Shubharambha Social book 9 final for CTP 2077

Approved by Government of Nepal, CDC, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur.

Shubharambha

Social Studies

Book~9

Authors Rajan Chauguthi
Dhan Kumar Shrestha Pramod Subedi
Mangleswor Dhonju
Bharat Chand


Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal

1

Shubharambha

Social Studies

Book~9

Published by:

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Edition:

First : 2070 B.S.
Second : 2072 B.S.
Revised and Updated : 2077 B.S.

Layout:

Zeeta Computer Service Pvt. Ltd.

©Copyright:

Publisher

Art work:

Rajendra Rana Magar

ISBN: 978-9937-579-28-5
Printed in Nepal

2 Social Studies Book - 9

About The Book

Shubharambha Social Studies Series is properly graded series of social studies for school
children. It is a set of ten books of class I to X. This series is prepared especially for the
students of private and boarding schools. This series is completely based on the curriculum
prescribed by Curriculum Development Center (CDC), Government of Nepal. It is well-
planned and innovative series that fulfills the aspirations of students, teachers and meets
the changing situation of our country and the worldenabling the students towards an
understanding of themselves, their homes, families, communities and their environment.
Salient features of the series:
• Completely based on the curriculum prescribed by CDC, Government of Nepal.
• The objectives of each lesson are given that enable teachers to clearly understand the

theme of the lesson and plan accordingly.
• Simple language is used in the content with colourful illustrations.
• Own environment-based examples, interesting concepts, social, ethnic, geographical

diversities, gender equality are well focused.
• The informative and colourful maps of continents are included in the book to help the

students get information about the physical features and other characteristics of the
continents easily.
• The lessons contain various reading materials such as stories, dialogues, letters, etc. to
make the lessons more interesting for the students.
• The contents of the lessons have been prepared by experienced Social Studies Teachers
and edited by expert language editor.
• It includes creativity, imagination and learner-centered activity-basedapproach.
• Important points and information are mentioned in a separate box in each lesson.
• Varieties of exercises, classroom activities and community-based project works are
included according to the objectives of the curriculum.
• List of glossaries has been given at the end of each lesson to make the students
understand the lesson easily.
• Revision exercises are given at the end of each unit.
• Latest facts and figures are given.
We are thankful to the principals and teachers across the country who helped us with their
feedback, suggestions and comments while preparing this textbook. We will be grateful for
any opinion and constructive suggestions from the teachers and intellectuals for further
improvement of this textbook.

Authors

3

Specification Grid

4 Social Studies Book - 9 units Subject area period Knowledge and Creative, critical Ability to do ( Value and Total Total Time
1 understanding thinking and analysis, Application, Practical attitude no. of marks
We and our problem solving 36% questions
society 31% and Research skill)

Very Short Long Very Short Long Very Short Long Very Short Long
short short short short

15 2 5 9

2 Infrstructure of 1 1 1 1
Development
16 1 2 59
1
Our Tradition, 2 59

3 Social Value and 16 1 2 59
Norms 2 11 20
3 15 26
4 Social problems 1 1 3 12 22
and solutions 1
19 3 12 22

5 Civic Sense 22 1
1
6 Our Earth 27 1 11
1
7 Historical 22 1
Studies

8 Our Economic 18 1
Activity

Our International 1 1

9 Relationship and 15 1 1
Co-operation 1
2 59

total 170 4 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 0 21 75 135
Total marks
4 12 7 1 12 14 8 7 1 80 75

Question types No. of questions Marks Total
Very short 7 1 7
Short 10 4 40
long 4 7 28
Total 21 75

Contents

Page No.

Unit 1 We and Our Society 9-41

Lesson 1 Development of Society 10

Lesson 2 Types of Society 13

Lesson 3 Elements of a Good Society 20

Lesson 4 Socialization 25

Lesson 5 Our National Identities 30

Lesson 6 Our National Pride 35

Unit 2 Development and Infrastructure of Development 42-77

Lesson 1 Concept of Development 43

Lesson 2 Prerequisites of Development 48

Lesson 3 Infrastructures of Development 55

Lesson 4 Creative Use of Traditional Skill, Knowledge and
Technology 73

Unit 3 Our Tradition, Social Values and Norms 78–109

Lesson 1 Nepali Painting (Chitrakala) 79

Lesson 2 Nepali Sculpture (Murtikala) 84

Lesson 3 Nepali Architecture (Vasstukala) 86

Lesson 4 Religious Tolerance and Secularism 91

Lesson 5 National Luminaries and Their Contribution to the
Nation 94

Lesson 6 Sympathy and Cooperation 103

Lesson 7 Peace Culture 106

5

Unit 4 Social Problems and Solutions 110–140
Unit 5
Lesson 1 Identification of Social Problems and Evils 111
Unit 6
Lesson 2 Corruption 118

Lesson 3 Prostitution, Addiction and Bullying 124

Lesson 4 Contribution of Local and National Level

Organizations in Social Reforms 128

Lesson 5 Efforts Made for Social Reforms in Nepal 132

Lesson 6 Conflict Cycle and Its Management 136

Civic Consciousness 141–195

Lesson 1 An Introduction to Constitution 143

Lesson 2 The Constitutional Development in Nepal 146

Lesson 3 Constituent Assembly 152

Lesson 4 Fundamental Rights 156

Lesson 5 Duties of Citizen 163

Lesson 6 Right to Information 166

Lesson 7 Good Governance 171

Lesson 8 Rule of Law 175

Lesson 9 Democratic Conduct 178

Lesson 10 Peace and Order 181

Lesson 11 Civil Society 184

Lesson 12 Unity in Diversity 188

Lesson 13 Nationality and the Subjects of National Concern 191

Our Earth 196–251

Lesson 1 Longitude and Time 198

Lesson 2 Physical Features of Nepal 202

Lesson 3 Climate of Nepal 206

Lesson 4 Natural Vegetations 209

6 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson 5 Geographical Diversity and Lifestyle 212

Lesson 6 Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers 215

Lesson 7 Map Work 218

Lesson 8 Scale 221

Lesson 9 Asia 223

Lesson 10 Economic Activities and Social Life of Asia 228

Lesson 11 Europe 232

Lesson 12 Economic Activities and Social Life of Europe 236

Lesson 13 Australia 240

Lesson 14 Social Life and Economic Activities of Australia 244

Lesson 15 Asia, Europe,, Australia and Nepal 248

Unit 7 Our Past (Historical Studies) 252 – 303

Lesson 1 Exploration of Sources of History,

Their Studies and Preservation 253

Lesson 2 Buddha's Birthplace and History of

Shakya Dynasty of Kapilvastu 259

Lesson 3 Prithvi Narayan Shan and Unification

Campaign 263

Lesson 4 Effects of the Unification Campaign of Nepal 271

Lesson 5 Anglo - Nepal War : Causes and Consequences 274

Lesson 6 Nepalese Bravery in Anglo - Nepal War 277

Lesson 7 Causes of the Rise and Fall of Rana Rule 283

Lesson 8 Effects of Rana Regime 289

Lesson 9 Industrial Revolution and Its Effects 292

Lesson 10 Genealogy 297

Lesson 11 Our Ancestors : Our Pride 300

7

Unit 8 Our Economic Activity 304–354

Lesson 1 Agriculture 306

Lesson 2 Modern Farming System 312

Lesson 3 Commercial Farming in Nepal 316

Lesson 4 Industries 319

Lesson 5 Importance and Problems of Medium and

Large Scale Industries 323

Lesson 6 Trade 326

Lesson 7 Foreign Trade 329

Lesson 8 Trade Diversification in Nepal 331

Lesson 9 Promotion of Trade and Marketing 334

Lesson 10 Interrelationship between Agriculture, Industry and
Trade 336

Lesson 11 Economic Planning 338

Lesson 12 Role of Economic Plan in Poverty Alleviation and

Promotion of Employment 342

Lesson 13 Entrepreneurship 345

Lesson 14 Labour 348

Lesson 15 Creation of Work and Its Management 351

Unit 9 Our International Relationships and

Co-operations 355–378

Lesson 1 Donor Agencies and Countries 356

Lesson 2 Contribution of Nepal in UNO 360

Lesson 3 The Role of Nepal in the Establishment of International
Peace 362

Lesson 4 Diplomatic Mission 365

Lesson 5 Contemporary Events 368

Model Question 379–380

8 Social Studies Book - 9

1Unit
We and Our Society

Contents of the Unit

‰‰ Development of Society
‰‰ Types of Society
‰‰ Elements of a good Society
‰‰ Socialization
‰‰ Our National Identities
‰‰ National Pride

