Shubharambha Social book 9 final for CTP 2077

tenure Glossary
suffice
bicameral : the period or term of holding something
posit : to meet the need of
unicameral : having two separate legislative chambers or houses.
: put strongly
: having a single legislative chamber

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activity
a. Organize an oratory program on 'importance of democratic
constitution' in your class.

Short Answer Questions
a. Write any four features of Constitution of Nepal 2015 B.S.

b. Why has constitution of Nepal been changed frequently? Write your
opinion in four points.

c. Compare present constitution with constitution of 2047 B.S. in four
points.

d. Discuss with your teacher about the weaknesses of the Interim
constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. and present it in the classroom.

e. Show the constitutional development in Nepal in a timeline.

f. "Present constitution of Nepal is the document of mutual
understanding." Justify it.

2. Long Answer Question
a. Compare the Nepal government Act 2004 with Interim Constitution
of Nepal 2007 B.S.

b. Critically analyze the constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2015 B.S.

c. At what respects can the present constitution be considered
superior? Write in seven points.

Community Work

Visit a politician, legal practitioner or intellectual person in your community.
Ask him/her about the causes of frequent change of constitution of Nepal.
Enlist them in a chart paper and display in the school notice board.

Civic Consciousness 151

Lesson Constituent Assembly

3

Manyata, Riju, Jiwan, Sushil and Sumin are the students of 9th standard. Today,
they are in the house of a prominent legislator for an interview. Sushil opens up
with the first question.

Sushil : At first, can you briefly introduce us with CA?

Legislator : In simple words, CA is a body constructed in order to draft
a constitution. Consider it this way, it is a body of people's
representatives that either creates or changes the constitution of
the respective nation. The citizens
elect a group of representatives
bestowing an authority on them
to frame or amend the main law
of the country. It is regarded
as an offshoot of democratic
practice all over the world since
it ensures people's participation
in writing the constitution, and
ruling the nation.

Riju : CA was formed according to the aspiration of Nepalese citizens
after the successful conclusion of people's movement II. Why
was the need of CA felt in Nepal?

Legislator : Well, CA is a form of representative democracy. People elect
officials representing a group of people. This practice allows us
to institutionalize sovereignty of people. It strengthens their
position and empowers them. In Nepal, this system is favoured
to ascertain proportional representation in every part of the
government. People have the right to run their nation on their
own right and decision. Inclusiveness and people's participation
becomes crucial. This helps in reducing the disparities in terms
of castes, language, sex, geography, etc.

152 Social Studies Book - 9

Jiwan : So, do you mean to say that the inclusive system convinced people
to deposit their faith on CA?

Legislator : Yes, you are right.

Manyata : Can you please relate a short history leading up to the formation
of CA in Nepal?

Legislator : Sure. In the long run of Nepalese history, the constitutional
practice has set foot in the 7th decade. Nepalese citizens have
always striven for a reliable constitution that can bring about an
enormous political change. The talks of CA can be thought to have
begun from 1951, the date of the establishment of democracy in
Nepal. It is not that the efforts were not made, but it took long
time to see people's dream come true. On 24th of April, 2006, the
successful people's movement reinstated the parliament and 5
days later the meeting of the House of the Representatives passed
an agenda of having a Constituent Assembly election. Interim
constitution came into existence and a general election for CA was
held on 10th of April, 2008 after having been postponed from the
earlier dates of 7th of June, 2007 and 22nd of November, 2007. The
first CA formed on 11th of March, 2008, failed to make the most-
awaited new constitution even after the extension of a couple of
years in its original lifespan. Hence, Baburam Bhattarai, the then
PM, dissolved the CA on 27th of May, 2012. To hold another CA
election, Khil Raj Regmi, the Chief Justice of Supreme Court, was
appointed to chair the council of Ministers on 13th of April, 2013.
The Election Commission planned to hold the election on 14th of
November, 2013 but it took place 5 days later on 19th of November
(4th of Mansir). The CA formed after the election endorsed Nepal's
Constitution, 2072 on 20th of September, 2015 (3rd of Ashwin,
2072) with two-third majority. The CA transformed into the
parliament after the promulgation of the constitution.

Sushil : It was rather an interesting history. If you don't mind, can you
please brief us on the formation of the CA?

Legislator : Oh, sure. The CA was formed with 601 members. It was
presupposed to be constituted on the basis of the mixed electoral
system. The Mixed Member Majoritarian constituted of 3 voting

Civic Consciousness 153

systems: First past the post, proportional representation and
appointed by the council of Ministers. 240 members were elected
on the basis of first-past-the-post electoral system, in which
the voters indicated on a ballot the candidate of their choice.
Hence,the candidates who received most votes from the 240
election constituencies got automatic tickets to CA.
[A short pause. Drinks a glass of water]
Proportional representation accounted for 335 members. It is the
electoral system by which divisions in an electorate are reflected
proportionately in the elected body. The voters voted for parties;
not a single person, while treating the whole country as one
election constituency.
Riju : What about rest of the 26 members?
Legislator : Well, they were nominated by the Council of Ministers. The
prominent figures making recognized contributions to national
life, and the indigenous people who couldn't make it through the
elections qualified for this selection process.
Sumin : Alright, but how was the issue of inclusiveness addressed in its
formation?
Legislator : That's a very good question indeed. I forgot to mention about that
part.
First of all, the provision of representation based on gender,
geography and population was maintained while selecting the
candidate for the first-past-the-post electoral system. Similarly,
in the election of proportional electoral system at least 50% of
women's representation from different class, caste and region
was mandatory. Moreover, the combination of these two electoral
systems must confirm at least one third representation of women
of the total number of the candidates.

[Again, drinks water]

Finally, while referring the candidates for the proportional
nomination, the respective political parties were made to take the
representation of oppressed, backward, poor, working-class and
physically - challenged into consideration.

Manyata : Thank you, sir, for your insightful talk and valuable time. You
provided the opportunity to learn so many things.

Others : Thank you, sir.
Legislator : It's a great pleasure, indeed. I'm delighted to see your great

154 Social Studies Book - 9

interest in such a significant national affair. It was a nice talk with
you all.
Jiwan : Take care and have a great day ahead sir.
Legislator : You too.

(They bid him farewell and depart)

prominent : well known, important Glossary
bestowing : giving, respecting
offshoot : result
reinstated : restored
endorsed : wrote or stated public approval

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define constituent assembly with its needs in the context of Nepal.

b. How was constituent assembly inclusive? Write in four points.

c. Discuss the formation of constituent assembly in brief.

d. Differentiate between the first and second election of constituent
assembly in four points.

e. What were the salient features of first constituent assembly?

f. Why was it felt necessary to draft the constitution by constituent
assembly?

g. How can you differentiate between composition of the constituent
Assembly and other commissions made in the past to draft constitution
of Nepal.

2. Long Answer Question
a. Discuss among the friends about the activities carried out by the first
constituent assembly and present it in class room.

b. Why did first constituent assembly fail to draft constitution in time?
Discuss with friends and teachers.

Community Work

Conduct a discussion program on 'School should be peace zone and child
friendly' in your community in the presence of politician and representatives
of various organizations. Draw the conclusion of their views and present in
the class.

Civic Consciousness 155

Lesson Fundamental Rights

4

Nepal is a democratic country. People in democratic countries enjoy certain
rights backed by the judicial system. These rights are essential as they provide
freedom, protection, reverence and personality enhancement opportunities to
the commons.

There are basically two types of rights: human rights and fundamental rights.
Human rights are inherent to all human beings irrespective to their nationality,
place of residence, sex, colour, religion, language or any other status. Hence, they
are universal in nature. Fundamental rights, on the other hand, are the rights
guaranteed by the constitution of a particular nation. They are basic rights that
any citizen of the respective country is entitled to. They ensure a life of dignity
and respect with the fullest physical, mental and moral development of every
citizen. Unlike human rights, fundamental rights function within the four walls
of a nation's territory. For instance, the fundamental rights declared by the
constitution of Nepal don't apply on Indian citizens. Hence, the provision of
fundamental rights provides standards of conduct, citizenship, justice and fair
play. They act as a check on the ruling government.

Characteristics of fundamental rights

(i) A citizen of the nation acquires fundamental rights.

(ii) They don't have any type of hierarchy or division.

(iii) The constitution backs them.

