Shubharambha Social book 9 final for CTP 2077

Revision Exercise

a. Differentiate between local time and standard time.
b. Prepare a physical map of Nepal and show the mountain, hill, and terai

region.
c. Write down the four features of the monsoon climate.
d. Draw a map of Nepal and insert all sorts vegetation found in Nepal.
e. What are the crops produced in different geographical regions? Why do they

vary in different regions?
f. List out the crops which are produced in your locality.
g. Collect the information about the problems created by waterborne disasters

in your locality and prepare a report.
h. Prepare a map and insert the major rivers and lakes in it.
i. Draw a map of Nepal by using the grid method.
j. Prepare the map of Asia and insert Japan, Pacific ocean, Himalayan range

of Nepal, Bhutan and China.
k. List out the five countries having sound economic activities and also mention

the reasons.
l. Describe the climate and physical features of Europe.
m. Prepare the map of Europe and insert Danube River, Germany, Poland, and

Omega lake.
n. List out the import and export items of Europe and show in a table.
o. Explain the natural vegetations of Australia.
p. What are the reasons for uneven distribution of population in Australia?
q. Compare the economic and social conditions of Nepal with that of Asia,

Europe and Australia.

Our Earth 251

7Unit

Our Past (Historical Studies)

Contents of the Unit

‰‰ Exploration of Sources of History, Their Studies and Preservation
‰‰ Buddha’s Birthplace and History of Shakya Dynasty of Kapilvastu
‰‰ Prithvi Narayan Shah and Unification Campaign
‰‰ Effects of the Unification Campaign of Nepal
‰‰ Anglo-Nepal War: Causes and Consequences
‰‰ Nepalese Bravery in Anglo-Nepal War
‰‰ Causes of the Rise and Fall of Rana Rule
‰‰ Effects of Rana Regime
‰‰ Industrial Revolution and Its Effects
‰‰ Genealogy
‰‰ Our Ancestors: Our Pride

Expected Competency

‰‰ Explore the sources of history, study and preserve them.
‰‰ Give short introduction about the birthplace of Gautam Buddha.
‰‰ Know about the unification campaign of Nepal and its effects.
‰‰ Know about the contribution made by Nepali brave warriors during the Anglo-

Nepal war.
‰‰ Know the causes of rise and fall of Rana rule in Nepal.
‰‰ Describe the industrial revolution and its impact on human life.
‰‰ Prepare a genealogy family tree.
‰‰ Know that our ancestors are our pride.

252 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Exploration of Sources of History,
Their Studies and Preservation
1

This is a sample of report writing based on exploration, study and preservation of sources
of history.

Project Work Report- 2077
Exploration of Sources of History, Their Study and Preservation

Introduction

The term ‘history’ is derived ‰‰ History is the study of the past based on
from Ancient Greek word reliable facts, date and evidences.
‘Historia’ meaning inquiry,
knowledge acquired by ‰‰ It is the chronological record of
research. It is the study of significant events took in the past.
past based on reliable date,
facts and evidences. History ‰‰ Herodotus is known as the ‘Father of
is the chronological record History’.
of the remarkable events
‰‰ Ambika Prasad Upadhyaya wrote the
first history book in Nepali in 1929 BS.

that are recorded, written for

future use. It is the collection, description and analysis of the events took in the

past. Historiography is an art of writing and recording history through extensive

resources, which helps us to learn about the past and prepares us for future.

History is in fact the guidelines for the future.

A Greek scholar, Herodotus had started writing history for the first time in the
5th century BC. So, he is called the ‘Father of history’. Historical events are very
important to lead the society and the nation to a right direction. It is essential
to study the various sources of history for writing and identifying the reality of
history. The collection of various historical materials, their comparative study,

Our Past (Historical Studies) 253

analysis, and evaluation are essential to reach to the truth.The history prepared
on the basis of a single source and material cannot help us to reach close to the
reality.
The sources of history can be categorized into primary and secondary on the basis of
origin.
a. Primary sources: The description of any event of the past prepared on

the basis of eyewitness and face-to-face experience observed directly by an
individual is called primary source. Primary sources are rare as very few
people get opportunities to observe the events directly.
b. Secondary sources: The sources of history prepared by other except
eyewitness such as artifacts, records, journals, coins, legends, paintings,
written documents etc. are secondary sources of history. For example, the
inscription of Changunarayan Temple is the secondary source of history that
provides us the information about the Lichchhabi King Mandev.

The sources of history such as historical, cultural, religious and archaeological
objects etc. should be explored and protected as they are the valuable assets of the
country. The report has been prepared on the basis of these subjects.

2. Objectives of the Study

The following were the objectives of our research:
‰‰ To explore various sources of history and explain them,
‰‰ To suggest the methods to preserve the sources of history.

3. Methods of the Study

Both the primary and secondary methods were applied to explore the sources of
history, their study and preservation.
a. Primary source: We visited and interviewed historians, intellectuals and

teachers by making questionnaire.
b. Secondary source: We study library books, articles, newspapers, magazines,

manuscript etc. Much information was collected by the help of internet as
well.

4. Findings

After the study of different sources of information, we found that the sources of
history can be categorized into written, oral and arts and artifacts on the basis of
nature.

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a. Written sources: chronicles, genealogy, coins, medals, awards, biographies,
diaries, records, reports, vouchers, inscription, manuscript, bhojpatra,
tadpatra, travelogue of foreigners, books, golden or copper plates, Thyasaphu,
maps etc.

b. Oral sources: Folk songs, folklore, legends, myths, stories, sayings,
interviews, preaching etc.

c. Arts and artifacts: Paintings, architectures, sculptures, forts, caves, ponds,
weapons, utensils, costumes, jewellery, make-up items, fossils, ruins,
cultivated land, graveyards, burial grounds etc.

Sources of Nepalese History

Nepalese history is prepared on the basis of various records of the past. ‘An Account of
the Kingdom of Nepal’ written by William Kirkpatrick in 1793 AD is considered the
first book on Nepalese history. Besides him, other many foreign historians contributed
to the research of Nepalese history such as Hemilton, Cicil Bendal etc. Ambika Prasad
Upadhyaya wrote the first history book in Nepali in 1929 BS. Likewise, other Nepalese
who contributed to find out the history of Nepal in different periods are Itishas Shiromani
Baburam Acharya, Nayan Raj Panta, Satya Mohan Joshi, Dilli Raman Regmi, Surya
Bikram Gyawali, Rudra Raj Pandey, Hemraj Pandey, Balchandra Sharma etc.

The following major sources are used to prepare the history of Nepal:

1. Archeological Sources

a. Inscriptions: Various historical facts have been found in inscriptions
carved on wood, stone, and metals (gold, bronze, copper etc.) They
provide ample information on political, cultural, religious and
economic aspects of Nepalese society.

b. Coins: Different coins have been found issued in the rule of different
dynasties in Nepal. The coins used during different ruling periods
provide information of contemporary society. The imprints found on
them inform about the name of the rulers, dynasties, ruling period,
socio-economic condition etc.

c. Arts and Artifacts: Various types or artworks such as paintings,
images, temples, monasteries, statues, bihars, monuments etc.
depict the information on socio-cultural, economic, religious aspects
of contemporary society in different period of history. These are the
reliable sources of history which can be observed directly.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 255

d. Religious scriptures: Religious scriptures are very important sources
to prepare ancient history as they provide information about the ruling
system, provision of justice etc. Hindu religious scriptures, Bouddha
religious scriptures are notable examples of religious scriptures.

e. Chronicles: It is an account of a dynasty or clan of people presented
in order of time including the important events connected with these
people. It is also a source of history as it provides the information
about the name of rulers, dynasties, dates, festivals, religious and
social activities, reforms etc.

f. Thyasaphu: A personal diary in which daily events are written is known
as Thyasaphu in Newari language. Such handwritten documents
during Malla period are the sources of history.

g. Government documents, publications and speeches: Various
document of government such as treatise and agreements, debenture,
official letters, gazette papers, bills, verdicts of court etc. are the
important sources of Nepalese history. Similarly, constitutional books,
newspapers, journals, autobiographies, speeches, the proclamation
announced by the government in different periods such as 2007, 2017,
2036, 2046, 2063, 2065, 2072 BS etc. are reliable sources of Nepalese
history.

h. Folk song, Myth, Story, Saying etc: The tradition of singing songs,
telling myth, story, sayings, heroic deeds, khando about the farmers,
lahures, slaves etc. passes historical information from one generation
to another. Such traditions help us to know about the past events.
Similarly, the stories and songs of Gandharva regarding the World War
I and the World War II, War of Falkland are very close to the truth.

i. Travelogue of Foreigners: Foreign missionaries, historians, traders,
travellers and anthropologists have written their experience, memories
and information about Nepal. Economics of Kautilya, inscription of
Samudra Gupta of Allahabad, the writings of Father Grover, William
Kirkpatrick, Hyamilton etc.about Nepal are valuable sources of
Nepalese history.

Recommendations

The following measures should be taken for the preservation of the sources of history:
‰‰ Available sources of history should be recorded and documented.

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‰‰ Proper security should be provided to prevent the historical items from
being lost or stolen.

‰‰ Well-equipped libraries and museums should be established to preserve the
collected and available sources.

‰‰ Researches, excavations should be done in potential areas.

‰‰ Electronic devices such as computer should be used to store the collected
sources of history.

‰‰ The sources of history found in various places should be assembled.

‰‰ Awareness should be raised among commoners about the value of the
sources of history.

‰‰ The collected and available sources of history should be nationalized.