Expected Competency

‰‰ Know the meaning of society and its characteristics
‰‰ Explain the concept of social development, types and elements of a good society
‰‰ Explain the socialization process and its importance
‰‰ Know tvarious identities of Nepal
‰‰ Elucidate the national prides of Nepal

We and Our Society 9

Lesson

1 Development of Society

Introduction of Society

The word 'society' is derived from the Latin word The aggregate of people
'socious' that means friendship or companion. living together in a
Thus, the etymological meaning of society is more or less ordered
friendly association with others in a community. community is a society.
Society is an organized group of people associated

together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic or

other purposes. It is a part of community having shared common traditions,

institutions and collective activities and interests. Thus, a society can be defined

as the community of people living in a particular country or region having shared

customs, laws and organizations

"Society is the web of social relationship" – Mac Iver and page

"Society is the larger group to which any individual belongs" – A.W. Green

Importance of Society

Society is the web of social relationship. It is a strong A society can
bond between the individuals. Human beings live enable its members
together in a society with mutual understanding, to achieve their
cooperation and social harmony. They remain desires that would
organized and possess the sense of belongingness. not be possible on
The existence of society without human beings is an individual basis.
impossible and the existence of human beings without

society is beyond the imagination. Therefore, the members living in a society

develop a good relationship. The unlimited aspirations of individual cannot be

fulfilled without society. A society can enable its members to achieve their desires

that would not be possible on an individual basis.

Characteristics of Society

‰‰ Society consists of people
‰‰ Common goal

‰‰ Dynamic and progressive in nature
‰‰ Strong bond among its members

‰‰ Abstract

10 Social Studies Book - 9

‰‰ Social control

‰‰ Reciprocity
‰‰ Common needs and necessities

‰‰ Sense of belongingness and cooperation

‰‰ Systematic plans, programs and codes of conduct prepared for organizational
growth

‰‰ Protection and security
‰‰ Unity and proactive mutual interaction

‰‰ Guided to bring socio-cultural and economic development

Development of Society

Development refers to the positive change. In other The positive change in
words, the progressive newness in any aspect can overall components of
be termed as development. We can observe many society is development
changes in the society. The positive change in social of society.
structure, social relation, organization, economy

etc. or the positive change in overall components of a society is known as social

development. Development of a society also indicates the entire change of a society

including its internal and external structure. It is the process of transformation.

Every society passes from simple to complex, unity to diversity, uncivilized to

civilized and primitive to modern in transformation process.

Features of Development of Society

‰‰ Universal phenomenon

‰‰ It is a process of group change and transformation

‰‰ Reconciliation

‰‰ Planned and spontaneous

‰‰ Fair judicial system

‰‰ Interdependence

‰‰ Gender and Religious equality

derive : get or obtain from something Glossary

associated : connected with something else

benevolent : kind, helpful and generous

dynamic : a process or system characterized by constant change

transformation : complete change

phenomenon : incidence

Spontaneous : self-generated

We and Our Society 11

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Explore the condition of mutual understanding and cooperation
among the members of your community and present in the class.
b. Organize a discussion program among your classmates on
"characteristics of my society".

2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. Define society in a sentence.
b. Mention any two elements of society.

3. Answer these questions in short.
a. What are the characteristics of society? Enlist them.
b. Explain the importance of society.
c. What do you mean by social development?
d. Explain the features of development of society.
e. The pace of the development of society differs from society to society.
Clarify it by giving examples.
f. Development of society is also transformation of society" Justify the
statement.

Community Work

Visit your community and explore the changes on the lifestyle and economic
activities of the people within last ten years by consulting with senior citizens.
Prepare a report based on your findings and present it in the class.

12 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Types of Society

2

A society develops gradually and Sociologists and anthropologists
spontaneously. Our society has passed have classified human societies
several stages of development to come in certain different ways based
into this modern stage. The society we live on the level of development,
in and the development and civilization technology, livelihood, culture,
we observe at present was not made structure and other inequalities.
overnight. It took a very long time. Our

ancestors went through various hardships.

They struggled in every step of their life. As a

result, the life we are enjoying today is easier,

smoother and more comfortable. Sociologists

and anthropologists have classified human

societies in certain different ways based on the

level of development, technology, livelihood,

culture, structure and other inequalities.

English anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett

Tylor (1832-1917) has classified the society Sir Edward Burnett Tylor

into nomadic society, barbarian society and

civilized society. Another sociologist Karl Marx (1818 AD – 1883 AD) divides a

society into hunting and gathering, pastoral, feudal, capitalist and socialist types.

Whatsoever, a society can broadly be classified into the following six types on the

basis of the conditions like economic activities, survival condition etc. which is

accepted by the most of the prominent anthropologists and sociologists.

Classification of Society and its Bases

Economy: Capitalist society, socialist society and mixed society
Language: Monolingual society, bilingual society and multilingual society
Religion: Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian etc.

We and Our Society 13

Settlement: Rural society and urban society

Time: Ancient, medieval and modern society

Mode of life: Hunting and gathering society, animal rearing society, horticultural
society, agricultural society, industrial (modern) society and postindustrial society

According to the most of the anthropologists and sociologists, there have been
five major categories of societies with their own unique features.

1. Hunting and Gathering Society

It is considered the earliest stage of human Hunting and gathering,
societies. In this stage, human beings nomadic life, small size,

survived primarily by hunting animals, threat from every side, no

birds, gathering edible wild fruits, roots, division of labour, survival

and shoots. They were highly dependent by hunting animals,
on nature for their survival. They lived collecting edible wild
nomadic life, as they had to wander from fruits, roots and shoots.

place to place for searching food. They

didn't have permanent settlement. There

was no social bond like family, marriage,

relatives etc. They used to wander in the

group of 30 to 35 from place to place.

Gradually, they started to use simple but

heavy tools and weapons made of rocks

and woods like wooden or stone spear

for hunting animals and collecting wild

plants. Agriculture was not practiced.

There was no division of labour. However, the males used to involve in

hunting animals, birds etc. and the females used to involve in gathering

food. Almost 99-percentage time of human society was believed to have

been spent in this stage. The life during this stage was full of complexities.

They were not secured due to the threat of wild animals, other groups of

people and extreme climate. Until about 10000 years ago, all societies were

supposed to be hunting and gathering societies. These types of societies still

exist in different parts of the world. The Raute and Kusunda tribes of Nepal,

and the Pygmies of Africa can be taken as examples of this type of society.

14 Social Studies Book - 9

2. Pastoral/Animal Rearing Society

This is the second stage of human Second stage, people
societies. People in this stage started started taming animals,
domesticating animals to meet their use of improved tools
needs along with hunting and gathering. and weapons made of
Most of the people in this stage started woods and stones, move
rearing animals for meat and milk for searching pastureland
because only hunting wild animals and for rearing cattle, semi
gathering wild fruits couldn't fulfill their nomadic relayed on cattle.

needs. This type of society is considered

to have been emerged around 30,000 to

35,000 years ago. They are more stable

than that of hunting and gathering

society. However, they were also semi

nomadic moving their herds from one

pasture to other. This type of society was

slightly efficient form of subsistence

relayed on cattle. They started to use a bit improved and handy weapons of

stones and woods. The division of human society into the society having

more cattle, having fewer cattle and having no cattle can be found during

this stage. This society was the initial phase of agrarian society. These types

of societies can be found in different parts of the world even at present such

as Kenya, Nigeria, Africa, Middle East, Central Asia and the northern belt of

Nepal.