(iv) The violation, even by the state, of these rights is not tolerated by the courts.
Supreme court is the protector of the basic rights of citizens.

(v) Fundamental rights generate a feeling of security amongst the minorities in
the country.

(vi) They are pillars of democracy.

(vii) These rights can be suspended in the time of emergency.

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The Constitution of Nepal, 2072, has the provision of fundamental rights in part
3 (Article 16-46). They are enlisted below:

1. Right to live with Dignity: Each citizen shall have right to live with
dignity. No law shall be made for capital punishment.

2. Right to Freedom: Every citizen shall be provided with personal liberty.
Every citizen shall have the freedom of opinion and expressions, assemble
peacefully without arms, form any political party or organization, form
unions and associations, move and reside in any part of Nepal, engage in
any occupation or profession as per the law.

3. Right to Equality: All citizens shall be equal in the eye of law. No person
shall be discriminated based on the origin, religion, race, caste, tribe, sex,
physical condition, economic condition, language or geographical region,
ideology and such other matters. There shall be no gender discrimination
regarding remuneration for the same work and right to parental property
with regard to all family members.

4. Right to Communication: No publication and broadcasting or
dissemination or printing of any news item, editorial, feature article or other
reading, audio and audio-visual material through any means whatsoever
including electronic publication, broadcasting and printing shall be censored
unless these are against the sovereignty, judicial respect and social harmony.

5. Right to Justice: No person shall be detained in custody without informing
him or her of the ground for his or her arrest. Any person who is arrested
shall have the right to consult a legal practitioner of his or her choice from
the time of such arrest and to be defended by such legal practitioner. Any
consultation made by such person with, and advice given by, his or her
legal practitioner shall be confidential. Any person who is arrested shall be
produced before the adjudicating authority within a period of twenty-four
hours of such arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey from the
place of arrest to such authority; and any such person shall not be detained
in custody except on the order of such authority.

Civic Consciousness 157

6. Right of Victim of Crime: A victim of crime shall have the right to get
information about the investigation and proceedings of a case in which he or
she is the victim. A victim of crime shall have the right to justice including
social rehabilitation and compensation in accordance with law.

7. Right against Torture: No person who is arrested or detained shall be
subjected to physical or mental torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment. Any person who is the victim of such treatment shall have the
right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.

8. Right against Preventive Detention: No person shall be held under
preventive detention unless there is a sufficient ground of the existence of
an immediate threat to the sovereignty, territorial integrity or public peace
and order of Nepal. Information about the situation of a person who is
held under preventive detention must be given immediately to his or her
family members or relatives. If the authority making preventive detention
holds any person under preventive detention contrary to law or in bad faith,
the person held under preventive detention shall have the right to obtain
compensation in accordance with law.

9. Right against Untouchability and Discrimination: No person shall
be subjected to any form of untouchability or discrimination in any private
and public places on grounds of his or her origin, caste, tribe, community,
profession, occupation or physical condition. In producing or distributing
any goods, services or facilities, no person belonging to any particular caste
or tribe shall be prevented from purchasing or acquiring such goods, services
or facilities nor shall such goods, services or facilities be sold, distributed or
provided only to the persons belonging to any particular caste or tribe. No
discrimination in any form shall be allowed at a workplace with or without
making untouchability on the ground of caste. Any act of untouchability and
discrimination in any form committed in contravention of this Article shall
be punishable by law as a severe social offence, and the victim of such act
shall have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.

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10. Right to Property: Every citizen shall, subject to law, have the right to
acquire, own, sell, dispose, acquire business profits from, and otherwise deal
with, property. The State may levy tax on property of a person, and tax on
income of a person in accordance with the concept of progressive taxation.

11. Right to Freedom of Religion: Every person who has faith in religion
shall have the freedom to profess, practise and protect his or her religion
according to his or her conviction. Every religious denomination shall have
the right to operate and protect its religious sites and religious Guthi (trusts).

12. Right to Information: Every citizen shall have the right to demand and
receive information on any matter of his or her interest or of public interest.
No one shall be compelled to provide information on any matter of which
confidentiality must be maintained in accordance with law.

13. Right to Privacy: The privacy of any person, his or her residence, property,
document, data, correspondence and matters relating to his or her character
shall, except in accordance with law, be inviolable.

14. Right against Exploitation: Every person shall have the right against
exploitation. No one shall be subjected to trafficking nor shall one be held
in slavery or servitude. No one shall be forced to work against his or her will.

15. Right regarding Clean Environment: Each person shall have the right
to live in a healthy and clean environment. The victim of environmental
pollution shall have the right to be compensated by the pollutant as provided
for by law.

16. Right to Education: Every citizen shall have the right to get compulsory and
free education up to the basic level and free education up to the secondary level
from the State. The citizens with disabilities and the economically indigent
citizens shall have the right to get free higher education in accordance with
law. The visually impaired citizens shall have the right to get free education
through brail script and the citizens with hearing or speaking impairment, to
get free education through sign language, in accordance with law.

Civic Consciousness 159

17. Right to Language and Culture: Every person and community shall
have the right to use their languages. Every person and community shall
have the right to participate in the cultural life of their communities. Every
Nepalese community residing in Nepal shall have the right to preserve and
promote its language, script, culture, cultural civilization and heritage.

18. Right to Employment: Every citizen
shall have the right to employment. The
terms and conditions of employment,
and unemployment benefit shall be as
provided for in the Federal law.

19. Right to Labour: Every labourer shall
have the right to practice appropriate
labour. Every labourer shall have the right to appropriate remuneration,
facilities and contributory social security. Every labourer shall have the
right to form and join trade unions and to engage in collective bargaining, in
accordance with law.

20. Right to Health Care : Every citizen shall have the right to free basic
health services from the State, and no one shall be deprived of emergency
health services. Every person shall have the right to get information about
his or her medical treatment.

21. Right to Food: Every citizen shall have the right relating to food. Every
citizen shall have the right to be safe from the state of being in danger of life
from the scarcity of food. Every citizen shall have the right to food sovereignty
in accordance with law.

22. Right to Housing: Every citizen shall have the right to an appropriate
housing. No citizen shall be evicted from the residence owned by him or her
nor shall his or her residence be infringed except in accordance with law.

23. Right of Women: Every woman shall have equal lineage right without
gender-based discrimination. Every woman shall have the right to safe
motherhood and reproductive health. No woman shall be subjected
to physical, mental, sexual, psychological or other form of violence or
exploitation on grounds of religion, social, cultural tradition, practice or on
any other grounds. Such act shall be punishable by law, and the victim shall
have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.

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24. Right of the Children: Every child shall have the right to name and birth
registration along with his or her identity. Every child shall have the right
to education, health, maintenance, proper care, sports, entertainment and
overall personality development from the families and the State. No child
shall be employed to work in any factory, mine or engaged in similar other
hazardous work. No child shall be recruited or used in army, police or any
armed group, or be subjected, in the name of cultural or religious traditions,
to abuse, exclusion or physical, mental, sexual or other form of exploitation
or improper use by any means or in any manner.

25. Right of Dalits: The Dalit shall have the right to participate in all bodies
of the State on the basis of the principle of proportional inclusion. Special
provision shall be made by law for the empowerment, representation and
participation of the Dalit community in public services as well as other sectors
of employment. The Dalit community shall have the right to use, protect and
develop their traditional occupation, knowledge, skill and technology.

26. Right of Senior Citizens: The senior citizens shall have the right to special
protection and social security from the State.

27. Right to Social Justice: The socially backward women, Dalit, indigenous
people, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, Tharu, minorities, persons with
disabilities, marginalized communities, Muslims, backward classes, gender
and sexual minorities, youths, farmers, labourers, oppressed or citizens of
backward regions and indigent Khas Arya shall have the right to participate
in the State bodies on the basis of inclusive principle.

28. Right to Social Security: The indigent citizens, incapacitated and helpless
citizens, helpless single women, citizens with disabilities, children, citizens
who cannot take care themselves and citizens belonging to the tribes on the
verge of extinction shall have the right to social security, in accordance with
law.

29. Right of the Consumers: Every consumer shall have the right to obtain
quality goods and services. A person who has suffered injury from any
substandard goods or services shall have the right to obtain compensation
in accordance with law.

