An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese (textbook)

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Nqomi H¡n¡rok¡¡ lllcGloin 'iitrì:af TüËTffiI

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Copyright @ 2008 by Akira Miwa and Naomi Hanaoka McGloin

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sto¡ed in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

First edition: J¡ne 1994
Revised edition: July 2008
5th printing: September 2009

Recordings: Kazusa Amagai, Takaomi Ashizawa, Takeshi Maruyama and Kiyoko Nagaki
Illustrations: Seiji Okada and Shizuo Okuda
Layout and Cover art: Hiroshi Ueda+Z'ebra
Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd.

5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Toþo 108-0023, Japan

Tel: O3-3453-2013

http://bookclub japantimes.co jp/
http://ij japantimes.co jpl

ISBN978-4-7890-1307 -9

Printed in Japan

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¿ L',ð"òf/Føü- Éffi?#,HÅlîÊffiØffiHþ ðìt. ffiIEðì¡åØ¿ìÌ !." :i'u?il

ffiØffiEl¿:^tt âù. Ð ) ¿.ùå. â( EgäÉFøÉÉ/a't. ¿øÆø ¿ å bÈfflFã¿¡f¡,¿:

\È,r¡t.Ëù*. Ë5¡¡ ò Ø ¿ Ëåffi¿{TÈ : { {¡ } t,."

IA +i'úLr ' ¡t-ä-l ....."......'.........>â=ã
1
B ¡{-ä-Èfucfr5r"

IIA

B

c

IT URE No
o

o

c

o

a

Meeting Someone in Japan

hen you meet someone in Japan for the first time, you bow as you say either ft UtD

t U( or ¿)ê &Zt (, or both. You also exchang" ä#|J (cards) if you have them. tn

Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carry
them. Sometimes even university students choose to carry them for prestige.

How low you should bow depends on who you are as well as whom you meet. ln general,
women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is higher than
yours on the Japanese social scale, you should bow lower than the other person, e.g., your
teacher, a friend's parent, etc.

lntroducing Oneself or Others

JQ elf-introductions occur quite frequently in Japan. At a reception for new students, for
example, you may be asked to introduce yourself in Japanese. State your name, the

name of your home institution, your majoç and end it all with ¿iä&ôt-,( and a bow.

When you introduce two people to each other, the rule of thumb is to introduce the

person of lower status to the person of higher status. lt would be nice to also add a

comment or two about each person, as lkeda does in âãÉ 2 of this lesson.

How to Address Someone

lTt he most common way to address an adult is "last name plus ûfu," but don't overuse û
I Ívl To address people who have titles such .r #H (section chief), $bH {aepartment
chief), iiH f.o*puny president), etc., use the titles instead of ðfu. To address teachers,

always use#Eä. Above all, avoid usingõt*lc. lt could be quite insulting. The use of first
names is limited in Japan: they are used within a family, by higher-status members ad-
dressing lower-status members (e.9., parents addressing children, or older siblings talking
to younger siblings), or they are sometimes used among close friends.

o
o
o
o
a

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v

1.- 2.-t 3.- 4.- t 5.=
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63.t+
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72.11À,* 73. * u': å
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86.fáò i 77 . È, t.,- tJ À' 78. lc -ì 6 79. ù:ti¿,LJ ( 80. Ø{-r
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5
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6
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Ði ò ã>bn: È j ¿'å"u.*T"

I

I 'l *""'

*l

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ffiffiþ,2),:ÈØù:- HA¿ r ) , rta>lã':¿tÊ?+äÉffiå r. ) öØåìó â0)t.lEDH

ØldDffiFåùr/Ì.-t(L*:È.

u *Ë¿: ùå. Friends of InternationaT Students å t. i l,¡v-/øS y Å-0)¡v-fi

7ð À, å u. i ¿Yr' ù:Xt < {L'(, !.1¿o 7zr- ¡ ¿ìf;,?å. å * f". .¡v-h 7ð À,0)

rtÀ

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x.I:tfrÐ"C

6

i . --f i ð Àlå r. /¿ u. å Ë tI {L à" {¡
ð +-tØ^ä Ø(". ¿ I l. ¿ ù*[rót'ù:__-(__r._.

8

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\.\ I
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t
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î" t^ ) ê- i. ôt- < ) /¡ å å. ¿ { {> {u.dar,./rHAffi{". ^s7^s: H¿#}ii¿'r".

cì'= ( t) t,-cL*:/¿. *sEl 6#ø2 7 zcÈet;ffitò,ftfr{t.tø(-. lF.=çô.

I¿ù'-tI¿Ørì i7c Iì" Ì ð ¿ ) t¡)x,t¡øt, 7c 0) ) Ë * /;â i _ç..!=.!;_.v.(_. €ffiÉã
(\ t.' ,1"¿1r$ 9
þ 6 Èr: ( *a!. Ic" 4 {Lù' Èr. ¿ t€#-Cffi L /¿. L"c
++Øäfå taEr, - Øxffit:'tr.{ff

t._l_ç__å_. 4 Ø Lùr "Iltavethree beautiful daughters." Lã oI¿ Ø-Aô': ( b t-l¿.

10
EAÄ¿* ifÅü:ùåËLr,.ffi¿r¡.¡41 TÃÀ,'C.- 9€#t"ò ¿{òËà/Jr,. å,H). EA#
+eh\o ti-----"---
f tå 9€ffi 1*. Xi*È ùl (" /J < a - äL_fr.6
12
ôË it. À .fÈ3_.1,__!t_" 7 y ù t :Êu- <þJ.a¡_t

Ørt¡vîr-Y=y2l¿-:È. 14

^l

,,-acce\Y introduction .-t; L(.*áfrFt.L*3.literalþ
for the frrst time
ffiltL rli ¡,r' 7 W,Lâ means'I request.'l

Ètu. to teach

IilJøT -slnce years ago

r v/¿[Ì'¿. b have just done- w+tâltI i. to study abroad
-ÎtsHur. b
[>>>E;*u-l-'r] l! lfamiiy name]
,,r'i¡,< homework

z ãotLt+l*l tfamiþ namel ertl, there is,/are a lot

uä¿t Excuse me (,but ...) 17 =H to do one's best; to try

3 ls Lfqfri(fÈfli' lnard

-^fTLL.tEtÈ-Lì +- a [honorifrc form of ,1,-
{'-Tl
ô\" är,.

!"5 F¡-¡ T lhumble form of É i ] ¿sÃ,r*ra

' tr ( il,)r L*1 fmorepolite

7 ¡. ôL *áÆt.

i l4way of saying E 4'-

t{'¿r( tl¿+. graduate student 5+¿r(ff¡li
tfamiþ namel
1 N+W+. -É

r'[r i: âu,+Ef you [It is generally used

ruEl

¿tù r..È friend by male speakers toward

Eæ someone equal or lower

ut L) lfamily îamef in status.l

2 l.J[ffi

il< i [It is the most neutral fvgf1i4r, hobby

æ

form for male speakers.l , 1-¿r;'jj$12¡¡ good (at -)
I+E¿tÀ I
<t, one ofthese days

-Ê [a form attacltedto a ¡tÈ E

rrame in addressing -ÉDZ.

someone. It is used once

Ioward someone equal

or lower in status.l

f+wÈ{.¿r (ìr'¡, graduate school $áÆl.L*T Please.
electrical engineering
3 L'¿ ô"e by the way

rÊã får:,.Íi¿+r(

i(*þ)$&:l -)gí- ..-. +f¿; i-....... , to maior (in t3 *'f¿* /¿tî (I am) not good yet.
4 *È¡ri a interest
a lfemale given namel
t4
*.r9ð.
ö'

fi'€.

1*--' actually; in fact tcÞ\ to play
junior high school culture
v'â next door; next to 76 ËJì knowledge
family bountiful;plenty
t5 F¿* [male given name] xlb.R¡, ¡,

++ÈDrirt( 20

Ltt¿, j'u*
frffi
ffi I.t-,a- 5,
(r¡)
¡l e< ËH

xffi.

/¿.ùl L

t o?; ¡ airplane to be born hn/at -)

ñTrffi to sit (inlon -) lu.i.l
{t
(- ù: ) å woman ¿ttt (in-)
EE to talk to
to go home ffirÐ,ËÆJ
fU.¡ttu+' lfamily name] togrowup [u.i.]