3. Horticultural Society

This type of society is believed to have been Domestication of plants
emerged about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago and animals, food
in the most fertile areas of the Middle East, production, division
Latin America and Asia. People in this stage of labour, invention of

feed themselves by the vegetables, fruits plough, slash and burn
grown in the garden. They started slash and cultivation method etc.

burn cultivation method to grow crops. It is

the first revolutionary action of human kinds – the domestication of plants

We and Our Society 15

and animals that led to the emergence of
horticultural society in human history.
They used to cut the wild vegetations and
burn. They used ashes as fertilizers to grow
crops. They used to move less frequently
for finding cultivable areas. They no longer
had to depend on hunting animals and
gathering wild fruits as they could grow food for themselves. They could stay
at the same area until the soil is depleted. Availability of arable land used
to determine the size of family. The society in this stage tends to practise
wider division of labour and creation of rich and poor. They invented plow
to till the field, used simple stick to punch holes on the ground. These types
of societies are found in Kenya and New Guinea.

4. Agrarian/Agricultural Society

Agrarian society is supposed to have been

originated about 10,000 years ago from Egypt.

People of agrarian society started using animals

to pull the plows in the field to grow crops.

In these types of societies, people sustain by

cultivating land and growing crops. The concept

of trade was started in this era. Emergence of

two classes i.e. feudal and peasant Use of animals to pull the plows,
took place. Barter system came into large scale agriculture, surplus
practice in this stage. The complex production, emergence of trade
types of division of labour, surplus and barter system, conflict,
production, trades and earnings, government, complex division
conflict etc. was started that led to of labour, emergence of feudal
emergence of government. Town and peasant classes, creation

and cities were formed in this stage. of towns and cities, agriculture

These types of societies formed the is the chief economic activity.

basic structure of modern society.

There are many agrarian societies in the world even today having agriculture

as their chief economic activity. Nepal is an agricultural country. About two-

third of its population depends on agriculture.

The cultivation of paddy, wheat, buckwheat etc is believed to have started
from China about 8000 years ago.

16 Social Studies Book - 9

5. Industrial Society

Industrial society emerged with the

industrial revolution during the

18th century mainly from European

nations. It is considered to be the

most developed form of human

society. Industrial societies' economy

is based on industrial products. Use

of modern and advanced science

and technology is given high priority Use of advanced machineries,

in these types of societies. Large science and technology,

scale agro production gave rise to economy based on industrial

industrial societies by supplying raw products, emergence of

materials for industries replacing capitalist and proletariat,

feudalism. People of these societies complex division of labour,

largely engaged in manufacturing, huge gap between rich and

trade and services. Two classes of poor, open market, standard

people i.e. investors (capitalists) life, socio-economic freedom.

and workers (proletariats) are

emerged. This society gave rise to the materialistic thoughts, urbanization,

replacement of traditional way of production, nuclear family, privatization

process etc. Distinct and complex division of labour, high standard life, huge

gap between rich and poor classes, socio-economic freedom, open market,

widespread trade, rich in cultural diversity etc. are some of the features of

these types of societies. Such societies can be found in the most developed

countries like USA, Japan, Europe, Australia, South Korea etc. Developing

countries in the world are also gradually stepping towards urbanization and

industrialization.

5. Post-modern Society

The stage of economic development that
follows industrialization is termed post-
modern society by the sociologists. This
society emphasizes not the production
of goods, but of services, which depend
on intelligent designers and users of
technology. The invention of automobile,
harnessing of electricity etc by the

We and Our Society 17

developed nations in the world like USA, UK, Japan etc have made everything
easier and faster that led to the emergence of post-modern societies. The
developed countries have such mode of life. People in post-modern societies
adopt multicultural aspects of life and liberal economic policy. The economy
of the members depends on technologies and services than that of production
of goods. A person's vocational expertise becomes his identities than that of
his family ties in this society. People living in urban and industrial areas of
Nepal have such post-modern life style.

Glossary

inequalities : difference in size, degree; lack of equality
nomadic : wandering, mobile
barbarian : a person in a savage; uncivilized person
pastoral : animals rearing, farming of animals
monolingual : able to use only one language
bilingual : able to speak two languages
complexities : the state of being complex
domesticate : tame
stable : not likely to move, change or fail
pasture : an area covered with grass suitable for grazing livestock
subsistence : means of supporting life
slash and burn : a farming method that involves the cutting and burning

plants in the forest
arable : suitable for growing crops
agrarian : agricultural
peasant : agricultural labourer of low social status
barter : exchange of goods and services with other goods and

services without using money
capitalist : a person who invested capital in business
proletariat : worker who earns his living by manual labour

18 Social Studies Book - 9

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities

a. Make a chart of the classification of the society with their features and
display in the class.

b. Organize a discussion program in the class on "Features of My Society".
2. Answer these questions in very short.

a. Write the types of society based on economy.
b. Who was Karl Marx? Into how many types has he classfied society?
c. Write any two features of hunting and gathering society.
d. What is industrial society?
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. Which type of society do you prefer the most? Why?
b. What are the features of hunting and gathering society?
c. Mention the types of societies in general and explain any two in brief.
d. Mention the differences between agrarian society and industrial

society.
e. Compare between pastoral and horticultural society.
f. Differentiate between capitalist society and socialist society.
g. How do you classify the society on the basis of religion? Explain any

one of them.
h. The Raute and Kusunda tribes of Nepal can be taken as examples

of hunting and gathering society. How can we protect them from
extinction?

Community Work

Prepare a report on 'Development Process of My Community" and present in
the class.

We and Our Society 19

Lesson

3 Elements of a Good Society

A society is the combination of individuals ‰‰ Fixed territory
living together with common goal, shared ‰‰ Population
cultural norms and values. A society provides ‰‰ Identity and distinct
its members identity, security etc. The members
feel proud of being its members and get the name
opportunity for the personality development ‰‰ Normal life
in the society. For the smooth operation of ‰‰ Sense of belongingness
every activity, a good society possesses various ‰‰ Permanency
elements. The following are some of the ‰‰ Automatic creation and
elements of a good society:
Development
a. Fixed Territory ‰‰ Respect to the past
‰‰ Code of conducts and

Every society has a fixed geographical their application

territory where its members reside

together having shared cultural norms and values. They develop cooperation,

share ideas, feelings, happiness, sorrows etc. and live particular way of life.

They develop affinity and reciprocity among themselves as they become

close to each other due to its fixed territory.

b. Population:

A society has its population. The size of population of a society is not fixed.
It may be big or small. Several factors like size of territory, availability of
means and resources, other facilities determine the size of the population of
a particular society.

c. Identity and Distinct Name:

A society has its own name and identity. The members of a society get
recognition, gain dignity and identity from name and identity of their society.

d. Normal Life:

Members of a society have normal and simple life, which is determined

20 Social Studies Book - 9

by the form of society. They carry on their own mode of life. They engage
in economic activities for their survival according to the climate and
geographical condition of their territory. They fulfill their needs like
education, security, entertainment etc. from the same society.

e. Sense of Belongingness/We-feeling:

There is sense of belongingness in every member of a society. Sense of
belongingness or we-feeling makes a society identifiable and distinct from
other societies. They work for the common interest and for the welfare of the
people dwelling in their society. They observe feasts and festivals together.

f. Permanency:

A society is permanent in nature. The members of a society have stable
attachment with the territory, climate, group, lifestyle, government,
occupation, means and resources.

g. Automatic Creation and Development:

When people start living together in a particular territory, they start helping
and caring each other. They start sharing their feelings with each other,
which creates and develops a society automatically.

h. Respect to the Past:

Present generations are guided by the ancestral deeds and guidelines. They
respect the good deeds of the past and adopt them. Certain traditions,
cultural norms and values, rules and regulation are inherited to the present
generation from the past. Therefore, present society develops the sense of
respect and feeling of pride to ancestral deeds.

i. Codes of Conduct and their Application:

Every society has its cultural norms, values, codes of conduct and morale
ethics. All members of a society are liable to it. The activities of the members
of a society are regulated by such social norms and values. Breaching of such
norms means to cause violence, irregularity in the society, which creates
obstruction to its progress. Peace, progress, prosperity and security can't
be maintained in the society if such norms are not followed by its members.
Therefore, it is mandatory to follow them.

