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Homestays
s we learned in ffia¡*r) fg+,lËffi1, Lesson 3, there is nothing better than doing a
homestay in Japan to understand what a Japanese family is like, to see how "ordinary
Japanese" live, and to improve your speaking skills. On the whole, they will treat you well:
they may put you in the best room they have, cook better (or different) food than normal
just because you are there, try to take you to places they themselves may not normally go
to (e.9., a sumo tournament), and they are likely to shower you with gifts. Even then you
might feel uncomfortable: your room will be smaller, you might have to eat food that
looks completely unfamiliar and unappetízing, go out with the family when you don't feel
like it, etc. You might even resent the fact that the host mother doesn't give you enough
freedom or privacy. As Mami says in âãÉ 3 of the current lesson, howeveç it is very likely
that she means well, and the unpleasantness you experience is most probably a mere
misunderstanding, just as much on your part as on hers. lf you come to a point where you
simply cannot get along with your host family, discuss it with æ+EIft, who could make
arrangements for another family or another type of housing for you.
Making Apologies
mericans and Japanese don't necessarily apologize in the same situations. Americans,
for example, always say, "Excuse me" when they bump against someone. ln Japan,
however, don't expect to hear lArtËlv, ft+Ltrt [,fi, etc., on crowded trains, platforms, and
sidewalks although you are pushed and shoved allthe time. Japanese don't usually apologize
in such cases, unless they feel they really hurt you, e.9., by stepping on your foot by mistake.
On the other hand, salesclerks and service personnel in Japan would apologize much
more readily and profusely than their American counterparts, at even the smallest hint of
inconvenience they may have caused you.
Also, Americans don't apologize when they fear some legal or financial disadvantage
that might arise. For example, in a traffic accident of which you yourself were the cause,
you are not supposed to apologize in the U.S., because apologizing in such a case might be
interpreted as an admission of guilt. ln Japan, on the other hand, the person who was
responsible for the accident must apologize at once, to show how sincere he/she is. ln fact,
the presence or the lack of sincerity could very well be a big factor when settling the issue.
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i"P {¡#ï9#;E;A'ÈLTî{u¿j6:)()LLi1tø'':rf¿tTimLr.h{.7'f't-¡:/\)dfoÈrâ*#BËå)þ+grt'Ø!âr¿qCr"-¡'åÌäË¿4JArf4ÈùìtU1nfþt¿oiJæL5å:\tItþ¡4#ta!I¡Hiò¿.irÆvj):iA.Ø1fËØyv¿'ì1=ËHtlØT;E#-¿ùff/'#F_6¿.xr$ffiI'/i,qfæUiu#i.1t¿ðU2bâêt't"þ¿GlrÈÀåä." k:-Pi:
M F" )
{"\'l' |
EÈÈ!l{È.-oiìir'ikii;fI¿¿)Ëfi*"fçE1!ðâ-UiroA
EÍ tÉ4Øtþò+¡,\;,4ÀrTa4€Áoä
:ffi
#5f#Ggt"%.39Ø=I!í''',::i¿El;;¿3?h"rrw.bÐììf¡1=fYâfEtwÆ'.ù-tþ[-/*l¿(Sfhcar-#¡:Rþi¡oi"l'1.;,,Lû+Lò2..flÊ#ØFÌLþüzz::þ"¿t.ê:-íf.vrðE,fþa,cTXi.t:íb¿.:g'åMT7Ì¿¿bfþI'(22-ccrß.ztå:,:ö.þr",ÈÈ.=4Æþt'ù,vþ71Yi--rrIØIft:¡í#Ëù'íL,r::¿f.',ü¡tíå-'toLH1f/âhÈE*5I<UD¿,r"¿¿r-*Èf";,.e:åá)rf{Ø{/b¿Ìi5)\'t¿r:L"l'i,t*rðt¿Z,::'RËHfjt4ECÌE¿jábåiúÊ'fL¡,sÇli'+.E'.-'.o:3LEåËlt:+lIL/Ub¿(ÈH¡o:rg¡.ã.'-i'ÍËUfËf5É¿r/ÈùÍþLäU(tûf¿.1t*i:i |'lHË)É'tIÀTLbðtliò(È-Ë¿o'i¿\"âii'fË:rùþ+l4H1loââH;LÉHHÈkr).'"öÈl^ùx{EFEÈþØ-:tELvLoÆ'o,gi"f"+;{4rflf1Ék'k¿)-):¿"¿r:\-t'1ifitirt+#fþ+Ttiltiucíâ*È¡)¿1f*:,ìt*,iû'\',:ciqðErHÉ=,¿ôiSÈ:L)HI)ì
203
õt leg; foot 18 S'il. * L,'r,- to be fussy; to be overly
side
14 IEEI mouth critical
to butt in
"t_ â¡7 *.¡, to endure; to put up
Ë17 27 fr,[Ft
('È with
E
E'ar à¿Ìðìtî
o l(tl'v Jil1 t ô' to kid each other
æÈrT a Àð"ù1.âi
*tt¿ to live g V(past) l¡ øÈ used to (do something)
t/Àä [famiþ narne] [>>>9tË-/-t.ro]
¡i¿ tt lfemale given name] *t¿i¿ younger brother
gesture
7 f Yt¡' short ffi (hand) gesture
difference
Æ!' -ì .,
2+f.f(' approxirnately Hffi,b
to spend (time)
1 t- -1 ,,
ìË:"7 +ffib
þ4 (t¡)l\ôt-\--ô €,(_? I'
fEË
various ¡¡'t"
11 Ër..Ì;(Ø thing which one has just
learned [>>>*;É.2-t.tt]
'f
to gain; to learn +r"*r<t*
14a 'z ffi ffi Fl¿: actively
smile (on one's face)
4xwit ,)t* (-Ì:) átlu ù' 6 l¡pafticípate (in -;
to suit; (something) ãt;.Th6. inquire l:HHi 6l
tr: tô' becomes (a person) âllnt to
iD)ã ß
t't tù' cheerful ls 7tFYùff0iþ,1 Americanway
Ell 6 kind; sweet tz Hcttll: always [:t.rò]
+b L r,. lwritten expressionJ
5 f¡tËã¿1i to be concerned about Ea¿l¿ (something) returns
- F.ì state; way (a person lu.i.l
does something)
ffi
Itt.t ? âr¡'c L I to underst¿nd; to be
Y¡ãT A t8 m:Æî
-( åt./¿ to express figuratively conyinced
Èçtrit+( such that; to the extent Lk u. the end l:#Ki? b l
+ftth#-cþ. fic)-
+EF t}tat - [>>>g;ËZ- Fg] RXlhr. h.,t, ¡' to make amoYebefore
'&k¡10>v ¡ the middle part omitted 20 the other person does it
(in anticipation of his/
, a -f she
her move)
wftì û to melt into; become a
different culture
paftoî
.lt t
6t tr ll/n ì
Eil sphere ffFE¿: without limit
lr' t. personally Llit.,with ll'. ¡¡' result
Ðþ D)'c ffi+
one's own bodyl 4At+ miso soup
VÌi for reasons of f -/¡¡.*{t( not at all
to be too much (to
- L21 31 at the end [:ñ{ø ¡ l:]
*ì, - -.
HÐt t:a*t*6- 7aundry
#1þ.t:
tolerate)
+ãt <
rtr ì
irhtË
(-à¡)fr¿: ù,ttr â (something)
bothers someone; t¿l'tÌ¡, ¿ gradually
(something) makes Ër( b cl¡rr' L.l, spirit of independence
to fade; to decrease
someone uneasy äBüffiffi
Ëei Ët' 16 to caution; to warn; to itt -
lÈ advise Ëå ("
l: ¡Ftl L advice (t' to regret
wÊ many times [:lEIËò] fEsr.' true [:ä*Ø]
,ì¡' t
å r¡ ( critical lt, obstacle
'fEIÆ to weep; to shed tears
34 Hø
tl EL(tÈf¿'* ' r.
rfltfitl
37 ¡¿laF¡!?faf5?iT
¿lrt behind someone's back a-l¡|frltt ¡. by no means; never
HC ù tt'
ç--oC¿Q- ëo , in whispers; secretþ ffiÆfr(r¡) wasteful
#83Ë?z¡tat< rr to speak ill of ¡¡. r¡
(someone) E4 days
Êat* lla Ji l+< the latter part omitted
u!rf¡ '&.w
)EWT â
to be lenient Æ¡'tru f4Ëi one's thoughts/
t t!.i
to be unsuccessful; to impressions
28 æÆ
faiT XRl|¡"vq ¡ collection ofessays
29 Ãt' rf+r?ô(
use L:fE). ¿l 40 +^[.+fuf'i¿,]¿ft++a¿ first year oî Heisei
to catch a cold [1eBe]
>>>>> iliz l-?r=u-¿ordffi I
iþ
I.ìEÌ,. z.Wtrt s.EH +. *ñfr s.ffi
z.ÄHl
6.äBü g.,E s.Wâ ro. ffit,.