30. Right against Exile: No citizen shall be exiled.

31. Right to Constitutional Remedies: There shall be a right to obtain
constitutional remedies in the manner set forth in Article 133 or 144 for the
enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part.

Civic Consciousness 161

reverence Glossary
hierarchy
: respect
insurgency
: a system in which people are organized into different
levels of importance from highest to lowest.

: an attempt to take control of a country by force.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define fundamental rights with specialties.

b. List out the rights related to right to freedom.

c. Discuss rights to education mentioned as the fundamental rights.

d. Is the provision of rights to education suitable or not for differently
able persons? Write your opinion.

e. Differentiate between human rights and fundamental rights.

f. Write your own logic regarding the provision of fundamental rights
in our context.

g. If you were asked to add up other fundamental rights, which rights
would suggest? Why?

2. Long Answer Questions
a. Write your views about the provision of more rights in our context.
b. Discuss the importance of fundamental rights.
c. Write an editorial on rights to social justice.
d. Which rights are applicable in our context? Write with reasons in
seven points.

Community Work

Ask the people in your community enjoying the fundamental rights provided
by the present constitution. Consult the people of your community and
write.

162 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Duties of Citizen

5

When we talk of rights, duties also turn up simultaneously. Duties are correlative
of rights. We enjoy the privilege granted by the state. But as a member of a civilized
state, a citizen is expected to carry out his duties too. To be honest, his rights and
his duties go hand-in-hand. Take, for example,
the right to freedom from torture, slavery,
humiliation etc. imposes a duty on the citizen:
not to torture, enslave or embarrass another
person. Likewise, a right to equality before the
law demands a duty to treat everyone equally.
We can't simply ask for freedom without
performing our responsibilities and obligations.
More clearly stating, we are obliged to obey the
nation's laws and fulfill our duties as called upon. In a sentence, these obligations
or responsibilities towards our nation are what we call duties of citizens. Such
duties can be found in the national constitution. The constitution of Nepal has
following provisions in regard to the duties of citizens:

Article 1.2 in Part 1 states: "It shall be the duty of every person to uphold this constitution."
Similarly, article 48 in Part 3 states the following duties of citizens.

"Each person shall have the following duties:

a) Protect nationality, sovereignty and integrity of Nepal by pledging
allegiance to the nation.

b) Abide by the constitution and law.

c) Compulsorily enlist when the state needs the service.

d) To protect and conserve public property

In addition to the above, there are some other duties of citizens:

a) Moral Duties:

These are the duties which we ought to perform. We are not bound by laws to
follow them. Some of such duties are as follows:

Civic Consciousness 163

‰‰ To live morally, and ethically dignified life,
‰‰ To respect elders, teachers, relatives, parents and neighbors,
‰‰ To be friendly towards everyone,
‰‰ Not to humiliate anyone,
‰‰ To be humble and hospitable towards guests, relatives and foreigners,
‰‰ To show love, affection and care towards poor, sick, physically challenged,

children, elders and helpless.

b) Legal Duties:

These duties are empowered by law. We shall have no excuse to let go out of them.
They are as follows:
‰‰ To respect and abide by the constitution and laws.
‰‰ Not to break laws and also prevent others from doing so.
‰‰ To pay the tax.
‰‰ To assist in the implementation and reformation of existing laws:

c) Civil Duties:

We have certain responsibilities towards our motherland as dignified citizens.
They can be:
‰‰ To serve the country,
‰‰ To obey the law,
‰‰ To be honest to the nation and its people,
‰‰ To use voting rights intelligently,
‰‰ To speak against jeopardy, conceit, violence, and injustice,
‰‰ To participate in developmental activities,
‰‰ To maintain peace and prosperity of the nation,
‰‰ To assist the state in case of emergency and as per the requirement,
‰‰ To develop a deep feeling of patriotism.

d) Social Duties:

There are some social duties that a citizen performs for the welfare of his society.
They are as below:
‰‰ To be aware about the issues affecting society,
‰‰ To keep surroundings clean,

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‰‰ To conserve cultural heritage,

‰‰ To assist to maintain social harmony, coherence and concord,

‰‰ To help to preserve social values, norms, rituals and traditions,

‰‰ To enhance religious tolerance,

‰‰ To advocate against evil practices like dowry, superstition, blind imitation
etc.

Following the above-mentioned duties is fundamental for the proper
functioning of a nation.

pledging : committing Glossary

allegiance : a person's continued support.

jeopardy : a dangerous situation

conceit : too much pride for yourself.

concord : agreement.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. What is duty? Discuss about moral duties.
b. Differentiate between civic and legal duties.

c. Explain in brief on relevance of social duty.

d. Enlist the duties mentioned in the present constitution of Nepal.
2. Long Answer Question

a. "Duties and rights are the two sides of the same coin". Justify it
with seven points.

Community Work

What duties are being performed by the people in your community? Observe
them and prepare your report based on your findings.

Civic Consciousness 165

Lesson Right to Information

6

Host : Hello and good afternoon to all the listeners of "We will
build Nepal." Your regular host, Smarana Shrestha, is back
with yet another spicy talk show on this Friday afternoon
program. Today we are going to discuss a hot topic of public
interest, "Right to Information". The constitution of Nepal,
2072, has the provision of Right to Information in article 27
under Fundamental Right. Our special guest for the show is a
prominent journalist, researcher and analyst, Tirtha Regmi.
Let's welcome our guest. A very warm welcome to the program,
Sir.



The Guest : Thank you very much for having me.

Host : Let's get underway. First of all, will you be kind enough to tell us
what is information?

The Guest : Thank you for your question. Information is a valuable fact
or datum that is timely and accurate. It gives us some idea or
knowledge about something. Right to Information Act defines it
as any written document, material or information related to the
functions, processing thereof or decision of public importance

166 Social Studies Book - 9

made by a public body.

Host : I hope our audience got a clear glimpse of it. Now I am eager to
know about Right to Information.

The Guest : I would like to answer this question with some examples first.
We might be experiencing an uncomfortable journey because
of poor conditions of the roads outside of our houses. Load
shedding, shortage of water and heap of garbage might also be
pressing on us. Now we have right to ask our government: why
aren't these problems fixed? We have the right to know about
the above. Every Nepalese citizen reserves a right to know his/
her government and anything of public interest.

Host : You mentioned about public body in the definition of
information. What is it actually?

The Guest : Well, a public body is any organization or institution that deals
with or works for the public. In a broad sense, anybody that
functions under the constitution of Nepal or any act or law or
runs with the permission of the government of Nepal is a public
body.

Host : I would be grateful if you can exemplify this.

The Guest : Sure, political parties, NGOs, INGOs, banks, finance companies,
cooperatives, government offices, corporate houses, hotels,
schools, colleges, universities, embassies and manpower
companies are some examples of public bodies. These public
authorities are set up in accordance with the existing laws of
the nation and pay tax to the government or are financed by the
government.

Host : That means any Nepalese citizen can obtain any information if
required from these bodies, right ?

The Guest : Well, yes. We can ask for any information of public interest. But
we must keep in mind that Right to Information is not absolute.

Host : Okay, how do you explain that part?

The Guest : Not all the information that the government produces will be or
should be given to the public.

Civic Consciousness 167

Host : What sorts of information we can’t access, then?

The Guest : The constitution of Nepal maintains that we shouldn't compel
to provide information on any matter of which confidentiality
must be maintained in accordance with the law. According
to RTI act, the information which seriously jeopardizes the
sovereignty, integration, national security, peace, stability and
international relations of Nepal shall not be disseminated. We
also shouldn't ask for information that affects the investigation
of a crime or causes an effect on the protection of economic,
trade or intellectual properties or banking or trade privacy
or puts an individual's secrecy and security of body, life, and
property in risk.

The Host : Pretty tricky there. If RTI is a fundamental right, why do we
need an actor law?

The Guest : Excellent question. Let's deal with it this way. If you ask a public
body about the usage of tax you have paid, there is a chance that
you will not be answered at all. In this case, having law by your
side there remains no possibility of being ignored by the same
public body. Even the government has to abide by the law and
let alone other public authorities. If you don't get information,
you can simply lodge a complaint in accordance with the law.

The Host : I got it well. Now we will take some queries from our audience.
Okay, let me get the first caller. Hello? Who's this and what is
your question?

