An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese (textbook)

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Asking Favors

T ust as you would try to speak very politely when you ask a favor in English (e.9., Would
J yo, ... please?, Would you mind ...?, etc.), one should be extra polite when asking a
often deliberately start out hesitantly
favor in Japanese. Japanese speakers by saying Ë *:

¿tiffitìi5ìõ âfu7c| û ¿....'- (tit.,l have a small request but ...) instead of a more direct 5*:

¿öffit\7:TõDt3-.

Negative forms such as ttfclÊlJtttfuD and U\lclilJtdUìC U t f 75\ also occur frequently. ln

more informal speech (e.g., when asking a favor of a family membeL a friend, etc.), one

would say Ð òì-fåV\?, <Í'ItdU\?, etc., instead. Another formula one should remember is

&ô1.<ômtl l,t?-, used as you part with the addressee, of whom you have just asked

a favor. lt literally means "l ask for your good favor," and is a standard ending to a request-
making situation. (Remember this same expression was also used in Lesson 1 at the end of

a self-introduction.)

Going to Japan for a Year's StudY

>>>>>

T;.t or American students who have taken only one or two years of Japanese, it is virtually

I impossible to attend lectures for native speakers and expect to understand the

content. Much as one might wish to experience authentic college life in Japan, that would
most likely be beyond one's reach. lt would be more reasonable, therefore, to attend a
university that has an international division geared to foreign students. Toward the end of
the year there, when one's proficiency in the language has improved considerably, one can
perhaps receive permission to visit classes for Japanese students a few times to "get the

general idea" about Japanese college courses.

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2sV¿¿Èìt"È6 canV 32 f¿f-(il: particularly
u{plriäÈì(FurutË¡i housing conditions
3t È [r, wish;hope Ht'þ, 6a,f bad

ñ9.

ñg#È [*'i Lç -one who wishes to do
l:ftÆ.î â/\l

#ttto- person l:Âl

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This radical stands for water and is basically used for characters repre-

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. hqu*¿conversation,Vät,.-e ( ÈË¡.isoftencontractedtoV/Ât,'-e. ,,',"',, .

a) ù¡Ur¿ffioc < âøþ,E,nâürfde.

(Please don't forget to bring [it] tomorrow, OK?)

f ,,, V (causative) Tltï¿låll /¡ür? l¿ xöltt
lâ#l > t. t q >>>EtJËtt(trtctittrdtr-ë t r à är]

"itié,it'a¿,r;Cô¡ldl¡o¡rcg'.e.!þ,árravor of your retting *é,. ,1,: ¡.ã,,v.¿ú;jplite

) )a ÈiØ B ¿=#r#¿Élf ð rf ( ür/¡ Ë tt /c rru. t, ¿ tt,"
(Would you please let me take the exam one day earþ?)

zÀ'À:¿'

ft+.ØffiX.þffñ*
trrb) Ëf *U Ò tt, "
ür/: Ë tf /J

( lspeaking to a professor] Would you mind letting me read your paper?)

(c)
ftæ.. ffi#þ{t * {f tt/¡ /c tt /J t,r ?. l, ¿ Ò lt' "
me
(Sensei, would you please iet be absent from class?)

d) # ftæ., ffi#þfrlvT' tr È Ë tt /J tr (. l, ¿ Ò lt'"

(Sensei, would you be absent from class?)

Sentence c) is the correct request.

nòìtus¡rry'ap,prgiiatè. . :, .'. :

e) ftä. t€ffif* En'ÈT tt/¡Ëlt/Jtr( l, ¿ )lt'.

(Sensei, would you 1et me say it in English?)

f) ,b4Ê. t€ffit"Ec( tt/cËtt/ctr(" l. ¿ )h,"

(Sensei, would you say it in Engiish?)

53

.l¡ ËÊ,""

; by the end of

a) 9Etrr t -pþ L( ( Èð t..
(Please e-mail sometime today.)

b) +ÈÀ - 9Æ + {:fÄi, r¡ ll È¿lf'¡¡ å /J !'.

XÊ.å

( [I] have to pay the rent by t]re end of this month.)

4rr, -t{-l*Ë='The more/less -, th€ more/less -' lffiuv¿ > ¿. t t >>> ãttnHårìE¿]

il,rg,sn:

+.V..é,i,6l" dl.tg4

HAffi¿å. ffi#t nl;{tuffiï 6lf ¿ *á 6 l' ô ( tÌ â L.BL- * f.

(I think that the more you study Japanese the more interesting you will find it.)

b) ++.trtt| n$g;tril ¿. ¡É¿*'f¿ 6 ø) àìffi L t -"
(The more students there are lwho applyJ, the more difficult it is to be selected.)

c) !.!.vz l-TvTttn\ibãÍf ¿Ët'.

(Better restaurants ate more expensive.)

d) #,ïÃIt lt'Ì"t¿lvt 6nlìt, ã fÍ E !'!."

(Simpler explanations are better.)

e) BÄffil*- ffirÂu/cttftrt'L /Jtrlf ¿+ìtr. à /¡ ( /¡ b *'f .
(The less you study Japanese, the less you will begin to understand it.)

5 "o Lr tfür fi='other than -; besides -' lffiaø > ¿.t s >>>ffial =¿'l.Y*ø]

Nl;JrþA,/t)lft

Ittc ã ttu È¡i å¡ Ll tr ártt

#ffiøUlø äñ+Ët:tflE
) ôHia t*. l> Øtrtb â "
u' ôu-

(at ttre beginning of the semester, there are so many things to buy besides textbooks.)

b) Íù¿ttr, ÀÊàt'+,r(€L¡ri\r+oæL¡iå+t(#å¿ö, ó b * T"
(There are otlter scholarships than that from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and

Tbchnology.)

_ üütålVþ-El,tÖ*ltl?f*t¡t,t='it does not necessarily mean that...'

$ "' lffiañ¡ > t. t s >>> ütt €EuäøH{ütlr€52ã¿uìãþlttËãtr]

a ) 'x,T v €' B;6^lÍùt ll'Eäffià¡.h.f ¿: rà 6 ¿tr ä btt?'f *öt) *Ë lù"
(It is not necessarily the case that one's Japanese improves once one goes to Japan.)

54

,,,,, Eä^øE#l

b) ù'll, úËl- ö Øàlr,.L.¿ur ar.ltlclf át,ì.
(It is not necessarily the case that expensive things are good.)

út ic) t €, Elä^rra ¿,dÃ,ßÏs-¡t¡WÈ (/¿) ¿ ür t,ttrtttru *Ë Á..
(It is not necessarily the case that a77 Japanese like natto.)

l r> NI{'}U='nothing but -' l#úvt > t.zs >>>E+ËtáDþl

].::r:],.,]):.:,.::::.:.]:...:..':::.

:., '[,X.l$¿¡lb æl expless"s the,idea that there are so muctr'X that¡ráþþ'eæi:a¡ ii ànill x "*iuÀ,

a) 1 w èØ= z- 7llt.f/¡ =z-Zlt'rt'úJ1*- t..ç t'at¡.â "

(TV news is nothing but bad news, and it's terrible.)

b) Bä^fjo ll,lJÐo) a ô ¿i- *ô l, L ô !. I å lÍ'7t'U Ìi: /¿"

(When I went to Japan, in the beginning I had nothing but interesting experiences.)