Lz.HÃâ 1,, t+.ffi rs. fHË
n.lD/\ã i ts.'&k
tz.*Ð 6 rs. ffi ¿: zo.ïf c
16.É* ra. Èrffi
zz.WÊ z¿. Ë!. zs.kW
21.^ â zz.4L â
26.tFH zt.ffiR ze. ô.41+ zg.ã \ s0.ffiffi
tz.E ss.#ftf
31.8Ø zq.Yffi,7Êtr
L.'ffr z.WÆÉ 3.Ã* +.EtÈ s. fr'lË
g.Kffi
o.HtrT z. ì&:'T e.'Æâ ro. frìË )
rz. Fffi t+.Hffi,\
TT.Y¡ã tz.4{tâ rs.WÌl) ü rq.EX{LEil rs.ffiffiÉ!
z+. ffiS {r
16.ÐTJil 22.ffiffi re.ffiæl zo. H
zr.ffiFE zz.'¡hw zr.Ë à (" zs.ffr¡,1
zo.ffiEft za.ÆfgXF
This radical comes from the shape of a house and is used for characters
representing kinds, parts, conditions, etc., of houses.
tãl tEt fËt rd¿
207
t t.l #>>>>>
I
"' -'1 - $Lff-lrr à,/ ttOTllI à='because lÈ#l > ¿. z >>> rd: l¿ Þ Hâ: tcÐrutrt' a]
lÊtr¡ >¿.0 >>> e<gËJËtrnõÈn t;n o]
a) ft+. : Ð i L I¿ lv-et ù." f r,.sÂ,ì8r,.-6.Tda.
(What happened? You are late!)
) Ë,oTlY4.
: T 6*.-r¡Â," HÈ. tI J, L t-I¿ L a ô t:X.ù. à tÉffiÈt7). tt -> l¿ ñ' ò "
(I am sorrSr. It's because my parents called me just when I was about to Teave the house.)
b) ++.(*): ¿ i Lt¿Ø" =1J¡' ùffic/¿øJ.
(What happened? I've been waiting for half an hour!)
++.@): ¿'п,. ðe)¿," Éc*r; à. Ë (road) àìù Øî¿ ( ¿.1,-ct.t¿l¿tvtitt,ò"
(Sorry! I came by car but the traffic was incredibly heavy lso I couldn't help being lateJ.)
f ,r, -öf,J= Lã#t > ¿.2 >>>trt cura:ttr]
a) #fr-o ) 6l=ffiTtþ I /¿f ¿ì¡. ¡..
(One should travel while still a student.)
b) #lt,t¿ ) blifuúfrþ L'C. Jô ¿ i "
(I wiil get my study done while it is still quiet.)
c) Ët,tä bl=fi¡Ø Ll¿t. a- LþL'ct6 ( t r,.1."
(You should do what you want to do while you are still young.)
d) Bäl: ttâ Ò å r:. -Æååirí¿=ff b È r.- å,8,r. * 1.
(I would like to climb Mt. Fuji while I amin Japan.)
e) ËÉt(t"râ) ËEffi¡ñ¿l¡. -c'c,t- *:È.
(Time flewby while we were talking.)
t:
i'.W,,hèn'.9'3,,þri9,'pr, eded..þi'a.:lê€,a-tiyq:v,,erb,'f.9,r,m;f.ex,Þ,,r-. g1es the,,m.e.a.ni. :befþig
,,
something hapþens.'
f ) ó* bìE( r¡ål¡t,t)b|;'1fr->/¿ã¿ìl.!.f"Lå l"
(You should go home before it gets too late.)
g) Ëù: Lz)'È'(t'f¿çtabl=ffiÆþ L*T.
(I will do my homeworkbefore my mother scolds me.)
>>>>> itiz ¡zz=u-¿ør¡m I
3 ttt Xå¡fi,Et¡$='n weighs on one's mind; to be concerned about -'
lÈffi 't > ¿. t o >>>fl ctaa ua]
::r..In,,this'construction,,X'san,bê'either,á¡ôu{r-9r'a,p9n1ene.o-r1rþ ne!|,,2-édl:b. t-4,$ry,bi+þ.Q,,,;:,
) *ta
FÌñËår'ã,E r¿ú) "
(I am worried about my grade [sì.)
b),$ - À 7 î 4 Ø++.ØXffi,¿. å +mÈì-iÉ t *tt !-ø)tÏfi,Erc Úl * I "
(I am botheredby the fact that my host studenfs family has not even written a single letter to me.)
{r'>> ¿öVTf) lãffi t > t.t t >>> ¿ã u(€lEnaulø*l
This phrase can be used with either a negative or affirmative predicate- In a negative sentence,
..".ó,iit.m..:.'a.m:ea.ln:.l....f..(:iÐ.=¡ã,':-r':n.m.:e...i..t'r.o',w..'n..æ.'..'a.,.....f.f.ie.s..,'..I.n:.a:n'"a..f'û.'r.mi],atile ltê,nce';ít..1i ,tne.-s@
a) ¿a l,< $tìt),à ät'Ëll.,b4ù:Ff,t'( ( /¿ð t'"
(When you don't understand no matter how hard you try, please ask your teacher.)
b) i 4It- ¿aV<bâìL*r¡Â,.
(I can't tell a lie no matter what.)
c ) ¿ Ò l'( t'-ÆB^nTÍ'>f ð./¡ !'.
(I would iike to go to Japan once, no matter what.)
$ ott ?ü l='inadvertently; involuntarily' :z]tlã# > t. t z >>> ?trËÉ1,¿¡vu r
a) Êo'C. fÌr.ùÌlJr,.: ¿ àì?tttlt:H6 : ¿ åló 6.
(Sometimes, we accidentalþ say things we should not say')
b) ffiþ l,-c, ¡.(- Pürffifñ3Ëþf L * u l¿.
(I was talking and lost track of time.)
$ o" Nl¿ã,ä?Itâ='to pay attention to -; to be careful of -'
lãffi I
> ¿ I e >>>.nä' añâ?lttr]
a) Eß#þ#TffiÌÌ. 7 ? t v l' E¡-..ä?tt( ( /iè r'"
(When you speak Japanese, please watch for pitch patterns.)
b) A: D+. ó ur¿#Wz
(So, you arc Teav íng tomorrow?)
B: ) À,"
(Yes.)
A: Ds. -flä2llTtJ"
(well, take care!)
209
ft is used in many'idiomatic expressions in Japanese. The following are some of the expres- l
sions containing ñ.
*. -llñ,1É?( ='to realize; to notice' (cf. Lesson 5)
¡l
c) -t;fi¿t'2ã:f tf .t-6'.L/¿.
ftiñdEù:Fúo:.bârË^^
(I didn't notice the poster on the bulletin board.)
)d *õ#.þ wL L T¿Ø l; ft ¿t'2 ¡ I /¡ Ø ùÌ, *n,lñ o 1 lt, t> -ci L /¿ "
(It was after I got home that I realized that I had lost my money.)
x V(plain) + ãEäã='to bring oneself to do V; to feel like V-ing'
)e êffi B ØW*fuffii 6*nt--r¿ t) *, Ë lþ"
(I don't feel like studying on Friday nights.)
f ) ?ãã,l:/rftrf. mtðt.å*T.
(You can do anything if you put your mind to it.)
| >,> V (plain) åäE*tmLrlâ,/Êö,/ffiÛ+to ask / reil / ask lsomeone]
to do [somethingl'
lã#z > t. z z >>> ÊuìctrËå ) t¡ dtffi tì t,rË'rïl lffiarryÀ > !. 1 6 >>> ¿n¿naa * : tr]
".(p, ro.,a-i. -È, ù:, in this, cgnstructÌon,: indicate!, that jt, i-s an indirec1 -q.99tg, .9[ a coryqand or a requqsf, [V,,,;:
prqsent)'J't ù:Ë i J is equivalent nè-.w átaiitøqupi" .u-c¡;,tV,i',itt,lÉ.'
a) ft4t¿:fÉffi{Â?Ét. ( !. /¿ È ( J à l;*¡Eur L /¡.
(I asked my teacher to wdte a lette¡ of recommendation.)
b) -*rË ð A, ù: y = þ,,t y y þ ¿* t. Í+ffi,\ Ttù. t¡,t. å à {:ÈË ä fx É"
(My host mother advised me not to go to school wearing shorts.)
c) æ+-ffi * -c ù: lÌÆc 1 < 6 J. ) t;Éttl,t"tc"
(I was told to come home by 11 p.m.)
$ rtt V(VOlitiOnal) ¿ l¿t¿à=,when I was about to V, lãfr2>¿.tz>>>Ê<rãåLr¿51
a) 1,{- l'^l1I a¿1,/¡å. ñÈrffi¿f å/c"
(When I was about to leave for the department store, it began to rain.)
b) Éffi'e'ß.øF?Ef,l.r- ÊÉZ ) t t,ï¿å- lË¿¡frr È l¿"
(When I heard his voice and tried to talk, tears came to my eyes.)