5. Conclusion

Preparing a true history is a very challenging task since a single source is not
reliable and adequate. Various sources of history should be collected, consulted
in order to find out the authentic historical fact. If the sources of history are biased
and exaggerated, it may cause confusion to the future generation. It is a creative
work, which makes a researcher energetic and prevents inactiveness. The sources
of history are the pride of the nation that provides guidelines for the future. It is
the prime responsibility of present generation to preserve the sources of history
and handover to the future generation.

Glossary

chronological : starting with the earliest and following the order in which
they occured

historiography : the study of historical writing

extensive : comprehensive, vast

genealogy : line of decent, family tree

travelogue : a movie or a book of experience of the traveller about the
place visited

debenture : a loan certificate issued by a company

proclamation : a public or official announcement

Our Past (Historical Studies) 257

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities

a. Draft a model questionnaire to ask a historian of Nepal for collecting
information about history.

b. Collect some sources of history available in your community and present in
your class.

2. Very short answer questions
a. What is historiography?
b. Define chronicle in a sentence.
c. Who is the father of history?
d. Who wrote the first book on Nepalese history?
e. What is Thyasaphu?

3. Short answer questions
a. Distinguish between primary and secondary sources of history with examples.
b. It is important to explore, study, and preserve the sources history’. Justify the
statement.
c. Write any four sources of history and explain them in brief.
d. Arts and artifacts are directly seen sources of history. Elaborate it.
e. Write any four importance of reading history.
f. Why is the travelogue of foreigners taken as the source of Nepalese history?

4. Long answer questions
a. The various sources of history are valuable assets of the nation. What sorts of
measures are to be adopted to preserve them? Write your opinion.
b. List any nine sources of history and explain them in brief.

Community Work

There may be some historical places in your locality. Visit anyone of them and
note down the information inscribed in the inscription available there, and
display in the class.

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Lesson Buddha’s Birthplace and History
of Shakya Dynasty of Kapilvastu
2

Origin of Shakya Dynasty

The king Okkaka used to rule over a state called Saket of northern India during
18th century BC. The king Okkaka is considered to be the ancestor of Shakyas. The
king had five queens. Among them, he had four princes and five princesses from
eldest queen Bhatra. Then, the king fell in love with another lady and married her
as sixth queen. A prince named Jantu was born from his youngest queen. Due to
the conspiracy and trickery of the youngest queen, the king decided to exile other
princes and make her son a crown prince.

The princes obeyed the king and left the kingdom for living in exile including
five princesses. The exiled princes and princesses reached to a beautiful place
where Kapil, a great sage used to live. The sage suggested them to stay there by
establishing a city. Then, they cleared the saal forest of the place and established
a city called Kapilvastu, i.e. Kapil is the name of sage and Vastu means place of
dwelling. So, the meaning of Kapilvastu is the settlement of the sage Kapil.

After few years, the king Okkaka sent his ministers to see the condition of exiled
princes and princesses. The ministers reported the king that they were residing
in a jungle called Shaka. The ministers also dwelt in a new city called Kapilvastu.
The eldest princess Priya was made Rajmata in order to continue their nobility
and traditional royal culture as there were people from various clans and culture
and the risk of being mismatch and losing the family rituals. Other princes and
princesses decided to marry each other to continue their generation. When it was
heard by the king Okkaka, he felt dispirited and said to princes, “Timiharu sakya

Our Past (Historical Studies) 259

chhau, nischaya pani sakya chhau”. After that, Shakya clan and Kapilvastu state
were established according to the Buddhist scriptures Tripitaka, Didhanikaya
and Ambastha story. In this way, the king Okkaka was the ancestor of Shakya
clan. His eldest son Okkamukh became the founder king of Kapilvastu. In this
way, Shakya clan ruled over Kapilvastu state before the birth of Gautam Buddha
and after his salvation too.

According to the Paali literature, the word‘Shakya’ is derived from the word
‘Sakka’, meaning capable, successful and powerful.

In Kapilvastu, there was a king named Jayasen. Singhanu was his successor.
He had a queen named Kanchana. He had five sons and one daughter from
Kanchana. Suddhodhan was the eldest one and became the king of Kapilvastu, an
autonomous state in the Terai region of Nepal. He ruled there about 2,600 years
ago. He was very popular among his countrymen. He had two queens- Mayadevi
and Prajapati. Lord Buddha was born as elder son from his first queen Mayadevi.
His birth is believed to have been in 563 BC. The place where Siddhardha Gautam
was born is known as Lumbini. It is situated in Rupandehi district of Lumbini
Zone in the Terai region of western Nepal. His second queen named Prajapati
Gautami also gave birth to a son named Nanda Kumar and a daughter named
Nanda Kumari. Shakyas were proud of their purity of blood and superiority of
their clan. They used to consider themselves as descendants of Suryavansi Isvaku,
belonging to Gautam clan. They had married relationship with Koliya Shakyas
of Devdaha. King Suddhodhan’s aunt was married to Anjan, the king of Koliya.
His daughters Mayadevi and Prajapati Gautami were married to Suddhodhan,
the king of Shakya dynasty. Siddhartha Gautam also married with Yashodhara,
daughter of Saprabuddha. Saprabuddha was the son of Kolia king Anjan. After
the birth of Siddhartha Gautam, emerging signs of divine power bodhisattva were
seen in Kapilvastu according to the legend.The royal fortune tellers predicted that
Siddhartha Gautam would attain enlightenment and provide new thought to the
world.

After 294 years of the Mahaparinirvana of Gautam Buddha, Maurya emperor
of India, Ashoka visited the birthplace of Gautam Buddha and erected a
commemorative pillar which is known as Ashoka Pillar now. It is a historical
pillar of Nepal. The height of this pillar is 6.7 meters where Hidabudhe Jaate
Shakyamuniti is inscribed in Brahmi script. The meaning is ‘This is the birthplace
of Gautam Buddha’.

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Genealogy of the Family Tree of the Kings of Kapilvastu

Okkaka

Okkamukh

Nipun Chandamukh Singhawahan Singhswar

Jayasen
Singhahan

Suddhodhan+ Shiklodan Shakyodan Dhotodan Abhitodan
Mahamava

Siddhartha + Nanda Kumar Nanda Kumari
Yashodhara

Rahul

Glossary

exile : the state of being expelled from one’s country

dispirited : disheartened

salvation : deliverance from sin and its consequences

autonomous : a region/state/ country having self-government

commemorative : mark of an event or person

Our Past (Historical Studies) 261

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities

a. Visit some Bihars or Gumbas, study the books available there or collect and
read the articles published in different newspapers and complete the table
below:

S.N. Place/Site Relation to Buddha’s life

1 Lumbini, Nepal

2 Devdaha, Nepal

3 Bodhibrikshya, Gaya, India

4 Saarnath, India

5 Buddha died there.

b. Prepare a genealogy (family tree) of your family with the help of your elders
and present in the class.

c. Explore the five sheelas (precepts) and three sharans (refuges) of Buddha and
write their positive impacts in the students and society.

2. Very short answer questions
a. Who is believed to be the ancestor of Shakya?

b. Where is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha?

c. How was the name of Kapilvastu derived?

d. Who erected the Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini?

e. Who was the wife of Gautam Buddha?

3. Short answer questions
a. How was Shakya dynasty originated in Nepal? Explain briefly.

b. Highlight the importance of history of Shakya dynasty in the history of Nepal.

4. Long answer question

a. Lumbini is historically famous place of Nepal. Discuss its role to
popularize Nepal in the world.

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Lesson Prithvi Narayan Shah and
Unification Campaign
3

Narabhupal Shah,
The King of Gorkha

Chandraprabhawati Kaushalyawati Buddhimati Subhadrawati
(Princes of Khanchi) (Princes of Palpa) (Princes of Parvat) (Princes of Tanahun)

Childless ‰‰ Prithvi Narayan ‰‰ Brindakeshar ‰‰ Kritimahoddam
Shah Shah Shah

‰‰ Dalmardan Shah ‰‰ Shurpratap ‰‰ Daljit Shah
‰‰ Prithvipati Shah Shah

Prithvi Narayan Shah- A Short Biography

Date of birth: Poush 27, 1779 BS, Gorkha Palace

Education: General education from her elder mother Chandraprabhawati.
He was educated by her mainly in Ramayan, Mahabharat,
diplomacy and politics. He also received training on horse
riding, archery and swordsmanship.

Marriage: At the age of 14 years, he got married with Indra Kumari,
the daughter of the King of Makawanpur, Hemkarna Sen
in 1793 BS. Since his first marriage was not successful, his

Our Past (Historical Studies) 263

second marriage concluded with Narendra Laxmi, daughter
of Ahiman Singh of Banaras in 1797 BS.

Friendship: He had friendship (Miteri) relation with Birnarasingh Malla,
the son of Ranajit Malla, the King of Bhaktapur.

Coronation: He ascended the throne of Gorkha at the age of 20 years after
his father’s death on 25th Chaitra, 1799 BS.

Nepal was fragmented into many small kingdoms before the unification campaign
initiated by Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1800 BS. There were 22 states in Karnali
region and 24 states in Gandaki region known as Baise Rajya and Cahubise Rajya
respectively. The number of such scattered fragmented kingdoms often changed
due to the frequent battles for annexation. Such small principalities were ruled
by Mallas, Lichchhavi, Sen, Shah and Khas. There were 3 Malla kingdoms such as
Kantipur, Patan and Bhadgoan in Kathmandu valley and Sen kingdoms in Koshi
region such as Makawanpur, Chaudandi and Bijaypur. The relation among these
principalities was not good. Internal rivalry and frequent battles made them
weaker. The kings were arrogant and involved in conspiracy, groupism and wars.
During that time, The British East India Company was aggressively expanding its
territories conquering India and planning to invade and occupy Nepal to expand
their trade with Tibet. A farsighted King Prithvi Narayan Shah, knowing the fact
that the existence of Nepal would be at risk at any time, started the unification
campaign of Nepal.