The first caller: Good afternoon sister and Tirtha Sir. I am Bhim Subedi from
Kirtipur. I want to know about the importance of RTI.

The Guest : Thank you for your question. As responsible citizens of this
country,we need some information on activities and decisions
of our government. We can check some unwanted actions of the
state. It is not only our right but also a duty to know about our
rulers and reasons for the actions of the government. It is an
essence of democracy. It maintains transparency and controls
corruption or wrong doing in public bodies. RTI prevents

168 Social Studies Book - 9

authority from acting absolute. It strengthens sovereignty of
people. It increases our participation in the ruling system. Most
importantly of public services.

The Host : Thank you Bhim ji for calling us. Let's see who's next. Hello?

The 2nd caller: Hello, Smarana ji. I am Shreya Gurung from Banepa.

The Host : Okay Shreya, what do you want to know from our expert?

The 2nd caller: Hello Sir, how can I apply for information? Do I have to pay for
it?

The Guest : Thank you Shreya ji for your interesting question. It is a simple
process. All you have to do is submit on a sheet of paper or
by post before the concerned Information Officer by stating
reason to receive such information. Please keep a copy of the
application for your own reference also. You have to pay for
the information as prescribed by the Information officer. You
will be charged according to nature of the information. You can
refer to the section 8 of RTI Act 2064 for the detailed provision.

The 2ndcaller:- Thank you Sir, it was a great help.

The Host : Okay, thanks to Shreya ji as well. And with this, we come to the
end of this show. I would like to appreciate your time, Tirtha
Sir.

The Guest : It's my pleasure to be here.

The Host : I will also like to thank all the listeners for being with us
throughout the show. Saying good bye is never easy. I will be
back at the same time next Friday with another interesting
topic. Till then, bid farewell to your host Smarana. Bye to all,
have a great day.

Civic Consciousness 169

thereof : of the thing mentioned Glossary

glimpse : a short look

compel : force

confidentiality : Secrecy, a situation when we expect somebody to keep

information secretly.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define right to information with its needs.

b. Explain the importance of right to information.

c. Discuss the provision of public agencies in right to information.

d. Prepare a model of application seeking information.
2. Long Answer Questions

a. Prepare a dialogue including the basis of legitimate restriction on
right to information.

b. Discuss the way to make the activities of National Information
Commission effective.

Community Work

Meet some person in your community working in public bodies. Ask them
about the effort made to maintain transparency in their office. Prepare a
report based on their response.

170 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Good Governance

7

The term "Good Governance" was initially used in a 1989 World Bank Publication.
In 1992, the bank published a report entitled "Governance and Development",
which explored the concept further. Since then, it has become a universal matter
of concern. There is no hard and fast definition of good governance. 'Governance'
primarily means controlling or ruling a company, an organization or a country. It
is something a 'government' does. It involves the dynamic exercise of managing
power and policy. More precisely, it is all about the processes of making and
implementing decisions. In 1997, the World Bank redefined the concept 'good
governance' as a necessary requisite for development. It is to promote and
sustain holistic and integrated human development. It ensures effective public
participation, human rights, the rule of law, effective public sector, political
empowerment of people, equality, sustainability and solidarity. Moreover, ‘good
governance' manages and allocates resources to respond to the problems of the
citizens.

Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/64, links good governance to
an environment that enables safeguarding of human rights and a prompt growth
and sustainable human development. It views that human rights cannot be valued
and conserved in a sustainable manner in the absence of good governance. The
Resolution also states that the links between good governance and human rights
can be organized around 4 areas. These areas can also be called the elements of
good governance.

(a) Democratic Institutions:

Good governance prepares an environment for democratic institutions where the
public can have their say in decision and policy-making. It encourages the role
of civil society in the formulation of development strategies. Hence, it acts as a
democratic institution itself.

(b) Service Delivery:

Good governance helps to reform the state's capacity to fulfill its responsibility
to facilitate sound services to the public. Besides, it secures people's basic rights

Civic Consciousness 171

like right to education, health and food. It uses different mechanisms including
transparency, accountability, strong policy tools, etc. to carry out these tasks.

(c) Rule of Law:

The major target of good governance is to ensure rule of law. It helps to bring
changes in legislation and implementation of laws. In addition, it assists in legal
reformation and creation of public awareness about national and international
laws. It approves of a fair, predictable, impartial and stable judiciary and legal
framework.

(d) Anti-corruption:

Good governance rides on accountability, transparency and participation to check
corruption. It prepares mechanisms of information sharing and acting as a watch-
dog to the government's use of public funds and implementation of policies.

Key Characteristics of Good Governance:

In Resolution 2000/64, the commission identifies the following characteristics of
good governance:
‰‰ Transparency
‰‰ Responsibility
‰‰ Accountability
‰‰ Participation
‰‰ Responsiveness
Besides, it has some other characteristics as follows:
‰‰ Effective and efficient
‰‰ Role of civil society
‰‰ Equitable and inclusive
‰‰ Right to Information
‰‰ Right of minority
‰‰ Decentralization
‰‰ Righteousness
‰‰ S ustainable Development
‰‰ L egitimacy
‰‰ R espect for human rights
‰‰ Sound public sector management

172 Social Studies Book - 9

Challenges of Good Governance in Nepal

There are some factors which hinder in the implementation of good
governance in our country. Some of them are as follows:

(a) Inconsistent Government: Nepal has always suffered from

inconsistencies of the ruling coalition. The cabinets are survivalists rather
than reformists. The political greed, mistrust, and polarization have
worsened the political deadlock in Nepal.

(b) Corruption: Corruption lurks behind the fragile governance of our

country. This virus is weakening the pillars and mechanisms of the
government. Nepal ranks amongst the top corrupted nations in the world.

(c) Social, Economic and Political Backwardness: Many

marginalized groups, minorities, ethnic groups, women and low-caste
people are still not in the frame of central government. They are yet not
invited in the decision-making process. They are deprived of public services.
This has led to massive brain drain and immigration of Nepalese youths.

(d) Poverty: This is the most injurious virus to the governance. More than

25% of Nepalese citizens live under the poverty line. The government fails to
address this problem properly. Lack of employment has affected the living
standard of the people.

(e) Ethnic Conflicts: Nepal is the home of more than 100 ethnic groups. It

is one of the most significant features of our country. But recently, mistrust
among different ethnic groups has created a political tension. They have
started demanding the states of their own within this small country.

(f) Lack of Public Pressure: Nepalese civilians have failed to produce

enough exposure in policy and decision-making level. Our civil society is
weak and our monitoring is quite ineffective.

(g) Other Institutional Problems: Nepotism, favouritism, laziness

and irresponsibility have become institutionalized problems of Nepalese
bureaucracy.

Solutions

The above-mentioned problems can be checked with the help of the followings:

‰‰ F irstly, the government as well as people's traditional mindset has to be
changed.

Civic Consciousness 173

‰‰ M ass awareness and informative programs have to be launched.

‰‰ Judiciary and legal bodies should be empowered.

‰‰ The administration should be changed from process-oriented to action/
service-oriented.

‰‰ Political parties and the ruling coalition should be cautioned to work in

favour of the nation.

‰‰ The role of civil society should be strengthened.

‰‰ Plans, policies of international conventions should be implemented at the
earliest.

prompt : Immediate Glossary

attribute : feature or quality

hinder : hamper

coalition : a government formed by two or more political parties.

Survivalist : One who does anything for survival

deadlock : failure

lurks : hides

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define good governance with its importance.
b. Good governance is critical in our context; justify this statement.
c. What are major elements of good governance? Discuss.
d. Discuss the characteristics of good governance.
e. If you were the Minister for General Administration, what reforms
would you bring? Write in points.

2. Long Answer Question
a. Discuss the needs of good governance.
b. What are the major challenges of good governance? Explain.
c. How can we solve the challenges related to good governance?

Group Work

Discuss about the different aspects of Bad Governance and Good Governance
in the class. Write briefly on each other and present in the class.

174 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Rule of Law

8
"Rule of law" has recently become a catchy phrase in the world politics. In common
sense, it is a rule of law, not of men. In a broad sense, it is a legal principle that
establishes that all people and institutions are subject to law. Moreover, it is a
principle of governance by law. It empowers law to govern a nation. The law
becomes the supreme force. Even the people with power will have to agree to laws
in exercising their powers. Their personal wishes don't work here. In fact, everyone
is subject to law and stands equal before the legal provision. The law protects
them all.