>>>>> fiz ¡zo=u-¿ør¡e I
$ rto (X?.)Y< åt,lfÊ='X, to the extent Y' l#uw>¿.a>>>...¿BÊutË<aurtËl
:::',;i'.å,r,.,'like t*YI:c,'aiñndbiceaatets¡-ârhdejedcetigvrce,e(¿*.g,", irt$Ëli¡.t'(*uà ,utri(¡"Trà); fafni''*1¡.ùiÈ,Srtç:,,f;iusl":iõrnfrÈt' (; '
, , 'r, (or x f). a
i
a) T t y ù t:f -c LlÌ.A,cÌ,.6 Ø(". i€ffiØãàìBAffiÌ b l,+/r < åtr("f .
(He has lived in America so long that his English is almost better than his Japanese.)
b) ër,4 i Ès/¡ ( ê 'fTooðd toha(t .weâalfmfoÊst^cåoufldt/nJott re<at itåalüi.)tf'LÊ.
(There was so much
c) uhÞtr' ( ðl',ó:f. BAÀù:ð*ÉLtr< åü\('T.
EßØL&|Jffir>Èù¡r¿
(There are so many ways of reading Japanese names that they are even difficult for Japanese.)
,, Thê.,( È t . phrase.can precede, the. situ;tion'it,.isi ¿éscri¡in,ii;åi, ñ.i'Y ( "f '¡; ¡1 : 1¡¿
a-. - fi -(, $ ¡' lÈ'1.; ",' -
me1!rng, however,' is the sam-e, as lX . :',,,,'
,,, :
d) . Øffi,Z)+,ÃI*EF¿ìffi ( î¿ 6 < å trHË L t.-6T"
(This reading passage is so difficult that lto the extent that] I almost get aheadache.)
e) ¿ È ÐåÈi¿ì8,å/¿ur< årrÑÈì(,r.¿ ( Kå: ¿¿ìó6.
(There are times when it rains so hard that you can hardiy see anything in ftont of you.)
f 0 *' V (plain past) üOlÊ='used to v'
lffia¡ry¡ > ¿. s >>> ìE e L tE€ or¿ t. t 9 >>> È z t¿loØrê. z tc]
.::i:r..r..':..: ì:.: ;r-::: .. j'ii ::,:...'.,:- : .. ,.'...;t,, :
lV(plain, past) ö ØÈ] is used to express something one used to do in the past, to reminisce
a) Íffiø: óùi- I ( # LII À,h'ãl,t¿t'øt¿"
(I used to fight with my brother a lot when I was a child.)
b) ;l(#Ëft¿*- J ( ËÕrrl ( ruãf, Ut¿{¿Øti"
(I used to play hard and study hard in my college days.)
11*' V(stem)/c( lffiafi¡ > ¿. t t >>> grìt¿<oE6Eiã]
¡..,,A¡,suffix l¿t aÉtaçhçs to a¡ht4rted.n¡mtø ofverþr (stemof,*'. :,f,oqq):,agd,mgaqs.Íhat
)a + t¿T Ø',s Y ùÌ,*a!' L !..
ffi,ä
(Bread fresh from the oven is delicious.)
b) hI) t¿< 0)/<Y +t:F"þ) ùt( ( Ìa-ð t..
(Please watch out for wet paint.)
211
t t.l #,>>>>
a) ,,, yfrä,=ö
(ElÉÊË'îtÈ t.Ër'ffi ? L r ì.. 6 I : When you are bothered by some-
ilrH : bØ i - Ta*ì¡Â,àr.^¿$:)a 6 e c ë.rJr{¡,tþ'1'" one's behavior and want to com-
plain about ig you can use expres-
#ã,1,(ürÉËtt* Ë/rh""
sions such as l> i Þ L-(t.Èlì
f : b- tA**.Ëlv" ,r.Ë7)ìt* ( z¡'c"Cl- *:{. ùl*-t|.1,i., ò c å -'( ( þ*Èlu
znñ'àã.ãcW*12"
Ð", {¡ z å -.C ( lul¡ r- ?, etc.
illEl: i.ôt- ( *áÆE\. L*1"
2:You can apologize by saying f
)4 *, È À," c Iuà, È¡ fr"þ ì,, *, T
or Tð.*'tàÁ,.î ('-L*T, etc.
b) "'öP-TEâ >>>>>[âffir]
!rÆ.: 1z Y l' ð Â,. * r¿ËiÛr¡-¿a.
l) :v t
-T rù¿,. EH* Lffi=#àrqë e, t¡ \ -c, Ê
t{i ^l,*'t l, *. -t I¿ $ oT T fi, ò 3 -3 : È¡ o)'Cf ¿. È (- ð '1,îtr. à )
tÈ is used to give an excuse for your
" action.
ftÆ.: El , * l-l¿tt" ¿nñ'à ffË< /J å /JrrJ i
4: When you want to ask the other
f-U<<ÈðLrta4. person to be caref,rl the next time
or not to make the same mistake
I i v | : Í*t,r. znÐ à-flã,?l-l *t 2"
again, you can say I lr,È. â ù1,-
J. i i:l,t ( Èã t-ia, 47). à tÌfi
þ2tl'c,h, D +.âËùl-f ia,
etc.
1 ,,,E|-lbJV'l
-¡.¡ ,{zù:r¡ b_ *Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^¿t,tr4 l. 7 r }. t) -Ø*a&¡ A,^rÌ. t að !.o B
I:*6ã¿, J( þÉU'* To 8#äl*. ¡¡]¡-Ëffi? tt,tI t¡ù,->T¿o)ù,_ ÌÃr¡')E ( ¡¡ ->l¿Z)tTk#,
.âffi¿rKb:
WI-t¡ð r,." r¿ r,, (roles) þ^Wt-'c - òt -ÆffiH L /J ð !.o
'¡ÈHl
f ,,,jV-rZ h,-l7¿r
e E#ffi0)ft,+.t¡ e,, EAffiøSä¿:ff L a E* /.,ÌÌxaþÊi f.L I ) tr."
lF-cî_ 7 4 î ¡ 7 þfrLêr.. 4{Lþ' ^ | 7 v Z"t_A_ .fhtr' 7t:##"j.:Lì)ävð-/rþ."
I * /¿ËËà Ëd-¿l¡ À"1 T ù. " )
J "' E-wJVI
e LØ 2 î y 7 b 7 v 7" Lt¿ r,. ô\,- ôr¡XÊJþlÈ.-c-c. _ ft+.L++.Ø*#Z L t ð t..
.o):ôt <ffi^*i-dâà"
++- Ð t ò -r 4*. ì¡¿," -ìEFå f 6 r,.Èi¿:Æl,ff? ôr,.{. 4 ttù.6ffiØÉEfåsHr,.
ò Ø{. 1à.6.
ftÆ. 4 i 11ù'" : Ø a.óæt.zJ. È'F,þ'c il{ ( /ìð r,."
++, ¿t r._ ft?r ùl * î"
4rrrdVz-,
e ,{7¿: tÃ->'C.. Ëlâ¿lBÄ^frct å:Jr -a77 4 þ L/¿r,.à. ¿" i ù.tr:-tr.(_ fH+Ø
L/¿ ( f {¡. L/¿ ( /¡ ( {ò. Ðt L-tl-I¿r,.Øå._ Eit-At-
^/¿¿(f/f¡iLr,.âØtà../Jzð-ùff.iHoà L /J ùtfLll't. ùl * È.1,.
5 *'fF)t
e LØ 4(.'ffiLâ:/¡: å þÊ..>A- lf¡t*+ -¿^77 4 þt-T¿u-,/ L/¿ ( r¡1..1 å r,. iffi
"c". -É'+ f 6 t,. øíFXþË.þ /J ð r,.o
213
t t.l #>>>>>
I
e z-+ly0)^7 | 7 r i. t) -0)*ó1Ëô¿ *rËð À,ùrffiL(r,.*T. CD ?Hr.t_ *.
ØN¿ìE L ùtfL¿ÌO. FËË-] { t.ffL¿r^' x ?^frä ð !..
tù¡'À,t¡ Å like that l: ¡ö> ø )l -Ø*aà.t1"(" thanks to -
É!.'t'ffrJiT to begin to talk [:Ët.lâÐ å ]
J==31â to smile
tã ¡, t-c, washing dishes +tìYs'i s]¡u enough
$álllllftt.
n a) :ØJóîðrl,¿:¿1. z-+lvØ-Tâ: ¿åìó* bfr¿:T¡Èrt¡!.6 L!.o
n b) z-i'Y¿1,. L't{¡:=:t L{!'å.
tr c ) :-øit,ØÍffir¿È t*. Êià"à À ( táËð À,0)+E\ìþ1,Lt-â"
n d) Z-+lvtrt7¿s- l.i:ftrr¡¿r,.åão-C.\,-â 6 L!."
tr e) ¿ø*aEè¿,ùt. ãrj7)+ffiTîË¿:ö j. <XEþÊ ) à Ll."