We and Our Society 21

Qualities of a Good Society

Not all societies can be considered as good societies. A good society should
possess certain qualities. Some of the qualities of a good society are mentioned
below:
a. Unity

There should be unity
among the members.
Unity is strength. They
work for the common
goals effectively if they
have unity. They can
solve the problems
with less effort that promotes the stability of a society.

b. Security

A good society ensures security to its members. The feeling of collective
security and interest pay enough attention towards the individual, family
and social security.

c. Collectiveness

The feeling of 'we' than that of
'I' is a must for a good society.
The concept of 'we' makes
the members realized the
importance of living together
and working collectively for the
common benefits.

d. Ownership

The sense of ownership encourages the members of a society to be responsive
for their society. It makes everyone responsible towards his or her society.

e. Cooperation

There should be cooperation among the members
of a society. All the members should unite and
help each other as and when necessary.

22 Social Studies Book - 9

f. Love

Love develops emotional attachment among the members. It promotes
cooperation and support in need.

g. Friendship

All the members of a society should be friendly, which creates supportive
and cooperating environment to each other in need.

h. Application of Rules

All the members of a society should abide by the rules and regulations of the
society. They should follow the social norms and values.

i. Responsibility

The feeling of responsibility among the members of a society encourages
them to fulfill their duties and responsibilities towards their society.

Glossary

possess : to have something as belonging to

territory : land belonging to state

affinity : closeness

reciprocity : mutuality

dignity : self-respect

ancestral : pertaining to ancestors; of previous generation

inherit : to take or receive

liable : accountable, legally responsible

mandatory : compulsory

We and Our Society 23

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Prepare a model of codes of conduct to be followed in a society to
maintain social harmony and stability.
b. Prepare a chart of qualities of a good society and display in your class.

2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. What do you mean by a good society?
b. What are the qualities a good society should possess?
c. What is reciprocity?
d. Which elements of a good society do you like most and why?

3. Answer these questions in short.
a. What is a good society? List the important elements of a good society.
b. The feeling of sense of belongingness and application of codes of
conduct are important elements of a good society. Explain.
c. Explain the qualities of a good society.
d. Unity, reciprocity and responsibility are essential factors to sustain a
good society. Justify with examples.

Community Work

Visit your community people and ask them about the ways to make your society
better. Prepare a report based on their response and present in the class.

24 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Socialization

4

Background

We have already discussed about the society and its nature in previous lesson. It
is dynamic in nature. It keeps on changing according to the time, situation and
other phenomenon spontaneously. The gradual transformation in lifestyle,
cultures, norms and values in society are common and natural. Human being,
being a social creature, takes birth, grows and dies in a society. He/she takes birth
without any culture but he/she learns
the way of behaving and interacting
with other people gradually. A
society in which he/she lives also
teaches him/her about the cultures,
traditions, social norms and values,
lifestyle etc. Being a member of a
society, he/she should learn to adjust
in the society. He/she should learn to
respect social norms and values,
follow rules and regulations and
behave accordingly. This process
makes him/her socialized. It is an everlasting process. It starts from birth and
goes until death. This learning process is called socialization.

Meaning of Socialization

Socialization is a lifelong learning process by which human beings acquire
knowledge and skills necessary to adjust themselves in the society. In this process,
individuals learn socially accepted values, norms, behaviors, ideology etc and
perform accordingly. More comprehensively, socialization process can be defined
as the everlasting learning process of understanding the society and following its
customs, norms and values. It is the way of acquiring social norms, values and
cultures. It is a means to adjust oneself in society as per its social structure.

"Socialization is the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group
(or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society)"

– Britannia Encyclopedia

We and Our Society 25

Elements of Socialization

Elements or components of socialization refer to those factors responsible for
socializing humans. These factors are the methods of socialization. Socialization
differs from society to society as it is influenced by the structure of the society,
place of origin, lifestyle of the members residing in it. However, there are some
elements, which make the socialization process smooth and effective in every
society. Some of them are presented below:

a. Language

Language is the chief vehicle of Elements of Socialization
communication. Communication Language
is the main base to understand
others' feelings and to make them Love, care and support

understand about our expressions. Social and cultural interaction
Communication requires language.

Without it, no one can communicate and understand each other. Only the

language increases the efficiency and affinity among each other. Therefore,

language plays a vital role in socialization process without which transference

of cultural norms and values, codes of conduct, rules and regulations is

almost impossible.

b. Love, Care and Support

Humans need supportive environment with full of love and care to share
their feelings, opinions, necessities, problems etc. The solution of the
problems, fulfillment of necessities is possible through sharing and helping
each other. Therefore, love, care and support play key role to move towards
positive socialization by enhancing social harmony, cooperation etc. If the
environment is just opposite to it, socialization process will be affected
adversely; there won't be cooperation, understanding etc among the
members residing in it.

c. Social and Cultural Interaction

Socialization is not possible without social
and cultural interaction. Socio-cultural
interaction helps members to express
their views, share their opinions in a
group that extends mutual understanding
and cooperation among them.

26 Social Studies Book - 9

Agents of Socialization

Socialization is a lifelong learning process through various agents. All the events,
customs, religious and cultural practices, rites and rituals, tradition, behaviours
and other activities that help in socio-cultural learning process are known as the
agents of socialization. The agents of socialization are divided into two major
types:

a. Primary Agents

Socialization is a learning process right Family, relatives, peer
after the birth. A child starts learning groups or friends,
from his mother in his/her childhood neighbours are the primary
days. It is the most important period of agents of socialization.

socialization for the child. He/she first learns from his/her mother and

then family members. As the time passes by, he/she makes peer group and

starts learning from them too. His/her involvement in different activities

in neighbourhood increases gradually. He/she starts learning socio-cultural

norms and values, traditions and lifestyle as well from them. The existing

ritual practices like observation of naming ceremony, rice-feeding ceremony,

ceremony of offering sacred thread (bratabandha), marriage, feast, festivals

etc help to socialize a child. A child learns attitude, norms and values, and

actions appropriate to individuals as the members of particular culture.

He/she starts adapting the prevalent social values as per his requirement

and interest. Therefore, family, relatives, peer groups, neighbouring people

are the primary and informal agents of socialization as a child learns many

things informally from them.

b. Secondary Agents

Secondary socialization is the process of learning the appropriate behavior
within a larger society through different formal and informal social
organizations like NGOs, INGOs, schools, colleges, universities, political
parties, social clubs, financial institutions, business groups, mass media etc.
These are also called the secondary agents of socialization. This learning
process commences when a child starts attending school. The child should
follow the rules and regulations, bond to scheduled time and should be
disciplined. He/she learns many things from the textbooks, examinations,

We and Our Society 27

extracurricular activities etc. He/she learns appropriate and acceptable act
for the society he/she lives in. College and university education expands
the horizon of his/her formal knowledge continuously. Involvement of
different social organizations, club activities, religious institutions, financial
institutions, banks and cooperatives also helps them to attain knowledge
for them to socialize. There is a significant influence of secondary agents for
shaping the character of an individual. It is rightly said that the activity and
behavior of an individual is the mirror of the status of a society where he/
she lives in.