..Iná),thereisofcou,r¡,e ei'f!, onif,,,g.b eié.i!'s.òm,uc.$ l:ü_-fui1r""-saiif
there were nothing but bad news.
:.:,, 1,;ittìì
àiso¡e used in combinarion wiúriri¿:t:i!id1¿f1.¿.+È¡ii.:':',],ìi.. ..'', ,:-,¡i' .1, ¡'.,:''"

c) î v ¿'þ F,'c tlfii tl !' 6 ¿ fú,Ífrc È * rù.1,.

(If you watch TV all the time, you can't study.)

$ rt t¿ã^( ='as - as possible' læatø>t.zal

a) #æl)rl--e ù. /Jãc< HÆffiþfficl¿ãàrl-!.t..Lr r.
(It \4¡i11 be better if you speak Japanese as much as possible even outside of the classroom.)

b) ffiE¿x. /r õ^ ( zl ¿:t Lf ( /¿"Ë r."

h.øB

(If possible, please hand in homework the next day.)

9 -' V (plain) ^(ä ='shoutd; ought to'

lffiatvl > ¿. z e >>> iF- Lzi- 1 èr ^& Ë t. 3 3 >>>Ën õ xËe f *r¿ur]

i ''T:þis,,is,afÒrrn,deriyed..fr.orn$e1âssical.,ãuxi1iery.,t'.'ê *Utrft'¡@ws.theplaþ pre¡ent tg4¡e
form of verbs and caries the meaning 'one should do i.'When the verb is Tå, both T-rÈ

* f tand T a À are used. Thé negæive form of ,s È is .ì È tl i. rathèr tnan * A r,. -r È f¿-

B ä#Ø#t,HÀ,Åtùù;-#,ô.tc ìt, -; rc r, ù,L t:
) .a þ fuiñr Ø) d ã t¿"
Æ#

(Ifone wants to read Japanese newspapers, one should study kanji.)

b) L. ttÀ ö Ë:< ¡tã/¿".

¿i¿.Ø^ØÉE(opinion)

(One should listen to the opinions of others.)

h4
) !'.c
ffit,.ËËøËE ùÌfå ^< Ë (" ùt /J
ofbad friends.)
(One should not listen to the opinions

55

.l¡=#,,,,,

a) ,,, 1¿O >>>>>[âffi1]

frfrL=ffiü(1)

+*. fÊ,+., b * c¿ +JFttrÏó â ll,acttt ¿ t. 1:When you have something to
ask your superior, you begin the
ft+. t*t.. {4f'L¡ l" conversation with expressions
L ITI"
++. trøÒ. z¿r¿lv<"ïtt¿ 2" such as È ¡ -r å f"-EFL'åló 6 rt
.r*XìEØmt#ø 'eTLlÐ oràt"xoLtôl't'
("LÌ iÈ..
ft+.
2: You introduce the topic by *lÌ
++. 4 ØEt,-ffiwt:ftù. /¡ ( ( ¿Ì /J â /¡ ( /¡ -c"c l, *. -o)¿ LÌÌ,À,ícît1 Ð or *lt,-

) lo Èi.Å,1TÈ¡.

ft+. IE] DffiFå¿:f-Tå.. e .!a ù:EttË Ë(tr 3 : You ask permission by V (caus-
++.
Z ì-" TA*ìlÂ,àì. Ø^0)B ative) t t./¡ /dùt tJ t-'c l. s I lt,,
(V (causative) t' lc t¿ ùt * 'ti À,å'
ÉÊLit¿ur?'L & Ò 1t,3" or V (causative) f u- lc li'È È t,'

ftæ. * ó- 41\-1: L/¡Ùftfrb b *ì¡.Lde" Â,'cf år.

b) '* ftltt;Fü(2) >>>>>[âBÉz]

Y4-: lÈ+. èb e c 2 å ô I't,rT L & a ù' 1

j- À. 'íFJ-C' l, ¡ i "
ær*LFtiù+r<äâ¿tú:F
),ftE.:ì,. t. T ";
ü,
Y4.: o l'iZ.aÌ¿t' ¿, ?' T t$ 2.

f L'ù/,U¡ i ( ür/¡ titr t¿trr L &, Ò h'4" 4:You ask your superior to do

åËXåiûtagr- something for you by -t I't¡ ti
[l tJ t. t. L S i lt,. No causative
ftE.: !. !.{"T i.
form is used here.

c) "'ËiËEffiü >>>>>[âffi+]

*'tVlv: re b. fÁ. âE òFËHmü i å,8:r"

wb I i¿* l-I¿o)"
*<vtv: t.r¡ {"
r9b: t" ¡'c (
**v.¡v: ¿ ffiàrrÉ
@b:
*'rvlv: Èì,.Dt iJì?
b4
19b: i A,...... " ¿. -?*JF¡r ¡ 1'ürür ? 5 5: In informal conversation, a re-
äÊr,tlt quest can be introduced bY ex-
*tvtv:
äó¿:" pressions such as #t'tt Ð,-?
'tt À'to) L2 { t' z I ( *rÆr. L"c({, )r.t,. ? or È } -¡

+E Øffiffi' ft*'øffifr'ái:ffi ¿#ÎAl3I'¿ ¿tr;bA Â,/¿"ll å.
ft/¿lr ? 6
6:An informal request can be
i.{,_ !.!.Jo
made by -f ( þ/¡t. ?, -f t¡
:'e) 'tda"
å å r¡ l. ?, etc.

56

1 ,> El-rv7"v1

A- ,{7r: r¡ b _ -Ä¿lBa#Øftä. ù i-^¿åEa¿:g+L/¿ r,.y+.t: t¡ b t¡ ð r.. #ä
trTÌ. ct;\tÌ. 4.ø ¿ ¿ ? BA#Í-Ëi!. /J ð r,.o

a) lå D e) ØÉ#"
b) You are applying to the Rotary Club for a scholarshíp.
c ) You ask that the professor write a letter of recommendation for you.
d) The deadline is January 15.
e) You brought a stamp and you have also written the address on a sheet of paper.

f ) fi$irþØÉ#.

4 lLtrtKb o l¿ t - ++.þ þ = f¿ )tttfi¡ä.ù: /J b . ft,+.þ +c /¿Ått#äit /J : {.

, -ÆffiH L /J è !..

f,,,1-wJV(

e ,{7ù:ä b. -^¿i. BA¿:BYT â. LtrrÌÌ..c/¿#ä. ò i-^ùÌ. Eaffiøft4¿:
t¡ b /¡ ð r.. Y4.t!., a L þ BAffif Éì,./J ð !.o

a) Ìt D e) ØÊR" ^0)

b) You are going to the University of Tbkyo on a Monbukagakusho Scholarship.

c ) You ask that the professor write a Ietter of introduction to Prof. Yoshioka of the

University of Tbkyo, afuiend of his/hers.

d) w¡'', ØÉ#.

4 {LìrtKf'' t-> e'. +ä 3 ç -> f¿ )r,Itlt¡Æ.¿: /J b, ft,+k +,c Tc ),,tt#+.it /J a {. ò

, -ÆffiH L /r ð r,'"

3,,, trt-rVJvl

e ,{7¿:ä r_ -^trEä.#þffitfrLf !. â7 / y ùL++., ù i-^¿ÌEa^Ø+äù:t
b /Jè ù.o _^¿*lElDEäXíV7)2I7ù:Hf !.*_l-" 7W' t:ypr.^Î.ll.t,
(textbook) þt.,,{¿T¿: ¿ i:fràì? È (to â #ä¿:Ëu./¿ffi_
fèfrii f,+' Lã¡ notice). EIA^ØË)É¿:

" "ffiîäffiÆþ HÈ -c ð à r,. /¿ r,. È'ÃÊa *. -t ( /ì ¿l /¿ E
(informal Japanese) Í. ¿L z

57

.l¡ #>>>>,

l'rÈìftKb ->l¿ù- 7 ) y rtL++.þ{c zl¡u\à¡EÄ^+äl:/¡ b. E#L++-þ {¡ =/¿

)\trt7 ) y rtÅYä¿: tÃ'>1., ò t -EffiË L /J Ë !'.