214
lvtU)tr,^wä¿¿lJ=¿,cT
w
BA¿:E&YL{t. â7./,) rt )yää.t:- IBAùtÐi{"1à.J tFfl ( ¿. l#Lr,.
'c"T.l LÆì_å ØårffE/ì. Lå. L- lr,.f /¡ ¿ ¿ ¿i,/¡u''l,(.'TÈ.. {4{.' òffi L{
( /¿ðr'l ¿Ë, ¿. l,rér\ôt¡¿Lþffi\-'c.<{Lâ. -6u.f /J¿ ¿ù*. 9pg
uF,È,{Lâ. Lrì7c i /a'" FHù*. .ØCô7 / t) rt t* De). fl-El\¿¡îu.s
¡,& ( rÃ.o-C. Èlu. âØî-- Jrz I uF,e'fuâ a ^k¿ ¿t¿i L À, ¿* /¡ ( /¡:l¡ùlfr.å'È¡.
HHJ:l,flr¿*. *t'îu.sÀ,)u 9rr-HÈ,{Lâ å L!.o
4ù: t't/¡ ¿ ¿ ÌÌ. ff 6 /J t'Äå. à- "May I taikto you in English?" å Ef,å.
il.â ¿ LIì 4 ) È. fS¿:. ,FÃf,sxËt"ËFf ,s zþ1#-c ( !. 6 ffi¡¡ Ð. . {Ltrt&
u't u'io 41)E^^r)lt€ffiØffiHþt-l¿u-a;Èô ) å t' i a L ùtâà.åÈì. *^
-'Aë Z#þ L /¿ t,. ffif A þ îñÀ,1 t . å ffi ù:. a {Lk Ê b {L â L lFIfì ù. u. {" /¡ -F,f*
Ë¿ìf 6 ¿l,.i" $t,6À,, 4A,/¡: ¿à.6- EA^ØË)€àr{"È âaL6bâa)
/a'Èì. ÉâårfuÆðùr'(u.6 j ] r¡f¡,f*Ètr;îâ å u. i 7./ y lt ),,ù*Þt¡ ( /Jr."
Eä#ø¡'r¡ þ -c* â7 ) t) h )x,t: L -c"c u.t/J: ¿ ¿*. El^^¿ìäà./¡È.Elä
#OæL{ ( {tr¡[. å !. i a LIì7c i È. fiJà¿x-'. /Êr¡ Ð'C". {tå.Ëu./¡!. è,H:
( BA#(.*Fû ¿ - 4 ØlÊHùr, Ë#Ø Þl-r' È å,Étr kRu-tffi.t,Eí1( : ¿ àr
et\-o :frrùÌ.0):ôÞ LJ ( ¡¡:(å{. HÄffi-c"æL'c <{LâEA/\årÈ¿,Ìa'
À,ÆLÍ È /¿ I i ("bâùt- * È* È. Ba#'Cä Lk ) å Lr¡ t-EÆLøfrn¡ss
l,.¿!.io
t.7c {17J" BAffi("ä Zr. < {Lâtããt ð . Ëffiø H^^ØfËb /r r. k ) r¡, Æ.
¡¡BÄffit-Æi-t/"L6 a | $ee¡-4 )l¿" fitåùr-'. l=-v-y -:--L -y-r-
_y-f -7) å u. ) Å i r¡ffUfrþ ðfut b-f â ¿.
È Lr."
^Eü:u.tt:ÌÃ,â
Jo Ð v E'a to stare .,ì-XË{,' bus stop
¿l'i fu f -/3 ¡. almost rrever
I
.l 11 ËF>>,>>
/o E Al¿ t r õ v 1) JJ L&#älr ë : etììÐr4 ¿ ¿ ä . w2 tJ 7 l-v v J l.fi¿ v\.
1.
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3.
4.
uffÅil*lu,eãi=)dtf¿frzâ """"""""">âËÉ 1
vV
vvv
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V
. Ê-,!ç5ffiÞÞ-!ËSHefç&;
. -ËrË1 < 5 rrm¿' ajgJ_ë_$ll
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L¡(À<
..e_8Ð_4_Ë_?ÞÞ.Ë.Ë-&.¡
.ÊJ.çþg_çIrtut.. :Dr_.
ô 9E¡t¡ifi[r¿är&¡rffi<c"
LT URB No
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Medical and Dental Care
IJ n America, when you want to see a doctor or a dentist, you first call for on appoint-
ment. ln Japan, too, it is getting to be that way, but there are still some doctors who do
not accept appointments. You just have to go to their office and waít for your turn. Pre-
scriptions are also becoming fairly common, but if you go to a neighborhood doctoç he/she
might still prefer dispensing drugs himself/herself.
Health insurance is virtually universal in Japan, and it covers dental care, as well. EYä,
too, should carry health insurance. lf you are covered by your parents' policy in the States,
however, that might cover only emergency cases in Japan. The wisest thing to do would be
to buy health insurance in Japan. Most of the time, premiums will be reasonable.
Before World War II, Japanese medical science was greatly influenced by Germany, but
since the end of the wal American medicine has become more and more influential. As a
result, you might not find much difference between medical practices in Japan and the U.S.
There are, however, small differences here and there, one being that, in Japan, one's
temperature is taken not in the mouth, but under the arm.
The Japanese, as a rule, do not take care of their teeth as well as Americans do. Preven-
tive dentistry is not as common, and orthodontics is not as advanced. As a result, you find
few youngsters wearing braces, and uneven front teeth are not unusual.
Doctors and dentists, like teachers, are always addressed ftfr. Don't make the error of
addressing them X ðfu !
Food for Sick People
hile chicken soup is probably the most common food for people with colds in the
U.5., in Japan sick people, especially those with digestive ailments, eat okayu (hot
rice porridge) with umeboshi(very sour and salty pickled plums). Okayu is easy to digest,
and umeboshi is believed to have all sorts of healing powers.
o
o
C
o
a
>>>>> fiñl-tJ 2 rc 5
Z-ü, .e tJl.JfifräøtÉ#+ l¿ñâärE+ < fdã "
z-+lv : trH"
¡Jr ff : ti L* L/¿È". H&¿¡Hu..C"îÀ.
:z-¿f v I u9 i,{å_ ( l:€i4 þ:_z_!._¿-g!'?-.-.,ä,¿:-nr#È åìH ( rÃ':I¿ À"eî.
zJr ff 12 ¿ir"
?lLt|u.ùl* ÈÀ,tJ" L ¡ o Lfl^Øffin?ØY 7 r-'ctßÀ'fu'/¿ å
Tà."
z-+fv: î^*ìù¿,.
o=+tì'É., Ë#r)Tffiþ : <. ftäfiiffi4EÉl-Ã: c ( õ'
zJr ff : i¿" -c'-Tà". Þl,t*J ( ¡¡ b * Ll¿å."
z-iìv ð : È [tt,.l¿ 6. Èu'ÀÀ ( /¡ b * Ll; ùl å. * Ètá/Jå'àìffiu"4,-c"T.
dr ffi: 4 )îîù." Dçð. tátrãð A'tt:-Ð'C. ð 6:Èäålu't.'TD+/Jì.'å'L 6"
$u,'C-h\ f à t. ØffifT ¿l Ð. Ëùt *'l-È."
z-¡lv f^ttaåHu'*1.
dr ff : :(fútr?Ër,.tlEL/¡¿s6) f-l-.¿ Ëffi7r'ùTÍctá ( à. 6. Tt.3_ç;__6__&/+ e
3
15 -!l-. D +, rx=þ't tÌ "C tJ"
Ùtr.. ftä. Ði òó bÈr¿ i :'ð"t'* Lt.
z-c)ìv
zJr ff : L - !. å o +E t *+îþ.a>ffi# t :Ix a ø ù* ç e) "c. + ( xn'!ft -> r ffi À'íc ( /¿ ð
7--t)Èv L. dâo
zJr ff : ü*!.. 4 i1â24)
7-ìv D +. *af,S¿:.
ft+LL*r.
-llz#,,>..
Q !-1Y v, E.Ét¿fi<"
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s E ft: ù.t- +Ê¿*Ø Ðàì[ffi ( /¡.c'C"
4 ) 1îù."
9-4/v +rJþÈf.l)L¿rffi/mu. lùî-1" 4{tt:- u9),{¿Ì#!ÈìrHr. Kî:,{¡ L* Ll¿.
E ft: r. ùl * È À,tJ" È&.1* z
ì¡.4fY b *. , b, *.È À," 4 {ut:, ê*t ò _l CT#ût".