The term "rule of law" is
supposed to have originated
in the 16th century in
Britain. John Locke, one of
the widely known British
theorists and philosophers,
wrote that freedom in
society meant being subject
only to laws made by a
legislature that applied
to everyone. The concept
was further familiarized in the 19th century by a British jurist and constitutional
scholar, A.V. Dicey. He stated that rule of law must embody supremacy of law,
equality before the law and the constitution as the source of law. To be sincere,
rule of law stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship or any tyrannical rule.
The law that governs even the lawmakers proves to be equally necessary for the
age of plural democracy.

Different indicators are used to measure whether a state has rule of law or not.
Some of them are stated below:

‰‰ People's access to justice

‰‰ Good governance

‰‰ Integrity and independence

‰‰ Transparency and accountability

‰‰ Security, safety and social order.

Civic Consciousness 175

‰‰ Public confidence
‰‰ Independent and impartial judiciary
‰‰ Equity and equality
‰‰ Human rights

Importance of Rule of Law

So why do we need rule of law in governance? The enlisted statements attempt to
answer this query:

(i) It does not let the rulers gain an unfair advantage.
(ii) It acts as an anti-virus against corruption.
(iii) It is a must to keep the society/nation peaceful and problem-free.
(iv) The law protects the victims and punishes culprits.
(v) The human rights are respected.
(vi) It maintains good relation between the states.
(vii) It establishes people-friendly governance.

Obstacles of Rule of Law

Rule of law is undoubtedly a major need of democracy like ours. However, there
are some obstacles for its implementation. Some of these are as follows:

(i) The judiciary of Nepal is not being able to function independently due
to political influence.

(ii) There is high corruption in all sectors of state machinery.
(iii) The government fails in strengthening security force and its

reformation.
(iv) The authority stands above the law. Rules apply to the commons only.
(v) Much has been said, less has been done. The actionless policy is like a

well without water.

How Can We Ensure Rule of Law ?
(1) A coherent program to strengthen and reform security forces is an

urgent requirement.
(2) Ensuring the environment fear - free elections.
(3) Respect for and the protection of human rights.

176 Social Studies Book - 9

(4) Formation of inclusive law.
(5) Focus on the implementation of strategies rather than useless

wordings.
(6) Strong law and awareness program has to be launched against

corruption and injustice.
(7) Making judiciary self-governed and independent
(8) Expansion of civic education.

Glossary

autocracy/dictatorship : a government by a single ruler or dictator
embody : include
culprits : ones who do unlawful activities
prevalent : existing
coherent : logical and well-understood.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. What is rule of law?
b. Discuss the indicators of rule of law?
c. How is the condition of rule of law in Nepal?
d. Should we follow the rules or not? Write in four points.
e. How can we promote the sense of rule of law? Write.

2. Long Answer Question
a. Why do we need rule of law? Explain in seven points.
b. Discuss major obstacles to implement the rule of law.
c. Write the measures to avoid the obstacles of rule of law.

Community Work

Divide the class into five groups then ask them to discuss about the elements
and needs of rule of law and present in the class.

Civic Consciousness 177

Lesson Democratic Conduct

9
Democracy, or 'Loktantra' or 'Prajatantra' simply means people's rule. It is a
system of governance in which power is vested in the people, who rule the nation
directly or through freely-elected
representations. In our context
power is exercised on the behalf
of public by elected
representatives. People have
direct say in the rule and
proceedings of the state.
Moreover, this system directly or
indirectly affects the public. But
the people's rule doesn't mean
you can do anything. Democracy
has rules and laws for all the
people and the institutions. It
supports the point that the weakest should have the same opportunity as the
strongest. That is to mean, it dispenses a kind of equality to both equals and
unequal. The government is formed by discussion and a public talk. It admits
diversity and gives room for criticism.

Some of the major aspects of democratic conduct can be briefly elaborated as
follows:

(a) Consolidation of Democratic Practices:

Democracy promotes pluralism, maximizing the participation of small
parties and minorities in decision making. The government is accountable
for forming an independent judiciary, concerned legislature and effective
public service. It has to ensure free and fair periodic elections. It enables
everyone to take part in the government.

(b) Promotion, Protection and Respect of all Human and Fundamental
Rights:

Democratic conduct assures freedom of thought, conscience, religion,
peaceful assembly and association. Additionally, it advocates for freedom of
expression and opinion, independent and pluralistic media. It protects the

178 Social Studies Book - 9

rights of persons belonging to different ethnicities, religions or languages as
well as the rights of indigenous people, children, elderly people, women and
people with physical/mental disabilities.

(c) Strengthening the Rule of Law:

Firstly, a democratic state is supposed to ensure equality before the law. It
has to enable the right to liberty and security of person. It guarantees the
right to free and equal access to justice. It promotes the independence and
integrity of the judiciary. It is also responsible for ensuring proper civil and
administrative remedies for deprivation and violations of human rights.

(d) Active Civil Society:

It creates and improves legal framework, enabling the participation of all
the members of civil society - individuals, groups and institutions in the
development of democracy. It respects the diversity within a society and
promotes associations, mass media, and interactions. It fosters a democratic
culture through education and other means. It considers the involvement of
civil society in the processes of governance. In this way, it bridges the gap
between local authorities and non-governmental organizations. It always
stands for active civil education and human rights.

(e) Good governance:

Democratic conduct aims to improve transparency of public institutions and
policy-making procedures. Doing so, it enhances the accountability of public
officials. It undertakes legal, administrative and political measures against
corruption. It also ensures public access to information about national and
local authorities.

(f) Promotion of a sustainable economic development:

It stabilizes improvement of the civil service and undertakes polices to
meet the social and economic expectation of the population. Not to forget,
it ensures equal access to economic opportunities and freedom. Moreover,
it launches effective measures to overcome social inequalities and poverty.
It doesn't underestimate the fact that a major step to create a sustainable
economic development is to ensure everyone's right to education. Lastly, it
creates a legislative and regulatory framework enabling a sound environment
for investments.

Civic Consciousness 179

(g) Social cohesion and Solidarity:

Democracy targets at improving democratic institutions and social protection
systems to solve societal tensions and conflicts. It not only ensures basic social
services to all but also promotes mutual respect, tolerance and coexistence.
At the top of all, it ensures economic, social and cultural rights such as the
right to standard living and well-being.

Glossary

dispenses : distributes, supplies
consolidation : solidification, the act of making strong
liberty : freedom
deprivation : The act of taking away or depriving
stabilize : To make strong or fixed

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define democratic conduct.

b. Why do we need democratic conduct?

c. List out the major elements of democratic conduct.

d. How does good governance help to promote democratic conduct ?

e. Why do we need provision of social inclusion?

2. Long Answer Questions
a. What are the major aspects of democratic conduct. Explain any four of
them in brief.

Community Work

Observe the several practices prevalent in your community. Identify them
whether they are for or against the norms and spirit of democratic conduct.
Enlist them and write a short note on any one of them.

180 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Peace and Order

10

‰‰ Hacking ‰‰ acid attack ‰‰ ethnic conflict (in

‰‰ online block mailing ‰‰ violence on women. Nepal)

‰‰ nuclear war ‰‰ Racial conflict ‰‰ Human trafficking

‰‰ terrorism ‰‰ religious conflict ‰‰ Bombing

‰‰ robbery ‰‰ country-wise conflict ‰‰ shooting.

What picture do we get of the world in the above pictures? Is this a good world?
Do these activities bring happiness? Can the world be a better place to live? How
can it be so?

What is peace? Tracking down a reliable definition of "peace" is almost impossible.
For some, it is a situation in which there is no fight, conflict, war or violence.
Others reason that it is the state of being calm, quiet and friendly. What is your
version?

Order is a part of the peace. It refers to a situation when people obey laws and
rules and live harmoniously. Hence, peace and order exist collaboratively. Why
do we need peace and order then?

Peace and order is an important condition for of development. It is a pre-
requirement of social development and well-being. Every citizen deserves to live
freely and peacefully. It is his/her fundamental right. The state comes into action
to safeguard the very right of its citizens.