È?¡ I tt -i il l:r¡ c'C.\,â Ithasbeen

ffi\,¡.ù a a;rangedtlnal-
[>>>E;Êz- ¡e]
,1, Þ
2 'Jñâ

¿F: * ¡¡t¿-ì¡¿ one night
to stay (over night) [u.i.l
3 mEl 15 -¿v'h
tL lÉ* 6
5 ä)'È [female given name]
last month ¿k r, very (much)
6ftH+- rutfc

-)graduate (from 'rt to like -; tobe fond
(of -)
@;,,t.ito
while; during the time
z (-t:) Wø a to work 1¡o1 -); to be a[.r when
employed (at -)
- Fñvã¡ ¡'¡' 77 Ht: parents lkt., b o+Jt parentsJ
7EÛ - week(s)
å pri f¡l'F \ !1it-À, place
vacation
fF to take ffiH (name) card; business
t catd
W.a L-:- 4
I. ,¿fl¿fiâ ¿ ¿ å (Ì¿) to be returning home telephone number
ffi
[>>>*itu -t's]
ot' u
18 AfriJ

Ëtt¡,f¡fit#Ì¡,cåi

atrç* lfamily name] att L Narita (International
lmale given r'a'n'ef Airport)
o ËilJ diary 2 ÞÌEl
town; city
õav - a-l
ã/' to arrive (at -)
r:t * FT

EÉ=É (-t:)Ë's (

^l

vstitr tj ¡'t" tz ï¿l¡.t tff;.it to move to a new place
of residence
+ ffiffirñ ten plus a few hours

n'¡tl a it takes [with respect to - ¿ E ì:î â to decide to -
time or moneyJ [u.l.J [>>>giÊ./- F9]
tì'ðt, ^¡,
ET-}Æ Effi International Date Line ¿- ru¡l ru tonight
acquainlance
*oF¡ same 14 +W

IEI l-) airport fr^È't:¡,

4#(.rt-;,_ - to welcome; to meet; to VÈ6 when V [>>>gËz-t.ro]
grcet
tt5. ¿51 young
rtW,;i,tþ.úfrü: man;male
tWLa 15 Ët"
to have - stay (over
tå.r,.
night) [u.r.]
HÍ+

¿' i¡.ia,,.12¡¡ polite
{ãÐ 6
.s-ì7- ns7
- ¿ i] t: /J = /¡ it has been decided/ u t L¡-i¿'n fluentþ
-arcanged that ÉÉ ñËt /Þ
selÊintroduction
[>>>*;t.u - le] 17 ô'! il¡-a to be surprised

,. f-, å+å :rl¡,1 last year

â+ì oneself ft:u 5'r.
way (of doing something)
7r-^1.i.-À firstname
r'
(-?"'t') EFs to call - by ...

¿'vi i
4F'h older
rs 4'¡¿¡, t, and then; after that
¿'t: t somehow; no matter middle-aged
++t' vri #'lu
how hard one may try

-l: ('!. hardto -; difficult to - W,#,ffi,-ï.,ïlg;*r:tw,,,q,i,, ,,
zr iftc,<l¡1.
fuftiÈ#nZ [>>*,*/-t-.8] beautiful
jet lag
t tTô.
attt
ffi daughter
HEA
to sleep ! ( {¡ ,-/¡ ¡. can't possibly -

7 Å- Ì' ð àlL apartmeîthunting {t¡ri [>>ftäl-tìr1]

rr cf ¡. ç to take someone to 22, XË - g¡ammar i

ilEþa ì-frù,Lùt ùit:

rf(sÇl ë way of thinking
nearby; in the
[>>>*,*z- ¡ rz]
neighborhóod

- a-f to walk to differ; to be different
appropriate; suitabie
n ú<
¿
¡¡le ¿ ¡ (¡¡) -6 TLI t' it seems that -;
-to find lu.t.l
iìË4 evidently [>>>g;É.2- t' t¡]

-a 6 n rt'¡v1 < -Y J v, culture shock

flcIT

* I 1 *,,,,, aút! þ

{ ,-m ¿5Ë

-aTi \- \E r)lÁ,

(' aot z.Étlt ¡. ftlL ¿. Ff s. *affiù.
to.:1ffi
o.#.ì¿ 6 7. HU a.B# g.ã4
rs.S4
tt.&\- tz.frYWä ts.î7 9 vÊ r¿.€ftfY
tt.E *> zo. ffi
ro.#Hl rsr+) i.tg.àÊ.
zt.*,trt zz.rFY zs:lñ 6
zt.Æ.*. {L â zs.XlV z+.*'W so.iÉ* 6
zo.W.6
gz. Hl za.frl^ zg.ff# \
gr. -i, ¡,: ]',â sz.ÞlEl
zz.tî z+.* ¡s.tÉffi.j
so. BÉÉ ¿z.lf [. ¿o.lEI l)
+z.f|fr ea. FJ sq.Ë ( +s.HlE
+t.Hl}
+ø.*ff +s.ü ( +¿.trffiEl so.4 Lfr

t-l( L t,. ¿q. XlË

¿4.

CHto'' 2.ffiffi ¡.1&Bl +.8É s. l[ffi
Eli&
ø.ffi Ln är LrÄ,, t0.&ffi,

n.ËÀ 2.ffiffi s.@ffi s.W rs Y4r#ì' )/
(\tz-ot..rÐ-¿WtrÐ{'Lâ
rz.tr;#ËË r¡.ftfiffi tÍì 20.Ê)
zo.î'¡4, 3sô'
rz. -ìEûHl tq.lÆâ zs.àE
¡r. [FÀ re.{rF[H
t4't\ zz.ñ#, rs.H# sot.1r'tå5-v(6/1

' tËE zz.fäffifË 5þrr tz ,n.## b5ffiË

+r.ffi L*4 zs.&frrJ l.ô'

gz. ffiË -,'¡l r"t'rl[--ì tJ lv zg.*ffi ¿0. *aãt,.
'.AdH{ú48#R 't
rz. Bl cft&T M.ÉILâ
ss. HE6
]f{
gg. ä1. eq. Ël E
42.Æ)

This radical comes from Å and is used for characters representing human

conditions, activities, etc.

t{ l t_{Ft fæt rd¿

| o' V (plain past) Wlrrúl ='have just done something; have just finished

doing something'

lãffil >¿.t >>>t#trÀ:tcøn'o] [a*r >¿.6>>>4#t lrmao]

a) /tSl:l\e t¿I{lt, rr li¿. à. +^ffir" L ¡ i "
18.)
(Since she hasjust entered college, she is probably

b) Ê/\/¡ |ffirI) Èà. ò. þ/J7)r)ì¡'z lf t.T.-l-.

(I have just eaten, so I am full.)

c) FIA^?|:Étfá'tlo)¿ ôùt. Elaffi¿ì*rà.È r¡ ( tËb * L/¡"

(When I was a newcomer to Japan,I had trouble understanding Japanese.)

2rr, öO) lãffit >t.ts>>>øo2=zt*l

-'Both ô o) and 4 0) canbe used with the meaning 'that when an item you are referring to
is not in:*siifgthutp. eóirØo¡is'ours',eidhiwtthÉe-n b-ot-h trphearer are (oi are assumed to be)
the speaker and the o¡_$e'fr9"g,3f.¡s.¡4¡Il4iar,,
,.,:,f
tinl"ftËh, y oi,t ttø inAicat"q,¡f¡-a,ttop,A,úftì:

,:"W!Lmaunnd.j'*.'l.r4u, 2,ø.sttòùta 'usea.,ln,tllis,:passage, theuse
with the class.
ù are familiar

a) A fú¿ì4 * i¿Ì¿ Ø ùlHÛì ¿ r.- i ñít'f .

(The town I was born in is calied Täkayama.)

B ?OtrJù* Ð.å,/¡ffiJÍ"Tå."

b)A (What kind of town is that?)

B ÈØ i. *È I+lÂ.B1 AffiØ2 iziJ!.r¿) 4 )vã À,1:àt.* Ll¿À.

(Yesterday, I met Lyle-san, who was in our Japanese class last year.)

bb- troL. ¿" 7 Lf t. * Tå."

(oh, how is he [: that personl doing?)

J oot V(plain) &51¿l¿â lãe;z>t.tz>>>RffiËffi2&ãrra2rcl

,,.,. s a ch3r-rge ,which has ¡akei ÈJgÞ,9,þ.i..wrill place. fusr as r,. -{je.èii¡rtr

¡' ,n9,'r,*ittt /¡å; * i,r!:,is,ins-9,$,... ',,',1 ,:. .'',,t,'.,':.t,..t'r-':..',l. ¡¡,i:;..l¡,l.tir

a ) Bä^ffic -C.tt, ù. Bft:@àtifafiþ#2 J ä E t¿ú) * I,t¿"
(I came to have an interest in Japan after I went to Japan.)

b) 'ìt'lù U ùlft¿Ì. l.LÀ:À, 6 ea EfÍ/r t, *Ëtu"

W+þffi\frLlr BAffiØtrHÈì#ö

(Unless you study kanji, you won't become able to read Japanese newspapers.)