Q,,,, iV-rZ þ-ì77

e = )tø/. y-7"þlFor- W+t-l¿t.Yäàsft+¿-ffi#¡ þåffi. e* lut¡¿ ¿ ?HFËð
trL6tr.ëì-lJÈ !.o ìp-/ícärñþ=)lF]| /Jè !.o E{FË¿ìf È/¿ à, ' 12ø)'.1¿
ttctJ¡i
t' (to present) L A ð !'o
r,=ry¡¿

J,., =<ffiËTù,l¿.,1,U j j tr t"Èq) L? L T¿ù¡, !tî-ìtìt'* t. À'" ft+-¡¿ ¡ +þã

e tÈrÉ'¡xvxaa¿: BaffiØrt+-øm'Æat:x*

å* L ¡i" J +¿:ã( ¿ ¿¿i. 1 ¿lElDù:L/Jðl'o

O ++.rJìft,+.t:,fElå.m¿,f.'r.*T. CD 3Hr.f . ELt. ö Øt:Oþc ùTlJð !'.

a) : Ø+41È. ( ) xtrf++€dlv .li ù' Jtt<L¡i ØFYê¿: Fl-¿.ô-f¿ l' È ,Ho { [' * T"

(,/ ) u-iy-r7ì

b) ¿ Ø+4.ùr. ftÆl: ç,/¡ ffiffi{ ?ër.{ü åt.t!.Ø-CT.

( ) fiH^)tr

(()-+rå
(c) :Ø+4¿*. )-++ EA^1ÎÈ /¿ t' å Écl !'* 1o

d) ffie>blll' tt (,/ ) )1,H+EE l rru r.u"
( )
fE:+ãE I

(e) ftä¿ìÉt./¿ ò Ø¿Ì- )+ä àsHT(" l- ¡ i.
(,/ ) %,+.

58

l;:i,

l^>), tlã'l

I 6Á, À à'àr( L¡) W ¿"-

a -tü*- xffñ++å'ØilffiùI,,s¡ Elal:-4w+î â:- Lttrri.-t

/¡" EYårltr* : tffi, ttffi kp.ti å Èi¿-ffiËjJt? *aÆr.- ur¿ãüttr#^ù:. T

CffàÈt:Tto|¿" ft+.tr*7cØa ¿ ?Ëf,( ¿. lÌà.:/¿îTda. trÐ{"¿ iJ

å : /;. 4 Ø'Iþ1, ft+.ttg+ù:, !.'c Ø 7 þ"u ì 4 z þ t'- ô t'- ô l-"c
( ^dÉzel¡NåsÈ.' 4 0>4t: l,'y rt IþlrJ&ù,Ël¿Tü:fS:I!-: tÌi ) Èì1.!.'Cj-
Àl å u. j Z 1.",ì 4 lùtã>->T¿" I ¿ i L({"Tà.. fÁ¿lÈffii ¿ v / -þLfr.
t,.*Tüf àl È)=-tåìË) L- tr+.åK,o'C- l4)Df /Jt.'À,11 i."

Eä'c"¿*,. )r#ø14 vùtùt---,,{-ìùtv ö 4<-1.."7 ò/Ju.ØàìËE/ià.
6. #ktft,oI¿?þ'e - tr/ù1ù;Ì¡t'¿ El âà"îT t) LÈLf¿"

9 = -)¿*BA^Ttol- Elllft+.øZ l."rs4 x¿ìIEt-ù"ol: ¿ å lrtT,)lÐT

fu'ù,oÌ¿. 7 t y h'c¿*.,bfrø | 4 vcòt#ø | 4 vcð. /'1 r" Z ¿ <-

-È.-(-zt- Å Ã tvù;-c !.-C [. âù'b 7c {Lkt\,HTfruùf t . u." l-h'l- HAf"¿*.

+Ëf ¡FltvØl4 vz¡ à t" r 4 < -f-{.-,,r-À ùtvùtrt..{!.( ò. t+
:â e' l4 È¡ {t.' !' /J t' Ø ÈìÉËl¿'. +ä ¿t #þffi: /¿ ó Iå -C". - v 1{"À t,'

T¿b t-Au'åÈì. y' = -y''ù1. u. vhlþt#o{È{Àà.:/¿ å,8,:È.

4{Lìdù.b"ct*,/¡ ( . ËEØFñ{"tt. +kffii ù: ð, ffit < â0)¿*íir¿¿1r".

*uha[< ¿ /Jr,.o ElÄt"t*. {trJr'ò ffiM,liù.re¿,{"r.{- , v-+Ëø l"
7 /J ÐâffÉÉ1=l¡¡ø¿:. t^ i t_-c. | 4 vØ%âållt,-c. ( {^vr¡l,'Øà. å. t

= - 9 tt: ttt 4Èr ò õ,8-#t': /¿
"

.13 #,,,,,

fÉ¿Jr¿-t¡,-l ¿ ¿ great joy [tE f. without fail
¿' rnecltanization
:Ëtrrä t,.{- to advance
hti l: ¡ 5'r. ¿' automatic
to laugh; to smile tffiffi,4v mystery
Ël'¿.l to wash
correct *tr*
.F.
Ë{.r
x,i
u -äi uÈ
faff,i)
ÉÈrÈL' -t" Égrfr

, F,

õ,8-#

o 2t trt: ltflldo. :t 5àr (t rl'l.ld x ä^nfdêuì.
iE U
;RØEãffi,tuE. F€Ë

)ffi a v'= -r¿t- {s6¡gE'¿ilffi¿:,sx I,-cù. È,, Elttft+l:ffiËÐt?*áFFr.

L /¿"

Q U I ãrllft4.¿*. ElAt.'tå,. v rt 1þ{í'c-c. ù. /J r,. ¿ ñfË (inconvenient) /ì å

-n J ¡tç-o

0.) ftä¿*. EAØ7t#¿: ¿l þ'7 4 I - {¡ ,{-,, s-¡ ù tvb /J r. þ 4 y¡:þr.- L

E d) -E^ J lt-to
K e)
y' = -y'tÌ, EA¿:Ët.t. ãlJJft+.Øã o l¿ r- L¿ìÈË, f l' l¿ å,8,: /¿"
y' = -9tt. EAØ*EØ Þ 4 vî*arÈù¡Hl¡ r,-ø¿ÌflËàrä r. a ¿ L'¿,H

'>1.1'- 6 o

#ÉrfDiä,trÒ2

IJRE No
c
o
o
a
c

Homestays

>>>>>

hen you are doing a homestay, ask questions whenever you don't understand
something, e.g., how to use the toilet, the bath, the washing machine, etc. Japanese
people love electric appliances, many of which are quite different from, and frequently
more complicated than, their American counterparts. The bath water might scald you
unless you know how to regulate its temperature. Modern toilets, so-called "wash-lets,"

might completely puzzle you.