E ft: Dç. L ¡o ¿ Ø ¿"þH'c.a*.1- Ì i. tÈ ( ErSFfitl-c < t"ð u.. ðð.
f : ùf b îu.À.i,fit.'cTd'e" È.Ìl{'T !" #kH L * Tìr'Èr. -ËFñßft
10
A,1a"c ( Èð u."
ì¡.4YY - El-*E{'f ¿."
E fi: !'F. -E=81. '-æÈ¡þ.t:EftH LÍ ( /¡-ð t,..
9-4Yv /n\ÌJ,, * LÈ.
tr s: 4 {Llr. à. - B l:1n¡q¿.. j Èsu. þ Ua ( Èå t."
ì¡-4lY [ ) ¿ìr.j ->'ClaJ1cTù""
E ft: ##ø gargle Í"T i .
Ð-4YY ê#¿* Ð i L/¿ È u.!.{" L !. ) ù'"
E ft: 7c )-r:1^tr" êâtð i-frþ¿l'. fFJk
ê^¡t È> !.!.¿,("Tåì. * {ó*-d...'=t
Fl Ù1. ffi È' zJ't'-4VJlÌ tù tt: l-
i :6 E -c'Tà." ElA,,\¡¡ e, iazï.ùg__('_6_-u-_ù:1 â A,l¿ ùt Ð, táÈ.@ê-lt
¿bb*Tà.. 4
l-4/v l,.?å.. t6t¡.ù"?H ( L/¿ffi. ,$x l. 7 r i, (-Ø*áËð À,zït(F-t ( frr*
t-T¿" 7 / y rt D+- à.tt'?Or.l;ÂùåJ ( 7+ y 7-/þffi.a*.Tùl ¿.
E fi: 4 {Lî ð !. l,.{"T }.
9-4lv f+I|ffiÀ"/¿-Ëà¡u. r. {" L } ) È.o
E S: -.7c )11tr" * ó. ffiøø 6FËÌåÇ^o ( bff¿r_ù:_rul,_IC;- è tI Þ__b 8gi!
¿rdâ" ("ò. =B(.'T ('lå6 åEu-*TÌ.5
9-4)v 4 iîTþ'" D+. ¿"i È)ð bàlå I :'ð"u'* Lt"
E E: *at$¿:
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220
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e HåËÉCËf¿9 -4Y2. t äìþ):Eã UcUìõ"
*áËð/L: f )l,I¿o)"
ì-4)v âB ù*{dÈ¿.ffi¿r,É ( {"
i*tËË.å, b tr&Æ' -t- Cffiträ ã A'tr:Tto /¿ Ì*. ) åìr'!' À o t' ØffiWäð .å, ¿:Ë
ffiÈ. ùl "C 7) â¿. | " (*'Ëð.L. ËEãð l,¿:€#T å.)
Ê 8il6ffif+(*T"
tdËð.å, ó. ËH(":'ð"u. * Tàì.
Ê. ü* l,'o
Ìá&È ¿, Ft*. i Ë"c+-^7î 4 þ L{ì,- â7 )' ù /\ØE++åì. âÉAå,1:6
É {t': ¿ìrffi ( r¡ b *.l-î "
tdËå ùt l..o
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Ê ff: 7c i 1l tJ" ó. âB t!+tLfl,i- å ùå1/¡': /¡Ë,åð Â,r)r. -^*e' {vt¡
ls åáËð.1 ( ¡¡ b * Ll¿à. 6_ =H*/¡ 64r,.{ì.. * Tùl ¿.
(9-4yvt:) =H+Ds¿"i.
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É ff: i6ñffitJ?
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I v ly v ë A,Tî*J" 4 {Lícttt- -ffiù: )E^ 4--"
20 *, ff:
("ü*. ØLttt ¿*" (æffiþtlJ6")
tdËð ¿, :
¿i ò bbùì- å ) ¿.ð.r,.* Ll¿"
ì-4)v r,.[.åo .c"ò ] lt.oi¿tt. t, ¡i å*u.-C(. E[6ft+., -L+f'âf rË(
/¡ ¡.¿r 6. t..? ð [.n('. â Ø ! "
*a&ð 'å, : 4 i f-f ù'"
2s 9-4)v
lá&ð ¿4, : I - 4 y v ttt - I't À, Lùl)Eàìt'l,'u\da"
221
-ll2#,,,..
¿ Ð -d-icâMWkJffißF('")tåt¿errr Ìå-'c^t- €åËiu^ì,¿Ht¡!ñ'¿' .À/i
i ; l ttAr.q"ñrhÊ,,ü*Fff,i'ð-Ãâ
i t?
ÊFri Y Y{" å t' /= #+
)Þò ,+t.u:' ù_:
A __. ¿å h/-¿¡" fíf:i
^â
É rì
i Li?ii if 5 å å H Ë å Hå ? ã ä ÉI-
É,fû!$;¿Ér-' +,dH¿6i"ùfatH:5'rr+Z:t,',r,ài(-;äo;r¿ÀtT"F,"',szìùAfr,¿t,Ëi'*ritlfy,9rlT¿.ç-íçt+åt-ä*=3R,rá;rt;ÈiDf':raq.\riHiØùitFíË3,.=ikå¿E;þårS¿Øf:çt'fËE;*-lffefËiIi
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LLr ìI- H
:(
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r ts*|iÏ?íå#$FðiätriiiEiif,1VgÊ
r ËLkAi;';å?,€glZ
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ä f-?¡;Y,t:;gRgfiäþâtãrz#tâ^!-,..C!+^Iljí¡-+-tiÌ,L¿1ùrL,ãA:a.??l¡,ÀzjÈ¿"iàb^Lò\t+raÈUZEh¿S':;î¿#a¿HFi:þþr/¡,¡t¿Ë6'r-,1',åilr)Tï2I" H'ffLi åð
tr ,!'
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1
þt
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Èeì' ¿
222
6f¡f5i cпit the condition of a Yf 7T- something affects one
disease or illness negativeþJ [>>> JÕ'Êl- F 2]
jtl¿ - ll' sofa
to complain of to throw up
# L6 10 rL( doctor; physician
-.x.1, feeling to examine (a patient)
E#,'tLç map
t ÃÈ ,tl complexion T. ']r.:e care!
ffiþ¡I¿u,a 11
3 -l
a 6'l ¡3-/¡¡- not much; not enough f26
[>>>*t*,/- l-'1] 14 ruEt
Èl' because lused when T..u' u
20 *aÅ=F¿:
3,tf¡Er¡aI¿, äì ( somehow ¡1 ¡i to take (medicine)
Èb.u' to feel tired; to feel
langvld 13 nRH-l â t:#àÊftÛl
throat
o oit to swallow rs i'¿r¡. gargling
soft
to feel a chill zr fçtf¡ iÇ¡I .¡,
o)t ¿ appetite
diarrltea 22 tõ'lìtþ hot rice porridge
6 ffi,aìLlî medicine
¡ttr u. za (-¿;¡¡[-aLI l¿¿å¿l/Jt.
æfrÈrî å
? u¡?¡ < nothing canbe better
È.ffi (than -) [>>>Eiâz- ¡s]
STllrfttfi t¡t¡u' to getbetter; to recover
rc<#1¡ 2s lÈ6
from illness [¿i.]
-Tl to get up D*mL'2È lu suddenly
grimace
ËÈ 6 tooth -tr f lpolite verb meaning X6l
Ozaki Dental Clinic
l,ì' ¡a) -ccÈffi ß E'ì-â patient
to become Yacant
frft'i Ëåltrlu' +
¡r-ËÈ L ¿' -f
6 E[6ffiÊt u +.(
I
-112*>'>>'
22s
-lni*>>>>> TAICO I
CIOl\CO
Japanese has arich system of sound symbolism. Roughly, they can be subdivided into two
categories: ffiËffi (phonomimes, onomatopoeia) and ffiffiffi (phenomimes, psychomimes).
ffiËffi represents words that imitate acfual sounds. English has some of those, too, such as
sounds that animals make. Compare the following:
bÀ,bÀ, Sound dogs make: bowwow tsÂ,.l¿Å, Sound of a gunshot: bong
Sound cats make: meow Water dripping.' drip, drip
¿:s-tó Sound cows make: moo l*-/¿ if /¡ H eavy obj ect falling : thud
ü- ÐL't- å'Èe
ffiw I{l¿Ilt¿ tUL,ttëc
I! /v,/T ¿ lv
ffiffiffi are words that express states, feelings, manners of actions, etc., impressionistically.
English has some ffiRËfl"-like words, too, such as roly-poly and shilly-shal/y. In this lesson's ffi
a+n lFfl:#l,wehavequiteafewffiffi,ffi, suchas È b È b, L < L (, ¿f¿,¿flÀ",ìì4trî4,and
Øùb<Èr\.