Every person has a right to be free from any kind of human conflict and violence.
You can run your business, walk, go to the office, attend your school, use public
property, express your views, etc. without any fear. A peaceful country runs
smoothly without its citizens' human rights violated. People respect each other's
rights. They fulfill their duty towards the society and the nation. Rule and order

Civic Consciousness 181

is respected. Everyone is happy. They can raise their living standard by working
hard. It contributes to the development of the nation.

Peace and order incorporate democratic values, mutual trust, tolerance, patriotism
and brotherhood.

All of us are habitual with the news of violence and
crime. Cyber crime, kidnapping, robbery, domestic
violence, use of' children in the political activities,
racial discrimination, ethnic conflicts, religious
tensions, girls’ trafficking, international war,
terrorism, nuclear bombings, mass murder, treason,
etc. are being made headlines on our television,
radio, newspaper, social media and other mass
media.In addition, many people around the globe,
especially women and children, are becoming the
victims of bullying, mockery, sexual harassment, discrimination and other forms
of mental and physical tortures. In this regard, violence against women and abuse
of children seems to be a continuing problem. Child labour, prostitution and
trafficking are the major crimes against them. The urban settings have started
hosting more unlawful acts that violate human rights. Such activities have a very
frightening impact on the psychology and the physique of the sufferer throughout
his/her life.

All of the above problems are human-borne. Poverty, tyranny of power, weak
rule of law, self-centeredness, weak state, the competition among the countries
to become the most powerful one and overwhelming use of internet can be some
noticeable human flaws leading to the social disorder. There are other several
factors causing social problems.

We have brought about these problems in our society. Needless to say, they can
be solved by some collective effort and a little care from all of us. Just a little
change in us can reduce or uproot these problems. It's time to find some creative
solutions to protect our planet from all the disgrace.

Maintaining peace and order in the society is a difficult challenge. But the challenge
should be greeted with endurance, tolerance, friendliness, courtesy, kindness,
mutual respect, care, brotherhood, sympathy and empathy. These virtues never
push us into conflict. We must be prepared to face any torture, discrimination or
violence. We must educate people, especially small children, women, physically
challenged and elderly citizens about all the ills that can occur to them. The state
should seriously work on creating employment opportunities for its citizens.

182 Social Studies Book - 9

Curriculum must come up with special coverage of such problems. Poor nations
should be made self-sufficient. Besides, peaceful talks should be preferred to hot
debates and display of power, political cooperation and understanding among
states become more crucial. Environmental degradation should be decelerated.
Most significantly, educational institutions must be violence-free. The world is
better without conflict, violence or war.

harmoniously : peacefully, friendly Glossary

treason : the crime of doing something that causes danger to your
country.

mockery : comment or action that is intended to make others seem
ridiculous.

tyranny : cruel or unfair use of power
overwhelming : very excessive or great

decelerate : slow down.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define peace and order.

b. Discuss the causes of violating peace.

c. What efforts are made to maintain peace and order? Write in four
points.

d. How can we maintain peace and order?

e. "Peace and good governance are complementary to each other" Present
your logics.

2. Long Answer Questions
a. Discuss the role of political parties to maintain peace.

b. How can we maintain peace in school? Write in seven points.

Community Work

Meet some senior citizens in your community and ask them about the efforts
being paid to maintain peace and prepare a news article.

Civic Consciousness 183

Lesson Civil Society

11

How does a nation function smoothly? Is the state all in all? Of course not. The
government undoubtedly plays a significant role as it shelters laws and order.
However, there are other concerned stakeholders too, without their participation
the governance remains quite insufficient and paralyzed.

Generally speaking, a civil society is a
composition of groups or organizations
functioning in parallel to the interest
of the citizens. It is a non-profit,
voluntary and independent entity. It
comprises of labour unions, non-profit
organizations and other service agencies
that facilitate the society. It generally
asks little or nothing in return. Voluntary
organizations, corporate bodies, socially active groups and firms are also part of
the civil society. Moreover, it includes all private organizations of people, press,
professional associations of people, human rights groups and all the NGOs
working in the society. Putting more clearly, civil society applies to the domain of
social life. It is seen as a concept of civic values.

Civil society is regarded as the "third sector" of society, succeeding government
and business. Hence, like the government and the business, the civil society serves
as a strong pillar of a nation. The origin of the term "civil society" goes back to
Aristotle's time. His phrase "Koinonia politike" refers to a "community", which
is characterized by a shared set of norms, in which free citizens on equal footing
lied under the rule of law. It was thus defined as 'common well-being'. Hence,
it celebrates a long history. However,in the context of Nepal, the use of 'civil
society' began during the Lichchhavi period which was subsequently nourished
during unification process. Now it stands as a significant pillar of modern history.
Its omnipotence finds new form and shape in the democratic norms and values
which define our government at the present. To be honest, it has become a central
force in our governance.

184 Social Studies Book - 9

Features of Civil Society

‰‰ Civil society is based on an individual's freedom of choice. Force or sanction
doesn't apply here.

‰‰ M ost of the activities of civil society take place locally. Locality characterizes
it, not only in its activities but in its essence too.

‰‰ T o a larger extent, it is self-generating and self-reliant.
‰‰ I t has respect for law and rights of individuals. It gives room for tolerance,

plurality and diversity.
‰‰ It incorporates the dimension of ethics, solidarity, equality and public

welfare.
‰‰ Voluntariness is the basic characteristic and strength of civil society.
‰‰ Services are produced for members and customers in most probable non-

profit manner.
‰‰ I t is independent of the government. However, it is concerned with the

functions of the government.
‰‰ I t is constituted by the well-organized and active presence of a number of

social, economic and cultural groups of the people.

Objectives of Civil Society

A civil society is primarily established with the following objectives:
(i) To critically assess the government's policies and decisions,

(ii) To be a catalyst for social, political and economic progress,

(iii) To mobilize human and resources to fight social evils, corruption and
diseases,

(iv) To strengthen rule of law and promote accountability and transparency,

(v) To be critical for the economic development and upgradation of civic
life,

(vi) To uphold universal human rights.

Roles of Civil Society

After the above discussion, much has been known about the need of civil society.
The following points further strengthens its place in our society:
‰‰ Firstly, the Civil society aims to control the absolute power of the state. It

watches how state officials use their powers.

Civic Consciousness 185

‰‰ It raises public awareness about any abuse of power. It exposes corrupt
conduct of public officials.

‰‰ I t advocates for good governance and reforms.
‰‰ I t helps to promote political participation. It can do so by educating people

and developing their skills to debate and solve public issues and express
their views.
‰‰ It also helps to develop the other values of democratic life: tolerance,
patriotism, compromise and respect for opposing views.
‰‰ I t makes the stakeholders of development (e.g. politicians, leaders,
entrepreneurs etc.) accountable towards the nation.
‰‰ It protects fundamental as well as human rights.
‰‰ I t launches programs to empower underprivileged groups (e.g. women,
indigenous groups, etc.)
‰‰ C ivil society is a forum for the expression of diverse interests and concerns.
Everyone fits here as all the hierarchies dissolve within.

Role of Civil Society in Nepal

Nepal cannot remain unaffected by the influence of civil society. We can summarize
the key roles of it in Nepalese society as follows:
‰‰ To caution the state, rulers and political parties to manage the country and

its people well,
‰‰ T o provide exposure of Nepalese people to the multi-media environment,
‰‰ To encourage people for the participation in the governmental policies and

decisions,
‰‰ To make Nepalese citizens self-dependent and skilled.
‰‰ To check and help to minimize anti-social viruses (e.g. poverty, corruption,

etc.)
‰‰ T o protect the sovereignty of Nepal

186 Social Studies Book - 9

Glossary

nourished : raised or grew
omnipotence : having total power.
incorporates : includes
catalyst : a thing that causes a change.
critical : important
uphold : support or agree
lobby : To persuade somebody to do something.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define civil society with its features.
b. Discuss the needs of civil society in the present context of Nepal.
c. "Civil society is independent and nonprofit oriented organization".
Justify this statement in four points.
d. Write the objectives of civil society.
e. Civil society and good governance are interrelated, how? Justify in
four points.
f. List out the active members of civil society.

2. Long Answer Questions
a. Discuss the essence of civil society in Nepal.
b. Civil society is the main tool of social transformation. Explain.
c. Prepare a letter to the leader of civil society focusing on the needs of its
activities and movements for empowering backwarded class.