13

*l 1 *,,,,,

c) .0)c67, yr^ù è Laç¿ iÀ?Ê^6ea|.;ftt1*.t,t¿"

(These days,{mericans also eat sashimi and tofu land this is a changeJ.)

{rrr, -tã,í6 lã:lË,z > t. z s >>> z ã ?ÈãLì v eaøl

: :r .. : ::':.1ìr' ..: :.'...

This is a sentence-final particle of exclamation. It rS geñgrall¡ us"¿'¡u',s1¿1e, one':s feéIin€,

;,.:e-mþhæicall,y oi onè's wish èrnótivêly. " II.

a) Woftt¿t>"

(I don't know what to do!)

b) -Êr7 Y rtnTr->1,ô.r¿!-/Jó.
(I wish I could go to Africa once!)

-This.'e¡pres.sr9¡,ha,s.'a,flavor.'of'l,mo.aologlte: i e,, saying something.without an addres¡æ
..,.

iñ..mind',.s&en.itis.said.wjth.¡ur.:intèntioi..of..gètting..a:.iesþonqé.'fr.omanaddresSee,-'jó

c) ôð LJì b Tìt¿õ"

(Long time no see!)

d) ÈÈfl ( Sc/¿/¿ó"

(You did WELL!)

$ ',' V(plain) ¿¿â [âff : >z.e >>> Ra xt zænuctl

,-,tlv-(p.l preqehÐ È iåÌrneañs, som l : i rr. r':., :: , ):. , ...::l l:,- :lil.r:..',:1.:rili ,i :
: :. :. -: :. ),:;: .: :., :):,:.:a. ! .:.::r t:il::a _ rJ'r.r: ì.::ii,ti : . :. 1, .
.l,-,trit:.

a) t, x ) пl'rÈ. qií*zl â ¿zôrÃÅ,("Tàì- t'? L J ù: å: f'TÈ."
(I am aboat to eat right now, so why don't you join me?)

b) 4t, ¡ i ÐËá'tt 6¿zôîÃ0)î- ø¿-eH#vL*T.
(I am about to go out, so I will call you later.)

c) z{ttt,6Ê,\ã ¿zôît.

(I am about to eat.)

d) âÊ¡È ¿ Z ôl¿"à. 6 - SálJ È.llT L.( !' * riÂ," e-eKøCl lngrwcitt
(I have just eaten, so I am not hungry.)

e) âÊ¡lurã ¿Zôl¡"È. å. ò i ,)l-'Æc t ( l¿'-ð 1..
(I am lin the midst ofl eating right now, so please wait a little.)

,,,,,#i
^l

Ê^ã ¿zôTT Ê^/c ¿ZôTt Ê/s?rrã ¿zôTT

$ "' V(plain) Ztl=l¿clürä='be expected/supposed to;

it is a rule/custom that -'

lãff: > t. t 3 >>> 1fr:.ã - ¿tra a zrrtË]

V(plain) ZëJ=t¿clc='it has been decided/arranged that -'

l#aryz > ¿. z >>>iÉÞ<t 5 ã ¿ ¿ tcã a tc]

ë,:.È.1:-r*.ã4tå,/;¿:tÈtl.li¡ì,;,:.,¡,i

ia) Hä"e9€ffi ¿ #, â ¿ ¿ f: /¿ : ( l,r * T"
(I am to teach English in Japan.)

( fb)
ã¡ U r¿ft4..ù: â ã ¿ ë l=r¿e rr * "
(I
am supposed to meet my teacher tomorrow.)

Ic) BäØâlf 'e fLt#:'¿þ *â ¿ E I=t¿ U 1,, t¿"

( [It has been an anged that] i will be working at a J apanese company. )

d) x+fllfciZßh r â z ¿Iit¿ t¡ :f L /¡"

( ltt has come about thatl I will get marned next year.)

e) t) ( cþb(¿ ¿ T-t¿.(ür:f r"

E#0tX.t:_L7)ì6ffiùi-

(When you enter a Japanese house, you are supposed to take offyour shoes.)

ätil,2tt /¡ : (

f) r.ffiE-e
Bäffir*ËÉT ¿ ¿ E ür !f

(You are supposed to speak Japanese in the classroom.)

*l 1*,,,,,

1,,, N (or Sentence+O) ltøla"(?"l lã#.l >t.tt >>> Eât*ttJo<<î/¡']

this ex¡iession réQuües ttræ you are in !t is, appropriátej,, theiefore,, to,

say a)-B in a Japanese restaurant.

a) A Ì6-r u?ê*lc : ¿ Èìó b * TÈ..

B (Have you had sushi before?)

!- !. .Ì-- t6t l-ItftltvlbT T'T "

(No, this is the first time.)

::..t --.. sing.I¿þ.ansse,food'in.a..þsroqr¡ 'In.thæ

diqcannot be said" however,,when yó¡ aró :1- .-,r.:'r:::¡Í-.:.:1ì: : .,.1,,. at:,:r,'..,::1,,i.,,::t',:,:::,.-:.'.lr, :.il
:
,tt,.THs, - :1.::. .:....
:::case, you,shoùld,say b-).8.
:- ,r:,

b)A *õt l,?ê-rt¿ ¿ ¿ àló b * TÈ'"

(Have you ever1nad sushibefore?)

B !.!-å_ ôú)*Ëlv"

(No, I haven't.)

8'* v(stem) E<t,r l#a*vt > t e >>> I l-.1¡l ¿ t*Frftc < ur]

r-:rv(¡.'tê.' ei'.*+,'=i@t: ç,...1,ry"*s ttrat.qgme-$i1g ir gig¡ott.tó'*¡g¡¡ir-',' ¡..i.', ;i

a) 7î-+ti_ *áÌÌ L-CÌtÊ,tl: < t t.

(Steaks are difficult to eat w'ith chopsticks.)

b) trfr' ù'À, V E+ãE(t,t"

ffiLu.ËF¿å.

(Difflcult ka4ji are hard to write.)

_i r.:i : :j:)

,,,, ' [V{stem)t-f l.] means that somethihÈ i¡ easy to V. :r:: ::;- .i. t

',: ....i ], t ' .. .. '.: .

)c È ff¿u. r¡#l: l*_ 56¡¡pf tr-CT.
(Nice handwriting is easy to read.)

$ "" V (plain) ¿¿J¿tâ='decide to do -'

eornpared witÏ : ¿ ¿: ä 6, this pattern

'i¡y6lysfl.r,, , ,

a) *trBÄ^lr < ¿ ¿ l--l'*' I't¿"
(I have decided to go to Japan next year.)

b) æE CD þrÃ< ¿ ¿ l: l'*1.,f¿"

(I have decidedto listen to cD's every day.)

>>>>>ffi^ I

10 *'Sr/cå. Sz='when sr, 5r' *nlæaø > t,t a r*,u nzo >>ËÉuzr,rrra]

...'I4e4:t¿6",clause,islfollowed,by,a sentence,,'(JSlin,,the.þäSiite-nse, it means lwhel.',The .
ùatt1'rysSes,an.lg
fr,tsé¿o¡¿ìse-¡ten¿
t or stare you did "@..tt:,tr,.'.rr

a) ¿ l, ¡ù'lù -*t

ÈØ i ElÉßH^lip t¿à- 184.ì:âür* L/¡"

(Yesterday, when I went to the library, I saw my teacher.)

b) E#ØXù, ëf<fi,.-î)xô^+tlþHct¿ò. lvtade in Japanl ¿ Êt,\( t>cl¿,
(I bought a present for my Japanese famþ, and I found that it was made in Japan [, and I was

surprisedJ.)

This should be distinguished from the case of V l¿ È followed by the present tense form, as
ti'ni.óEä?u^.sfçrco{'tlt;Ëå;,a. nEdäiftfimåél#arnùp',iâf i.lJrà 6'e L ¡ Ttris
¡, ) gq.f-,qil. ,,oi,' is thc casã of sà-called "condi-
,','.'.,..,,,.'
. tor rlqÞ{,..|.!,

11 *' ëT -*¿ I¿ül='can't possibly' lffiaø > z z t >>> eztËã.r*ur]

'. . : ì:'..'rir:a lr.':rr:.:r:.1. .t::r:..:1.:;::r.r:t.::..-i,r:.!r.:ii1.:r:r:1:r1:.:r:r:r.::i,..:.-:rr:t

This phrase expressés a very strong verb is usually in þotential
form.

a) /¿ ( Ë À,ù>.>(. ¿ (t,Ê^Ðtt*.Ë lv"

(There is so much that I can't possibly eat it all.)

r,¿

b) HÉt'¿* ET bæ.r¡ À,ù,H ã- * Ë /v"

(I can't possibly buy a house in Tbkyo.)