There are three important differences between Engtsh and Japanese here. First, in English, if
one speaks with too many #EËffi or ffiffi,ffi, one may run the risk of sounding childish. In Japa-
nese, there is no fear of this unless one uses onomatopoeia specifrcally used in baby-talk, e.g.,
t.b À,b Â, for Second, English is actually filled with verbs and adjectives that originated as
ffiËffi or ffiffffi but are no longer regarded as such, e.g., slam, whack, flash, slick, smooth,
plump, glisten, etc. In Japanese, on the other hand, many ffiË# and ffitrffi are used adverbially,
often with the addition of å, as in the following examples:
åbåb(¿)tËtr to have a piercing pain
L( L( (¿)ffitr something (usually, stomach or teeth) hurts in a dull, persistent way
to ask questions in rapid succession, i.e., in machine gun fashion
æÀ,ttrÀ,( ¿ )HFñT6 to talk in a subdued tone
to talk noncommittaþ/evasively
tÌQtî4 ( ¿ )trT
Ø6b<àb(¿)trr
226
>>>>> fift|-fd ? f¿ 5
t 1, * ú) (¿)tFt r< r< (¿)ffiri
Third (and this is related to the second point above), there are very often cases where, in English,
completeþ different verbs are used for related actions while, in Japanese, one and the same verb
will do with the addition of different ffiËtr or æffi#, as in the following examples:
tl Èrtl ÈrX,) to guffaw <'r <'rx, to giggle
t:*-> LK) to grin ¿:¿¿:t,æ, to smile
tl6Ll àt) æffi
<T <Tæ'
Í:f : ëtã lrL-2LtlL-2LëTÈt.2,
227
12ffi>>>>
I tt' 6(l¿-t¿Ll='not much; not enough' lã#l > t. ¿ >>> ã < t-ËrdD a tctùrrD]
This expression is always followed by a negative form of a predicate.
)a ô < t=fut&L t¿v¡Øi:Xø¿fr' b Ê i Ø¿Ì816.
(Ifs not good to complain without studying much.)
b) ffifrøffiÙf. å ( l¿ê^råÈ¿/¿ut.
(When yoú are sick, you can hardly eat anything.)
/rr, ^,{t[r/t-'perhaps because -' lâ# I > ¿.¿ >>> ã < t-€t¿rûra/ettrrrtr]
'..,,i, -È. l.':r witlìout à.i.SrVe1 a reason or a cause,i-::,i.i
a) yä¿st È /Ju. Øttft+.o)ËLtlì ô i tt
"
(Is it because of the teacher that students don't do well?)
b) l¡ l:¿' â0)åJ ( /J!."
ÉlâøFñËr,,þftL1)Ërrù:T
(It's not good to blame others for your own mistakes.)
c ) 4 {Lltfr,ØËütlìJ.
(It's just your imagination.)
d) ilffiÈsffiÈ.r/¿tf t,rá¡. ftfr,¿sl¡¡."
( [He] looks dispirited, perhaps because he did badly on the exam.)
e) ffi*ilffi¿rìEL.tlürár_ ifrô.ùt&u,"
(There ate marry absences, perhaps because the final exam is near.)
228
>>>>> fiñltl4 p lc 5
J >o' V<¿àLf¡{¡,r='1ry V-ing' lã#'l > t. I ¿ >>>lî: (ð ãtuEêrr]
This,is a polite,form oJV tAaJ.èt1,,Sìnce,1li,ð,lir,ìs,a,f.o.1m'¡ ,b¡-qo.rneo4øhigheiü,
-status to give a command to someone lower in status, ð å Àr¡ Ë r,. camot be used by a
pêiso+1õwer.in,si4tus.J ,i:z\tà:,.9,*iE, 1i!-:ì;å..ô.Ì]q tiô,Í.ê::iilf.ô,,,9¡ !*ú:rì{rt:=o,f},,:V,.4ra'à
å,/¡ ð 1., and is used, for example, by môthers in talking to children.
a) rlLI lùTîàlvt¿ðüt. È: å#¿:/¡ b *TÀ"
(Go and rest for a while. I'm sure you wili feel better.)
{,,, N <åtl lã#,z > t. z z >>> ör)ìro < 5tìl.lõ]
fN'(',ì6 1., in this case, indicates that,N is thè ininimum fevel, degree, etõ¡ Gg.; eqs st,,lightest,
etc.) åt. isoftenreplacedby ( ài-.
a) fá/J¿.ØtË!-F¿Ì- 7-7" (åurù: L/¡ãàìt.t'f.. L I ).
(When you have a stomachache, you should limit your diet to something light iike soup.)
b) -St'Ë= r¡Ë# f å ttãùt /J t,. å 6l b * T.
(You should be able to write at least the kanji you Tearned in the first year.)
5 rrt -liff l¿t¿ZëJ*ll¡lt='¡olhing can be better than -'
lã#z > t.zs >>>tt{ìtrtruËi aeao *u,r,]
',r,nii einte is mostftequèntry,$wittr the plarn, present t"4tëtfUfiíof;léîti$;
a) ffiftØFÌ*€ã Eru l,ftz ë.l*äür.
(When you ate sick, sleeping is the best thing to do.)
b) BA#Èrffi{ù â !, i r:ä b t¿tt'->l¿ Ù. Bä^ff < Eruuf¿z t ßr¿rr ¿,8i ùtþ¿.
t* 17 ù ("Ë + À, Lfu1frl,îÌt, tft-> /¡Ëå1r.. !. ¿ ,E !. * T.
'(If you want to become proficient in Japanese, the best thing is to go to Japan, but I think you should
first study properþ [i.¿., the basics] in 'A.merica.)
$ ttr E åååE='as one wishes' l#aryt > n a >>> B ã t ã f rEi*r)ìHãrì]
a) fts¿*/¡f./¡¿:, , ) ea lilÌÈ. Ð 6 r¡ l. ö ØÈ"
(Work generalþ does not get done as quickly as one wishes.)
b) A : ô t\.-Èlu å if.1å." låå.¿a-ct.*TÈ."
ffiX¿*
(How is the thesis coming along? Is it progressing well?)
B: äÈ.tJ7).F.ã .|ãfg¡1/¡ ( (Elc(1.*T.
(I am really troubled because I can't write it to my satisfaction.)
-lP#,,,,,
| ,r, ,vl¡{þ¡-'lstend to -; to be apt to *; to be prone to -'
l#æM > ¿. z o >>> /tu) 5 urlrtS tr]
a) BAffiàì,,Lffir( òffia#È ¿Ìâf f.'È /Ju. Lt- i Ø¿t. t{-El^ØEÈürt)tf bt.
¿ Ìì"
(It is not unusual that a foreigner who can speak Japanese a little can't read or write it at all.)
b) 7 ./ r, Í'.¿*ó * b ÌËËrîb t: L/¡ ¡-;þ-¿ì¡- ¡-o
(It is better not to be too modest in .A.merica.)
a) o," ffiträlfriñrâ >>>>>[Ê#t]
:184. 7 -+ vã A,, )¿^ U* L/¡à¡o æÉr)f#üì 1 : When you notice that someone is
Ttz'?-1" inot feeling well, you cansay W
z-i'v : ì,9 i ^ìå ( t:€äÈ.e /¿ìl¡.¿:. !fi7)t'ffiütr{, êÐmr-'cTÈr, ñfiÈr/Jð ¿
îT{x, Ð ¿ r.mr.¿,"cTr" erc.
Tr" z¿r#å¿ v*t2"
2 : Some of the useful expressions
ft\.: ffiùi ?
z-+lv:mùl/J!.ÀiÍ'T" for descúbing symptoms are:
ftE. : Dr ó. âBl*+ \ XE'lñ->(fñÂ,ÈË¿ìt.
-?,r4i.//,Êû (Ê, ø ¿, *r¡ ¿.,
l.-ÕTdâ" É, El, etc.)
z-qlv: ftL.. 4it-*.î. -àrff6 (#, Èå, ( Lç4, ùlt¡
ftÆ.: t¡*EFl: 3.
îî,etc.)
,i
-ù¡tâ(æfr,ftåfi,Ð*r.,
etc.)
tl\
-þ:fâCFffi)
!., L¡(r( t.,
ffiùtb 6,167)rlì6
ê ffrrä
fifËüz)sfft'
3 : To someone who is sick, you nor-
mally say lát$ù:.
--tffiñ1.14?r'c5 |
| "' E-wJVI
e ,{ 7 ù: r¡ b - -Âùåg+ä. ò i -^¿È A*XøÈÆ¿: /¡ b /J ð !.o g+ät*å.Ìl'? ô
t.t- âEå¿: HâØffinþffiHà L-C !. * T" *ØH#þLfr,-c ( ò À r,.,
E¿tt *- head Ø à' throat
medicine
#<?o thermometer trl f f a?a
{älñ;Jr¡f,'*,1,¿t r'
u.S/J'ti È r)sfl 6 to have abad cough
f ,,,g-IVJVl
e ,{7ù:z¡ b- -Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^t*È-À 714 Ø*d&ð À,tr:/¡ b /¡ð t." g+4.