Importance of Socialization

‰‰ Socialization teaches an individual social norms, values and ideology.

‰‰ Social skills and basic knowledge to live human life can be obtained through
socialization.

‰‰ An individual can lead a prosperous life with positive social attitude by the
help of socialization.

‰‰ From socialization, an individual attains social status, dignity, personality

development, disciplined characteristics, social etiquette, life techniques for

survival, fulfillment of responsibilities and social obligation etc.

Glossary

possess : to have something as belonging to

spontaneously : without thinking

acquire : receive, obtain

transference : the act of transferring

adapt : to adjust oneself to different condition

prevalent : widespread or occurrence

reformation : the act of reforming

28 Social Studies Book - 9

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Prepare a list of socialization skills and discuss in the class among your
classmates.
b. Organize a speech program on "Importance of socialization" in your
class.

2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. Define socialization in a sentence.
b. Give two examples of each primary and secondary agents of
socialization.

3. Answer these questions in short.
a. "Socialization is an everlasting learning process". Justify it.
b. What are the elements of socialization? Explain them in brief.
c. Which element do you think is the most important element of
socialization? Why?
d. What are the agents of socialization? Which one do you think is the
most important and why?
e. Why is socialization important? Write its significance.
f. What are the primary agents of socialization? Explain them in brief.
g. "Secondary agents of socialization play an important role for the
formation of an individual's character". Justify the statement.

Community Work

Explore the activities done to socialize the individuals in your community and
present in the class.

We and Our Society 29

Lesson

5 Our National Identities

Nepal is a country of distinctive kj" {df /fO,{ lnDa,' dWodf 5g\ gj] f/
identity in the world. Though it is sfx] L dfG5g\ wfg gfr oxfF, sfx] L 3]jf 5j] f/
small geographically, it is enriched

with a number of identities and klZrdsf] u?' ª /f]bL xfd|f] klxrfg

special features. Physical diversity, afx'g, If]qL bz] }el/ 5l/Psf 5g\ .
cultural diversity, ethnic diversity, blIf0fdf dw];L 5g\, pQ/df z]kf,{
lingual diversity, race and religion etc. k"mnaf/L em}F k"j{ klZrd lxdfn r9L x]bf{ .
are the unique features and identities

of Nepal. Nepal is a small world in sf}/f gfr du/ ;+:sf/ x/] slt /fdf| ]
itself having different types of culture,
lifestyle, civilizations, costumes, wft] L, 6f]kL, aVv' cflb klxrfg xfd|f] .

traditions etc. from the time immemorial. There are innumerable things that help

us for our unique identification in the world. Some of the major identities are

presented below:

1. Ethnic Identity:

Nepal is a country of ethnic diversity. It consists of more than 125 ethnic

groups of people according CBS report, 2011 (2068). Among them, the

highest population is of Chhetries followed by that of Brahmins. Other races

also share the huge part in the composition of population of Nepal. There are

other six ethnic groups in Nepal having more than 10, 00,000 population.

It is our prime responsibility to respect and maintain ethnic identity for

strengthening the unity in diversity. The glorious fact is that there has never

been any racial conflict among the different races. They are rather united

by bond of their loyalty to nation irrespective to their racial differences. The

major races and ethnicities in Nepal as per the census 2011 is presented

below: Source: CBS,2068

S.N. Caste/ Population % S.N. Caste/ Population %
Ethnicity Ethnicity

1 Chhetri 43,98,179 16.6% 6 Newar 13,21,933 5%

2 Brahmin 32,26,903 12.2% 7 Kami 12,58,554 4.8%

3 Magar 18,87,733 7.1% 8 Muslim 11,64,255 4.4%

4 Tharu 17,37,470 6.6% 9 Yadav 10,54,458 4%

5 Tamang 15,39,830 5.8% 10 Rai 6,20,004 2.3%

30 Social Studies Book - 9

2. Lingual Identity

Nepal is a country of lingual diversity. More than 123 languages have
been identified as mother tongue in Nepal according to the census 2011.
The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 has recognized all these languages as the
national languages. Nepali language in Devnagari script has been declared
as the language of official use, which has been serving as the means of

lingua franca too. The respective ethnic groups and races speak other

languages, dialects and vernaculars as mother tongue. Maithili, Bhojpuri,

Tharu, Tamang, Newar, Magar, Awadhi, Bajjika, Sherpa, Gurung, Limbu,

Rai, Urdu, Hindi etc. are other main mother tongues in our country. The

following table shows the major mother tongues spoken in Nepal:

S.N. Caste Population % S.N. Caste Population %

1 Nepali 1,18,26,953 44.6% 6 Newari 8,46,557 3.2%

2 Maithili 30,92,530 11.7% 7 Bajjika 7,93,416 3%

3 Bhojpuri 15,84,958 6% 8 Magar 7,88,530 3%

4 Tharu 15,29,875 5.8% 9 Doteli 7,87,827 3%

5 Tamang 13,53,311 5.1% 10 Urdu 6,91,546 2.6%

3. Religious Identity

Nepali is also a multi-religious country. The people living in Nepal follow
different religions. However, the followers of a particular religion pay equal
tribute to other religions as well. People following different religions live
together with unity and participate in each other's religious and cultural
activities respecting each other's religion and culture that promotes
religious and social tolerance. The belief, faith on religions, deities and
cultural values etc. are the unique features of Nepal and Nepalese people.
There is a provision of secularism in the Constitution of Nepal, 2072 having
given equal tribute to all religions. The government adopts the policy of
impartiality and non- interference in religious matter. There is complete
religious freedom for the citizens. More than 10 religions are followed in
Nepal as per the Census, 2068. The following table shows the religions that

are being practised in Nepal:

We and Our Society 31

S.N. Religion Population % S.N. Religion Population %

1 Hinduism 2,15,51,492 81.3% 6 Prakriti 1,21,982 0.5%

2 Buddhism 23,96,099 9% 7 Bon 13,006 0.04%

3 Islam 11,62,370 4.4% 8 Jainism 3,214 0.01%

4 Kirant 8,07,169 3% 9 Bahai 1,283 0.004%

5 Christianity 3,75,699 1.4% 10 Sikhism 609 0.002%

11 Others 61581 0.2%

Source: CBS, 2068

4. Geographical Identity

Geographical diversity
is another identity of
our country Nepal. It is
the country of biggest
physical diversity in
the world. It has varied
land topography. It is
divided into three major
geographical regions,
Himalayan, Hilly and
Terai. The Himalayan region includes three parts: the outer Mountain,
Bhots and Main Mountains. The numbers of peaks including the highest
mountain in the world Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) are located in this region.
The geographical condition of this region is very steep mostly filled with ice,
rock and glacial soil. It has very cold and dry climate. The soil in this region
is not suitable for cultivation. The snow-clad mountains, in fact, add the
beauty of the nation and are the sources of several rivers. The Hilly region is
sloppy and is made up of the Mid Hill, the Mahabharat Range, and the Chure
Range. It has mild climate. The soil in this region is semi-fertile. The Terai
region is flat in topography. It has hot climate. The soil found here is fertile.
It consists of three parts: Outer Terai, Bhabar, and Inner Terai. Nepal is full
of biodiversity due to this geographical diversity. We found all major types
of eco-system found in the world except sea and desert ecosystem in Nepal.

32 Social Studies Book - 9

5. Gender Identity

Gender refers to the role of a particular person given to him or her for
being a male or a female. It refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors
that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex. In context of
Nepal, all genders have equal recognition. The legal provision of Nepal also
encourages on gender equality in Nepal. Even people of the third sex have the
recognition from the state as a gender identity nowadays. Gender equality is
being practiced even from the religious point of view. Our culture, religion
and ideology have been giving equal priority to both male and female. Both
gods and goddesses are worshiped equally in Hinduism.

diversity : variety Glossary

innumerable : countless

glorious : delightful, wonderful

lingua franca : any language that is used as a means of communication

among other language speakers

tribute : gratitude, appreciation

secularism : a belief that no religion should be part of the affairs of the

state or education

biodiversity : diversity among and within plant and animal species

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Discuss with your friends about the gender identity in your family and
society.
b. Organize a speech program on "My country, my pride" in your class.
c. Draw the national emblems of Nepal in a chart paper and display in
the class.