Also, never assume it is all right to do something without asking permission. Eating

things in the refrigerato4 bringing a friend home, coming home late, etc., might all upset
the family's plans. The safest thing would be to ask permission. More will be said on this

topic in Lesson 1 1.

Talking About One's Family

1I n âËÉ 1, Jason talks about his family. Although Jason doesn't do it here, when Americans
members, they often "brag" about them, as the woman
talt about their family

mentioned in ffia*r) in Lesson 1 did, saying, "l have three beautiful daughters." Japanese

don't do this because they consider their family members as extensions of themselves, r.e.,

just as it is in bad taste to brag about themselves, it would be in poor taste to brag about

their family members.

Writing E-mails and Letters

hen you are writing e-mails and letters, first write about the recenVcurrent weatheL

inquire about the addressee's health, and touch upon your own health. Then pro-

ceed to the main body of the text. lf you are making a request, explain the nature of the

request here. lf the purpose of the e-mail or letter is merely to talk about your current

activities, describe them here. Lastly, in the concluding portion, write Clt. ¿iZ &ô L < ôßH
U\Utl if it is an e-mail/letter of request. O,therwise, just write so-and-so f-&ã tJ<, ¿)Uô

7lÃac, etc. Remember that, in Japan, even in a business-type letter, such as a letter of

request, one should take time first to talk about the weatheç health, etc., and should not

rush into the business at hand. lf it is a formal e-mail or letteç you begin your e-mail or
ItLìltL\ lJLr <
letter by formal salutation) and you close it by lf you are writing to a friend,
FÉ (a ffiF.

howeveL you normally leave out allthese formal salutations.

a
o
a
o
o

>>>>>'¡F- l:771

ev /u'?^E#*9 11 v !, jF- Å,77 1 ftØðÊlðtu¿# t CUlõ.
*aËð Â, : )-4Yv- æffi.ØEHffi-c'Câ?

Ð-4Yv zì-- ð b *T"
*áËð ¿, : L ¡o åEttð 6r{ò!.1.?

9-4/Y ì-À:-" (4HþWfiù, òHL¡¡¿,-t) --.ffi.b b * Tùl ¿"

*á&ð ¿, : ¿ d't¿l*ó1ã À,?

ìt4)Y àÀ. Î-c"T"

táËð 'l, : Tu.sôÉØÉr,.äda.

ì-4/Y l4l,-c tol-+60).
)\+îffi.ì-{ t,. * i-"

JóËð 'l, : 4 i " ltrJØftH"

924/Y 7trùøÆF"el"
7 t y h*-¡a"......*ôËðôðËÈìHt.de"
S'á&ã.ì, : å å. Èå. 61Xò ÉÈìÉ ( /¡-IT¿ À.Tì å,8 t,. * T.
4 {11- táË ð À, fr lrl?r,tt$ L f t -c t- + 6 0) ?
Ðt4)Y

t5 JáËå ¿, :

9-4)Y Ëù*f#+("T"

táËð Â, : .', Z o 7, y z, I: ti.f1[*.Øft#tn¡sa\,- 0) ?

9-'l/Y ì- i-" E!l_t!::.ÞU < Þ_ Þ å_gô.

È&È.1,: 1 4,t

!'-4 Y v X7c ) " 4 {L'f- : d'tåìtárilð ¿, ¿ffið A,tJ" þnð.t,ò
Z i-- nttlËJ b -?t.l¿"È. à. ü , X++#{*îùl ¿"
*a&ð Å, :
ffið Â,¿Ì ?
ù-4Yv
ffi¿rëJ b =:Tr. ãffi.ØW+4r"î.

*aEð Â, : *áËð A't:lÞ)Î6 *t"

lz4/Y 7c )'CllJ."

JáËË '{, : L o'C ö È.d2 !'L.o

63

luev h L&#frl-+ì v. fr- /J,77 1 ftøô1Îë tv¿ËÉ UCLìã "

*ó1ð Â, 7-Tvù;ä*dr./¿ØùlÐ:.

7-ìv 4.*ù¿l¡Øüi,: z-3-21ìoI¿À,î-f tl Ð. âf^H,Lt r.*ì+.å,"

idlð l', åi L{.
z-+lv =:Øffiù:, 4øù ¿ zr v v v tt-tloø^l,Ë ç : T¿A""fT "

JdlÈ.1 bbTc i" +lÈ.A,îr.åEtrÌÌ. <1¿ y vtr.:tu!_Ìf_{_.
7-+)ìv
ZL. ù ¿ zsvvvØ,Itläßî'î"

*á1È ¿l, ,r\n¿X ÐØ (' å t...

7.-4lv f T.+I_¿_-._ù'__220
å t. È ¿,Hu. *
ÌdÎð ¿,
3 alFI" 22nØ. L ?
7-1ìv
*r1ð ¿, 1220+)

7-ìv b- -f r)*È¿,. FåËà* L/¿. 22nîî"

tdlð ¿, +.D b À"*. b xÈ t.FJD ç /J L.dâ"

-r" ð. ù .t z = y !y'cùÈ-ÉElù:tå r.¿,fTÌ.

,"-å. *ËÅÈ u'Øå?

15 7-qìv \tvù t-*-'Cf"
bb, ltvù ¡.-*-È.. è-¡vtH&t¡"
*áJèã ¿,
ï-------------
7-+ìv
î. -"14 y vl ÐÂ,/¡trJ.
Sá1Ë.â, tIrØTto"C.âù 4 73vvvft#ùrðå L. 4{vt:'l'lläßTìå.à. f;[sò !.*To

7-+ìv å d'¿u. l¡Ffr?

jdlË Â, àå. lffåìÈ ( ð À,ã>-ct_ t..¡.Ef(,.T .k" {¿tær-trT/"Lå". æå.åÐt*-e
7-+ìY
ùl ¿ { ò Ètr1r.'cf ¿Sà L!. ¿,8t. *i-"

$á1ð Å, -^ ) À," -F.11 c'c. ¿.Ì¿u' /J óo
l,.:å.ÞÉð .4,1t,. et -c l- p -c"C. ( È"ð u."
7-+)ìv

64

>>>>> ¡F- L7- .(

a7-+l>. iF- /\77 1 ft 0) A)ËÈ tu l¿ ã+EI ä *Þ â . if',- i¡.77 4 ftØ#..ltERr)r 5 5 * : ë Ëu t.

! :7-tÌv rrËÈ ¿,. r (¿,ERÈi* îEâ\-+'ntt:lrå l¡ r.¿,f"T üt ¿. ÉffiÉffi b ò

L. [.("Tå.o

*r&Ë Â, !. !.-C-l- j o

z-qìv 4 {Lù.6......o

SáËå rt, {4"

z-+)ìv 7 r ùØx+ØËì€-e. âHHît€#þw.ì-(r.6^ù:. *0)i{Effiâ,
" ]I¿ À,1' T [.?È. r r. ,:ìEdz{ È /¿ t. Â,-cf üt ¿". [. Ì,.'c- L ) È..
rá&ð ¿, !. [.{"1}. {4{ L. i Ä"

to X-clv - ì Ì/ -'c"Cu, ) À,f,'1. BAÂøKl:-pl>Tr-cl¿: å àì/Jt.'r¡À,-Cã-t

táËä À, -C * L/¡.

z-+lv Dtó. ù>l,I¿9È.ù:*{ò 6:/¿à Ð )" ^LÀb ù:Tåf Èl;l=zÀ i ¿

ts JdËð ¿, ,B={u.i?å aôlì7r.6"

z-+lv AY¿: !. !.{*1å.o

$áËË ¿, 6 t, ô.4," Affi¿:X( ò 6 ->I¿ c, E i "
r ì I - ù*^ffi * fft$/¿':'C.ã ={ L.l¿È. à.
z-+T'v t, þr } [. * rl.{,à..

t..r.("T J" D ç. Äffi#-t-;--Þ_-{-1. ¿ 2. ^H+#t"

brtrt å ):ð"u.*T"

*t,4u,,.,,

t O ! - 4 v v. V )r U h Ø^VeEä#ääi^. Tþ 5 =f¿=EftËl-X- lbã.ï 6 "

=frîà+.

