonori talii, fapt carc irnpunc utrlizarea cit mai
judicioasa in creafie a diJeritelor regislre sonore vor:,ale gi irrstrunrentale 1.

S 10. Diapazon

'l'otalitatea sunetelor acr:esilrilr: rla intinrlere unei vor"i sau unui instrrr-

ment muzical oarecare poartA ttttmele le, dieJnzon2.

Scara generali rnuzicali nu poate {i auzita in intregimea ei rlecir la
orga mare, care poseda o intindere mai ntare chiar decit a unei orchestrr:

simfonice. Restul de instr'urnentc, pn)cum si vricile omeneqti, ilatorita naturii

gi construc[iei lor spe,cif i<r:. r:uprind rrufillri .i irilrte din sunetele scaril

muzicale.

f)firn mai jos rlinJrazonrrl unora dintrr' l,rinriprlr{n instrirmenIc:

t- 1rga nare -.-- 8b48 rE
a?za trz
I b^

I

V.s ltz

0bot**

4ll

.ctannetnd

-l

-vtadn

Diapazorrul vocilor est€ ru mult nrar restrin's decit r;r,'l al rnstrunlcnlelor
pe care omul le-a ereat pentru a cuprinde iliferitcle pirfi al€ scirii generalc

muzicale sau chiar scara muzicala intreaga"

l,irniteie aproximative ale diapazonuluj vocrilor {eminine ,:i bArbdtesti

Fint urrniitoarele :

iaarsod,nisoDcrijisptaclitiniplaolirncapaerceainrsseetmsomecueopncdtuepseguicsrtetlugdriesiuptrlaerdtaiiza-laperaeazacoensjuutodluriaci i,oinsasest5rnu,umlmneen$cttereeloa,,i{oisracehrennsuutrzmajcteiaeq.lA,t,e.

,,instrumemtatie".

(fcArcuezlpicia,rvien2d:ndiCa{epauaparzsaiionuncnntere-sgsittnieutslFeumaerimasteooite.annartuleo:dmnse€ui€tnndoteieaotaeptSnelaeoi;zridonsdnnsi,sir,taetr-eCup:mmraesIuecaolinurni tiud:*mlinau4czsa4uiccn0saattriiHlcca.hazct.iftuulaattutderoironururdumsbzuernaapeuleteeolacoccatrae.revaoacnw,taeecvmaadr)eeh.

4B

6t i i')^ 'rrrlznru u Jlt(,rl J[r rrtlPil ,

s-o^,,)a.arlaapuunrslula' ualplnd'[lnnsnluB)aslae.nrtouruoIsesuJnaceloeluelEoul3sl.ldsIls'eeAoleurJFoalIluaealutJzIa.IuraIIJn'lI,o,aplrsIdntnslacJutoendas'(p90ee[0e^l IJaarSpzsn'IvuIIollpzeIn;orelua)nsu"tl
ul E4u! lnuat'uraJ. 'IoJO 'rnlordru! ulrup ']lntrl] : snnqluD alsaul]Pl ulc I

e8 €-tu 91j./ ' tu :ElPo/eurlnslrllqay

-4,

nar - eu g-q fl

v'25 gd

- oddort uou Btrr oJFaItV

.,JrJrop rs dJalLrr.) 0L\a" ellJaloJ [!l(l
sa$ ed rp prltllol-I

: riAclJo u .pJA[)BllneosttrlJtoqottstalrpEl]ttal.lltau{r"-rr.dtsclproter,ltttt-tl(;,)Jstrlrlr.r(p[rl{nmr[oudnor[o)orllo)Io1l3i]ur u!
al$aso1o1 'Btuapour eal solP lBut oustrl pllnl qitrcttt.l,ro.ttl cP B:)lzrll\l aJultl
ecld snlrqulE {rn )sosolol nu o;u;atta? iII'Ill.)aA tnttt:r.lnlntlotl a1c.raltr13

a ol'rtln" arrrinfl
{rrlr ir}Errr.f oJ !llrr)1.)ui 'tryttoutirlo d[r It 'e.roptlt]tI! BJItu ap tlpt]lirut 3c1clrt1 cs
JJU.r 1ilJ(! 'u.r()tlott)l< o[].tol tlJtznttr ttl zll tit?cJrJ IlIrar leJ'a]attlls t:rttl:l t3
nJlrrl 'lcll'In{)l) inl):ndrttoJ'lrlu snll(lnrtl ttll rl[tJSo(l a:rrutlle aIltl'oloJ\

'r lnJe Ioru [aJ u1 rlrrltI ',ru.l3 ttttr IoJ Io Iulalt
.ng. Pl e p 'Jrl)ola(tl t) .iJ!: 0 ,r.ts:r od PaJel]rlllu! ane.r1.rirr1 Ji- stll.lgllrl, ulJ([

srurquv 't[ s

'Irrile rs [ilpaur, '.,tr}.rH Jouos ln.rlslfe.r : rl.ldrurl a.rlsrBi}.1
reJl ,r[oi r,rposocl lr!e[rnJlsrrr rnun IP nPs IJoA reun Ie uozBdBlp aJlJo

*l 00

tJiaJgqr?q

+

=Ii*-*. -- 2Y1tJru7J 2l!2oA eJ

,"0p

S lZ. r\naliza sefirii generale ruuzieale dupir critcriur

oetavelor

O prinra c€rcetarr sistelraticit a sunetelor in sr:ara generalil ntrrzicalii
sc p{)ate face dupa criteriul octxvsltt.