àìÉEåå f :' /J !.Øt. *dËð Å,às#E^ÿ: È * 1" H++.tt. *á/Jå'àì/È < a+t+
nilrtrÌ/J!. å !. ) : L þ#HAL * 1" I{> !.o
^0)H#þ1fr,:{
Trltfbfiþt 6 to have diarrhea i 6i ut r). to feel like vomiting
EtÈ Ã,lrtT
J "' A-w7"V1
e ,{7t:¡¡ b- -Ä¿rHaffiØ{.'å å 7 t, h^++.. ò i-^rÌ 4Øtv-a./ 4 lØE
A,,\#ä¿: t¡\t¡ð!.. z ,, ù^àrÉEËå 6ù¿¡¡ ( r. BA^åì,ù,,mL{!.*T. ffi
ã¿i [¿.-rt'?Or.tl f' ò l*á/J¿.¿:-ffir,.J 'r..ò r,.r.å1. âffili ( /¡'ùl/¡ÉÊ{''L/Jð t..
4"rrl{V.|-?
e'<7 ì,=h\ù, lL- HtlØ+ffi1) a ô øffiÇ=øÆwût? !. {# Lâr. /J è Ì,.o
5'*fF*
e ãtì1)ÍffiØ. ôØ:ffirÃØÆWt:-tr.{. -É'+ f 6 r,. ø{Fy-þE* /J ð !.o
231
-llz#>>>>>
e BA^Øx++.Xk_Lùs# r.L r !. * To cD ?Ëf,L. L ùt t?tr.O. FåË
= -( t'*?,ll'x ?Ã.d'¿l¡ ð l,'. ^o)y-ùttr
órLr .àl to break one's leg C J- C :e - [the sound of the howling
windl
Eþffi â I feel sorry for you. ¿¡[:< (r¡)
I sympathize. ironic
à.'bt. di t: Éñ
to break down
¿ 'L¡ i
ffiFÊ-T A
n a) aØ-^ù1. Èil:4¡r/; J. åfì/¡¡'o
tr b) HÍYÆ.t*, $'r' ti i' r,,\{..ó å.
¿
lüEl
n c ) ¿ Ø-^ù*. -ffit:7+-t,-ft-> /c: å ìrìbâ"
n d) zøEÍV4l*- z +-þL{1. :-Æ.þift-r¿.
n e)'¡Ê.zJtÐþtft-cÈ Elt- Kt,. EÈa/;.
n f ) , 7 | It., zc0)E- -E+Ë tr¡zJ,->Ìc" (É.â: tobe fixed)
232
>>>>> frñlrt4: /t 5
127fi ',fr.W./\-7J
w
Ðt. U ØlrdiÈr. #ù,' xøi
(ra0s-tstz) Øa ô, 7 ./ t) ù 7ù 1 ¡ ù . ).¡-y
EEIå
(l,afcadioHearn) å r,. iÅÈ¡FlA^*l¿" ZrlJÐùåJt -f y z l. ¿ ¿1[g1t--C
I!.tåì-
o).t" ) ¿- /Ã.->r¿o HHt+{.æx+ (:4 +.'-') 7.x.
th.r,:4grtffi.ì_â
+) þ#.ìLl¿ r. å bÈ> 6. ¿ Ø^¿* El^år^EÌ:ffiå (.. Eä/ .ØftI+.¿ ffiÍì5
. tL/¿ll'å. b l"/J ( Eä¿::r,.(Ì; < ã À,o)ZF.òÉr.l¿" 7 y rt
Øñffik^Ã: { r. â )x.ttÞr¡t-n;_ '¡Ê.Ø&Èi¿* Bä("ütâ{" 6ã&"e^1b,â,¡"-yE
ÆþÊ.L/:,.- v d- RfTffi.L{ r./¡ffi¿: . lfrlvL{ Fla^ù: /¡ b _ åÈi ð
:('Tåf((,
, y - ð I ( ¡¡ ù.-tI¿Ølìåì. BäØX+t:ÐJÐf r,./;flElr\t*. a/J EA^
J b1: åHt'fÊÞf¿ð àr1ì6b. /\-v{:IEIDt':/¿" Laôlrr-'ñ.ØlÈ
tì+Ìt. HA^ù:/J â LAt:R( ÌÃot L*:/¡. Èåì- t;-vþtQØffi, lbb.
FIAÄ¿: /¡ È,Ì¡ ùtþ¿r-'l ù,cl¿l LÊo /;È. Ð i ù"tr*fjzl. å /J !.o
-l I a älÉ^ #+f,.¡'cîìr' u q À
Ét to love {¡¡E1' t. standard of living
l*ñtl¿?l t â
tobecome anataralized Þtåpri t ¡ i low [*É1.]
citizen
fiâ salary
O ;RØ9æ#,tue. iE U tl€ 0) lI O, FåË : C tt ã b 0) l- x Ë 2 f trd ð Uì.
n a ) )\- v tt, æ#þffi.i- âI¿d;ù: Ef^.fa, ¡¿"
n b ) )\- Y Ø4ð Å,ù* BAu\È: /¿"
n c ) ur-YÌ1,. El^{. t t 7, y ù"cl ( ff ì>{ta\,-6"
n d) 7c 0). ô- EÄØfl.8tr^W1fr0XÈfr+å ¿ { ò Ìå.:t.
tr e) ur-7ù1. EA¿:cr.{-m Lù,ÆþEùr/¡7)r2/¿o
iEtoffiffiãiË^6
o ¿øFá. v /uhî)Ëfêh\
l,'ii
,.i'
1', '11
URE No
o
o
c
o
o
Errors and Laughter
T ust as Japanese people make many errors when they speak English, non-Japanese
J naturally make lots of mistakes when they speak Japanese. Making errors and learning
from them is part of the learning process and should not be avoided. Japanese people
might laugh more than Americans would when they hear mistakes, but you should learn to
accept that because their laughter is well-meaning and good-natured.
Loanwords (or trtråt,r ¿
ft'lFH
>>>>>
r¡ oday's Japanese vocabulary consists of three categories of words: wago (l1"+o, i.e.,
I Jupun"re words), kango (Ê#, i.e., words that originated in Chinese or made-in-Japan
pseudo-Chinese words), and gairaigo (tl*F", i.e., words that have been borrowed from
languages other than Chinese). Most gairaigo come from English, and their number is
increasing rapidly. ln this lesson alone, we have seen several English-based loans: F4lt, <>
! =), Z/ (- l'., I t r-, etc. Loanwords are troublesome for English speakers because they
very often change their shapes. For example, many words are cut short. A good example
would be l'.1Þv l'. (from toilet) shortened to l-.1Þ. Loanwords frequently change their
meanings, too, as you have seen in the case of <2! =7. Loanwords undergo significant
changes in pronunciation also. When you pronounce them, the best thing would be to
forget they were originally English. Pronounce them just like any other Japanese word. You
will then not only sound more authentic, but will be understood much better.
Japanese Attitude Toward Foreigners Speaking Japanese
efore World WarII, the only Caucasians who spoke Japanese were missionaries, and
even they were not all that good. Japanese people therefore developed a mistaken
notion that their language was simply too difficult for gaijín. Even today, when foreigners
who can speak Japanese are no longer oddities, many Japanese still hang on to this same
old myth. When a foreigner, especially a Caucasian, suddenly speaks to them in Japanese,
they sometimes just freeze, i.e., answer with a blank stare, unable to say anything. This
might be particularly true if you go shopping at a store where you are not a familiar figure,
or if you stop a stranger to ask directions. Don't be discouraged, however. At the university
where you are a&#Æ., you will definitely receive better responses!
@
6
ô
o
e
,,,,, E##Ëffi1
1e7-+Jt. tJtôñJtËë;ÉUculõ"
7-+lv Etßac¿ { ò tdù.t-l¡ : å trtb b * Lt.
dr ff : èÀ,/¡l à(.-Tå..
7-+)ìv Ëw¿: Efr/\ØE.r\à¡t' â À,f:Tùt. 4 ØLØ i È ^ -- = BffÕlì¿:fÍ: /¡
di ffi: À"îf
"
7.-àìv 4o)i Ë¿:Ëu.f T C*óËð À,t,-ffi¡¿¡¿1"
4\ ffi: 4{11?
A-+lv
*áËð.à È t. ôt- ôffiL( t. â ) ttt:- ì. 4 tr,-fÍå /¿ ( /¡ oI¿Ø'e - l*a
d\ ff : fÌfru.,^-fÎÈ t r.. À,"aî ù t ) o1Ê ->I¿ À,1T "
7-ìv | | 4 v) À þ ltá+iftt..l o"c.ã ifrùt'c¡rþìnr/¡'È.Èo
"Cð. Q )ÊoIcb- tóÐð À'7rt l4 i" Dr. HÃE4À'r¡t'f]å * L*
i ) o"CÊ ) lù1T !"
di ffi: L? Ð)t')btIù'Ut"
å ¿:¿. ( fÁù*¿{òWoLf :{- ll4 vîT" t y' v^f-rÈ/¿t,..TîTj
ts 7-qìv o"C_Hffi.ft.ã: È à _ {c . f/v\htol 6 È, Z-C. "
dr ff : ..,L?