ò t+E ø*.t:z¡ b * Lt¿È;. RH¿**ÈFF¿. <1. W4H-Ø__å_i__ù_;_ãu.Elðåó b
*i-. 4t'òtt, ò rfit#òf*b'cI¿iôîttl¡u-{- l- ¡ in'Z 7

- ¡t Hò È:"c L* u.* L/¿" €ElffiÉr,.ffiffi? L{r. â0)î. wØr¿;Ø¿ìffiu.{.T.

4t, È, ùl ¿'i Í*TÈ." âYffi¿* ¿* A,t¡r-7þ#.L{u'à -¡l-+ ['*TÈ.o
fÅtå ò j È-r,.:¡ Eføftffi_¿:-/.4&f È å _Þ_l_ç_" Z t, t þ fr âÈi¿:. ftä{. EA^ØË
ìËr È à. 6. BAØäIÉSXþ¿: :lo- { !- 4 ¡- zrffir"--cta L. /¿ o)trt, )\Æ1g.rf.o 1 t,

10 *T" 6t'ôÀ,+lJÐØ)L. lttvl< -v a y I þì/¡þ,->Tcþ_!l__!-LåÞ_l åg_iiår- ù)
* Ib ôÐt,.y = y ù*Éùtl_l__r_'{"-ËåÈ L_lç"
t' t't:*al
¿t, t Ølt+-c¿ÈY$t'å ¡:aÀ,Ì¡ffiffiËtr?++:Íl.. âØ-a- fÁ{¡ :

*a¿Tf ¡ -¡vþffi,ù,ù:fTrlt-6Øù:¿tô': ( b L* Lt.

,$x l. 7 r I t) -0))"1¿LùtóÀ,t¡1.[.ÅÈÈ/¡øt. a5¿:Ef¿.:-c[.*f. *áË
ð ¿,ùif+4àr-h+{". --æE*at'Ut''WþÈ.-ìð r}-¡ ( þ* T" --¡" ð EIAñ*E¿*6¿: u'

u._4__?_-'(:_lda. îu.À.å,ê-ì{ t- â Ø ù:- 6ÉùÌ & L À, ¿*Æ.b b *'ì}/4,.

BAffiË. {l>#t¡ t^ kw-o{ u. 1. HAffiø

( ð À,ffiÀ,"eu, *1. Ë+17 ¿ìæB bâØ'e
h+r"¿x. BAffi. HAÊ. * -' f^fi'Uc'
|
'¿i. *fËf,É:il#z¡ Ðffit-t-+-nþt

r.lE+&ît.À,.tHà* LÌ;.

7 tv¡t 4 l. ò -rEFËù-=ffiFË (' à r.f : { !- fà*fit*Tfr-f.lf-if="Ë^à7øì,'Eluybt-rr't,¡Ø-(æÌ¡7âtvBùÅ-.fe¿fi>"F¡.år:îi:}Eb}âl1-f'h-ft
ii-----
þw.Lâ7tv.,s4l'{"T¿r- -E=+FJò ö6

¿ r.!.f'T. Í'-ò- 7tv.,s4 l. ?-Þ_lÈ_â L-
¿i+à/JL.: ¿ ü:L j i t,BrÍlo.*T"

îtå. âHft t* r È¿È" È, E^#Øffiffiþ U/¡ ¿lfu¿Ì/¡ 6 /J t,. Ø{"- . tL-cX7LL * T"

1.4 t, È, ù* J.l'uà. åK ( z¡ å ¿,8 t. * )¿^ 7€'-t6trt:taÃ,þ'c ùt ( Èð l,'. ËÜi¿Æ,t:

$tôl-<*68,2(Èèu'"

I -4 / v . I vz"Y v

66

>>>>> jß-L771

Êf trJ permission îiI. rL (someone else's)
. *ár¿È older brother
4 fÈtå :g+4¿ì,ñ -^77 4
7 'fi- ^7î r[i¿ À, (someone else's)
þ l-Lt- 6æ. younger sister
ffiã

4HL +'L lu picture; photograph nôt,.
wallet
¡[. ¡ one's height (one's own) older
Wfr American history
lawyer brother
ù'
23 (- t:- t' 6 to resemble (-)
Je!
EI ù: ) FÀl

t tL ¿.þ¡J¡. cute; lovely

7'yùF.
+ætn'ru t- r,

16

18 f^t[af;-/¡¡. not particularly
bttlt, - [>>>EiÊl- F.1]

|.u' TATE

: f{¿f;te-¡/, ¡ ¡. not at all ßm+üt L: governor
lake
o -lt'X I wonder lgenerally 21{flt¡ra winter
used by male speakersl spring
&¡.,p. fall
[>>>*Ë,¡- ¡.2] wonderful; terrific
¡l¿ al1of you
ffi? t- v1i ¿ state capital
,rÍl æ

s v'/u t i population ,ì,

g ^l¿t]-luì1, if I remember correctly f

[>>>*;tz- t.¡] ,, T'lr-'à L,-r,-

* tÈ¿? út

fñËà 24 Êã À,

tr 6 to make a mist¿ke

¡: [r¿ ó' (tÈ16r' l') second (largest)

t3 -æEl¿:

t+'x./a Really?; Gee!;You're
kidding.
rc f,9rti fót¡(t¡)
famous [>>>*Ë./-t'4]

*14u,.,,.

t *b¿o6 to request; to ask for rz (-¡11¡ 6 htoavdee/ctiadkee(o(n-)-);to
.ì,
EF train station

.f far [>>>*iÉl- l''s]

l8l' bicycle ¡:V/¡L¿ôÈ have just done

z Y7¡,v+ to borrow something

Éffi4 by chance f.Yt:Ét/o L i

ù,f things like [: r¡ å à ] t¿ rea11y; truly

ffib dinner llit., evening f:iro L- * tiÂ, it's all right; one doesn't
meall
("t¡, for the first time in a mind
long time
7 {Ef*

10 là À,1

9È,ptiL¡(

12

¿¡t¡

Ll,À: b

î'ìt end u u-Zo) S¿: ¿. before I knew it.