2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. Make a list of national identities of Nepal.

We and Our Society 33

b. Name any four ethnic groups of Nepal.
c. What percentage of population of Nepal follows Hindu religion as per

the Census 2068?
d. What is secularism?
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. "Nepal is a multi-lingual, multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country".

Justify it.
b. What is gender identity? How is it maintained in Nepal?
c. Write the things that come under our national identity.
d. "Nepal is a country of geographical diversity". Justify it.
e. Why do you think Nepal is a small world itself? Give your logic.
f. What do you mean by biodiversity? Is Nepal rich in biodiversity?

Community Work

Visit some women social workers in your community. Ask them about the
rights and responsibilities that women are enjoying. Prepare a report based on
the response given by them.

34 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson

6 Our National Pride

There are innumerable sources in our country that make us feel proud. All the
people across the nation respect them. Resources like cultural, historical, natural
heritages are our pride. Such things of national pride are innumerable in Nepal.
We will discuss some of our national prides in this lesson.

1. Cultural Identity

Nepal is multiethnic and
multicultural country. There are
more than 125 ethnic groups residing
here with their own cultural identity
and tradition. People have their own
typical lifestyle, cultures and rituals
as variation in area, climate, and
geographical structure and so on.
They observe typical festivals, rites, and rituals based on their ethnicity
and religiosity. There are different cultural tradition and identities based
on geographical regions too. However, due to development of mass media,
science and technology, and globalization, there is rapid change of mode
of life of people irrespective to caste and ethnicity. Acculturation and
assimilation has been taking place rapidly. For example, the Newari culture
in Kathmandu valley, the Khas culture in Karnali, the Sherpa culture in
Himalayan region, the Mithila culture in Mid-terai, Deuda culture of Far-
Western and other typical cultures in specific regions have been interwoven.
There is great influence of a culture of a particular caste to the people of
other castes. A person from any race, ethnicity, religiosity, and region can
observe any culture belonging to other groups that indeed, foster the cultural
harmony in the country. People from various regions and castes have started
living together in a particular place due to urbanization. As a result, people
have started to change their way of living and cultural norms and values.
They have developed the trend of inter-caste marriage. In this way, varieties
of cultures and their uniqueness have become the part of our national pride.

We and Our Society 35

2. National Flag

National flag is the national identity
of any country in the world. Our
national flag represents our glory,
patriotism and nationality. It is
regarded as the symbol of our
country. Any delegate from any
country is recognized with the help
of national flag. There is presence of
national flag in any formal program
and occasion like sports, victory,
government offices, school premises
etc. Our national flag is unique in terms of shape and size and in terms
of meaning that it carries. It is made with the combination of two red
overlapping triangles (small and big). The background of our national flag
is crimson red and the border is dark blue. The upper triangle has the moon
emitting eight rays and the lower triangle has the sun emitting 12 pointed
rays imprinted. The blue colour of our national flag symbolizes the peace
loving nature of Nepalese. They love peace and prefer non-violence. The
white colour represents the purity of Nepalese. The red colour signifies the
bravery of the Nepalese. The two triangles are the symbols of Himalayas.
The sun and the moon symbolize that Nepal exists until the sun and the
moon exist in this universe. Thus, our national flag is our glory and pride.

3. National Anthem

National anthem is our glory ;of}F yª' u\ f kmn" sf xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL
and pride. All formal national ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf d]rL dxfsfnL
festivals, ceremonies and k|s[ltsf sfl] 6 sfl] 6 ;Dkbfsf cfFrn
programmes of honour begin jL/x¿sf /utn] :jtGq / c6n
with national anthem. All 1fgel" d zflGtel" d t/fO{ kxf8 lxdfn
people across our country Nepal cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld gk] fn
respect it. We should stand up ax'n hflt efiff wd{ ;:+ s[lt 5g\ ljzfn
in a disciplined way to show our cuu| fdL /fi6« xfd|f] ho ho g]kfn .
respect to it when it is sung.

Nepal has got a new national

36 Social Studies Book - 9

anthem after the People's Movement-II (2062/063 BS). The lyricist of our
new national anthem is Pradip Kumar Rai also known as Byakul Maila and
Amber Gurung composed the music for it. There are words in our national
anthem. There are 46 words in our national anthem. National anthem
elevates the character and glory of the country. It teaches us our duties and
responsibilities towards the nation. Our new national anthem is inclusive as
it addresses the aspirations of all the people irrespective to caste, ethnicity,
geography etc. It has been able to address and include the different aspects
of the nation that are also known as our identities like multi religion, culture,
language and geographic features of Nepal. It tries to maintain the unity in
diversity. Thus, national anthem is our pride.

4. Pashupatinath Temple

Pashupatinath temple is
one of the holiest and place
sfor Hindus, dedicated
to Pashupatinath (Shiva,
Mahadev), lord of the lords.
It is situated 1km north- east
of Kathmandu on the western
bank of the holy Bagmati River.
Hindus regard Lord Pashupati
as their Aaradhyadev and pay
greater devotion to him. During the occasion of Mahashivaratri, there will
be huge crowd of Hindu devotees from across Nepal and the neighbouring
countries. It is the temple for Hindus and only Hindus are allowed to enter
the compound of the main temple. However, tourists from all over the world
come to visit and see the activities done here.

Pashupatinath temple is built in the pagoda style with golden roof. The
temple has been well decorated with wooden and metal sculptures. It has
two storied roof made of copper and coated with gold. It has doors in all
four directions. It has golden pinnacle at the top and silvery doors. There
are one thousand Shivalingas. There are many other temples in addition to
the main temple.

The exact date of its construction is unknown. However, it is one of the oldest

We and Our Society 37

temple in Kathmandu. It is said to have been built by King Dharma Dutta.
The queen of Shiva Singh Malla and King Pratap Malla had renovated this
temple. The Pashupatinath area, which is included in the UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1997 AD, includes Bankali, Guheshwari, Jayabagewhwori,
the Sleshmantak forest and Devpatan.

5. Janaki Temple

Janaki temple, one of
the major identities
of Nepal, is situated
in Dhanusha district
of Janakpur zone in
the central Terai of
Nepal. Janakpur is
the birth place of Sita
or Janaki. It is one
of the holiest places
in Nepal for Hindus.
This temple is an artistic master piece designed in the Mughal style.

The temple is 6 m high with two storeys having 60 rooms. There are several
artistic artifacts to be watched. There is main temple of Janaki (Sita), daughter
of King Janak of the ancient Mithila in its central part. The idol of Sita is
installed there. The temple is the best example of Rajasthani architecture.
The decorated images of two lions above the north-eastern gate are the
best examples of stone sculptures. Many pilgrims across the country and
neighbouring countries like India, Shrilanka etc visit Ram Janaki temple to
worship Lord Ram and Sita every year especially during the festivals of Ram
Navami, Vivaha Panchami, Dashain and Tihar. There are several rooms to
live around the temple for sages, priests, devotees, Mahanthas and servers.

Janaki temple is popularly known as 'Naulakha Temple' since nine lakh
rupees was spent to construct it in 1968 BS. Queen Brishbhanu Devi of
Tikamgadh (now, Madhya Pradesh state in India) had constructed the
temple about 100 years ago. There is a temple of Lord Ram nearby it. There
is Laxman temple towards its north-east and a Mosque towards its south-
west. The most interesting fact is that though the temple is a sacred place
of Hindus, it was constructed by Muslim architects. The existence of the
mosque for Muslims to recite Namaz in the premises of Janaki temple has
presented the unique example of religious tolerance in Nepal.