Unification Campaign

The first Unsuccessful Invasion of Nuwakot: 1800 BS

When Prithvi Narayan Shah became the king of Gorkha, he tried to capture
Nuwakot which was the main trade route to Tibet and granary of food. He sent
Gorkhali troops under the commandership of Kazi Biraj Thapa to invade Nuwakot.
Biraj Thapa encamped at Khinchet near Trisuli River waiting for the appropriate
moment to attack Nuwakot. But due to the false reporting of Maheshwor Panta,
Prithvi Narayan Shah didn’t like the strategy of Biraj Thapa and even he didn’t
trust him. He again sent Gorkhali troops under the commandership of Maheshwor
Panta to invade Nuwakot. The troops under Maheshwor Panta were defeated in
the battle.

Victory over Nuwakot: 15th Aswin, 1801 BS

Prithvi Narayan Shah learnt a great lesson from the defeat of Nuwakot. He went
to Banaras and collected arms and ammunition. Indian weapon experts Shekh

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Jabar, Muhammad Taqi and Bekhsingh were brought to Gorkha in order to give
special training to Gorkhali troops. He appointed Kalu Pande as the Kazi of Gorkha.
He reformed in the army by opening workshops for manufacturing weapons and
arranging provision of Marwat for Armies. He improved the economic status as
well by collecting the loans in the form of cash and goods from 12000 houses
of Gorkha. He developed a good relationship with other neighbouring states.
After strong preparation, Prithvi Narayan Shah commanded the Gorkhali troops
consisting 1000 soldiers to invade Nuwakot fort. They invaded the fort of Nuwakot
from three sides. Shankhamani Rana, army chief of Nuwakot,was killed by 12
years old Dalmardan Shah. The remaining soldiers fled to Belkot. The Gorkhali
troops invaded Belkot also and captured it. Jayanta Rana, father of Shakhamani
Rana was arrested and killed brutally. In this way Gorkha achieved victory over
Nuwakot.

Conquest of Dahachowk, Naladum and Mahadev Pokhari: Shrawan,
1811 BS

After conquering Nuwakot, P.N. Shah continued his unification campaign.
The Gorkhali soldiers, sent under the leadership of Tularam Pandey, captured
Dahachowk, a place about half mile away from Kathmandu. The troops under the
leadership of Kalu Pandey captured Naladum and Mahadev Pokhari.

First Unsuccessful Invasion on Kirtipur: 9th Bhadra, 1814 BS

PN Shah was excited due to victory over Nuwakot. Gorkhali troops led by Kalu
Pandey and PN Shah himself attacked Kirtipur on 9th Bhadra, 1814 BS against
the wish of army chief Kalu Pandey. The Malla rulers of valley knew the hidden
intension of PN Shah. Jayasthi Malla of Kantipur held a talk with Patan and
Bhadgaon and formed a combined force to confront the possible attack. A fierce
battle took place between the two forces. Gorkha couldn’t face coalition force
consisting 4000 soldiers of three states of Kathmandu valley. Gorkha had to face
notable loss - Kalu Pandey was killed including other 400 Gorkhali troops. PN
Shah fled to Nuwakot at night.

Despite the heavy loss and being defeated by Kirtipur, PN Shah wasn’t discouraged;
instead, he was more determined. He decided to use new policy of economic
blockade and fragment the unity of three Malla kingdoms of the valley.

Victory over Makawanpur: 9th Bhadra, 1819 BS

After the death of the King Hemkarna Sen, his son Digbandhan Sen became the
king of Makawanpur. PN Shah didn’t have cordial relationship with Digbandhan

Our Past (Historical Studies) 265

Sen. Moreover, Digbandhan Sen had good relationship with Jaya Prakash Malla
and was supplying necessary commodities against the economic blockade policy
of Gorkha to the valley. So, PN Shah planned to capture Makwanpur to make
the policy of economic blockade imposed to the valley more effective. On 9th
Bhadra, 1819 BS, Gorkhali troops under the command of Bansha Raj Pandey and
Keharsingh Basnet invaded Makawanpur. Troops of Makawanpur were badly
defeated by Gorkhali troops after continuous battle of 10 hours and Gorkha
achieved victory over Makawanpur. The King Digbandhan Sen and his minister
Kanaksingh Baniya of Makwanpur fled to Hariharpur. On 22nd Ashoj of the same
year, Gorkhali soldiers attacked Hariharpur also and captured it. Digbandhan
Sen fled to India. Gorkha could obtain 700 guns and other assets in this battle.

Battle with Bengali Troops: 27th Poush, 1819 BS

Digbandhan Sen wanted to regain Makawanpur. He shouted help of Mir Kasim,
the Nawab of Bengal. As per the request of Digbandhan, Mir Kasim sent his
hundreds of Muslim troops led by Gurgin Khan to attack Gorkhalis. They were
badly defeated by Gorkhali force. After achieving victory over this battle, Gorkhali
troops captured other places nearer to Kathmandu valley as such Sanga, Nala,
Pharping, Bishankhu, Banepa etc. and tightened the economic blockade over the
valley.

Second Unsuccessful Invasion on Kirtipur: 30th Bhadra, 1821BS

PN Shah sent his troops under the command of Surpratap Shah, Daljit Shah and
Shriharsa Panta to invade Kirtipur for the second time on 30th Bhadra, 1821 BS.
There was no cordial relationship amongst the valley kings due to their growing
enmity, Patan and Bhaktapur didn’t support Kirtipur, a territory of Kantipur.
However, the troops of Kirtipur fought bravely and defeated Gorkhali troops.
They closed main entrance gate of the fort. As Surpratap Shah was trying to
cross the wall, an arrow struck his eye. He lost his left eye. Daljit Shah, another
commander also got injured by another arrow. Having no alternatives, Gorkhali
troops retreated and saved their lives. They suffered a heavy loss in this battle.

Victory over Kirtipur: 3rd Chaitra, 1822 BS

Having been failed to achieve victory over Kirtipur twice, PN Shah changed
his strategy for achieving victory over Kirtipur. He sent some soldiers in their
disguised appearances of farmers.As it was the time of harvesting, people of
Kirtipur couldn’t notice them.

Gorkhali troops led by Kazi Bansha Raj Paudel captured Panga and Chovar that
disconnected the link with Kirtipur. They encircled Kirtipur fort and even cut-

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off the supply of drinking water. The condition of the people of Kirtipur became
miserable in the extreme shortage of food due to blockade for six months. Gorkhali
troops surrounded Kirtipur from all sides on 3rd Chaitra, 1822 BS, which created
a more panicking situation in Kirtipur. Meanwhile, PN Shah sent a message to
Sinkhwal Pradhan, the protector of Kirtipur, to surrender for the prevention of
heavy loss of lives and properties. Due to adverse situation, troops of Kirtipur
were compelled to open the main gate and surrendered unconditionally and
finally Kirtipur was annexed to Gorkha kingdom.

Badly defeated Jaya Prakash Malla appealed the British in India to help him
to fight against Gorkha. As per the request of Jaya Prakash Malla, The British
sent English troops consisting of 2500 soldiers to help him under the command
of Captain Kinlock in 1824 BS. The British troops were about to proceed from
Sindhuligadhi, the Gorkhalis suddenly attacked them at Pauwagadhi and defeated
them. The British fled away abandoning a notable number of weapons.

Conquest of Kantipur: 13th Ashwin, 1825 BS

Gorkhali troops were highly encouraged after achieving the victory over the British
troops. Jaya Prakash Malla, the king of Kantipur was hopeless due to failure of
Captain Kinloch’s mission. On 13th Ashwin, 1825 BS, on the day of Indrajatra
festival, Gorkhali troops attacked Kantipur from three sides and conquered it.
Jaya Prakash Malla couldn’t resist the sudden attack and fled to Patan and took
asylum there. PN Shah ascended the throne of Kantipur on the same day.

Conquest of Lalitpur: 24th Ashwin, 1825 BS

After 10 days of the conquest of Kantipur on 24th Ashwin, 1825 BS, PN Shah
sent a message to six Pradhans of Lalitpur asking them to surrender so that the
lives and properties could be prevented from being lost. Six Pradhans agreed to
surrender. Jaya Prakash Malla and Tejnarsingh Malla, the king of Lalitpur fled
to Bhaktapur. In this way,Gorkha conquered Lalitpur and it became a territory of
Gorkha kingdom without any battle.

Conquest to Bhaktapur: 1st Mangsir, 1826 BS

PN Shah requested Ranjit Malla, the king of Bhaktapur to handover Jaya Prakash
Malla and Tejnarsingh Malla who were taking asylum there, but Ranjit Malla
refused the request. Therefore, on 28th Kartik 1826 BS, Grokhali troops invaded
Bhaktapur. There was a fierce battle between the troops of Gorkha and Bhaktapur
for three days. Ranjit Malla, the king of Bhaktapur surrendered and finally
Bhaktapur was annexed to Gorkha kingdom on 1st Mangsir, 1826 BS. PN Shah
visited all defeated kings and managed necessary arrangement according to their

Our Past (Historical Studies) 267

wish. Jaya Prakash Malla was sent to Pashupati Aryaghat to spend the rest of his
life there, Ranjit Malla was sent to Kashi as per his wish and Tejnarsingh Malla
was kept in detention for his whole life. After the conquest of Bhaktapur, PN Shah
made Kathmandu the capital of Nepal.