3^ pieasantly warm [with [>>>g;t,/- l-.8]
ôht ' reference to weather]
a lic (time) passes
E àttn' summer
t'*o-1, L ã- interesting
t¡D like N [>>>gitz-¡e] experience
EîÉ fast; quick
H. hot lwith reference to this semester
weatherl lt['rt¿
NØJ i ¿:
ffiffi
ãatcl--
Ètç'
ð'à even [>>>g;tz- ¡z]
Ët"
zti Ì. i fa1l colors (ofleaves)
? +¿r¡+,¡1f. f!i
4 #f# long
s /¿i.Jì fairly well; to alarge
fi¡.¡¡51 to neglect to write for a extent; pretty much
long time; not to r¡['¿'z
s correspond for some life
r time ålÉ

.Jìè Ì¿T 6 since I saw you last; (-ù:) t¡'tiâ to be accustomed (to -)
since that time [>>>E;Ê/- t"9]
tí
s'sÈt(t .\ftÈr. ') to be useful
a Ø'æ
rr [J"f¡. terrible;awfu1
shock
ya-y2

>>>>> iF- L7- 1

11 ,- tJ I \ {.#f ü' to get by without - ing; -1"È¡t Buddhism
to come off without - newspaper articTe
18 tLw. Chinese c]naractet
[>>>gitz- ¡ lz]
v'ru¡ru ?- t:
ffi tr(t L' #Èæl.cìÀ t) cell phone
tratn 19 trHËúF
12 ffiEE,
æú. Ë+¡Çn v
L+
FEI 21 -ft - each [>>>g;Êz-¡l:]
Itr t't" ¿l¡
per occasion
14 (-t:)*6o)' to ride (in/on -) 22 -E]
lar -er;by far
ia1.LL intently; eagerþ ç', ¿

#1,ù'¿: to type (messages) -TSa to do something too

l)-It c much; too -

Ètf ' to be saved; (something) [>>>*;É,2- l-.1¿]

15 Ws¡t'â

helps [u.i.l

t tli tt cooking; cuisine Ebâ to be sufficient

76 f[ ÊÊ zo (- Èt ì

ffi¿'.È t. body;health ¿;; fr,þ ) t) â to pey attention to;
t7 lr+[.uÉçi (body) weight
to take care

zz (-¿¿¡ r?Èì ( *âffiå ( /ìå t. say

J. ô1,

Æ.h6 to change lu.i.) -)he1lo (to for me.

69

*14n,.,,,

h'

r.5Ë )2.7 ,) rtÊ. g. EU ù: À,a.tôfr.,ã s.ffi

ø.fr' z.lDj â e. ,I[l q. ro. HIËà å
rz.lffi
tt.Hñ r¡.4 M.^#El ts.fr)<

to.,FÃ 17. r81¡- ra. ÉlffiF tg.ffi b â zo.Æluâ

zt.9È. zz.hLÀ'b zs.A5 *24. zs.H-
zo.Eu,
27. Ë l.' zs. ìIft !. zs.âYffi ¡0.41É
tt.tV.rfc sz. tÉrF
¡2.ffiffiñüS rs.*6 s+.1+ zs.Æ.h a
zø.ll¡W, +0.ãW
gs.Ë# ¡s.-El

r.ÉîEI z.Mñ J^. Jtl q.fr#I s.Þl-t'
o.âf¿\ FI
z.'Illffi s.Eã À, ro. *u) 6
rr.{Ef* s. f;flS r¿. ffiÊ t,.
ro.lË{r t2.lFÈ" [' rs.ffiffi
re. ñ'IF tg.tlc
zt.WJ t2.ffiffi zo.#lÊfl
zz.lEÊ re.Hl,ù'ù: zq.E,L â

zs.Æ.b â

This radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters represent-

ing kinds of trees. wood products, etc.

[eJ [ôÍt fffit fd¿

70

>>>>> ìF-/Å7- 1

| "' Êili t^,r¡ül) ='not particularly' lã#t > t t e >>> ÊtJI¿ u <õo *uri,]

a) ftE. 2 17 V vÊ- àEËññÈìð b *È¿,1e. å i ¿.1,r¿À,.c1tt,"

(Mr. Brown, you don't look very well today. Is something wrong?)

l7' v: !-t-¿. ^;I?JE,ÍEI-Cöóú)*.Ëlv"

(No, there is nothing particulariy wrong.)

b) ,ry4 þ : BAffiØ/i7tå.. å:. #Lu.?

(How is your Japanese class? oifficult?)

1rùvi)iÀ'.El¡;.

(Not particularly.)

In speech, the phrase which follows ErJl: is often omitted, as in b) above.

f ,rr.-ålä lã#2 > ta >>><l < Y>z(vtclxtttrìr]

a) vluí i ¿Ø c 6 t.å¡lj"

Àn¿*,

(What is the population, I wonder.)

b) t{À, lt¡t I âh't¿"

âB¿Ì[fir€Er:,f¡f¿;g-6

(I wonder what will be served for dinner today.)

.

:::r,,,+-lÐi:tj,jsjóftèn.,usê.djjn å.8,.í...cÒn'sfilcti.ónr¿sär,thê.:fé11ô.W.í¡E.èxample.

c) 1,tv1 c(?y

have(I been
å.4,r¡ff21. f¿ EE !.t¿ À,1T "

wondering what kind of town Madison is.)

J ttt t¿l¿ltt='fi I remember correctly; if I am not mistaken'

l*#z > t.s >>> l¿ tyr)r220f < a urr:eBuraa]

71

*14*,,,,,

) ¡a
EIAø^Ept_ ¡rc f.ù,_ffi,=+n ç È, r,.T. L) "

(If I am not mistaken, the population of Japan is about 120,000,000.)

b) 7 t, rt.-æ^E ø&r,iÍlia- ï¿l,tt'ìt t) 7 t tv=7/¿¿,H,r.*T.
(If I am correct, the most populous st¿te in the U.S. is California.)

{rrrxffiY?äHl¿+*is famous for Y' lãalz>z.ta>>>e-neâeæf

. t)':Ycan be,a ûoun or a noun pfuase (i. e., a sen1ery'.-i. o.'/., 1;, i,

a) i vù * -*'-f*. ¿- ¡vt'Eätt"
(Milwaukee is famous for its beer.)

b) Hãßff . Ér. -c e, /¡trJîT"

*d+Í.Ë'å

(Kyoto is famous for its old temples.)

c) Hä^f*. I (ft¡Ðt6 <ØTã*Tï.

(The Japanese people are famous for working hard.)

$ tto NEf6='to decide on N; to have/take N'

lã#=>¿.tz >>>lËÞËl¡t &)¿.. !.I7 >>>ñF*tct áL*ã]

a) fÄùi. 1ÈçÈl;L:fr.

(I will have sukiyaki.)

b) ìIt,€ ? zv +Ê.o)Íwqt;L:f; l, *. ) "

(Let's makeitfthe picnicJ this Saturday.)

$ ttr - &ötÊ,='it seems that it looks like -' l#atpt>t.tt>>>6t-tìtì&ã83-{al
NøåäE='like; as if it were' lffia#¡>t.z >>>Hø*5rrl

¡,':ar^d-¡jåe,1cììteivxperesssaesnodnveles rcbonsje.ctures,Itis attac,!-ed.¡to.,no.uns;,,/I-ádjectives, plain forrns of ¡'-

---' ,. ,:

E#Årì E#Lo ei Ë
L1'à'/ì
ùü Lå L3-à'/¡ e,5 Ê

72

>>>>> if\- L7=.1

a) A : ¿ ØÉr.Øùr,lElf.- L I j È..

(What's this white thing?)