Notiunea de octavl

Al optulea sunet cn acelagr lrlrrne ce alrare in ordinea gucresil'a ir
ilept(:lor. avind un nutniit rlublu de vihralii fatd de srrnetul de le eare se

porneste" poarta numele rle octa'ud 1.

0clava

l'or:lintl tlc lu aeest fapt se r:ollstata ca, prirr drrblalca viirraliilor ltrr',
cele 5apte sunete !{:: reproduc de rnai multe ori pe toate lungimea scar;j

nrrrzir:ale"

l)!n accst {ertonteu nl{ural rezultlr cu irr seara gr:rreralir lruzicalil se
l'oltnraza u sirnilitrrrline de gnrpe alc;ituite rlin sunet{'rrlerrtir.e,'a ullmr.,

care r,ronstituie si.rlenral aclu 1,(197.

Octavele si derrurnirea lor

'l'Oiitc sLlnettrle te siil1 lrtiliz{te irr rrrrrzic;i se t:rrPrirrrl iiltf-uil sistcrlr rle

9 octave. ficcare octavri irrr'epiud eu srrnetLrl do;i lerrrrirrirrrlrr-stl rrr si \yra-

ritia unui lrou suret r/o iriseurrrrrl inceputrrl urrei noi octave.

{)trtaveie -- incclrrird (:n c{:rl rniri gritr-rr -- pourtl ntt}riitonrci('rlt:rrrtrrrrrr:
tonttrt,c!(tr:u, ottuto tttul'e. oclut:tt ntitu. tx'lilre I,n. octuttr
stthronlraott(tr.e.

u 2-a." octut'u o ,7'a^ oclel'il c J rr t-'tr'.

['cn[ru notarea surtr'tclol rlirr rlift'r'rtc {}ctave s{' Iu'o( r'!l('iltii rrstfcl :
Surrett'lt" irIlate iu carlrrrl at'r'lcia;i ()r:lJlr] se noteazii ]rr fll- lt{'ntru ri sr'
deosebi rlr. srrrrr'tele irltor or"tavt., N()tareil ue facr.prrrr litlrr lrl.jrrst'ule gi

tttirrrrslulc" la tlte sr: arlurro'i lif re sair rn nnrrr,ir' r'{rfliIunz rtor rlt' lirrirrlc.

tlnpl lrrnt Lrrnleaza :

1 O a.stfel de definitie rezultA din insApi legea urrnonicelor, unrie am vizut
cii al doilea armonrc. aflat la inteuval de octavi fati de sunetul fundarnental.
e ste ptcidns <le un numAr dublu de vibratii.

50

1S

"tH 1ltl [i:eOP " v77V : sliy'zlIZ : rol)
'9t01 : ,;ftl, 'i:i79: ;.)li 'l ()r - tuy 7-1:l- op 'go:t,Q 'i'.i: -- o(l 's't1l --: tt11

I rIl lJlb: t D/ lllr-t{.rJott irJepJoJE 3p Inlollns op
sieJ (zli ttl) tlrrl()]r?llr'1n ,)lJir!t,t3oJ l aJE t]14,!111:){-t .-}l!f(}'l {ltp op lrli?xln,q

z4gthg

srgUsec6sJEasPcJ ,rI ,,g ,16 r,J t,3 trP rrl e4 ee $ tJ ge €P €J

o q e^epq p f EAelJfr {e eneJJfi

tt/ ee e6 a.l ze aF eC r.Q nP ,b rJ rg fi t! ?rta eAelc?
pe eAep? (gtP4uec) Et e^eJq)

i!'
ttt ,v ts t! '3 tCI ,t "'.!-il ll'L il'f lt,
H V 9J3 sO9J
^otL€gi ^*tt€Q

e,leu eAPlt? g^ep0e4a0J Pnep0e,/Jancqn.g

r0la^slJo lnusls!s

'ainrur,1 ap.rolgzunt{s?loc JEIunu un nas'ala }'€'6'l aIGJJ}o sn's as'npu18
-nllplr r'a)luJ oJelll nt Ezealou e6 'Jle Ir 'g 'r 'tr P^elto utp Olelorrns -

: gi.u tu rtr n us

rjJJrO $ rtitu HJHJ !illu al{t}tl nr} EzHsl(}tr ilr PJru l}4l1JCO IIIIr dlAla:ugnisnn-lrl nBB
BJllr o rolu qJBJ ilBl"tl ilJot!tr nt BzBalotl os a.tBtu llrlBtJo ulp rlloleuns -
I rinp11 o nBs I l?J]trEl€1r)lluJtruor nlp ola:l n.tltted .ret 'ainnrtl gnop nns
Je"iie4Jrlllsn'Bc,tuBlZoEoauI.OrlUrto3o5rlrElsnelICrIOpE.erllrerOcant.tr'luBo^dE'iltllzoB!,lqJlIelolilfalts't'snprrurgpEanTgeploeI'Ianlsnc-s-nferu