Conquest of Sen States in the East (Chaudandi, Majh Kirant,
Bijaypur): 1830 BS and 1831 BS

After achieving the victory over Kathmandu valley, PN Shah attempted to
conquer the west. When the Gorkhali troops under the command of Keharsingh
and Bansha Raj Pandey were badly defeated in the west, PN Shah postponed the
western campaign and diverted his attention towards the east.As a result, Majh
Kirant and Chaudandi were captured by Gokhali troops in 1830 BS. Karna Sen,
the king of Chaudandi fled to Bijayapur. Bijayapur was also captured by Gorkhali
troops in 1831 BS. Karna Sen, the king of Bijayapur and his minister Buddhikarna
Rai fled to Sikkim. In this way, the whole Kirant regions including Cahudandi and
Bijayapur were annexed to Gorkha kingdom. In this way, the boundary of Nepal
was extended up to Tista River.

PN Shah, a tireless warrior who fought many battles, wanted to expand his
kingdom towards the west,but suddenly he fell ill and attained untimely death on
1st Magh, 1831 BS at the age of 52.

coronation Glossary

: the ceremony of crowning a sovereign

annexation : occupation, takeover

conspiracy : a secret plan to do something harmful

invade : attack

confront : encounter, meet face to face

coalition : an alliance for combined action

retreat : shrink back

268 Social Studies Book - 9

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Collect some pictures and articles related to Sindhuligadhi and Gorkha
palace and present in your class.
b. Organize an oration program in your class on “Strategies taken by PN
Shah to capture Kirtipur”.
c. How are you maintaining the good relationship with your neighbours?
List some points for strengthening your relationship.

2. Very short answer questions
a. Who educated Prithvi Narayan Shah?
b. How many states were there in Nepal before the unification campaign?
c. Name the three Malla kingdoms of Kathmandu valley before unification.
d. When was Nuwakot annexed to the Gorkha kingdom?
e. What is Marwat system?
f. What is economic blockade?
g. Who was Kalu Pandey?
h. When did PN Shah ascend the throne of Kantipur?

3. Short answer questions
a. Why were the Gorkhalis defeated in the first battle of Nuwakot? How did they
achieve victory over it finally?

b. Discuss the strategies taken by Prithvi Narayan Shah for strengthening his
army force.

c. Why was it essential to conquer Nuwakot and Makawanpur in the unification
campaign of PN Shah? Give reasons.

d. Why did Prithvi Narayan Shah proceed his unification campaign towards the
east after Kathmandu valley?

e. “The successful campaign of PN Shah was made possible not only due to
physical strength but also diplomatic skill”. Justify this statement with your
logic.

f. Represent the following historical events of unification campaign of Prithvi
Narayan Shah in a timeline.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 269

1. 1800 BS – First attach on Nuwakot
2. 1801 Bs – Conquest of Nuwakot
3. 1814 BS – First invasion of Kirtipur
4. 1819 BS – Conquest of Makwanpur
5. 1822 BS – Conquest of Kirtipur.
4. Long answer question

a. “Proper plan, patience and courage are absolutely needed to
achieve our aim.” Justify the statement citing the example of the
victory over Kirtipur.

b. What were the various obstacles faced by Prithvi Narayan Shah
during his unification campaign? How did he solve them? Explain
in brief.

Community Work

What progress was made during last 10 years in your community in the field of
electricity, transportation, health, communication and drinking water? Consult
the villages or secretary of village executive and prepare a report.

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Lesson Effects of the Unification
Campaign of Nepal
4

The unification campaign of Prithvi Narayan Shah was incomplete due to his sudden and
untimely death. His successors took the responsibility of unification campaign after his
death. His eldest son Pratap Singh Shah became the king of
Nepal after him. He ruled over Nepal only for 2 years and 10
months. He also died in his early age. After him, Rana Bahadur
Shah became the king of Nepal, but he was only 2 and half
years old at that time. He was too young to rule the country. So,
his mother Rajendra Laxmi started to rule the country as a
regent. Rajendra Laxmi and her brother-in-law Bahadur Shah
continued the unification campaign initiated by Prithvi Narayan
Shah. There was no good relation between Rajendra Laxmi and
Bahadur Shah. However, most of the western parts were
conquered by Nepali troops during their regency.After the death
of Rajendra Laxmi, Bahadur Shah continued the unification
campaign. He annexed three-fourth parts of Sikkim and extended
the territory of Nepal up to Tista River in the east. He won Baise
Rajyas, Chaubise Rajyas in the west. He extended the western
border of Nepal up to Mahakali River. He won Kumaun and
Gadhwal as well.

The following are the effects of unification campaign of Nepal:

a. Extension of Territory

The boundary of Nepal was extended beyond the territories of Mahakali River in the west
and Mechi River in the east. The border of Nepal was extended up to Kumau Gadhwal in
the west and Tista River in the east. There was the formation of greater Nepal from a small
kingdom Gorkha like Germany originated from Persia, Italy from Sardinia and Britain
from Wessex.

b. Strengthening Nation and Nationality

The unification campaign of Prithvi Narayan Shah strengthened the nation and nationality.
A greater Nepal was formed by amalgamating several small kingdoms of west, east and
central parts. It didn’t connect physical territories only to greater Nepal but also connected
the people and their feelings of togetherness and unity.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 271

c. Control of Foreign Interference and End of Conflict

The unification campaign ended the conflict amongst the Baise, Chaubise, Malla and Sen,
states. The existed conspiracy, rivalry, suspicion, fear amongst the small states was totally

ended. The foreign interference and domination were controlled after unification.

d Economic Progress

The treaty of Trade and Commerce between Nepal and Tibet was signed in 1832 BS. It was
done according to the foreign policy developed by Prithvi Narayan Shah that improved
the economic condition of Nepal.

Besides, it reduced the administrative expenses by declaring Kathmandu the capital
of Nepal. The divine code of Prithvi Narayan Shah became the guidelines for good
governance and social reform. It enhanced the participation and access of people in
governance mechanism. Nepalese people became delighted to be free from wars and
conflicts and became the sovereign citizens of the greater Nepal. It developed the concept
of belongingness, coordination, collaboration amongst the people.

Glossary

regent : a person appointed to rule a state because the monarch is
a minor
amalgamate
sovereign : combine or unite
: possessing ultimate power, independent

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities

a. What changes appeared in the international relation and economic status of
the country after the unification campaign in Nepal? Present your views in
the class.

b. Consult the historians in your community about the difficulties faced by the
people during unification campaign. Prepare a report based on their response
and present in the class.

2. Very short answer questions
a. When was Prithvi Narayan Shah died?
b. What is regent?

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c. Why did Queen Rajendra Laxmi rule the state as a regent?

d. Name the eastern and western border of greater Nepal.

e. When was the treaty of Trade and Commerce signed between Nepal and
Tibet?

3. Short answer questions

a. What are the effects of unification campaign of Nepal? Explain one of them
in brief.

b. How did unification campaign improve the nation and nationality? Explain.

c. Who was Bahadur Shah? Write his contribution in the unification campaign
of Nepal.

d. Complete the table below:

S.N. State Unification Year
1 Nuwakot
2 Kantipur
3 Bhaktapur
4 Bijayapur

4. Long answer questions
a. Describe the consequences of unification campaign of Nepal in detail.

b. Unification campaign promoted the feeling of nationality”. Justify
this statement.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 273

5Lesson Anglo-Nepal War:
Causes and Consequences

The war took place between Nepal and The
British East India Company in 1814 AD
is known as Anglo-Nepal war. The British
colonized India and wanted to colonize Nepal
too through a business company called East
India Company. Nepal didn’t accept British
policy and the war broke out. It continued for
two years.

The major causes of Anglo-Nepal War are
presented below:

Economic Cause:

‰‰ British wanted to extend their trade with Tibet through Nepal.
‰‰ The British didn’t like the act of strengthening Nepali troops.
‰‰ They were attracted to Nepal’s richness in natural resources and minerals.

Natural Cause

British were from the cooler and mild climate. It was very difficult for them to stay in
India due to its hot climate. They found Nepal suitable for them to reside because of its
cooler climate. But Nepal government prohibited the entry of foreigners.

Political Cause

‰‰ Most of the defeated kings of Baise Chaubise states went to take asylum in India.
They wanted to regain their lost territory. Therefore, they used to provide secret
information to British-India and encouraged to attack Nepal.

‰‰ Bhimsen Thapa was the Prime Minister of Nepal during Anglo-Nepal War. He
was against the British imperialism. He wanted to chase the British away not only
from India but from whole Asia. He negotiated with the Indian states like Punjab,
Maratha, Gwaliyar, Burma etc. to form a united organization of Asia against the
British imperialism. Bhimsen Thapa was strengthening the power of Nepali troops

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by increasing weapons and providing trainings to soldiers. The British were alert of
such activities and plan of Bhimsen Thapa and wanted to colonize Nepal too.

Growing Strength of Nepal

Nepal’s boundary was extended from Tista in the east to Kangada in the west after
unification. Such growing strength of Nepal threatened the British.

Immediate Cause

The border dispute of Butwal and Syuraj was the immediate cause of Anglo-Nepal war.
Butwal and Syuraj were ruled by the king of Palpa under the condition of paying land
revenue annually to Nawab. When Palpa was annexed to Nepal, those territories too came
under the rule of Nepal and stopped paying revenue. But the British were claiming those
parts as their territory. Meanwhile, the British Governor-General Marquis of Hastings
sent a threatening letter to Nepal to evacuate those places immediately. The then Prime
Minister Bhimsen Thapa didn’t respond to the letter. As a result, Hastings declared a war
against Nepal on 1st November 1814 AD (16th Kartik 1871 BS).
Nepali warriors fought the war with the British force bravely. It continued for two years.
Eventually it couldn’t go in favour of Nepal.