12,*V (stem) T ='*^rof - ing' læ¿¡ry¿> t.zz>>>zzÈl

lV(stem of * i--form) +Ë] expresses 'the way of doing somèttring.'

a) Ëù'À?' V¿l- -to) ò ø¿: È¡ ltt: ( Ë 1,,ó 6o)î- fUft"iLt."

ffiðrã'àr/¿

(Kanji are difficultbecause leven] one kanji [often] has a number ofreadings.)

b) *átÌ L Ø#bXZW.Z( ( Èð t..

(Please teacTrme how to hold chopsticks.)

13 *r ^, å Lüf ='it seems that; evidently' l#atw > t. z z >>> Ëà 5 t,tì]

;.t: !,.ì,e4presses oners,couj-ectures, .qan,bÈ,,attahle fò.,¡o-u¡sr(e6:¡1á .$¡,[1,),;.s-t9rnS

of r*-adjectives (e.g.,L1'å.à Lt.),piaúfonns of t.-adjectives (i..g.,ftu, à Lr..) *apfui"
forms of verb s (e.g., n < q L r.'). It tends to be used when one's conjecture is based on what

one has heard.

17

'l **-'

a) Bä^tÌ. #r,-taÀ ôùtff* å L[r.
(It seems that the Japanese people iike hot baths.)

(.b)
RË¿r. À2 ,' ( {Ìar: ( t. å Lür"

+rJ{ffiùtä

(It seems that Tbkyo is a difficult place to live in because eve4rthing is expensive.)

c) 7 t r r-c-.|,l. +Æ.trtft+.þ7 r -z ¡. i.-À(.&Jìå Lü\.
(Evidently, students call teachers by their first names in America.)

14*,V<WA<ON='the first N after v-ing'

t t)l#atry¿ > ¿. z z >>> Ërru ?re)t oh w7 i, - a,v

a) T) y nrÉt'<WbrØrtv|\-va v /l¿'a/¡.
(It was my first culture shock after arriving in America.)

ttu

+&Èìlå
t'.b) ft4ËS ¿* à' ø+4 ù: *a Èrl'ì,'â z /¡ "
* c T ãl d¡T o ¿ 2 :-'v 2

(1 met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.)

G) BÄ^lia <aJu)<. *B'fiHÄffi/ìùttffiL * Ll¿.

(When I went to Japan, I spent a whole day speaking only in Japanese, for the fi¡st time in my life.)

d) lt$¿:Äe < flJb< - EäÀ¿:ât. * L/c.
(When I entered coliege, I met a Japanese for the first time. li.e.,Ihad never met a Japanese until I
entered college.J)

18

,,,,,#r

^l

"'ffifÌa) I,Àã DLì >>>>>lâãtl

*tv¡v: bo) ), EtltftE.tt r å ? L \Þ ür :tflt,1, 1 : fì.. È, L + t.*T7). is an hon-

E.tlJ I åà. E'ilJ-c"Tzï2" (ùåi.. 4 ) {"1 ¿ì. ) orific form of 'êT. This is dif-

*+u¡v: *r p )v..s-h-¿H U*,1" ferent from t. à c L s t.* 1¿.,
which is an honoriûc form of t.
ÊtLt: ^ì-r-ðrLt"T¿.. ¿ãZeô L<"
e6u ( *¡lF'rf urt,*1. * TÈ'.
**utv:
2:Native Japanese speakers often
b) 'o'UJa"Tãã^¿ffiT >>>>>[âff2]
end a sentence with -åt (but
. . . ). This suggests that some-

thing more might follow and

hence gives a softer tone to the
conversation, thus making it more
polite than a sentence without

à1.

¿ZôT.3, ét) 4

@4
Br+ ffi:IÀ /¿ Ø t*. 3: L ¿ ôî is used to change the
,)r ElAffi ù: 3
topic of a conversation.
ù.rtTà.o
4: Ë¿t is used to bring up an impor-
l.À Eu n. ++ØF Eã,ø7 = ) årffiÈ {", À ( F, tant point or information.

{ L. /; À"11" 5 : Try to use connectives such as å

Er+ bb. zft(. s Eaffi þfutÃLl¿r. å E i Ì I ¿: i¿f" and t-à'6 to get more in-

/¡ -¡ l¿ À,tl tJ" formation from a conversation
paÍner and in general to have a
l.À i- L, Z ) t¿ tvTt " É&(.'ødÊ L {. *+H& smooth conversation.

g+ð\Diùt < L* L/:"

-Brtr ã) ù) f¿tl, å s l. ¿ ¿r E Affi¿rT 4rr ¿,-eî n"

| "' åå#d?i:

e 2 1 70)/\I:ÊUÉ:fiLË: ir^'l'L/J ð !'o Él Éft,Hjrrttt.. 2l Z L Í;ì i to

þFr,,tt,t¡l.

^o)

a) hHIJ

b) ++

19

*l 1*,,,,,

c) ÊE^Tt-tl¡: È ùtbâà.. /Jt'à' (ó âÛ,à. !'t- E i Ulc) l

d) €Èhrzti

e) ffift

f ) f€È?bøÊ#

tøl ¡;') 7¿lr+t L*f" Y,t( #J: ø:+äf"T" Ea^-ùt* fìTt.c/¿: à r)ró b *È¿,¿r. *
{|-Ðiùt < !. *'l-o €¿k¿* Eaffi{. T. ffi*l*1=z.¿16ËÀ,ùt#< r'T. Ð)4"

+-w+
L /¿ r,. å Ea

l.ôL ( *á¿âmt)t t.L*T.

/rrrdVv-,
a) *7 t:Ì¡.->-c- *uär,.ù: ¿ i L.(n+¿:Hfrafs:I i ':r¡oI¿ù.þffiÈ/Jë !'o
b) ffit.l: :- Lþ ), lo))vr¿¿ 0.ffi4 (toreport) L/Jð r,'"

J "' trt-lV7'V(

Ê ,{ 7 ù: t¡ b /¡Ë !." -Äù* EAffiØ+ä. ö i -^Ìl BÄffiØftäî. X#ø's-î ,t
H-utá,':ì#Lírj!iørf"t'þ{âLrä. ¿*rtL,,/¿ft",+¿^øø#: ¿øðàt#'ôr\'ôØËJf.,Èi /tJ¡ðàt#,'?" LlJ ð !'. #4ù:ä?/¿^¿t.

{,,,4V7-2

a) ,{71: tà ->'c., ) (tI¿FLf:6r- 4t: t '(H È ä è !'o

4.*. È'tl¿ffit:'c

b) Ht,./; a Lþ2 7 ^ot)vl¿Ë¿:#åLlJðt'"

$ r" dVv-,

e ¿aû:bâo)IJ,-{ e)r. L v7"tvtt" :-ØAfr\þ ( d'¿l¿z\¿i. ÐÅ,r¡Ät"LJ iå'.

&flJø*f

.(7 i: L.Llu ¿È /J È t.o

tÃ.>'C., R.øHIã¡-Æå

È=*E*tE3rgÊliÉFi*a\âìl a) ¿ ø )',ø&ffiùl'fEl-c'1à."
b) :ø)'.øiLtã;¡ Ìt ¿"Å,/JffH{'L r i à."
ð& ,k-Ë13
c ) .Ø^Øà+!ùt Ð: ù: ó b *'îà."
r 108-0023 Rñä3)åtråH 4-r Ê 5# 4+ t/ú h tiLc,
d) z ø
TEL: (03)4567-8910 FAX: (03\4567-7777 )uøÉ,#ÉãùÌ{4É{.'Tà..
E-mail [email protected]
ËÊ*F*ls(L(àrrr ,t{j)r *'\âil (r..ì:Lt¿{\'LìP)

ì ,ìì) *l¡É (.ì:4 r ì )

,rrrrffi" i

ËË^+ e) H+ð ¿,¿Ì ¿ À,ÌÃlt#þ LÍ !. * Tà.,
x+st3*tf+ cL
f ) H+ð Ð:¿:ó
ä# E+ À,o)WtÐ{r.6Efùt-

q.¡ -7 D * Tå."
r,i
4Y,T g) ¿: b,
à"ØX,tt
H+ð å: *.-ltr..