Community Work

Visit a member of civil society in your community. Ask him/her about the
issues frequently raised by community people and write a report on it.

Civic Consciousness 187

Lesson Unity in Diversity

12

The world has unlimited varieties: landscapes, plants, animals, birds, other living
beings and so on. Let's consider the human species alone. We are diverse in terms
of our language, colour, religion, culture, tradition, castes, ethnicities, classes and
many more determiners. Even within your small locality, you can see varieties of
people. We differ in our languages, rituals, traditions, cultural practices, religious
dogmas and other regards. In fact, diversity is an essential characteristic of our
existence. But we live in the same society treating each other as members of one
family.

In common parlance

'unity in diversity'

means oneness in the

varieties or differences.

It means unity among

the people without

uniformity. This

concept best fits our

country. We can notice

differences in cultural,

social, physical,

linguistic, religious,

political, ideological, psychological and some other backgrounds. Irrespective

of all these differences there exists unity.The diversity of religions, castes, sub-

castes, communities, languages, dialects and rituals has become a defining feature

of Nepalese society. The existing constitution acknowledges the same in article 3.

It reads:

"Having multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural characteristics
with common aspirations of people living in diverse geographical regions and
being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to national independence,
territorial integrity, national interest and prosperity of Nepal, all the Nepali
people collectively constitute the nation.

The directive principle of the state considers 'unity in diversity' in a serious note.
The article 50(23) states:

188 Social Studies Book - 9

"It shall be the socio-cultural objective of the state to build a civilized and egalitarian
society by ending all forms of discrimination, oppression and injustice based
on religion, culture, cultural practices, customs, traditional practices or on any
other grounds; develop socio-cultural values based on national pride, democracy,
people orientation, dignity of labor, entrepreneurship, discipline, dignity and
tolerance, by respecting cultural diversity and maintaining communal harmony,
solidarity and amity."

The state policy in article 51 a (2) also lays due emphasis on 'national unity".

"Promoting national unity by developing relations of mutual cooperation between
federal units by maintaining mutual understanding, tolerance, and solidarity
among various castes, ethnic, religious, linguistic and cultural groups and
communities."

The constitution treats the
subject of diversity with due
significance. It won't bear
any discrimination on the
ground of castes, colour and
cultures. The government aims
to institutionalize inclusive
democracy. It will give room to
every backward community in
all the sectors of governance,
including bureaucracy and other
decision-making sectors. Special
care has been taken to ensure
ethnic and gender balance in these sectors. Efforts to protect and promote all
languages and cultures are made.

Nepal is a beautiful country with a genuine mosaic of all cultures, religions,
ethnicities and languages. We are lucky to have such well-defined diversities.
We send a better image to the international community about co-existence and
national integrity. However, we can sense some tensions growing among ethnic
groups in regard to political representation. The government alone can't address
these distresses. We need to stand together to create a better Nepal ending all
these problems.

Civic Consciousness 189

Glossary

dogma : a set of beliefs held by a group of people

parlance : a particular way of using words

acknowledge : admit, recognize

allegiance : loyalty

egalitarian : based on the belief that everyone is equal and deserves

equal rights and opportunities

mosaic : a composite picture or artwork; individual composed of

two or more items.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Define unity in diversity with example.

b. Mention the provision about unity in diversity in our constitution.

c. Explain the ways to maintain unity in diversity in Nepal.

d. "National integrity; sovereignty and independence help to maintain
national unity". Justify in your own words.

e. How does our national anthem promote national unity?

f. How can we maintain national unity?

2. Long Answer Questions
a. Despite having to diverse ability, caste, culture, religion, language, sex,
we all are Nepali. Justify the statement.

b. "Nepal is a multi-religious, multi-racial, multi-cultural and multi-
lingual country with geographical diversity." Justify the statement
with suitable reasons.

Community Work

Consult the people living in your community to know about their castes,
religion, languages. Ask them about their participation in various religious
and cultural practices and write a report based on their response.

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13Lesson Nationality and the Subjects of
National Concern

The term "nationality" is derived from "nation". Therefore, when we talk of
nationality, we can't ignore 'nation'. A nation can be simply defined as a cultural
- political community that is formed on the basis of a common language, territory,
ethnicity, economy and other determinants. It is a unified and autonomous entity
that ties people from varied backgrounds in a knot with a feeling of commonality.
In simple words, it is an aggregation of people living under the same government
and sovereignty. On the other hands, nationality is the situation of belonging to
a particular nation. You hold an identity as you belong to a nation. The same
identity can be used to mean 'nationality'.

The constitution of Nepal

states, "All the Nepalese

people, with multiethnic,

multilingual, multi-

religious, multi-cultural

characteristics and in

geographical diversities and

having common aspirations

and being united by a bond

of allegiance to national

independence, territorial

integrity, national interest

and prosperity of Nepal,

collectively constitute the

nation." Based on this definition Nepalese nationality can be recognized as the

emotional as well as psychological attachment among diverse communities

residing in Nepal.

It is our responsibility to build Nepal. There are some matters or issues that all
citizens of Nepal have to comprehend to do so. These issues are what we can call
national concerns or interests. Article (5) in part 1 of Nepal’s present constitution
states: 'Safeguarding of the freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality,
independence and dignity of Nepal, the rights of the Nepalese people, border
security, economic well-being and prosperity shall be the basic elements of the
national interest of Nepal. We will view some of these issues in detail:

Civic Consciousness 191

a) Territorial Integrity

Nepal, according to the constitution, is an independent, indivisible, sovereign,
secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-oriented, federal democratic republican
state. As a result of persistent fightback of Nepalese citizens, Nepal has become
a unified territory. It is the home for all castes, religions, classes, and myriad
of other communities. We should have religious, cultural, ritual and lingual
tolerance. The moment we divide on these variables, our existence as a nation
comes to an end. It took us a long period of time to establish our country as an
independent, inclusive & secular republic. The state and its people should put an
equal effort to protect our identity. We can adopt the following steps to promote
national integrity.

‰‰ The state should provide an equal right to all the people irrespective of their
ethnicity, language, customs, religions, traditions, and cultures.

‰‰ It should establish a strong diplomatic tie with other countries.
‰‰ It should aim at reducing regional disparities and backwardness.
‰‰ All people should have equal participation in the mainstream of governance.
‰‰ The arrangement for the balanced distribution of resources should be

maintained in accordance with law.

b) Border Encroachment

A border is a line that separates two nations. The respective nations agree on
the fixed point or line as the boundary between them. Nepal is locked by land
on 3 sides by India. We share northern border with another giant nation China.
The northern border lies amidst steep rocks and mountains. There is relatively
less chance of border encroachment. However, due to plain and open border
with India on the southern territory, Nepal is exposed to the threat of border
encroachment from its life-long neighbour. Many instances are evident of the
attempts of encroachment from India. The residents of Terai region are often
victimized by such unlawful activities by the Indian counterparts. It has given
rise to many problems like human trafficking, dispute among the residents of two
nations, illegal trade and other criminal activities like theft, murder, rape, fight,
etc.

Border security is a major part of concern of the state. The following strategies
have to be adopted to solve this problem.

‰‰ By creating pressure on the opposing state with the presence of international
community (eg. UN),

192 Social Studies Book - 9

‰‰ By means of diplomatic talks,
‰‰ By monitoring in the border areas by Nepalese security force regularly,
‰‰ Border pillar or lines should be rebuilt if they are unclear or damaged,
‰‰ Security forces of both nations should go abreast to control criminal

activities,

‰‰ People should revolt against any discrimination they face from other sides
in the border with the help of government.

c) Self respect

Nepal is built on the ideology of self-esteem or self-
respect throughout its history. Our brave warriors
never bowed down in front of any dreadful
enemies. They fought with self-respect and saved
our nation from innumerable devastating crises.
Bhimsen Thapa, Amar Singh Thapa, Bhakti Thapa,
Prithivinarayan Shah and other notable pillars of
Nepalese history have protected their nation in
times with their love, care, bravery and respect.
Due to this reason, Nepal is famous in the world
for its bravery. Nepal is known as the land of great warriors.

Self-respect is our national identity. We must be proud of our history and present.
The sacrifices of our brave forefathers should be kept on track thereby maintaining
self-respect. Some of the ways to maintain self-respect are as follows.