Consequences of Anglo-Nepal War

‰‰ Nepal was forced to sign unfair and one-sided Sugauli Treaty in humiliating
condition on 4th March, 1816 AD (20th Falgun, 1872 BS)

‰‰ Heavy loss of lives and properties.
‰‰ Disappointment increased amongst the Nepalese.
‰‰ Nepal lost one-third of its territory (places east of Mechi River and west of Mahakali)
‰‰ British got right to establish its embassy in Kathmandu, as a result, British

interference in the internal affairs of Nepal started.
‰‰ Unification campaign of Nepal came to an end and conspiracy within the royal

palace and politics of Nepal started.
‰‰ The recruitment of Nepalese people into the British Army started.
‰‰ The provision made that Nepal couldn’t involve any European or American in the

service without the permission of British.
‰‰ Bhimsen Thapa's downfall started.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 275

Glossary

humiliating : causing to feel ashamed by injuring dignity
interference : intrusion, intervention

Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities

a. Draw the map of Nepal before and after Anglo-Nepal war and compare them.
b. Organize an oration program on “Sugauli Treaty was unfair and one-sided” in

the class.
2. Very short answer questions

a. When was Anglo-Nepal war broken out?
b. What was Sugauli Treaty? When was it signed?
c. Write the natural cause of Anglo-Nepal war.
3. Short answer questions
a. Why was the issue of Butwal and Syuraj considered as the immediate cause

of Anglo-Nepal war? Explain.
b. Why was Sugauli Treaty unfair and one-sided? Give reasons.
c. Border encroachment by India is a burning issue of Nepal. What should be

done to solve this problem? Write a letter to the Minister of Foreign Affair
suggesting the measures to be adopted to solve this problem.
d. Why did the British want to colonize Nepal?
4. Long answer questions
a. What were the causes of Anglo-Nepal war? Explain them pointwise.

b. Write the consequences of Anglo-Nepal War in detail.

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Lesson Nepalese Bravery in
Anglo-Nepal War
6

Balabhadra Kunwar in the Battle of Khalanga Nalapani

Nalapani is a place about five miles north east of Dehradun in India which was
under the control of Nepal before Anglo-Nepal War. A fort was built about the
height of 600 feet in a small hill of it, which was known as the Fort of Khalanga.

During Anglo-Nepal War,
Balabhadra Kunwar was
deployed to protect Nalapani.
He had to safeguard the fort
with limited Gorkhali soldiers
of about 600 including women
and children. Major General
Gillespie and Colonel Maubi
along with 3500 strong British
troops invaded the fort of
Khalanga from four different
sides. They were well equipped
with modern arms and
ammunitions having 11 cannons and many guns. Major General Gillespie sent a
letter to Balabhadra Kunwar a night before attacking the fort, asking him to
surrender. But Balabhadra Kunwar tore it and replied, “I am not in the habit of
reading letters at midnight. I will meet Gillespie soon”.

The very next morning, the British troops attacked the
fort by firing the guns and cannons. The Nepalese troops
including women and children responded them with
bullets, stones, arrows, logs. Lieutenant Ellis of British
force was hit by the bullet from Nepalese troops and was
killed. Nepalese bravery in the war made the British troops
disheartened. Due to this, Major General Gillespie was
compelled to march himself towards the fort. He started
marching to the fort with his helmet on one hand and a
sword on the other. He was also shot dead by Nepalese
force. In total, 266 British soldiers were killed in the battle. The British troops

Our Past (Historical Studies) 277

could no longer face the Nepalese attack and compelled to retreat and fled to
Dehradun.

The British force attached the fort second time with much preparation under
the command of Colonel Maubi in mid-November 1814 AD. In counter-attack,
Nepalese force responded them with stones, logs, bullets. Nepalese troops
including women and children fought this battle very bravely.

Colonel Maubi, realized that it was almost impossible to defeat Nepalese force
through direct attack. Therefore, he adopted a trick. They surrounded the
Khalanga fort and cut off the water supply to the fort. Since the water supply was
cut off, Nepalese force started dying of thirst. Nepalese force couldn’t withstand
thirst and odour of corpse lying hither and thither.
Having no other option, Nepalese men and women
came out from the fort with bare swords in their hands
on 30th November 1814 AD. They advanced towards
the nearby brook to quench their thirst without caring
about the cannons and bullets of the enemies. They
quenched their thirst and moved on to Jeetgadh. Before
advancing to Jeetgadh, Balabhadra Kunwar roared to
British, “It was impossible for you to conquer the fort
but now we are leaving it on our own will”. Although the
British captured Khalanga fort and destroyed it, they
were much surprised of the bravery displayed by
Balabhadra Kunwar and his handful soldiers. They erected a stone inscription to
pay tribute to the brave Gorkhali soldiers, which inscribes: “This is inscribed as a
tribute and respect for our gallant adversary BULBUDDER, commander of the
fort and HIS BRAVE GURKHAS”.

Amar Singh Thapa in the Battle of Malaun Ramgadh

Amar Singh Thapa, one of the brave warriors of Nepal,
played an important role to defend Nepal during Anglo-
Nepal war. He was the son of Bagh Bhim Singh Thapa who
was one of the commanders of Nepalese soldiers during
the unification campaign of Prithvi Narayan Shah. Bhim
Sing Thapa was killed in the battle of Palanchowk. After
the demise of his father, Amar Singh Thapa was given the
post and salary of his father as per the ‘Marwat” policy.

Amar Singh Thapa, also known as “Living Lion” played a

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major role to conquer Baise and Chaubise Rajyas during the unification campaign
of PN Shah. The boundary of Nepal was extended up to Sutlaj River during his
time. He was in-charge of the Nepalese troops in the entire western border of
Nepal during Anglo-Nepal war. The responsibility of defending all the forts such
as Kumaon, Gadhwal, Ramgadh, Nalagadh, Surajgadh etc. was given to him. He
was playing the role of safeguarding all the forts from the Malaun fort. A year
before the war, the son of Amar Singh Thapa kept a sworn-friendship (Miteri)
with the son of Sir David Ochterlony. Ochterlony tried to bribe him to play the
role in favour of British but he rejected and prepared for war.

A fierce battle took place between Nepalese troops and British troops under the
command of Ochterlony who were trained and well equipped. As the situation got
worsen, Nepal had to sign Sugauli Treaty and had to handover Malaun fort to the
British having no other option. He got frustrated with this treaty as Nepal had to
give one third parts of its territory to British. Because of the defeat in the war and
the insulting treaty, he became depressed and went to Gosaikunda and started to
spend ascetic life and breathed his last breath there.

Bhakti Thapa in the Battle of Deuthal

Amar Singh Thapa was in-charge of western
border of Nepal defending the Malaun fort during
Anglo-Nepal war. Bhakti Thapa went to Malaun to
support Amar Singh Thapa. Taking the advantage
of the absence of Bhakti Thapa, the British
captured Deuthal. Due to this, the whole western
side of Nepal became unsecure. Therefore, Amar
Singh Thapa sent Bhakti Thapa (a 70-year-old
commander) to protect Deuthal. On 16th April,
1815 AD (4th Baishakh, 1872 BS), he along with
2000 Nepali troops marched on the battleground with swords, Khukuris and
scimitars without caring about the cannon balls and shells charged by the British
troops. A fierce war took place between them. Unfortunately, a bullet from the
British soldier hit him in his chest and he attained martyrdom in the battlefield.
In this battle, 700 Nepalese were killed while all except one officer of the artillery
on the British side were killed.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 279

As an honour, Ochterlony wrapped the corpse of Bhakti Thapa in an expensive
shawl (Dosalla) and handed it to Nepalese with due respect. His corpse was
cremated the next morning with state honour.By the end of this war, Nepalese
troops started to get depressed while the British soldiers were victorious.
However, the bravery of Nepalese troops displayed in the battle will be praised
and remembered forever in the history of Nepal.

Ujir Singh Thapa in the Battle of Jeetgadh

Ujir Singh Thapa, a great grandson of Amar Singh Thapa and
son of Nayan Singh Thapa became the governor of Palpa. During
Anglo-Nepal war, Ujir Singh was the commander of Nepalese
soldiers in Butwal- Palpa sector. British troops were planning to
capture Jeetgadh fort situated on the south west of Tinaun River
of Butwal. While they were advancing towards Palpa through
Butwal along the Tinau Riverside, they were confronted on a
jungle route by Nepalese soldiers led by Ujir Singh. The British troops led by
General Wood were badly defeated by Nepalese troops under the command of
Ujir Singh. His valour displayed in the battle to protect the sovereignty of Nepal
will always be remembered in the history of Nepal.

Ranajor Singh Thapa in the War of Jaithak

Ranajor Singh Thapa was the commander of Nepali troops of 500
soldiers in the war of Jaithak fort on the other side of Mahakali
River during the Anglo-Nepal War. The British troops of 1500
soldiers tried to capture Jaithak fort. They failed to capture the
fort even after 9 attempts. Instead, they were badly defeated by
Nepali troops. Three commanders of British troops were killed
in that battle.

Ranabir Singh Thapa in the War of Parsa Makwanpur

Ranabir Singh Thapa, the youngest brother of Bhimsen Thapa
was deputed to Makawanpur to lead the troops during the
Anglo-Nepal war. The British Major General Morley was leading
the British troops and was making a plan to capture Kathmandu
valley by invading it from three sides. Ranabir Sigh Thapa, after
getting informed about the plan of Brithish troops, deployed

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Nepali troops under the leadership of Shamsher Rana and Sarbajit Thapa to
attack British troops. They attacked the British troops surprisingly as a result
of which the British troops were defeated badly. They suffered heavy casualties.
Nepali troops captured arms and ammunition of British troops. General Hesting
dismissed Major General Morley from the service of British army and deputed
George Wood in place of Morley.