Vtf#ft T251-0000ÌÈälttç6;¡6'&Ê t-2 h) E+ ð À"ØX.o)É#Éä¿t.fEIæ{'-Tà..

TeL (0466)77-8899 Fax (0466)77-7777 X+sl3 (.ìì¿áì(,iì) &*q (É r ì D o)
Ðr*#Tú ß¿L'Èå) å€ (U/:()
â +, -'226¡0000,i*ärrtqç¡¡6ffitrËR3-zi

Tel,/Fax (045)045-0450

$,,, fF*

e â/ùþfrãî.-f âffX.þæâ /J ð !.o Fð ÌtÉ+ (" ò r,..

e 7 r, h L++.ùtâúrÊ/rLf !. * T" cD äEf,r. t- g.øi.nff-u lrfL¿t'o. ÈH,

{ t'd-tlx-'x ?^illJ ð l'"

X a) :Ø^¿it+ffiä{"T.
K b) Eä|#ZH-W.L{r.*T,
E c) EIA^îÎ:/¿:åÈrób*T"
K d) É&Øtå. Eäü:BYL*L/¿.
X e) ;tY¿:Ã: AzJ,e>. EA¿:Effiþffi.Ì i ù:/¡ b * L/¿.
) i,@ f +XL/¿ à EIA^lr( l"Lr
g g) ( åã1, àr. ,r
(name ofa Japanese film director) ( ð Å,F,* L/c.
RIR øU4É¿ff¿

K h) E+#þtulÃLl¿; å ùió t *ìi¿,"

u ¡ ) B4æ¿tçð L ( z¡r. åE:{r.*T"
Mj) ÍJd tÍ

BA#ùtHÌ-
6{Lâ LE: ì,. * 1"

1 (+=tttõ D ttttu" fl Srdrr+#¡Ïõ : (b. lÉLr
¡¿uråft ¡rå¡'alået3-D5. ffitu<az< r¿ðt\.)

I / r. ?r-l
w

/: ùrÌ*- Baå. txÌ¿ùå-'å. b ØH++tJtTË¿s. þlø<7 , rt LØX"'ft

:/;ffiØffiîî" T 7 - Lu- i 4 Ø7 J y rt N,J- üTãø*aÎð¿,ØËìË{..
ìüTË ¿* *a1¿ ð .i, à. a ñË
îL

4 0)Httt- /\,8ØX(*-
/x nr¿ iffi¿ ¡Jr ð /¡ v vrk ffi û cTt -; îIc Ø -a "
ô'
tFå' 6+tl (" È u'Ëu'(.
1u'Jì'Â,ãt'B{" L/¿"

f 7-ãÀ,Ø7,1- l'¿:ËÈ * L/¿" 1r-ðÅ,ù: lEi 4'-r6xb /¡ðu'.1 ¿
Ê*>{t'c- rtrTËÌ**Ë¿-¡rþ * L/¿. ÉlÉ#ËfåìÅbc-c- +fF¿ /vìv

lþY'-l¿ÈîL- T 7-ð A,tt l=h=-r/Ãà"ù.81î17r'l ¿Ff,È* L/¿. tll

Tãl*Ø Ðåså.dr r.{ !.(. {4à.Ë/; r. ð Øþffi.ô-I¿ù.'tl¿ùlit Ð. lÙ*u'-
i;t:
å,Br t Ø"C. "No, thank you." t
FRô,f¿u'-CTl LÆL 6 0)ttX+.LIì ô

äà* L/¿. 6t'ôÀ'- f 7 -ð¿,Èìò i-EËf,t'{ < {Lârìô) tE:l¿à'
å-C--T. L.ôtrt- l7 -ã à"tt. lt-T-) åã:l;ÈÙf {''. T ('LIJTãØ
táÎð À,0)i- å ?u- 6\',ô tËf,Èù*De)* L/¿. xfAø: åf. Hh'øfulfrø

¿ t &-ffiFåC àt'#L{å.à. illTÊmf 7-ð À'Ø7',s- l'3H* LÈ"

Ø ÐùÈ. *Èà.*rt'/:* *{"Ll¿" tl-tTãtt 40)E- 7 t, rt'ettl, I ) -) üÌ

l,t -) /¡øl¿'. å u') ¿ LþFúof¿ØtT"

1¿rÍ ã ÈDr
E;RØ'YliÁlZ#,lvT' iE UFNHO. F€Ë:CUINHX ËANTdËUI"

K a) r i -¿ L. i^ùJ,- rljTãØËi#{.'î.

G b) ilJTËØsáÎã hTrsT 7 -è Â,¿:Ër../:f#ftÌi. ÜTãàìEAå'Èffic{ å

l¿o)11, ¡ i "

G c ) úlTã¿ìZ / Y rt¿:Ëu'/¿ øt*,'FícU.,;"

K d) tllTËlx. T 1-ã À'0)æ*.-c. ¡F{..l-rÈ * L/c"
K e) f 1-ðÂ,¿i. l=ìtz-7tt'/¡À'zJ'Ðr{"fà'l ¿:EffiÈ* LÌ¿"

tr f ) f r-ðrl,ùt. =lt=-1þfrL{ ( dz* Ll¿'

L? Ét' ltùr ¿ ¿

success.)

. tìttöxãelä. :,::.""""""""""""""""">â;E 1

O ûËl,,3ib ! """"""""".'.:'. ,1.: '"' " "' "" """"""">ffiAlVÅ
aætìeËþ"Êú ..............."...-,..'

.tTLUtr. .....................

.#þlEvl') tr¿5€

LT IJRE No
6

o

e

e

('

Greetings

ever assume that Japanese greetings and their English "equivalents" correspond

exactly to each other. For example, although ôjltÀf ðdtìtl means "Good morn-
ing!," the two expressions are different in that ôlát5 ðdt\tl is not normally used in the
late morning. ölåA) ðdtìtl also has an informal equivalent ¿JltAf , which can be used
when you are talking to children or close friends, but never to u åi (= higher status)
person. Another good example would be ðA())ä5. ðA(f )f4õ indeed means "Good-byl"

but it is never used to people one is living with; also it is a rather informal expression and is

thereforeincompatiblewith keigo(=politespeech).WhenpartingwithaEl-tperson,itis

safeç and less juvenile-sounding, to sayt?LUtf. The best strategy for Japanese greetings

would be to observe how native speakers use them amongst themselves and emulate

them.

Another thing students of Japanese should bear in mind is the fact that once a relation-
ship has been established between two people in Japan, such as teacher-student, it does

not break down. ln America, you might call your professor "Professor so-and-so" in the be-
ginning, but as the relationship grows closer, you might start using his/her first name.

That is notthe case in Japan, however. Yourteacheç even afteryou graduate, remainsftä,
i.e., a Elt person, and your speech must continue to reflect that. ln other words, you

cannot all of a sudden switch from ôlåAf ðdtìtlto ölt&f !

Addressing your friends

JI n school, classmates may call each other by last name *dfu l<fu,last name by itself,

first name *5t¡ lu lt lv I ( fu, first name by itself, etc. Oftentimes, moreover, they call
each other by various nicknames or by shortened versíons of their names such as f ) (for

*ål in â-ãÉ3.

c

ô

o
c
o

j

rttrt6tìË?=F

€ *vtrJL . ÊE#r¡yltxEElã#ú)=Eftät¿âã"

*rutu: ^-z]-,
*á¿åJ i ¿"ð"t.*T"

= E: *ôù*Ì i ðð"r.*T"

* r u.tv I !r!rttxfr,-6"Tfl.

--- El : 4){-rf;'à"

E EUE o)+'É.. + tz y/ (Zëtfc=Eftäl-â).

*tutv ¿ rå,ù: ¿ ¿È"

= El : -\-r-ð ¿,. 4 lllI z,4,ù-Ë o"cÊ ) Øtrt*6ù. Lr..à{"T1"

*Iutv ¿" , L{("Tà..

= H: f/,ÈÈùÌ. ò i ùlð--Eâ:"cr.å{"LÌ i. 41u- iffi¿* l¿¿,¿:È¿*J

*ruù o'CÊi Lt' å r åÆ.r¡À,îT"

tD + ð. FJ'(É ZùÌr.. l..-e t- ) ù'"

= El : f4 {> Éb:¡-t..{"âffflTf¿lÌ'r,. r.l.'L } i.
j1
** u¡v là L+ :l Ð ) u. iËffi'cïà..
(
= El:
êfrRþ L{F,ì}ä¿ìù) :- ) t. )À j ü:. t" ¡-t ¿HeTùÌ"{*áDÈ"kTâ"t

{r.iÉm("TJ"

*tptv /ùìr,b * L/¿.