‰‰ Being proud of our language, culture, values, rituals, traditions and
history,

‰‰ By giving importance to the deeds of forefathers,
‰‰ By maintaining mutual understanding, coherence and social order,
‰‰ People should have feeling of patriotism, brotherhood, harmony and

peace,
‰‰ We should protect and promote our historical monuments and cultural

heritages,
‰‰ We should maintain unity in diversity,
‰‰ We should feel proud of our country and our identity as Nepalese

nationals.

Civic Consciousness 193

persistent : continuous Glossary

myraid : a large number of

encroachment : an entry into a place that doesn't belong to you or

slowly take over it.

abtreast : side by side and facing the same way.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Short Answer Questions
a. What do you mean by national interest? Explain in brief.

b. How can we maintain national integrity? Discuss.

c. Discuss the relevance of self-respect in present situation.

d. Discuss the role of civil society to preserve border encroachment.

e. Write a letter to the Prime Minister including the suggestions to control
border encroachment.

f. What steps would you take to stop border encroachment and ensure its
security if you were the Co-ordinator of the Border Security Monitoring
Group? Draft a plan in four points.

2. Long Answer Questions
a. Explain any three issues of national interest.

b. Discuss the problems caused by the open border in our context with
possible solutions.

Community Work

Consult with intellectuals, teachers and other individuals about the subjects
of national concern. Ask them what efforts should be paid to maintain
national integrity ? Write a report including your conclusion.



194 Social Studies Book - 9

Revision Exercise

a. W hy did Nepal have several practises of constitution within short
period of time? Write your views in four points.

b. Write any four reasons of drafting constitution by constituent assembly.
c. A t what respect can the present constitution be considered superior?

Write in seven points.
d. Why was it felt necessary to draft the constitution by constituent

assembly?
e. Write your views about the provision of more rights in our context.
f. Mention the various civil duties.
g. Discuss the way to make the activities of National Information

Commission effective.
h. What are the key characteristics of good governance? Write in details.
i. What are the challenges of good governance in Nepal.
j. Write down the importance and obstacles of rule of law.
k. Why do we need provision of solcial inclusion?
l. How can we maintain peace and order? Explain.
m. Civil society is the main tool of social transformation. Explain.
n. Explain the was to maintain unity in diversity in Nepal.
o. "Nepal is a multi-religious, multi-racial, multi-cultural and multi-

lingual country with geographical diversity." Justify the statement
with suitable reasons.

Civic Consciousness 195

6Unit
Our Earth

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Contents of the Unit

‰‰ Longitude and Time
‰‰ Physical features of Nepal
‰‰ Climate of Nepal
‰‰ Natural Vegetations
‰‰ Geographical Diversity and Lifestyle
‰‰ Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers
‰‰ Map Work: Map of Nepal
‰‰ Scale
‰‰ Asia
‰‰ Economic activities and social life of Asia
‰‰ Europe
‰‰ Economic activities and social Life of Europe
‰‰ Australia
‰‰ Social Life and Economic Activities of Australia
‰‰ Asia, Europe, Australia and Nepal

Expected Competency

‰‰ Tell the impact of longitude on time determination
‰‰ Define local time and standard time
‰‰ Calculate the time of various places based on longitude
‰‰ Explain the physical features of Nepal
‰‰ Describe about the structure of land, formation process and utility
‰‰ Explain the climatic patterns of Nepal and its effects on lifestyle
‰‰ Show the relationship between climate and vegetation in Nepal
‰‰ Elucidate the impact of geographical diversity on the lifestyle of Nepalese
‰‰ Tell the flora and fauna available in different areas including their features
‰‰ Know the status and utility of water resources in Nepal
‰‰ Define cartography
‰‰ Sketch the map of their district, provinces and nation
‰‰ Present the important elements in map
‰‰ Explain the physical features and economic activities of Asia
‰‰ Describe the physical features, economic activities and lifestyle of Europe
‰‰ Elucidate the physical features, economic activities and lifestyle of Australia
‰‰ Present the crucial landmarks of Asia, Europe and Australia in the maps
‰‰ Explain Nepal’s relation with Asia, Australia and Europe

Our Earth 197

Lesson

1 Longitude and Time

The starting point for measurement of The imaginary semicircular
longitude or distance from east or west is lines drawn from North Pole
arbitrary. We might begin at any selected to South Pole of the earth are
meridian. However, all nations calculate it called meridians or lines of
from the meridian which passes through longitude. There are altogether
Greenwich in London. This is known as 360 lines of longitudes.
prime meridian. The word meridian means

the “mid day “. A meridian is the line joining places which have their noon at

the same time. The longitude of a place can therefore be defined as the angular

distance to the place east or west of the prime meridian.

North pole

Latitude

Equator

South pole Prime meridian Longitude

The meridians of longitude are drawn joining two poles through 360 lines of
longitudes. Each line is at an interval of 10. The Prime Meridian is considered to
be located at 00 of longitude. There are 180 lines of longitude to the east and 180
lines of longitude to the west of the Greenwich line. It takes 4 minutes time to
cross 10 of longitude. Therefore, there is a time difference in different places due
to the difference in the longitude.

At the 1800 longitude from the Prime Meridian, the time is 12 hours ahead in
the eastern hemisphere and 12 hours delay in the western hemisphere. So, an
imaginary line is drawn where the 1800 eastern longitude and 1800 western

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longitude meet each other. The point in which the 1800 E longitude and 1800 W
longitude meet together is known as International Date Line (IDL). It changes
the day and date. Towards the eastern hemisphere is 1 day faster than towards
the western hemisphere from IDL. The International Date Line is not perfectly
straight. It is zigzag and curved to avoid the complication of having different day
and date in the same country.

Longitude and time

Longitude is related to time. The earth rotates around its axis from west to east.
It takes 24 hours to complete one rotation covering a distance of 40,076 km or
angular distance of 3600. It means 3600 in 24 hours, 150 in 1 hour and 10 in 4
minutes. As the earth rotates from west to east, the sun appears from east to west
at the rate of 150 in 1 hour or 10 in 4 minutes. If a person travels 150 eastward from
Greenwich, his time is 1 hour ahead of the Greenwich. If he goes westward, it is 1
hour behind Greenwich.

Calculation of longitude:

1. Suppose the local time is 12 noon and GMT is 8 .

The difference of the time = 12 – 8 = 4 hours.

Since the earth rotates 10 in 4 minutes,

or, 4 minutes = 10

or, 1 minute = 1°
or, 4 4
41 °×
hours (240 minutes) = 240 = 60°

Since local noon occurs before Greenwich, longitude of the place is east and

the position of the place is 600 east.

2. It is 4 pm in Tashkandh at 60° east longitude. What is the time in Chicago at
90° west longitude?

90° 0° 60°

West East

Chicago 0° Tashkandh

Time = ? Time = 4 pm

Our Earth 199

The longitudinal distance between Chicago and Tashkandh

= 90° + 60° = 150°

As we know that,

15° = 1 hr
or,
or, 1° = 1 hr
15 1

150° = 15 × 150 = 10 hr.

So, total time difference between Chicago and Tashkandh is 10 hr.

As Chicago is in the west of Tashkandh, its time is behind than the time of

Tashkandh

So, time in Chicago is = [(4+12) – 10] hr

= 6 hr = 6 am.

Local and Standard Time

Local time of any place is the time calculated on the basis of the longitude of that
place and Prime Meridian. There are 8 lines of longitudes in Nepal from 800 to
880. For each degree longitude, local time varies by 4 minutes. Only those places
which are on the same meridian longitude can have the same local time. We do
not follow local time because it would be very inconvenient when travelling from
one place to another in an east-west or west-east direction. That is why we need
standard time.

Standard time

The time calculated on the basis of the Prime Meridian and the fixed standard
meridian is known as standard time. It is the official time of the country or region.
The surface of earth has been divided into 24 zones that there are as many zones
as there are hours in a day. These are called time zones and the time established
in each zone is called standard time. However, such zones do not follow straight
north-south lines but are often quite irregular. Large countries like Russia, Canada
and USA have more than one standard time. In Nepal, the longitude of 86°15’ of
Gaurishankar, Dolkha is selected for the standard time of Nepal. The difference
between Nepal's standard time and Greenwich meridian time is 5hr 45 minutes.

Methods to calculate local time

‰‰ Find the difference of the two longitudes,

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