B: Ëð- I (âå.b*È¿,àr. JôLiÀø)J)ZcTtri-"

(Well, I don't know for sure, but it looks like tofu.)

b) EIA^li Ê t .4¿;4'¡ t¿ & Ò TT "

(Japanese people seem to like white cars.)

c) ftElt@E+á{f Lt.i ä (.fo !.? t¡Ðf4ät:!. å -, Lçr.'*T.
(Our teacher seems to be busy every day. [HelShe] is always in lhis/her] office.)

d) ¿o)côÈ ¡ a åsÈ/cJ ã(.r. Èil:È 2tr>cLiÉÊÉ¿tå t,rLâ J. it:Ì¡b * L/¡"
(It seems I've lost some weight. I am able to weat clothes which were too tight before.)

e) ilffiùl# ].ltr'> /¿ i ã Ë"

f) ilffiùi*Ë .lt -> /¿ å L ut.
(It seems that the exam was dlfficult.)

g) El+Ë à,tå.- kØiãlJ^fT"

(Mr. Tbnaka looks like a woman.)

h) Bl+Ë lùtt- kà Ll,t^f'-T.

(Ms. Tbnaka is very feminine.)

' .' ..tretottowing arasrmilar examffes. , .
,,

¡) t¡a

H-o*ä/rElÍ'T.
(Ifs a summer-like day li.e.,It's hot like summer although it is not summerl .)

¡) H-àt,u\El(*T.
(It's a very summery day.)

: :5in¡r*t" N ø¡ i l:, which is an adveibial fo¡m, e.xprelses thð ideä at'sôiäéiriiè/some.
, .thi-ng acts/is like someonè/.somémi4*e.-
:::

73

*l,4u,,,,,

k) +HØXtÃo)t:. HOi i Eãt.-C'T.

(Although it's the end of October, it's hot like a summer day.)

t) Ã ì x Ë r4,ùÌ. HA^ø) & ) |,:EIä#Èì-L'+Í'T"

(vtr. Smith speaks Japanese lfüe a native speaker.)

m) ffi¿ *Â,¿t. .< v + vo &ã EjF¡ g a.

(Babies walk like penguins.)

n) ¿ Øñfrffi¿rffil,z a t¿"

(This test looks difficult.)

o) ¿ ØÉfrffi¿Ìffi L l'J ã Ë"

(It seems that this test is difficult.)

p) 7:.7ðÂ,ÌrffifrË2411"

(I hear that Smith-san is sick.)

q) 7--7-ð¿,¿tffifråLt\f*T.

(It seems that Smith-san is sick.)

:

-èreisa¡defi nitè.sourc-e.,ôf.,infpmiátionlif$i

| >'> Ëå.='even' lnaw > t.s >>> EIo)& ã t¿*urEtza o *E]

,

9',.],.,,.ð.å mostno.rmallv,follgws a no¡rn (or a s-.énjence+.,-,.è g on the most unusuar,,or

least expected Case.

a) Eiløñffië 1( l.t L å i.

ã-#Û/¡l'Åù*¡þt¡

(There probably are very few people who cant even write their own names.)

b) Hl*ffiffiøÈilt- +4ållfËL ( f . €6ffiHlê Lbb *.ÈÀ'.
(Students are so busy before final exams that they don't even have time to sleep.)

74

>>>>> iß- L7i1

c) ¿ å ¿ *H.øJ i ¿:ãr,-Hð åó b *T.

(Some days, it's even as hot as summer.)

d) EäØH-ìJ.E ( r. [Eþr¡!.1t ëi-b b *f.

(Ifs so hot in the summer in Japan that there ate eveî times you can't sleep.)

$ ttt (,1?O¡lE#='before one knows iü before one realizes'
l#a#l > ¿. s >>> tì?ú)t l¿tlr= à tr €]

a) $á#¿lrr?o* l;árä ( t¡o-c. L * r.*T"

(Money is gone before you know it.)

b) tl¿lrr?o*E7t'ffi \t¡-;1r,-* L/¿.

(It had gotten dark outside before I real:øedil.)

$ trt -lZt8,t¿6='be used to; be accustomed to' lffia¡vt>t-e>>>Eão+iÉr-ãncÊtutcl

{:Ttrigptuaie.f.o.l|o.wd?:1r'g diÍ¡...' .-nr-¿'S.¿41êlô-ç d;,þ,,ì

a) BAØ4iÉtiânT È * LÌ¿"

(I have become used to the Japanese way of life.)

b) BA^-c" Itr' ; ) øl=t¿lt( t . A L'^¿ì+'+'+.u' !' * T.

ò ffiffi ?æ

(Even among the Japanese, there are many people who are not used to using honorifics.)

a) l¿t.JìBAØ4ÊIÉE/J nT ä *.1't¿"

(I have gotten accustomed to the Japanese way of lífe quite a bit.)

b) BÄffiÈrÍ¿t-ÀffÈ 6 J. ) I=f¿ cT ã * L Ê"

(I have come to be able to speak Japanese a lot better.)

c) ft¡I¿t"ØiLiÉli- E À, E À,&.þe(ür < (" L r i.

(Our life style will continue to change rapidly.)

75

*14*,,,,,

11 *, -þtl?l*/J!l='¡1does not mean that ...i it does not foilow that ...'
lffiaÑl >l.l O >>>y ='tthtt¿h\2i?lrtfeeøa*Uru]

-*rùf f lÈ/¡ù- negates what ohe would generally conclude from previor.rs statements or

situations.

a) ð * b yeffi?mL*riÂ,Èr. i€ffi¿scÈ /Ât. r.ItTItôúJ *Ë 11,"

( [I] don't speak English much, but that does not mean that [I] can't speak it.)

tb) 7 y ù1)x++.tt/¡ ( ð À,futâL/Jùttrrd'r'ùt*ùrLÈs. f¿dÊùt'È. b L'c.t.6btt?.tt

ô ú) *Ë /ù"

('A.merican college students have to study a lot, but that does not mean that they do nothing but
study.)

In a) above, if someone does not speak nnglish, we generalþ conclude that he/stre does not

know English; this conclusion is negated.

12*,V/¡t,rjfi6

V, !n .:,:(ne€alive

doilÈ,V,':'''ì'r:'::l

a) ElåßH¿:ä¿ìó e /¿ Øt''. HT2/J trrifr ,t *, t t¿"

(Because the book was in the lhrary,I did not have to buy 1t li.e.,I got by without having to buy it.J )

b) tì;4, fìf f )Rl¿Øf. ô * b îtl:/Jrrr.;Ëa * L /¡.

(The bus came right away, and so I did not have to wait too long.)

ÈÀ

c) EE cÊF.þ tEå ä rr r;Ê ü ¿ !- !. f*T dâ.

(It will be nice if we don't have to cook every day, don't you think?)

13 *t ^,fp='each; at a time' l#aw > t. z t >>> EË-Ër4+:l

î'c is used after a number (usualty, number + coutter) or limited q"*tity (e.g., ùL) and

indicatesthataquantityisdistributedequa1lyamongtwoormòreo.--b-je-c.-Jts-,time,erc.

ia) tì:á Ø ) ttts;Ê7)ftf¿il+ùY.tEi 6 l¿Ø(.'- fõfà!, ..,ì L ¿ v 2 0).,t, þìs4.Tcó ù1"* Lt¿.
(Yesterday was my friend's bitthday, so I gave (him/her) red roses and pink roses, six each.)

b) qi.dl-Ètl L#ll ê')rÈþfrffi,f'zHr. * L /¿.

flæE-e9J+

(I bought five each of stamps and postcards at the post office.)

c ) fÁùÌ68ù\Ëtu U+þfr-tTcH,Zâ. å l: L{L-*1"

(As a rule, I memorize five kanji every day.)

d) fÁØ Häffi¿*ü Ll2 Lf :r: z¡ f È /¿ å,Bu- * 1.

(I think my Japanese is improving littie by little.)

76

>>>>> iF-L771

e) -)v*&.ïcBpî( lìË u'"
(Please take one sheet each.)