--- El : D+*È"

*+utv ft+LL*î.

25

-lz#>,,,,

(. ¿.e +E/ \E+l- trËË UE+ãtlÏ[Ëp # v u Jt¡ätHú)Ê[Ee H äËt E lËJËø E 6^æV+tþ D

DìãÉUfiìltã.

r9 bi tá¿ÌÌ i"

*tutv i.GE4 i r¡F{.) táùå, &

w ,: HE¿ i Ldâ.

*ru¡v i À,- iù9 ^ì-ffi+* ("fr¿rÊ u'cfcù. È>.

w b: : Fð å ( Ëd'tl$_t_l-!-t-?-l-;-.
{.2
*rutv ( t - (
ù9 t7: B A#øffiFEàst;
ã À'ã> '> l¿ .3?4&!;.ÆL _/4¿ll4¿Ì#&b6!¡__1..1__"
10 *rutv
19 \: (Ë-#eF,-C) ù>o- /tÆÈ. + < 11ìt'/¡.t. ¿ ffiXù:E{vt' + i "
*tutv
flr È) .
w b:
irÀ. fl-. H,I¿?
*rutv
15 19 bi ì-- l¡À"'a"

*rutv I¡FÎ.

ù9 r1 FÑZ
*< utv
"7c i Là. -t'^-+¡'-K b"
19 \:
*<vtv {>

l'Ì'-'v--[ãbl o-c?

/çñ:(t'i ¿ ¿" ÑàrTC(Wolâ"

i--> ! u.SÈ/¡ ô"

D +- ,åu.f'âù. È>fttr:Tt ( *t"

) À.,- D+. *,1¿1þ11t.

26

>>>>> õLìË?Ei*

tzctâ)e Äh. . ) ü y, E+fr0)ËE-HtJt.+ r, 7/ " -Ê[Jtt l-. ¿\ärË+lE+{v- E6g+ t,
lcEtOldf=fiä"

^ ey !
ð. Ì,/^ !
Bß C}ð LÀb !

5¡. À

Bß üiÂ, å ù:.

t. A t-'>*I¿0)"

Bß frìEüËu.tùSå.b"

tÀ 4 ) zJ'" e ylrtR.6; ¿ ù1. tù À,t¿ Ì:Ëf,r.tf[ o"CI¿ ùl å'- !:?_*aþ:Èþ:

10 Èt/¡ ( -C"

Éß :'п,. l- ^0)./ -)v7 r^ vzàlâå. å z¡ ( t_ , -)vl[ÈtÃzl.cI¿À,1ì"
{.'. Ð:¡,:lÈA"tâø"
Þà !.[.]- L.L.}"

Bß /uzC-=l[.iff"

I' À bb- 2uzC-lJt*Eo{ó" ëùt7.,3- l. l:{¡¿1"5"
15 Ë[
A ) À," u.:à.ËtñÌ:ft/¡ ¡. 2
t /^
HI ilù" T-^4t#=-Câ?

tà ) À," L- L. 6ä¿x 723-345-2433"

Ë[ lxør -, 4 o)æEtt 555-347-4167"
D ç. âE€ffLt"
20 l. ¿^
i lu" D+. */¿.

27

-12#>>>>>

ü:,::2ì:if:iiz4i'n;r¡tJi¡i¡li1:}?'i51r.i:1r?jw¡5lsràgvff.i3i*tr{:?
|.! ?:;.1:1 |.. :.|: ;:' :: :.: :. : ;:;| :::.'1. ::j.. :..j : ::. : :|.!:|

EIA^åì7 ) rt Lr- À ( Ëf,à.i'r'cWâHPãø-'t ¿:. "FIow are yov?" tt EAffi
j "'.(..{ú ¿ É : ¿.. å u. Ølrtb â 6 t, ô¿,Eäffiù: ò [¡.¿.¿sa"j-¿..1 ¿ ¿. [*áñ-.{-,(.
Tå.1 /¡ å" å r. i Ë#¿l b âù:- f ç.¿.¿sa"-¡¿.1 t*&ilffiTmØÅ¿:ã i øìt:À-t ) Iì

L. ltÐúamî'Tþ.) ù* L ^¿f 6 ( À b ícàc ÈÄl: þ_¿'_Ëà_/_4__!:_" ?_È ,., æEã1

ù: [¡.¿r¿;a.j¿.1 Lù. liÐüÃ,("1å.j LÊ) L- ]FHt-Ær¡þ!ll_Þ_â" EIA¿*

7cØl\,bb t:'F:F.ø#þT â ¿ f ¡ìes¡-rìô ) o l!.l..*ax-xrïdal ¿ È. fær.'e T
r...deoloå*aÈve.-a7nci'c)eEødaxy-!x",-l;t4u.":-@Ç-irrí;æA:m:?tF"tå4
jùì à.. ¿ ¡ñ.*o\zcJ*n

¿Ëi r-z

Ëf,å.tr1ã.òù E6. ElAffi

tt:tå7c {u!;Ylç,_aË#¿sz¡ r.È. à 1b â" ¿ EIJ/"Lâ ffi¿: ¿*,- fË+årElt'{-. ói?,ùå" l{..
to
¿*. EÃ'eóþùf lDç. *^l¿l z¡ÐåËi/a'ùITìô)o "IIl.ave anice
ftTLL*Tl-
ft(
L!.o 7 / y r^Ù*. 4 )\- i#,wþrÃ<
day!" ?Haffi¿:-mRl,'(.ÛF.-r¿erfrÆ.*'å.

LrÆr¡ffikî 6àì. Fù*. BA#¿:trtã>="ci€ffi¿:/Ju.ór.ðr=i#ò/¿ ( ð A,bâ0)
Lr( Ù'
I¿"ffilL¿f'. lu.l;ÈÈ*Tl. ÈHø1A.ø l:t,4 ið*t'Ll¿l |rt4a)
ê+ØÈiø

¡. ¡.XfLfvJ^ lì" EIä^àìÉ1h\Øxþ fr6 ffiù:É i l'{to -c È * Tl. 4lt"t:Nl,'Cxffi.a)

Ê) lTt.< 6ol'ç!'l- Kn'\fr:(ÈÈ,'\Øãilf¿Èt'* ) ,7cØWXffiøãi l*a
/¡åu.l hnÈi¿:â:tÅü:*/¿
,ffib /¡ Ð å t,iù>ì,.ðrò j€ffi¿:¿t/J!.o ElaÅ¿*_

*i L. Èkc't öj t ðt.årf âa L¡tesç-o *ffit"ò. "Thankyouforthe

iftBùi,¿i

other day." å à. "Itwasgoodto seeyouthe other day." /¡ å" åãLt¡t'¿ ¿ ù1,/J

!.å.-rftì,Ë-rfÉ"EL!¿Az:=t;ãr'"ø{l.ftBlfùtÈ* ÐbXiEò!:lTÃìøï'->t-I-¿-i-r-ô¡--itF'-ð-*--?¡tÆxârt:#.'ùù1Ì.,/J.,l!./brrE.'^offiØfr¡:þu'lì

" -ô 1 l:t-lrJù.btl âm. ât¿-äå*u-q-rc EttØ+ff'i€øffftiÐJ ,râr /¿ffi. z Øtrlù'

¿'i r. ) ffi¿:fnJ Lã't l¿ à J u.à.ÈìlÂ*:{!.{. 4fLþH,ì-6l)lrt, X+t¡hä##

t"åË:.6òlt_Iìô)"

r:,'L-L{O Ü't6')åÜr-

e-l-È fi ,t ¿o1. f r:r"

iL aît! t' ) € t¡'tYaf t: fl', 1 tt * f



-t,zÞT>>>>>

rttrtôtìð?=Hl

-lz#>>>>>

32

,,,,, õrìÈ2=* |

There are three different types of predicate endings-tT. * j--forms, lì-forms and t ù¡ 6 -
forms. So, the idea that Tanaka is a Japanese can be expressed as HFð /L¿t EA^f.¿, B1+
ð /t Ìt BA^/a' or EIF Ë ¿,li Hä^-e ð å. The styles which use f.T.* T-endings, lì-
f fendings, and ã> â -endings are called T. * T{õ, lì{6, and {" ó å {ô, respectively. While -c''
b 6l# is mainly used in writing, both 'C1. * T{f and È{6 are used both in speaking and

writing. In speaking, ('.T' * T{ô is used in formal situations such as any formal meetings or

in addressing strangers, acquaintances or people to whom you feel respect is due. Ìì{6, on the

other hand, is generally used in informal situations, such as when you are talking with your

close friends or family members. È6 can also be used toward someone for whom you feel

respect is not due (e.9., children, one's subordinate, etc.) In writing, lì{ð is normally used in

newspapers, novels, scholarly articles and essays. Letters and memos are usually written in (.'