After the war, Ranabir Singh Thapa became the governor/administrator of
Palpa and also General of Kalibox and Sabuj battalion. Later on, he became
a saint and became popular as ‘Swami Avayananda’.

Glossary

deploy : move into position for military action

disheartened : caused to loose confidence

quench : to satisfy one’s thirst

ascetic : self-denying, abstinent

valour : great courage, bravery

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities

a. Write a model letter or email to your friend mentioning that “age
doesn't obstruct bravery if we have courage, patriotism and boldness”
based on the bravery shown by Bhakti Thapa in the battle.

b. Write a letter to the Nepal Government requesting to install the
inscriptions in different parts of the country describing the bravery of
Nepalese soldiers like the inscription of Balabhadra Kunwar installed
nearby Sahasra road in Dehradun.

2. Very short answer questions
a. What did Balabhadra Kunwar do after receiving the letter sent by
Gillespie?

b. Who is Ujir Singh Thapa?

c. How was Gillespie killed in the battlefield?

d. Who is called ‘Living Lion’?

Our Past (Historical Studies) 281

e. Who is Ranabir Singh Thapa? Where was he deputed during the Anglo-
Nepal war?

3. Short answer questions
a. Our great warriors were truly patriotic and brave. Explain.
b. The historians often comment Bhakti Thapa as an old tiger. Justify it
with your logic.
c. Why was it essential to protect the fort of Malau?
d. Why did the Nepalese troops leave the Khalanga fort and went to
Jeetgadh fort?
e. How did Nepalese force defeat British force in the battle of Jeetgadh?

4. Long answer questions
a. Describe the bravery exhibited by Nepali troops including women and
children in the battle of Khalanga Nalapani.
b. Write the contributions of our great warriors to protect the nation,
nationality and sovereignty.

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Lesson Causes of the Rise and
Fall of Rana Rule
7

Rana Regime started with the rise of Jung Bahadur Rana in Nepal. The Rana
Prime Ministers ruled over Nepal for 104 years from 1903 BS to 2007 BS. The
major causes of the rise of Rana rule are described below:

1. Political Instability:

Political instability bred with the death of
Pratap Singh Shah reached its climax along
with the downfall of Bhimsen Thapa. The
untimely death of Pratap Singh Shah created
the need of regents to rule the nation on
behalf of the minor king Rana Bahadur Shah.
This situation created conflict and conspiracy
in the palace leading a high level of political
instability.The actions taken for political
power resulted in the destruction of humanity,
morality, relationships and sensitivity.Such situation in the palace created the
suitable environment to rise the ambitious persons like Jung Bahadur Rana into
the power.

2. External Interference in Nepal’s Internal Affair:

British got right to establish its embassy in Kathmandu after Sugauli treaty.
Consequently, British interference started in Nepalese politics. The courtiers were
divided into many groups. The British took undue advantages of such splitting
situation amongst courtiers.The gap between rivalries increased. They wanted to
fulfill their aspiration by creating social turbulence in Nepal. The Ranas, who came
to power with the support of British, started to please the British ambassadors to
sustain their autocratic rule over Nepal.

3. Incompetence of king Rajendra:

King Rajendra Bikram Shah couldn’t end the groupism of courtiers due to
his incompetence. Due to his lacking in farsightedness, determination, and

Our Past (Historical Studies) 283

competence, his two queens involved actively in the politics of Nepal. He couldn’t
control the dispute between his two queens. Consequently, conspiracy in the
palace and massacre took place. If he had been rigid with full determination, the
royal palace would not have become so weak and Jung Bahadur Rana wouldn’t
have benefitted and there wouldn’t have been the beginning of Rana rule.

4. Series of Assassination:

Series of assassination took place in the palace due to conspiracy amongst the
courtiers. When Queen Rajya Laxmi became the de facto ruler, she appointed
Mathvar Singh Thapa as the Prime Minister. She wanted him to declare her
son Ranendra as heir instead of Surendra, the legitimate heir of King Rajendra.
But, Mathvar Singh Thapa denied and he was assassinated on 6th Jestha, 1902
BS. Gagan Singh Khawas was more influential in Nepalese politics than that of
Fattejung Chautariya who became the PM after the death of Mathvar. Gagan Singh
Khawas was also assassinated on the night of 31st Bhadra, 1903 BS. Historians
are to say that there was a great role of Jung Bahadur Rana in this event. As the
result of series of the assassination of powerful and influential courtiers, there
was beginning of Rana rule in Nepal.

6. Three Parvas:

a. Kot Parva: When Gagan Singh Khawas, an influential and powerful person
in the royal court and a favorite person of queen Rajya Laxmi, was murdered
mysteriously, the queen Rajya Laxmi enraged with anger and ordered all
the courtiers, all civil and military officials and nobles to assemble at the
Kot to unearth the murderer. They came there unarmed as per the order of
the queen but Jung Bahadur Rana ordered his supporters and his brothers
to surround the Kot with full of arms on 2nd Ashwin, 1903 BS.

While the investigation was going on, Jung Bahadur Rana gave a signal
towards Keshar Pandey as a culprit. The Queen Rajya Laxmi ordered
Commander-in-chief Abhiman Singh Basnet to cut the head of Keshar
Pandey according to the signal of Jung Bahadur. But he refused to do so.
When the situation had become out of control, he tried to exit from the
gate but he was murdered at the gate. Jung Bahadur’s supporters and his
brothers entered into the Kot.Jung Bahadur signaled his supporters to kill
his enemies. At this mass massacre, about 55 people were killed including

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Prime Minister Fattejung Chautariya and Commander-in-chief Abhiman
Singh Basnet. The mass massacre took place on the night of 2nd Ashwin,
1903 BS is known as Kot Parva in the history of Nepal. After this massacre,
Jung Bahadur was appointed in the post of Commander-in-chief of Army.

b. Bhandarkhal Parva: Rajya Laxmi wanted her son to be the crown prince
and ordered Jung Bahadur to murder Surendra, the legitimate crown prince
of the King Rajendra. But Jung Bahadur refused the proposal. She decided
to kill Jung Bahadru Rana and ordered Birdhwoj Basnet to arrange a plan.
They planned to organize a feast on 12th Kartik, 1903 BS. at Bhandarkhal
and kill Jung Bahadur by offering poisoned food. But the secrecy was
disclosed to Jung Bahadur by Priest Bijay Raj Pandey. Thus, Jung Bahadur
came to Bhandarkhal with his brothers and troops and killed his remaining
opponents who were escaped at Kot Parva. Around 33 opponents of Jung
Bahadur were killed in this massacre.This Parva is also known as Basnet
Parva as well as many Basnet were killed in this event. The queen was
accused of murder and she was exiled to Kashibas. King Rajendra went to
Kashi by appointing Jung Bahadur the Prime Minister.

c. Alau Parva: When Rajendra was spending his exiled life in Kashi, Jung
Bahadur declared Surendra the king and dethroned Rajendra. Rajendra
made a plan to regain post against Jung Bahadur. Rajendra along with his
soldiers came to Alau, near Birgunj to kill Jung Bahadur. Jung Bahadur,
knowing the plan of Rajendra, sent his troops to Alau and they invaded
the troops of Rajendra on 13th Shrawan, 1904 BS. The troops of Rajendra
were defeated in the battle. While Rajendra was escaping, he was arrested
and kept him in the detention at Bhaktapur palace. After this Parva, Jung
Bahadur took all the state power from Surendra and started to rule over
Nepal.

7. Royal Seal (Lalmohar):

By the Royal Seal released in 1906 BS, Jung Bahadur got the title of Ranaji that
provided Rana family with freedom from the punishment of any kind of crime.
By the Lalmohar released on 24th Shrawan, 1913 BS., Surendra conferred Jung
Bahadur the title of Shree Teen Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski. He also delegated
all state power to Jung Bahadur and he became a de-facto ruler of Nepal. This laid

Our Past (Historical Studies) 285

a strong foundation for Rana rule in Nepal. Jung Bahadur started to exercise very
important executive power and the family rule of Ranas began in Nepal.

8. Matrimonial Relationship with Royal Family:

Jung Bahadur Rana kept the matrimonial relationship with the royal family. He
married the sister of Fattejung Shah. Jagatjung, the son of Jung Bahadur, got
married with the daughter of king Surendra. His two daughters were married to
Prince Trailokya and Dhirendra Bikram Shah, a member of royal family. Such
matrimonial relationship with royal family prospered his social prestige and
made Ranas more powerful.

Causes of the Downfall of Rana Rule

1. Family Conflict:

The nominal roll prepared by Jung Bahadur Rana for his successors caused
disputes, conspiracies and murders in Rana families. The Rana family
was full of clashes and conflicts among the kith and kin due to the rule
of succession made by Jung Bahadur according to which he was to be
succeeded by his brothers and then his sons and thereafter his grandsons.
After his death, two massacres took place in 1938 BS. and 1942 BS. Jung
Bahadur’s all family members were killed in these Parvas, as a result of
which the sons of Dhir Shumsher came into power and changed the roll of
succession and made it in their favour.

2. Exclusion of ‘C’ Class Ranas from the Roll of Succession:

Chandra Shumsher divided the Ranas family into three categories- A, B
and C that created fraction among the Ranas. C class Ranas were excluded
from the roll of succession. They were even exiled from Kathmandu valley.
Later on, the exiled Ranas got united and tried to destroy the people in
power. They involved in Anti-Rana movement.