14*" V/Ad¡ (stem) däã='tos -; do something too much'

Lffi¿¡M > t.zs >>>v,bt\l t.tuutae]

ã;i,;i$ix6È¡, Á4,e,ø;i;'.:r,:,,',-lãl:.,ú .,,Þi:å,,i::¡¡:ffi,ù,i. .:Ér€- i:ir,lió,: ú:#ø¡,f.,8'*,¡.-,

a) Ê^Täã ¿. *r/JÈì¿ìtË( r¡ b *f l.
(If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.)

b) ù .t z3 yvvu!.t'EFt.l¿ì. ä¿tHtå":rl.

(Wisconsin is a great place, but winter it too long.)

15 *r -IIJL='more than -' l#uv>t.zz >>>cnu-Et*]

) ta 7 t) ù LW++.tÌ. BAt'¿ÌìE¿: =ffiFñt)t LæffiþW.Z/¿ ¡.;þ¿ì¡' ¡..
(American students should not teach English more than three hours a week in Japan.)

b) -+tr¿:+fiH{ül:tl,m6 LNÆrì å ,E|t,. * Tår.
(I think it will be hard to carry mote than fifteen credits a semester.)

77

*14*,,,,,

a) "'d+îIã#,b6 >>>>>[âff¡]

z-+ìv | +7 r ù øËì#¿sEIAù:Ëûìi:X{Lrâlv I : Generally you provide the rea-
TTli '¿ 1. -E: : ^äElt( ã ( €' ürür(' son for asking permission with
l, ¡ i lt'2"
an expression such as À'î'l û
tá8ãlù : ù\!ì{'Tl. ó t-¡¿U'á.¿X(û å ct¿à t
a "_"öÈ7'LJì b ¿:TÈt'åù: L ¡ ) ¿Bp( à'.

urÉå ¿6lilt,b4" 2: When you want to ask permis-

z-+lv: ùl r.. U *HÍ¡ (right away) ËìS¿:Ëã# L sion, use expressions such as -j-

¿L-+4t ÀX 9 o Í ò r.r.-6.-j- Ð'or -/cr..Â,"c|
,r-t.t.'el, ¡ )lt.

3: Suggestions can be made by

sayingVl¡Èå:1L¡iå.in
formal style, and V/¡ 6 Ð i or

Y lc È, ? in informal style.

4: This expression - È E: f t'/¡
L a ôIÌù' ò carì be used to give

a reason for your suggestion.

1 ,r, El-llsJVl

e X7J. ì'æffi.ØELPHLhkf#-c"c. å /¡ ð !.o,.s 7 ù- tÃ. t . -^¿l BA"c,l1 - À 7 7 4 þ l-'c. t -
âw++^ ð , -^ùl'h-À 77 4 frØ*á1ð À,,/t6&ã À,t:t¡. * T" H++.1!, E
I 'i-.E ?8,ì¡ /¡ ås 6 ffiffi.þ ffiHÃ L /¡ è r,. (ØJ : I : t} ù*1'(.'
¿iâll ¿ :gJ Ð L r,. * î I ).
,Ì-À 714 ftØì6'Lã À,,/ìô&ã A,tt, ( /¿"tlÌ¿ BAffi?&!./J ð t. (ffi|: l{4 t r,. j

Affiî-tù,1 ("lt/¡ ( {. lffiru. iñffi] ¿Éi).

Wb->I¿ tr- HYä.þ I,Tc)r,ù:la'yìã À,,/16&ð ¿,ù: ä b. *r1ð l',/*6Ëð À,þ U

/¿Ååsg+äit /J : t. ò' -ÆffiË L /J ð r,..

>>>> 7F- l¿77 -(

/rrr4V2-,

e,{7 ü: r¡->f., fEf (partner) Ø)vå ÉtâøFl¿:rì,'-C#L'ât' /J ð !' (å. : t: ù: â¡t'-
l:lù¿) |giôr'

^uùi ÐØ (" à !.à., Hîã&ù'rà E)"

J>,, jv-27 h-177

e =Løltv-/t-t¡ b äè r.o fr -^Ar ¿ Z'Møåffiü:. fr-À 77 4fûØlô&ã À,
Èl t-ù.þ4L'c., ìv-/
t:t- ôt- {¡ à r,.I¿ù,->t er- E l"l¡Hrñþ Ll¿ å r,.
ôt¡=a4''4þ

lHYñþ-'>lF\ t¡ð !'o f-'1 {¡ !'!'{..Tà'l f-{ ò å'* !'*'t}Â,¿'.J f-l¿!' À'îT

¿ì. ['!.{'l- x i ù,) þ-É-f^c (once each) ffit./¡ð t.. HFåàs("å /: 6l ,70)L

f¿t' t:##tt2ú r ) (to present) L /J ð !'o

{",, rD-J2-?

e Hä-cfr -^714 þ L/¿ ¿ t Øbâ)r.þ-)yf't/"tv-7't:^{L'C, 40)/\t:'Jr-ÀÃ
7 4 I:-tì,'{ù' ztr"' ôHÈ r¡ ð t' (fiJ : I ¿* À't¡*ffi1" Ll¡å'l ¡êS¿X Ð i 1.' L/¿å'l)"

$,,, ? rv_Jz_?

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URE No
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Advisors

t American colleges and universities, each student is assigned to an academic advisor.
This might not necessarily be the case in Japan. Some institutions that have an
lnternational Division (known as EHäËß or E#äElil) may have an advisor system as you

see in âËÉ 1 in this lesson, but that is rather rare. Even at such universities, a ryuugakusei is

expected to choose his/her own courses and then go to see the advisor just for formal

approval. lf a student has serious problems regarding course work as in âãÉ2 in this lesson,
he/she should discuss them with the teacher concerned. For other types of problems, one

can go to the æ++ffi as you will see in later lessons, e.9., âËÉ 3, Lesson 8.

Extra-curricular Activities

apanese colleges/uníversities have all kinds of clubs for extra-curricular activities. Some

are sports clubs, 7-7Ëß, etc., whose members play against teams from
".9.,#ifr$i3,
other colleges/universities. These varsity players engage in their sports throughout the year.

Baseball players, for example, practice all year round. Their practice sessions are often

Spartan, and those who miss them for no apparent reason are likely to be severely

criticized. The language used within these sports clubs is often very restrictive in that

koohai (younger members) must use keigo toward senpai (older members). Students who

hate this regimentation yet love a particular sport often belong to a less restrictive group

usually referred to ur Ëiiä, i.e., a group of people sharing the same interest. There are
fJ' ¡li f ël¿iDLr

also all kinds of non-sports clubs ranging from E55 (English Speaking Society) to trffiHlEtrâ

(kabuki club). There are many students who seem to spend more hours on extra-curricular

activities than on course work. This situation, which most Americans find hard to

understand, is possible, of course, because Japanese professors are generally far from

demanding.

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¡ltng¡
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club
2 -Ëtr 21 EWE
island
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trf L someone's attention] 22

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L¡ a-^+ilffi\,. ag (ilLffriT1À:,) #È tt''
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l'tBtqi 70 XÈrY XorY

-lñ,ø first-rate ô-i t, L unemployed samurai; a
Lþti Lfrfi( T6 to get a job le.g., at a high school graúa.ate
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ffi studying for a college
^Fvf errlrance examination
firml 11
the following year
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s ens e o f 'ex tt acurricr;l at ËìE
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14
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