7-+lv $áËð h!çh- fl'àì l*ó+^-liÈ/¡u'Â,1îùf ÐJ o'c.ão/¿ åH:r¿t'l-
I
[. Â,{''T"
20 dr ff : ôó. Fryfiù:ùå#)Et:{u.
iH&t¡+á+àrð âþ'È>"
z-qlv 4 ) t¡ À"1T "/¿"à. å -ft^ø I *a
+iftr,. j Ø#ËàrHù. = Ì¿ A,t _
Jó&ð Å, ù* lt"-r*j Ø ¿ ¿ /¿" ¿
,B:t À'Iì4 iî1"
di tfr,: bb, 4)f¿'tI¿Øo /t:-,:o
237
.l t ¡ #>>>>>
r oâtlFo)î1 :t2 . r]t\-y. Effiú)Ëffiloar¿trucLìõ"
Etzl-Y :ØFË. 7-/ y rtØE)&ù.ù./-tvþ {¡ à=I¿À,ícîtrl ¿*"
É ffi: flrår B4a" j : if' Ð#Z¡Ë È, l- þ L ( r,. â L E,-tÍ t.. å âl¡ r,. t¡ A"tT .
trtì-Y ^.i. ti 2L(("Ll i"
Lli 1'
s ffi ffi: å!'
rr;l- Y )lÈFfrkH"c. mansion t:{ÈÅ,r!. å /J à. T:"[.Ë e, Uþ t-'c.t- â (-E
t------
H ffi:
!. /J !. L4 ZI¿ Èt L l,. Å,{"T"
10 ¡r,rì-y
##ø mansion Í. * HA#ø l< yy = y) L4 lvt¡¿:Ë, À,"ATtt " f-
Ë ffi: i- à. T" t€ffiØ mansion { ø¿*. ,llUi- üx-.r. t) ù v
ît.:¡Å,Ëu. !. j
Irtì-Y
Øãñr¡EFEøltÂ,{. u. â t ) /¡. .1r ( tÈ ( rüimÌ¡x-e , ËßE¿s zo
ls É ffi:
ò 30ö bâØtrtÊE{.'Tda"
Irzl-Y
D+ó. EÆø-zy! a y å t*. È LÈ"ù:Ër.*Tde.
É ffi:
: ØfËò. 4 Ø :- ¿ {"*óà. L/¡ : ¿ Èìö cl¿À,'C'1 "
tr,lì-Y
Ði Ll¿lvtTù."
zc,)Eùr^N/.: r¿À,1_ ,ER¿. åx*.c¡ 2 y_ù:*, r¿rvtT"
lABCl,s- l. Ø+ÈiØ 7 .,1- l' * ("ráÆHr- L * Tl : f rEffiS Eâ otc A,
1l tÌ Ð. ã¿:Ët'{F+ b !. i å Lt à. ¿ Ø)Effi+Èr. ll¡ A,Iì" 7 ¡1-
þ D+ä ( (-"vy = YD+b, *tÂ,¿..1 o'CÊol¿A,"C- KoL ç!.*
LÈJ.
tɡ / t:"to
{l-l-tn Frr
I f-'r-l I
t-T-l D \b1âm
tr 'il11,''
rT-I tr
238
,",, Eô#6ffi1
Q !-1Y v. fi3-¿=ÉUcutõ"
Æ *: ) - 4 y v, a 0) c ôBä#¿¡T.r.À¿,Ì+ tt:/Ã.-:I¿tt"
!'-4 / v e)f{>/Jr,.ülå""
Æ -: 4 A,t¡ a LÉ-c'C tù À,4 À,î â L a ô 6 - ðTrìt - 4 / vIìtJ"
a----------
Ð-4Yv t ) n)/Ã"
'7 y,{. BÄ#Øffi\frffiÐl¿ffi. {4àsffil,t.oI¿?
Æ *:
9-4/v nrte-1!¡fuþ_.. îu.Jì'tWl,¡'cI¿t¡,ã>" lf¡¿Xl ¿ lfÄ¿ìl Èì ¿" , Ër à./¡
À,15. ð-2ùf ,h'7r"ùtÃ,ù"-¡ÈÌ" Fùlâf ò j (âà.6/Ju..4,/ìùt¿dâ.
Æ -: B 4,,\ ¿: ö ffi L r. Â, D ç /¡ L. å" /J " Ëû: ù*#,EEl(" È /J u. I "
l-4)v
i-c" ö El^^¿åil,EEr" È /¡ u.È ùt{". {É i Ø ùtI+/¿" ô ?
Æ -: *,b4iÈùl¿""
9-4fv
[#!¿ fuþ:4 Øtrff{". I#,nÆ¿* ¡r rnr ôffiÀ'ÈtJ -E^ ,û+ù:Éå trt( tf¿' þ
Æ -: 5
15 9¡.4/Y
u. È Â,/¿'.
Æ *:
Ai lù?
4{Ltr. à. lÉD} i /¡fru.f¿sbbT å-6Å,{"El:/¿/¡.
å"jr.1aL"
ì-4)v flJà¿*'. EAffi/ì¿ lfl'¿i+4("j-l ¿¿.. lË¿*+4r;'.1 å¿.- l*áttùl+
ä/¿È'j åÈ.- ç.!¡.ôbâIìôi? 9€ffi2¡È. I'mastudent. la'ütr"
iff{rø ¿:.
æ -: /¡ 6 ii Ðh"
9-4/v
æ -: f ö . {4-cÊ o'c 6, -ææ*ffÈ å E.l r¿Ø|ffifr#È: t /r.
lr.lYv trffiù*æòËs/¡Â,/ì" .0):ôøf,YLt¡44., bÀ,Ì¡4 i /ì ¿,E i Ì.
2s æ -i tflt:ft*.å;ÉTffi¿:¿x. lu.6: Lrl..*T¿.1 Lù. li6ffit',ù:/J b * L/¿
l-4/v È"j ¿ ¿.Éb/J!. å. ftTL¿: r¡a!¿fuTÉbÌtr¿ù" 6. ,ù'EÉLÈ ç:È j"
æ -: 'c"ðde" 9€ffi¡;-: aFl-u. j" dø¿ ¿Ë )øt:. abook. books. the
book. the books !¡fuT- l,ì ó l.r ôÊt,frùtb â A,Iì7r.6- ë7¡,1,å.- {>
i /\+ò r€ffi+ o-5c5âØù-. FåË: { ùlå' b t' 6'lla'} "
Dç_ ñHHø/¿Ðù:. Z{ttt,È,t",-t òt€#-C#t Iù,"
se)( ( þJ !
¡.l t #,.,.,
åiHæ; E('#b)[àKíhi3t iIl' +2.HX'Èfià ¿i*,f'ä*r.ùðù7''&J)f/it,i/i.Ì.-Fôð=-#lfJi¿årfleF*iùHfÀ,KffA¿*òfUr*AiL.Ì+þ{#ÏÉùFb¿Ë::ù^'zfËftY?tÊÌff''i,'ii,'i?c''*,T-ÈZ(.j",'åLí¿fùîîi#1"o'i*,Êfa/i.lq*fr': 'r^ÉÁ#fÈØ;åù)+t*.Ë: +Zfät/'irþ,)f;¡\HiìÉii¡#f¿?t-|;'^"i't_tÌ':f4ËÉtr-õt'*-r+'i:ti:",ËiLqtH't'2.t;,ü!þålØ!!U"\rrt'EÃ'i!T7â5bírìi¡'i¿ù,+:',Hv,ìì'.g'tÉtL(iL;,:'=ó;Li'+f#$1-A,+TrÊ{for;.-ì¿Æ:i.fäjfñftraiâ.f¿u+i.
'.#I.HiÈryËL+?;+ íí. 1f*Hòö¿LffiiHffB!¿ri\,iäròfjFþfþBliFi2.lB-I4U¿)'Øùo*t,È+¿r/7t:>c,ìØfUfAHbior+f)-oüLH^{)*.rþLA4rIt¿c'È+{¿âU.tofiir.-fåyr RH!Ë,. +#+ff..i. fEH
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i âF
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aØË'#4âWHAðry{olrtbt2¿"ù'¡)1"f'bÐùåÈltHf*#rt, þrl¿[Uà¿rltj:ì.7{,BL'7J,L'€lrb:*t-{/ù,.)t* ¡\
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v {4 HÌl
ùRåff+=Tþ1rrf4Ë.*"xLFi'l)iå¿)ÌÀ¿ÉtÍtr*?FþÈ\,i"*t.qùr{#ØrL&.i:...tþ/IÌi¿',:tþr¿S¿.¡t"i a.
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An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese (textbook)
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