3. Anti-Rana Movement:

So many Anti-Rana movement stook place from the time of Jung Bahadur.
Voices against Rana rule were raised in the form of Makai Parva, Arya Samaj
etc. After 1987 BS, many anti-Rana movements took place in an organized
form such as Charkha Movement, Prachanda Gorkha, Jayantu Sanskritam,
Praja Parisad, Mahabir School Library Parva etc.

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4. Abdication of Throne by King Tribhuvan and Armed Revolution:

When king Tribhuvan abandoned the throne, and went to India to take
political asylum in 2007 BS, the anti-Rana movement reached the climax.
Nepali Congress formed the liberation army and declared armed revolution
across the country against Rana rule. King Tribhuvan supported the anti-
Rana movement through monetarily assistance and counseling. The Ranas
could not continue their regime. After the proclamation of Democracy by
King Tribhuvan on 7th Falgun, 2007 BS, the Rana regime ended in Nepal
and democracy was established for the first time in the country.

5. World War II, Indian Independence and Worldwide Wave of
Democracy:

Many Nepalese soldiers had participated in World War II and became
politically aware. They came back to Nepal and involved in agitation
against the Rana rule. The Nepalese nationals who had fought against the
British during the Indian independence also came back to Nepal and joined
in anti-Rana movements. Many countries of Asia and Africa were getting
independence from the colonial rule after World War II that encouraged
Nepalese to fight for democracy. When the British colonial rule ended in
India, there was no external support to Ranas. Consequently, the strong
foundation of Rana rule collapsed in Nepal.

Genealogy of Thapa Family

Bir Bhadra Thapa

Amar Singh Thapa

Bhimsen Thapa Nayan Singh Thapa Ranbir Singh Thapa

Ganesh Kumari Lalittripura Sundari Ujjir Singh Mathabar Singh

(Bal Narsingh Kunwar) (Queen of Ran Bd Shah)

Jung Bd Rana

Our Past (Historical Studies) 287

massacre : brutal slaughter of people Glossary

assassination : murder

defacto : in reality

heir : legally entitled person to the property or rank of another

on that person’s death

agitation : campaign, movement

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Prepare a timeline showing the dates and events of the rise of Rana
rule in Nepal.

b. Present a short one act play in your class highlighting the massacre of
Bhandarkhal Parva.

2. Very short answer questions.
a. When was Rana rule ended in Nepal?

b. Why did C class Ranas involved in anti-Rana rule?

c. Why was Mathvar Singh Thapa assassinated?

d. Name the place where King Rajendra was kept in detention.

3. Short answer questions
a. Ranas were responsible themselves for their downfall. Justify it.

b. Was the rise of Jung Bahadur Rana in power a need of the time? Give
your logic.

c. How did Jung Bahadur Rana rise to power?

4. Long answer questions
a. Explain in detail about the causes of the rise of Rana rule in Nepal.

b. What were the causes of downfall of the Rana rule? Explain them.

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Lesson Effects of Rana Regime

8

All powers and authorities were centralized to Prime Ministers during the 104
years long Rana rule. They were concentrated to ensure the future of their kith
and kin during their autocratic rule. They occupied all high-ranking post of civil
and army. Rana regime is also called the family rule as they legalized their rule
as family rule. They misused the state property for their personal advantage. The
pace of development was very slow. People were deprived of their basic freedoms
such as freedom of expression, freedom to move, freedom to open institutes etc.
Social problems and malpractices such as child marriage, unmatched marriage,
polygamy, discrimination, untouchability, injustice etc. were common. The
economic condition of common people was pathetic whereas Ranas were
rich. They adopted the policy of the British ‘Divide and Rule’. Although the
development works carried out by them were for the wellbeing of Rana families,
their development works became the foundation for the future development.
They have brought some reforms in social, economic and administrative fields.
Some of the positive effects of Rana regime are as follow:

1. Social Achievements:

Jung Bahadur Rana introduced the first written law “Muluki Ain” in 1910 BS after
his visit to Britain that brought legal uniformity in the country. It provided the
parental property right to daughters if they remain unmarried till 35 years old.
Chandra Shamsher abolished Satee System by making law against Satee system
in 1977 BS. Similarly, slavery system was ended on 14th Mangsir, 1981 BS. Dev
Shamsher started publication of Gorkhapatra. Bir Shamsher established Bir
Hospital and Bir Library. Darbar High school, established in 1910 BS to teach
Rana families started teaching English education as well. Dev Shamsher opened
more than 100 schools across the country. Chandra Shamsher established Tri-
Chandra College, about a dozen schools in different places of the country. He
established Army Hospital, Bhaktapur Hospital, Tokha Health Centre. The
construction of magnificent Singha Durbar in European style was done during
his time. The construction of Pharping Hydropower house during that time can’t
be ignored. Juddha Shamsher introduced the SLC Examination Board in 1990

Our Past (Historical Studies) 289

BS. Padma Shamsher encouraged female education by opening many schools
for girls. Mohan Shamsher established more schools and increased the teachers’
salary as well.

2. Economic Achievements:

There was the economic crisis in the

country during Rana regime as Ranas used
to deposit money in the foreign banks.

There were no effective activities done for
the economic development of the country.

However, some of the works done during
Rana rule are praiseworthy. Juddha
Shamsher started tea cultivation in Ilam.
During his period, Nepal Bank was established on 7th Kartik, 1994 BS.

Similarly, Biratnagar Jute Mill, Juddha Match Factory, Agriculture school,

Birgunj Cotton Mill, Nepal Plywood Company, Morang Hydroelectricity
Supply Company etc. were established during
his rule. He is also known as the father of
industrial development in Nepal. Chandra

Nahar, the first irrigation canal in Nepal, was

constructed during the rule of Chandra
Shamsher in Trijuga river of Saptari. During

the premiership of Chandra Shamsher, Railways from Raxaul to Amlekhgunj
was started, 500 KW hydroelectricity was generated from Pharping. Nepal

used to export timber, herbs, skin, and food stuffs to other countries during
Rana regime. Nepal was in trade surplus.Notes of Rs 100, Rs 10 and Rs 5
were introduced during this period.

malpractice : misconduct Glossary

pathetic : disappointed, frustrated

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Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities

a. Show the negative and positive aspects of Rana regime in a chart paper.
b. Complete the table given below with necessary information:

S.N. Rana Prime Ministers Reforms
1. Jung Bahadur Rana
2. Bir Shamsher
3. Dev Shamsher
4. Chandra Shamsher
5. Juddha Shamsher
6. Padma Shamsher

2. Very short answer questions

a. Why was the Rana rule called family rule?
b. Who started the publication of Gorkhapatra?
c. Who abolished Satee and Slavery system from Nepal? Mention the

date also.
d. Who announced the first written constitution in Nepal?

3. Short answer questions
a. Highlight the role of Jung Bahadur Rana to bring reforms in Nepalese
society.
b. Chandra Shamsher is considered a social reformer. Justify it.
c. Rana rule is considered important for the industrial development.
Why?
d. What was the condition of trade during Rana regime?
e. Write a paragraph on the social achievements of Rana regime.

4. Long answer questions
a. Why is Rana rule considered a ‘dark age’? Mention the reasons.
b. Describe the social and economic reforms during the Rana rule in
Nepal.

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9Lesson Industrial Revolution
and Its Effects

Introduction to Industrial Revolution:

The rapid and tremendous development of industry that occurred in England
in the late 18th century to mid of 19th century (1760 AD-1840 AD) is known as
Industrial Revolution. Different machines were invented that replaced manual
power in production. The use of steam power, the growth of factories and
industries, mass production, division of labour, technological innovation etc. are
some of the characteristics of Industrial Revolution. Mechanical power used in
production produced the goods many times more than the goods produced by
human power. It brought the change in whole modes of production.

The Industrial Revolution which was started by mechanization of the cotton and
woolen industries brought profound effect on various sectors like agriculture,
trade, commerce, transportation etc. It brought significant change in social,
economic, political and cultural aspects of human life. People became much
busy for bringing intense speed in the work through the scientific research and
exploration. As the result,England was transformed from agricultural country to
high industrial one within a century.

The Key Areas, Invention and Achievements of Industrial Revolution

Flying shuttle Spinning Jenny Water Frame Power Loom

Spinning Mule Steam Engine Safety Lamp Telephone

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There was high demand for cotton cloths in England and businessmen were
engaged to increase their cotton production but it was not possible to spin the
thread in large scale by manual effort. John Kay invented flying shuttle in 1743
AD to meet the demand for cotton cloths. This machine could spin the thread
two times more than the handmade thread. James Hargreaves invented Spinning
Jenny to meet the high demand for the cotton thread in 1764 AD. This spinning
machine could spin the thread eight times more than the handmade thread. The
production of thread increased but the traditional system of industry couldn’t
change.

After the invention of Water Frame by Richard Arkwright in 1769 AD, the factory
system was developed and started to use water frame machine. It could produce
sufficient thread. He is also called the Father of Modern Factory System.

Samuel Crompton invented Spinning Mule in 1779 AD based on the principle of
Spinning Jenny and Water Frame. It could produce large quantities of finer and
cheaper cotton yarn and could spin thread out of cotton. However, the demand
for cotton cloths couldn’t be fulfilled because the cloths were still woven by hand.
Edmund Cartwright invented Power Loom operated by water energy in 1785 AD
to solve the problem of scarcity of cotton cloths. As the result of invention of
Power Loom, production of cloths increased with great speed as water power was
used in both making thread and waving cloths. Industry had to depend upon
water for their production. When the volume of water became less in the river,
the machines couldn’t be operated resulting the less production.

James Watt made possible to operate the machines throughout the year by
inventing steam engine. Steam engine replaced manual power and water power
through water vapour power. It is the most revolutionary activity in industrial
sector.

Henry Bessemer developed the techniques of removing the impurity in iron
and making steel. Consequently, durable and huge machines were invented in
England.