38 Social Studies Book - 9

6. Mt Everest (Sagarmatha)

Mt. Everest is the highest peak in
the world, which is located in the
Mahalangur mountain range in
Nepal. It is 8848 meters (29,029
ft) high from the sea level. It is
our national pride and identity.
Among the fourteen mountain
peaks above 8000 meters in the
world, 8 of them lie in Nepal.
Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) lies at
27059' N latitude and 86056' E longitude.

This summit was officially named Everest in 1865 AD after the name of Sir
George Everest, the British surveyor. Earlier, the mountain was known as
Peak XV. Later in 1956 AD (2013 BS), Nepali historian and scholar Baburam
Acharya gave the name Sagarmatha in Nepali. Mt. Everest is called Chomo
Lungma 'mother of the universe' in Tibetan language. Many people try to
climb and reach the summit. Tenzing Norgay Sherpa and Edmund Hillary
first successfully conquered the summit in 1953 AD. Since then, more than
5000 people have reached the world's highest summit. It is also called the
third pole of the earth due to its climatic extremities and similarities to the
North and the South Poles of the earth as referred to by Michael Karga.

instinct : a natural tendency Glossary

acculturation : the process of adopting cultural traits of another group

assimilation : the process of adjusting to the culture of a group or nation

interwoven : to become woven together, intermingled

aspirations : desires

sacred : holy

pinnacle : any pointed towering part

We and Our Society 39

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Discuss with your friends about the things of our national pride, which
are not mentioned in the lesson and prepare a list.
b. Visit your library at your school, or search in Google about Lumbini,
the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. Collect information and present in
your class.
c. Visit Pashupati area with your subject teacher , and study the things
available there. Also, prepare a report on the basis of your findings.

2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. What was the previous name of Mt Everest?
b. Who built Pashupatinath temple?
c. Where is Janaki temple located?
d. What is religious tolerance?
e. Who was Sir George Everest?
f. What is the Tibetan name of Mt Everest?

3. Answer these questions in short.
a. What do the colours and objects in our national flag signify? How does
it increase our national pride?
b. Why are Pashupatinath temple and Mt. Everest our prides? Give
reasons.
c. Why is Janaki temple called Naulakha temple? How does it increase
our national pride?
d. 'Our national anthem tries to maintain unity in diversity'. Justify the
statement.
e. Offer any four appropriate suggestions to maintain our national pride.

Community Work

Make a research in your community with your friends about the things, which
are considered as pride of your community. Prepare a report based on their
importance.

40 Social Studies Book - 9

Revision Exercise

a. What is society? Why is it important?
b. Write any two characteristics of society.
c. What is development of society?
d. What are the types of societies according to Sir Edward Burnett Tylor?
e. Which society is believed to have started after pastoral society?
f. Mention any two features of industrial society.
g. Write any two elements of society.
h. What are the qualities of a good society?
i. What are the elements of socialization?
j. Highlight the importance of socialization.
k. How does a human become socialized from community?
l. How many castes, languages and religions are there in Nepal as per the

census of 2011 AD?
m. What is religious tolerance? How is it maintained in our society?
n. Enlist the sources of national prides.
o. What does the crimson red colour of our national flag symbolize?
p. Who made the first official ascent of Mt Everest? And When?
q. Why is Janaki temple called Naulakha?
r. Where is Pashupatinath temple situated?
s. Why is the national anthem considered our national glory?
t. How does Mt Everest promote our national pride?

We and Our Society 41

2Unit
Development and
Infrastructures of Development

Contents of the Unit

‰‰ Concept of Development
‰‰ Prerequisites of Development
‰‰ Infrastructures of Development
‰‰ Creative Use of Traditional Skill, Knowledge and Technology

Expected Competency

‰‰ Tell the concept of development;
‰‰ Know the means and resources of development and mobilize them;
‰‰ Explore the changes in lifestyle, education, health and employment opportunities;
‰‰ Know the positive changes and achievements;
‰‰ Tell and write the prerequisites of development and their importance;
‰‰ Know the importance and current status of education, health, communication, transportation,

Electricity and drinking water in Nepal;
‰‰ Be creative, collaborative and responsible towards the development activities;
‰‰ Highlight the importance of creative use of traditional skills, knowledge and technology.

42 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson

1 Concept of Development

Development is the process of positive change Development is the
that improves the quality of life of all people. It process of positive change
brings progressive changes in every sector of that improves the quality
the society and nation. The positive change in of life of all people.
social, cultural, economic and other aspects of a

society or nation can be considered as development. Everything in the world is

dynamic. Development is also continuous process. Everyone desires change in

the existing condition to make the life easier, accessible and better. Thus,

development refers to the better life chances of the people with well-facilitated

places, progressive change, improved condition of peace and security, advancement

of physical aspects etc.

Development is often connected with economic Development is concerned
growth. People even consider development not only with the fulfillment
synonymous to economic growth. In this regard, of physical needs of people
development is to obtain higher economic but also with the socio-
status. However, only economic prosperity or cultural improvement.

increment of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

doesn't clarify the true value of development. Development is concerned not

only with the fulfillment of physical

needs of people but also with the socio-

cultural improvement. As per the report

of Human Development published in

1996 by United Nations Development

Program, "human development is the

end, economic growth is a means". UN

Charter defines, "Development does

not concern only with the fulfillment

of physical needs of human beings, but

Development and Infrastructures of Development 43

also with the improvement of social conditions". In this sense, development is
overall change in social, cultural, behavioural and institutional aspects along with
economic growth. It is economic growth along with social justice, proper security,
capacity building and eradication of inequality and poverty.

Change in particular individual or a certain group of people is not development.
In fact, it is the condition where entire population across the country should be
able to benefit from the change. The living standard of all the citizens should be
high. All the citizens of the country should be able to fulfill their basic requirements
of their families in easier way. They should be healthy, progressive and prosperous.
The country should also be able to ensure social, cultural and economic security
to its people.

Some countries in the world like USA,
Canada, Germany, South Korea etc.
are being developed rapidly gaining
high standard of living. They are called
developed countries. Such countries
have well developed infrastructures
of development. People living in such
countries are advanced, educated,
engaged in industry, trade and service
sectors. They have high per capita
income and high life expectancy as well. On the contrary, the countries being
developed at a slow pace having low economic and technological growth rate, low
per capita income, low life expectancy, mostly engaged in agriculture sectors are
called developing countries. Nepal, Bangladesh, Ethiopia etc are the examples of
developing countries.

Proper utilization of available means and resources ensures the development of
a place or a country. Factors like health, education, transport, communication
etc. are key factors for providing services to the people and to run development
activities, which are called infrastructures of development. A country can run
the development activities smoothly if there are proper and well-managed
infrastructures. Besides, proper planning of development and effective execution
is also essential for the development.

There are several indicators to measure the development level of a country. Some
of the indicators to measure the economic growth of a country are described
below:

44 Social Studies Book - 9

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

GDP is the total goods and services Indicators of Development
produced in a country within a Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
year and the total monetary value Gross National Product (GNP)
of GDP is Gross Domestic Income Per Capita Income (PCI)
(GDI). It includes the contribution
from all economic activities carried

out within a boundary of a nation in a year such as agriculture, tourism,

industries, banking, trade, transport etc.Therefore, GDP is the total sum of

Agriculture, Industry and Service. It can be expressed as GDP = A + I + S.

2. Gross National Product (GNP)

GNP is the total goods and services produced in a country within a year
including income from abroad. The monetary value of GNP is Gross
National Income (GNI). It includes the income earned by its nationals in
foreign countries and excludes or deducts income earned by the foreigners
within the concerned country. Remittance, interest from foreign banks,
income from industries set up in foreign land etc. are the sources of foreign
income. GNP is the sum total of GDP and net income from abroad. It can be
expressed as GNP = GDP + net income from abroad.