T' * T6. îb â{16 is very formal, so it is generally used for formal writings such as public

documents and scholarly articles.

,,a.:f ..$',f ff ,(pôlite;form) Ì;--6 (plain forúr), {.þ,6 ffi ' (exnosiøqy,form)
EIAAT.l
E^^/.' n#/\'e b â
Ea^{$H}a I *nia
Bä^{E'å}n... BA,,\(.t*r¡u'
Íffif1-T¿
fdK/i: /¡ Í.{"dl.lù> ->t¿
rffi{f$}ó b *ÈÂ,(.1/¿
+t+{3H} rÃù"ot¿ Í{*t'l*/¡È.2l¿
È Ì¿!.(.-î
Èi¿t./¿ i å fLt-:cb6
åd,¿r,.{3'å}ób*ÈÂ,
å tur.r.. {3'å} nr.. ÈÌzt.'eùt/Ju.
ãr--e 1 äl'
ãu'
*<bþ*r¿, ä ( /¡t' ä ( /¡u.
ê-ì*T ê-ra
ê'ra ft-i,/¡ ¡-
ê^ * +rT
Ê-l* Lt¿ fr-r/¡ ¡. ê'lÈ
ê-ì* ÈÅ,f L/¿ ê-¡/¿
ft.iz¡¿., ¡a p-rf¡¿., ¡¿

Traditionally, the Japanese language is known for having a distinctive difference between men's
speech and women's speech. This distinction, which is mainly observed in casual conversation
style, is seen in uses of pronouns (e.g, boku vs. watashi), some nouns (e.g., meshi vs. gohan,

.lz#,,,,,

hara vs. onaka) and particularly in sentence endings. For example, sentence-final particles
such as zo and ze afe typically masculine while a sentence-final particle wa is genenlly
considered to be feminine. Uses of these masculine and feminine senstence-final forms have

been undergoing changes, and thus, it is best to classify them into four types, as below.

Strongly masculine: 4-- (ft < ê-)

ü' (ñ ( ìÌ')

à.t.? (fÎ ( È.t'?)

- /¡ ¡- fr ? (ft¡t,t¡t . È. ?)
imperative (plain form) (trùt J. ê'ìó À )

Moderately masculine: (plain form) À (õ ç ¡. ffil'l )
r¿ i.,/f¿È,¡.,/ /ìl dâ G>LT¿ïìj. âB /ii iâ)

Moderatelyfeminine: (plainform) Ø (ft ( Ø\-Ët'ø\)

Strongly feminine: h,/b J,/b*r,/b I de (ffi < b,/-EãLt¿*r/- b6b t,7)
[Noun,//¡-adjectiveJ t¡ø (BAÅr¡ø. È È u'/¡ø)

ù'1, t> (Tt ( l¡'|¡ Ù)

Uses of both strongly masculine and strongly feminine sentence-flnal particles have been on
the decline. In fact, younger men and women hardly ever use these strongly masculine and
strongly feminine endings anymore. Women these days generally use moderately masculine
endings in casual conversations, and thus there is not much gender difference in the use of
sentence endings. Older women, however, do still use strongly feminine sentence endings.
Furthermore, in comics and anime, these strongly feminine and masculine endings are used to
create certain character identity, and hence it is good to be able to recognize gender character-

istics of these particles.

,,,,,6rìË2=*
|

1 "o V/46r1¡='without V-ing; instead of V-ing' [âtr1 >2. l-: >>>Ëtrrãurc]

. V lr t-Í", gne éf the negatiu" a-¡9rms of a verb, is .oftén fðllowed by another velb: *d

a) Eärtr. {EI ö Éþfrt,rêLFr(àt,râltÐu 6Ø¿tft+Lt¿"

(7n Japan, it is bad manners to begin amea\ without saying anything.)

b) ffiÆþ L/¿¡,rÍYüt,..)R6Ø¿l,J ( /J!-.
(It's not good to come to school without having done one's homework.)

)c ¿ L r))'L 6ä4 Ù t. å.

ElÉÊH^lîrt'ts,L\Tx.1fu,ifrt

(There are students who study atlnorne instead of going to the library.)

fo,, V',/J 1,. {: often c-arries ,a conno-tation,.that one didn,lt do Whatone- w4s,expæçted, fo .do. $o, ,

b), one is expected to do homework before coming to school bw helshe did nol

f ,r, Vltülürø)fi='You should - Uit.,lt would be good if you did -)'
lã#.z > t. z >>>EnHurrøtc]

,: ihislexpression,rsusually used to suggest the opþo.sþof.whæ, hÈ,oüeiipç ìslg¡qg or

a) ù -r åF( h

Ëftlt'trl,rc)[;.

(You should go to bed earlier.)

b) Ì) /Ju. å ¿ ôt|ftæ.t:ËI[tlt'trt\ø)Í:"

tllr.t,

(You should ask your teacher about things that you don't understand. lSaid to someone who is

hesitant about asking the teacher some questions.l )

J 'ot t*LlZ='moreover; besides' lemz >¿.a]

a) HÉt*. )¡þìþt"-t-. Znt;WlffiùÉr.ØT-_ ÍÈ.a¿ ( !.{.1.

(tUkyo has a huge population, and, moreover, prices arehiglr' Therefore, Tbkyo is a difficult place to

live.)

b) A: +H¿*ñfiàräå a i t¿ia"

(You don't look well today.)

(.i:B
À,- ô':l t.È ( zirE#ht2ò Ë ¡ a Lb6 À,î"

EÈìtË

(Yes, I have aheadache, and I also have a slight fever.)

A: D+. + 1,ffi-tcffiÀ,ÈlÈ¡U-U.ca"

(In that case, you should go home earþ and rest.)

35

.lz*>>>>>

,..,O!heqgonjunctions,which,areoflen,usedinclûde Z,fuf" 1the.ré.f,orç;'1u,,,kLt* iand;,and..thên;,
and also,' 4 ùt lt, b 'after that.' 4 L'C. is the most general conjunction meaning 'and.' 4 ÌLlr, ù

emphasizes that an event follows another event in time, and 4 fLî emphasizes "causal"

relation between two sentences.

c) ÈØ? t*Hr-þt,,rftÈ* Lrr" IÍt+:'\ XæøXØÅ-î¿ _,nft-ct. ä+rc¡

ô*n'lfr'tfÈ*LÈ.

(I went shopping yesterday. After that I went to apar!y at a friend's house and came home about ten
at night.)

In c), both 4 ùLlt, ì, and 4 l-î arcfine. Howev er, 4 lt'ìt à emphasizes the fact that it was

after the shopping that the speaker went to the party. In some cases, therefore, 4 trù, Ù and

4 l,'C. arenot interchangeable.

d) È Ø i ùÌ. EAf{ËE^Tt-rI¿" Z l,T ( 4lt ¡t'È,) þ-f L ?ê-rÌ¿.
(Yesterday I went to a Japanese restaurant and ate sushi.)
[* mark means that it is ungrammatical.]

e) ÊìË¿lAffi¡ôãn*.1¿" ZVT (41¿ù'à) /\ffiðóffi->lc"

(My friend came to my home about six, and left about eight.)

4 tL'C'presents a reason or cause.

f ) g|9Èå ìKÀb * LTc" ? fr?'. +r( À'-et"

ftõffiàrìEi¿/c

(It was snowing. The flight was delayed because of that.)

4rrrlålrl8,lDr^,/Cüf ='not easily' lã*i2>¿.8>>>ã/rìfr/r,Kt¡aaczl
::::
¡ ,, /f'È.i¡¿:, when used with a negative, means that somethiniis noüeasily'$ne.,r,orftat,ittakes

a) ù,tvu åtd (- ;* L'*T.
Ë?¿rr¿Ðâ,h'Ha-ànl¿(
W-t.C

(Ifs terrible because it takes a long time for me to memorízekanji.)

b) =- E, -þffi.À,ìØ(". /J?)'/c?)'ËË*ù:f {f ¿t(" L/¡.
(I had coffee, and so I couldn't fall asleep easily [i.e., ITtad a hard time falling asleepJ.)

! >>t QUeStiOn WOrd +-ùtïïùtå/¡ür [âã:>¿.g>>>ur2r*ãt]ìâaaa<<l

F'orembedding.awh-question!nanothersentence,simplych4n.gè'.fiè.,.eldjnÌg.:Ófitie.èm-

U9é ¿ qu.estion into the plain fonn. The copula ld'is optional::Bê, tòt!(.e-.êþ.,tha'qú¿q{gf

partidle à. at the end of the clause.