Humphry Davy invented Safety Lamp in 1815 AD to detect methane gas in mines
for miners. It made the people to work in the mine safely and easily.

Transport communications were developed in different parts of the country in
order to sell the goods produced in huge quantity. England constructed 180 miles
road for the same purpose. In 1804 AD, George Stephenson made the engine of
the train that could be operated by steam power. Industrial Revolution brought
significant change in electricity and communication sector as well. Benjamin

Our Past (Historical Studies) 293

Franklin developed hydro-power, Morsey invented telegraph in 1837 AD.
Similarly, Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876 AD and Michael
Farady invented electric bulb.

Guglielmo Marconi brought unbelievable change in human life by inventing radio
and wireless. The transmission of ideas through radio signals could be done after
the invention of radio and wireless telegraphy.

The Industrial Revolution brought unprecedented change in agriculture as well.
The traditional way of farming was replaced by scientific way of farming. Improved
breeds of animals and seeds were developed to fulfill the demand of meet and
food crops for increasing population in urban areas. The small cottage industries
were replaced by big factories/industries. Goods were produced in large scale.
Joint Stock Companies were opened for huge capital investment.

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Human Life

The Industrial Revolution had some both the positive and negative impacts on
human life.

Various machines and devices were made during Industrial Revolution, which
made human life easier. It brought tremendous change in every aspect of
human life. The people of different parts of the world were connected due to
the development of transport and communication. Industrialization influenced
every sphere of life. International trade developed to great extent. Per Capita
Income increased as the result of increasing job opportunities to the people.
Resources were utilized extensively. Mass production ensured the availability
of quality goods in cheaper price. The traditional and subsistence farming was
changed into scientific and commercial farming. Agricultural countries of Europe
transformed into industrial countries. Various tools, technologies, machineries,
methodologies were developed. Improved seeds, hybrid animals and plantation
came into practice. The development of industries brought the development of
transportation, electricity and other infrastructures in rural areas. It gradually
started transforming the rural areas into urban and cities arias. Mechanical
power replaced the manual and animal power. The small cottage industries were
replaced by big industries and factories.

Industrial Revolution had some negative impacts as well. It caused environment
pollution i.e. land pollution, water pollution, sound pollution and air pollution) due
to over exploitation of natural resources. It promoted the exploitation of labour.
The child labour started. They worked in terrible condition. Unemployment
problem occurred due to invention of machines. A machine could replace tens of

294 Social Studies Book - 9

manual workers by completing the job in short period of time. Two classes i.e. rich
and poor in the society emerged. It gave rise of social inequalities. Factory owners
and workers or capitalists and workers appeared. The gap between the rich and
poor increased.The clash between the capitalists and workers was created due to
industrialization. The workers organized themselves and fought against factory
owners for their rights, wage, salary, facilities and working hours. Trade unions
were formed for the protection of workers. The industrialized countries started
unhealthy competition for economic imperialism and started manufacturing
destructive weapons. Moreover, the production of goods in large scale increased
the demand of new international markets. Therefore, the industrialized countries
began political hegemony upon the non-industrialized countries.

tremendous : very great in amount Glossary

unprecedented : never done before

imperialism : the policy of extending country’s power and influence

hegemony : dominance

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Make a chart of inventions made during the time of industrial
revolution.

b. Complete the table given below:

S.N. Machine Inventor’s Name
1. Flying Shuttle
2. Electricity
3. Power Loom
4. Telegram
5. Radio
6. Telephone
7. Spinning Mule
8. Safety Lamp
9. Steam Engine
10. Water Frame

Our Past (Historical Studies) 295

2. Very short answer questions
a. Define Industrial Revolution.
b. From where the Industrial Revolution started?
c. Who is known as the ‘Father of the Modern Factory’?

3. Short answer questions
a. Enlist the causes of Industrial Revolution in England.
b. Write the social impacts of Industrial Revolution.
c. What are the economic effects of Industrial Revolution? Explain.
d. Why were the Joint Stock Companies established for industries? How
did it help to increase the misunderstanding between the owners and
workers?
e. How did Industrial Revolution promote agriculture? Give your
rationale.
f. What were the negative effects of industrial revolution on human life?
Explain.

4. Long answer questions
a. The effects of Industrial Revolution were both positive and negative.
Explain.
b. Which province you belong to? Is it possible to achieve the Industrial
Revolution in your province? Prepare the nine-points plan on the basis
of its prospects.

Community Work

a. There might be some factories being operated in your community. Visit
them and ask some questions to find the problems of workers. Prepare a
report based on their response.

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Lesson Genealogy

10

Genealogy is derived from Greek words ‘Genea’ and ‘Logos’. Genea means
generation and Logos means knowledge. Thus, the etymological meaning of
genealogy is knowledge of generation. It is the study of the history of families or
clans. It traces the lineages of a family. It is also known as family history.

Genealogists study and prepare genealogy by obtaining information about the
family from various sources. They use oral interviews, historical records, genetic
analysis and other records to obtain information about a family. Kinship and
pedigrees of the members of the family in a family tree or chart or as narratives is
shown in genealogy. It shows the family history and lines of descents from their
ancestors.

Importance of Genealogy

Genealogy is very important to know the detail of a family history. Some of the
major importance of genealogy are as below:

‰‰ Validate Family Stories – It helps to determine if family stories of
someone about their ancestors are true.

‰‰ Famous People – It helps to find out if they are related to someone famous.

‰‰ Historical Event – It assists to gain a better understanding of an ancestor’s
involvement in a famous historical event.

‰‰ Trace Medical Conditions – It evaluates the risk of getting certain
medical conditions that tend to run in families.

‰‰ Trace a Family Inheritance – It determines genealogical proof of a
family connection for potential heirs.

‰‰ Trace Land Ownership –It provides proof of descent that settles the
questions of land ownership.

‰‰ Trace a Family Portrait –It shows someone bears a strong resemblance
to an ancestor in an old family portrait.

‰‰ Find Birth Parents – It determines the birth parents of an adopted child.
Alternatively, to find children given up for adoption.

‰‰ Proof of Paternity – It determines the biological father of a child.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 297

‰‰ Community History – It is a document a community history by
understanding the families that founded and influenced the community.

‰‰ Historic Studies – It provides insight into history through the scholarly
study of a famous family, such as a royal family.

‰‰ Preserve a Close Relative's Legacy –It provides knowledge about a
parent, grandparent or sibling after their death.

‰‰ Preserving Family Traditions – It preserves knowledge of ancestors
who contributed to family traditions, such as a family recipe book.

A family Tree

A family tree is a chart representing family relationship in a tree structure. It is the
depiction of a family’s lineage on a tree chart. It helps to know about our ancestors
and the place of origin. It is the most common form of visually documenting
one’s ancestry. Generally, family tree charts include a box for each individual and
each box is connected to the others to show the relationships. In addition to an
individual’s name, each box may contain dates, birthplace and other information
depending on the desired complexity of the family tree diagram.

It is easy to see at a glance which ancestors preceded which generation as a
generation is organized into a single level and they are physically above them on
the tree.

Ram Khadka’s Family Tree

Amar Khadka

Suraj Khadka Santosh Khadka Mano Khadka
(No child)

Krishna Khadka Gopal Khadka Bishal Khadka Hari Khadka Sudhir Khadka

Tejman Khadka Kedar Khadka Niraj Khadka

Ram Khadka

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etymological Glossary
lineages
pedigrees : origin and historical development of words
genealogical : descent from ancestor
depiction : the recorded ancestry
: relating to the study of the lines of family descent
: the action of showing something

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities

a. Prepare a chart of family tree of the genealogy of Shah Kings of Nepal
and present in the class.

b. Why is it important to study clan and genealogy? Discuss in the class.

2. Very short answer questions
a. What is family tree?
b. What is genealogy?
c. Why do we need to study genealogy?

3. Short answer questions
a. How can you prove that genealogy is a source of history?

b. Write the important aspects of your genealogy.

4. Long answer question
a. Describe the importance of genealogy.

Community Work

a. Visit the senior citizen of your community who belongs to your clan. Ask
various questions about your clan. Prepare a family tree on the basis of
your findings.

Our Past (Historical Studies) 299

Lesson

11 Our Ancestors: Our Pride

Nepal is a unique country in the world with religious and cultural diversity. It is
very rich country in its art, culture, tradition and lifestyle. The unique features of
our ancestors are our pride, glory and identity. The history of Nepal is divided into
three periods- Ancient Period, Medieval Period and Modern Period. It has been
found that the tradition, culture and lifestyle of the people have been gradually
changing in course of time. The cultures, traditions, norms, values and lifestyle
developed by our ancestors are the unique guidelines and identities for the present
generation. It is the prime responsibility of new generation to identify, preserve,
promote them.

Unique Culture

Nepal is very rich in culture with distinctive
rites since ancient time. Most of the rites and
rituals were developed during Malla period.
Some of them are still in practice in our society.
Chudakarma (shaving hair in Bratabandha), Eehi
(Bel Bibaha in Newar community) Budho Janko
(in Newar community), Pumsavan (Kuldevatako
Pooja- worshiping ancestors as god), funeral rites
(Mrityu Samskar) etc. are the typical examples of
such cultures.

Well Managed Social Structure and Division of Castes

According to Hinduism, the traditional Nepalese society was divided into four
major castes- Brahmin, Kshetri, Vaishya and Sudra. They used to involve in
different occupations. However, there was no discrimination among the castes.
The work division was made on the basis of their caste that gradually developed
into culture.

Social, Religious Practices and Lifestyle

There was a feeling of cooperation. They were supportive to each other. The
supportive systems like exchanging goods, labour to fulfill the needs practised by

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