3. Per Capita Income (PCI)

It is the average income of all the citizens of a country in a year. It is calculated

by dividing the total income by its total population. Nowadays Gross National

Income (GNI) is used as a main indicator of economic development. It

includes both GDP and earning from abroad. If we divide GNI by the total

population, we get the per capita income. Per Capita Income is the common

indicator of economic development of a country. It is generally expressed in

US dollar ($). However, the average income may not reflect the true state of
economic growth of a nation because high income of a few rich people may
show high per capita income whereas majority of the people could be poor
and below the poverty line. GDP Per Capita Income of Nepal is 1034 US $ .

Formula to calculate Per Capita Income is PCI = Total GNI
population

Development and Infrastructures of Development 45

PCT - Table Means and resources necessary for the infrastructures of
development

Resources Means
Raw materials
agro-based products, forest, natural resources
Labour force and minerals etc.
Capital
Market Skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled human power
Communication
Saving, investment, trades and commerce
Trade and commerce
Local, national and international
Transport
TVs. Radios, Faxes, post offices, satellites,
Education internet, email, telephone etc.

Health Banking, insurance, markets, shops,
cooperatives etc.
Irrigation facility
Roadways, airways, railways, ropeways,
waterways

School, colleges, universities, technical
institutes and vocational trainings

Health posts/centres, hospitals, health
workers, medicines

Canals, tube well, pump sets, rain water
collection etc.

dynamic : constant change or progress Glossary

eradication : prevention, removal

ensure : to make sure

infrastructure : the basic or fundamental facility that is essential for a

country or an organization to run smoothly

lifeexpectancy : the duration of the time that a person is likely to live

execution : putting a plan into action

indicators : a sign that indicates a level of something

remittance : a sum of money sent in payment of goods and services or

a gift

46 Social Studies Book - 9

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Write a paragraph on "Change in My Community" comparing the
houses, lifestyle of people and their attitude that you have seen in the
past and at present.
b. Find the annual income of your family by the help of your parents and
calculate the per capita income of your family.
c. Prepare a poster depicting the development condition of your country
and provide the title.

2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. What do you mean by development?
b. Define 'Development' as per UN charter.
c. What are the indicators of economic development of a nation?
d. What is meant by PCI?

3. Answer these questions in short.
a. "Only the economic prosperity doesn't reflect the true value of
development". Justify the statement.
b. What is per capita income? Why is it not considered as the best
indicator to measure actual development?
c. Differentiate between the developed and developing countries at least
in four points.
d. Why is GNI different from GDP? Explain with example.

Community Work

What may be the possible changes that will take place in your community after
ten years? Ask the concerned people who are engaged in different development
plans and projects. Write an article based on their response.

Development and Infrastructures of Development 47

Lesson

2 Prerequisites of Development

Development is a continuous process. It The things that are
doesn't take place automatically. Human required as prior
beings are the key agents to bring about conditions for carrying out
development. They need different means and the development activities
resources for development as discussed in the are known as prerequisites
previous lesson. They are the basic conditions of development.

or prerequisites for the development. There are

many such conditions required to be fulfilled before any development activity.

Some of the prerequisites of development are mentioned below:

1. Literacy

Literacy, in general, refers to the ability to read

and write. The person who is able to read, write

and understand the simple and short sentences

can be considered as literate one. Literate

people can share the ideas and knowledge

they have learned with others. They are able

to do simple arithmetic calculation as well.

Literate people can realize their potentiality,

upgrade their status, participate in Prerequisites of development
development activities, and enhance

their social etiquette and cooperation. Literacy

They are aware of their rights and People’s participation

responsibilities. Literacy promotes Entrepreneurship
the living standard of people as Peace
literate people can understand and

utilize their skills in the related field. They learn many things from others.

Moreover, formation of proper plan and policy for development and their

effective implementation is possible if the people are literate. Therefore,

literacy is one of the prerequisites of development.

48 Social Studies Book - 9

The Kathmandu Post

EDITORIAL

Output, not numbers

The government should prepare a plan to achieve total literacy.

Not being able to read is a crippling A new law mandates local governments

disability. Until 2008, only 55.6 percent to ensure that every child from five to 12 years

of Nepalis could read and write. Realising of age is enrolled- and receive free education-

the importance of literacy, the government in public school. Records at the Ministry of

launched the National Literacy Campaign in Education show that the net enrolment rate for

2009,and in less than a decade, the country basic education has gone up to 97 percent. Yet,

was able to achieve more than 40 percent owing to lack of adequate funding and proper

growth in literacy. In 2014, the government policy for quality education, the quality of

decided to increase the literacy rate as part of education has been continually deteriorating.

the millennium Development Goals (which further, the dropout rate continues to rise

is now called the sustainable Development too. So while our literacy levels might have

Goals) to ensure that by 2015, all the children improved, educationally we have been a

in the country at least finished primary terrible under-performer.

education. The government should focus more on

The aim was to declare Nepal as total ways to ensure that the children stay in school

literate-something that is achieved when a until they complete their studies, at leaslt until

given geographical area has more than 95 the secondary level. Various studies have found

percent literacy. Four years down the line, that the students who choose to leave school

it is 2019 today, and the government is are often those who do not see any financial

still making claims that it will achieve total gain in the long tern through education.

literacy in two years - something that it has What's more, education in public schools is

been saying every year. often substandard. Public school teachers are

The 2011 National Census recorded not eager to address the inefficiencies of the
Nepal's literacy rate at 65.9 percent. As government education system. And this needs
per the Centre for Education and Human to change.

Resource Development, 7.8 million people While learning to read and write is

were illiterate in 2011, while 7.8 million the first step, the ultimate goal of getting an

people were living below the poverty line. education should be to be able to differentiate

Since 2011, the government has spent Rs 7 between what is right and what is wrong.

billion on literacy campaigns, but it is yet The government should be more invested in

to achieve the desired result. The concept achieving output from the students who enroll

of literacy is often pitched too low in Nepal in school rater than merely doing a headcount

where enrollment in school is equate to being of the enrollment. Also, it needs to stop making

literate. And herein lies the problem. Being claims and prepare a detailed plan to achieve

literate must have transformative effects total literacy in the country.

on individuals. In our case, that has barely

happened.

Development and Infrastructures of Development 49

The traditional concept of literacy was to obtain 3 skills i.e. 3 'R's- reading,
writing and solving arithmetic problems.Now, the concept has been changed.
One has to gain 7 'R's to be a literate. It means, to be literate, besides reading,
writing and solving arithmetic problems, one should be aware and utilize
his/her rights and responsibilities; maintain good relationship with others in
the community or society, and participate actively in social functions, events
and recreational activities. Thus, literacy is not merely limited within the
reading and writing skills, but also connected with socio-economic, cultural
and political aspects. Literacy is also considered as means of empowerment.
It removes ignorance and also promotes income. It helps to increase the
awareness in people about social norms and values, encourages people's
active participation and ultimately helps in the development.

The literacy program was initiated from Gurukul education system in
Nepal. At present, there are many academic and social institutions to make
people literate. As the result of which the literacy rate of Nepal is increasing
every year. According to the census of 2068, the literacy rate of Nepal is 65.9
percent.

2. People's Participation

Involvement of people in various development
activities is called people's participation.
Involvement of people in decision-making,
execution of planning, supervision and
management of projects etc. is essential for the
successful accomplishment of any development
program.

Development is the process of positive change. Its main aim is to ensure
overall change in economic, social, cultural and institutional aspects of
human life. But the successful implementation of any development plan
or program depends upon the participation of people. Thus, people's
participation is essential in the process of development. No country in the
world can carry out the development program smoothly without people's
participation. Government alone can't ensure the overall development of the
country. The participation of active, dedicated and skilled human resources
is essential to ensure the sustainable development in the country. People's
participation plays a vital role in the development activities. It develops
the sense of belongingness and cooperation among them. It increases

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