36

,,,,, õrìÈ2=*l

a ) urP Elä¡li < n'i¡n'q *Ë h"
(I don't know when I will be going to Japan.)

b) +x L ltt'È¡FtãT ã å' * ÈJlzJ' r) *Ë lv"

(I don't know yet what I will be doing after graduation.)

)c =4ønã¡#Ørí+.ùÌËft (Ë) ?:'* /ìJùrt'ú) *,Ë/ù"
(I don't know yet who will be teaching third year Japanese.)

d) t.îlv z ì. 7 vàlr- u-á¡ * ÈrÌzt úJ *Ë /1,"
(I can't tell yet which restaurant.is good.)

Also note that a yes-no question can be embedded i,n,::',a1no.trh:e-r,,s:e,ntence by putting the
,,,p¡9{þate.intotheplainfqqn,and,byadding,àr,È",iÐì,.,,1
,r.i
,

(I don't know whether I will be going to Japan next year or not.)

) I' Ù¡l ûTr' 1L"

f *Ë+Ê.Ø#,W,*HË L r,-l¡' ¿ a ñ,tTù, ú)
(I don't know whether the next test will be difficult or not.)

g) )= C-ftt¡?'r'fÄlt 6-t l¿ ltt ¿ Ë.ll

ù'H,n-( t,r :Ë {f ¿{,"

(I don't remember whether I paid the copying charge or not.)

h) Bä^?t' ¿ Ò rr'Æe) *Ë /v"

(I don't know if he is Japanese or not.)

$ rot [¿Z]^,/¡t,r='only; no more than' lnatw > t. t >>> ui5,E;.Eur]

Là'always occurs with a negative. The implied meaning is that the amounlitem mentioned

is not,enóugh or, less,than eXpected.

a) fi. Ì.".ry LlÎt¿ürå. à. uEÉ^lÍùl * riÂ,.

(Because I only have five doilars, I can't go to the movie.)

b) * o) ) ØWr. ãffifñ vn #t¿n,ct¿ù.6. âBÌ*,HE!..
(I only slept for five hours last night. So, I am sleepy today.)

c ) * Å,àì Uù'lñ,*,t¿tr+&trsþt",0)¿*. Ëa.
(Ifs too badthat there are so many children who read only comic books.)

37

-lz#>,>,>

| >r> C*,U ='in other words; that is; namely; in short' læaryz>¿.¿l

a) A : : ;' -- =+tt. -ìC- ì-¿^'effi&4aTi¡. (number) ¡tþ¡'4 i-et i"
(I hear that because of the Baby Boom there will be more high school students for the next two,

three years.)

B: ?f u/t+ù:^ âØùtffiL!. t !.7 ¿ ¿f*fcâ.

(In other words, it is more difficult to get into coilege, right?)

b) lr¿.1 å *rb6z)ì- â¿l--r*2z65gf àu'/d. ?:f;rJ. Ì'^.'v

Ë¿*-r*¡v=É^Ä*El/i-2/¿l

þffic-c t. å ¿. EIA("ù* #Ø=tì0)*(" å l'ØH u'þüU¡'tÈ /J t,'Øl¿'.

(In the old days, there was a time when a dollar was worth 360 yen, but now it is worth about 105
yen. In other words, nowadays, with dollars in Japan you can buy only one third of what you used

to be able to.)

8 "" SentenCe+Þút?T='That is to say; lt follows that; That means ...'
l#aw>t.s>>>uanv<øal

a) A A :. 7 È /4,11BA¿:*S ö {ÌÂ,tt,'l¡Â,(.'T i.

B (Miss Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years.)

b)A /ià. 6 - Eläffiår-s r.< 7 r¡t>ll TT tt"

B (Thafs why she speaks fluent Japanese, right?)

c) A fù> o) )'ì*9*'.-ü fr È. ùt /J l-îrumtl'È' b L u' * T"

(He studies all the time without even going out.)

j(-eÈ6þtt<'ltr"

(No wonder he is good.) :

* Øi v ù ìnT]..l¿ Â,îTÈs- L t" w i tLfu.ct"l- Xþ= ffiÙ:frÌ¿rì,tT¿ì. Ë

!'l¿Ø¿ttHîót Ll¿"

(We went to Chicago yesterday. Tlaffic was so heavy on the way that, although we left home at

three, we didn t get there until around seven.)

(That means it took you as much as four hours, doesn't it?)

38

>>>>> õLìÈ?ÉlÊ I
I

I
I

I

$ t't NEå:T='depending on' [æary)r>r.7>>*ñtr&:<] i,i

a) þ[-ãrÉ#¿å 4ØEØXF,r&cT !-ô!- ôÊZùf'J t-" l

(What greeting you use may vary depending on the weather of the day.) i"--

ì

it'

b) å cTë ì-ùtÉ!'* T.

^E(Opinions vary from person to person.)
+r.+å ilVfÙfihØÞÌffir:*c(lÈ**
c) b *î.
=-zØÞÌffiùi.
(A course grade depends on the exam grades.)

10 *t ruf&/cã=,correspond to -, lffiaa>¿.e>>>?fit¡*r¿õeêâÌl

a) Bäffiø l¿Å,¿:Ëùrl ùÌ. Fffiø oorrello" t;ÉÈð.

(Japanese "konnichiwa" corresponds to English "he11o.")

b) - i.^.¡vll- ,fEfFlEH/: U *ttt'"
(How many yen is a dollar?)

f f *' ^, (ø)) ååäN='N, like -; N such as -'
lffia¡u¡ > ¿. t s >>> rñE B¿à €l øeããxã bEËJl

41" t)

t¿MfiJr¡7
a) t - llär. iI Ð
{,.] ø)J à v-Àìtt 9€ffi¿: Tìô "

(I don't think English has a convenient phrase l1ke "daomo.")

b) &ffiØræÞlv l+: ìr. BAz\¿: üffiÐ/Jr'J af¿#,âËìrtù>6ù' å- ùlù

ffiLr,-"

(Characters for names are difficultbecause there are readings such as those that even Japanese can't

read.)

39

-lz#>>>>>

i

a) "o EL¿,Aãffi >>>>>[âtr2]

¡pb: HE¿ila'Èr, 1 : This expression is used to sug-
gest to the addressee that helshe
* < v tv : i A'- lp i -ì--Ë+* f'ø! U"C.T:.ìr' Ù "
@b : ù : åF< Ê¿'rlt'tttrol; 1o should have done something.

*+vtv: È Ø, ¿lË)Ér)ìËeI't:41 I¿lr, ?tt.tzz 2:- 1,, ? {LI= is used to give an

ù¡Uf¿Hïffiffiò/¿ ( ð À'ù>'>1." additional reason.

r9 b : È t'^À ->l¿tt"

7c {Lì,tjÑ;Ærì

1 ,r" E!-lVJVl

-Ã ^.7 ù: r¡ b . -ÄlÌ BA#Ø+4.. ð i -^¿l EÆ#Øft+J: t¡ b /J ð l,'o +IJ.++0)
Mø-e , Yä¿*Lls.å ( Àb ¿:frä¿=Éårt (frâ 1:tobumpinto) L.ô-c'T" ft
1¡2
ãÈ.Ð iìr,- i /ì=/¿å.. ft4.1:Ëf,åäð \,o 4l-'(ãttØHÍtat:?!.(
HffiaH,¿

ft4.1=#L/JðL'o

Jó 6- ++.2 PoÌ¿)x,ùtftäù: ä b. tÈ+.V P':> l¿ÅÈìYå.,t:t¡cL-

zc {LtrtKbot¿

ö t *ËlEl Dâtr?ffiË L/r ð L'"

f ,,, EI-IVJV<

e ":7ù:r¡ b. -ÂütEAffiØ+ä- ò i-^ùÌEã/\øts.Ét:t¡ b /J ð !'o Q t-a- L

Ø1 LlEltiâff?. ( Ètll:EAffi (informalJapanese) t.L/Jðt'.

3,'* trL.-rVJVl

e ,{7¿:r¡\Ì¡ð!.. tÂt*Ë7g.c"j-. */\ùtfiax-,ùl/Jð¿ it¡ø'c- ò i-^r)ì¿.i L

{à,HÈ/¡a \-o 4l-'c., 71."rì4 Ã þUr¡ðì,.. [-¿¡ì,.t.Øl:) þtfr.o'c._ ( /¿'ùl/¿

EA#f#L/JèI.O