Shubharambha Social book 9 final for CTP 2077

‰‰ If two places are in opposite hemisphere, then their longitude must be
added.

‰‰ If two places are in same hemisphere, then longitude must be subtracted.

‰‰ It has to be calculated on the basis of 24hrs.

dynamic : constant change or progress Glossary

arbitrary : based on random choice

meridian : a circle of constant longitude passing through a given

place on the earth’s surface

angular : having angles or sharp corners

Evaluation Exercises

1. Very short questions
a. Define longitude line.

b. Differentiate between longitude and latitude.

c. From which longitude is standard time of Nepal determined?

d. What is local time?

e. Define International Date Line.

2. Short questions
a. What is the local time of the New York 75° west when it is 4 pm in
85°east in Kathmandu?
b. What is the longitude of the Singapore when it is 6 pm in Singapore
and it is 4 pm in Delhi at 75° east longitude?
c. Differentiate between local time and standard time.
d. When it is 12 noon in India located at 750 east longitude, find the time
in Japan located at 135° east longitude.

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Lesson

2 Physical Features of Nepal

Location

Nepal is a Himalayan country which consists of several mountain ranges. It is
a landlocked country situated 500 km away from the nearest sea. It is located
between 26°22´ north to 30° 27’north latitude and 80° 4´ east to 88 °12´ east
longitude.
Nepal has a total area of 147181 sq km. It has shape like distorted rectangle. Its
average length is 885 km and north-south breadth is 193 km with maximum
of 241 km and minimum of 145 km. The western part is much broader than its
central and eastern parts.

Boundaries

Nepal is located between China and India. It is bounded in the north by Tibetan
territory of China. There is Himalayan range which acts as natural border between
two countries. In the east, Nepal is separated from Sikkim and west Bangal of
India by the Sighalila range in the north and Mechi River in the south. There are
UP and Bihar in the south and River Mahakali has separated Nepal with India in
the west.

Physical Features

Nepal is mountainous country and its 83% of land consists of mountains and hills
including river basins and tars. Altitude of land increases from south towards
north. Its lowest point is 59 meters in the terai and highest point is 8848 meters
in the Himalayan range. Nepal can be divided into three major physical divisions
on the basis of topographic features: terai, hill and mountain.

Terai Region

Terai region is located in the southern part of the Nepal. It occupies about 17% of
the total land of Nepal. It is formed by the plain land with fertile soil which is
deposited by the rivers flowing from the north. It is extended from Mechi to
Mahakali. It is 25 to 32 km broad. In the northern part, there is a narrow elevated
plain made of coarse materials like sand, pebbles, stones etc. which is known as

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the Bhabar. This region is mostly covered by forest area. Between Chure range
and Mahabharata range, there are several
valleys which are called inner terai or Dun.
Dang, Makwanpur, Chitwan, Sindhuli,
Udayapur etc. are located in inner terai. Its
average altitude is 60 m to 600m above the sea
level. It is very fertile for agricultural
production. Largest amount of food grains are
produced here. The terai region is also known
as ‘Granary of Nepal’. It is densely populated region with full of physical
infrastructures such as transportation, irrigation etc.

Hilly Region

Hilly region is located in between Terai and
Himalayan regions with an altitude ranging
from 600m to 3300 m above the seal level.
It is made of Mahabharata range, hills, tars
and basins. It lies in the middle part of the
country. Kathmandu and Pokhara including
other small valleys are located here. Churia
range is located in southern part from east
to west of Koshi River which is also known as Siwalik Range. It is up to 1500m
high and is covered by the forest area. Hilly region occupies about 68% of total
land area of Nepal. It has 80 km to 130 km width. The perennial rivers originating
from Himalayas have formed fertile river basins in this region. Deciduous forest
and coniferous forest are found in its southern and northern part respectively.

Himalayan Region

It is located in the northern part of
Nepal ranging from 3300 m to 8848 m
above the sea level. The ranges above
5000m are covered by the snow because
snowlines begin at the altitude of 5000m
in the Himalayas. This region is formed by
several ranges like Kumbhakarna, Mahalangoor, Rolwalling, Ganesh, Gorkha,
Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, Kanchanjangha, Lhotse, Makalu, Choyu, Annapurna and
Manaslu are notable. In between these ranges various passes are also located. It
occupies nearly 15% of the total land area of Nepal. There are high mountains and
some high mountainous valleys such as Manag, Mustang and Dopa, which are

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also called Bhot. Human settlement is mainly centered in these valleys. Alpine
forest and meadows are found in this region.

Uses

1 Mountain Ranges extend from east to west and help to occur rainfall during
the summer.

2 It also prevents the cold winds blowing from central Asia.

3 Various minerals are found in Himalayan region.

4 Perennial rivers are originated from Himalayan region and these are
very useful to generate hydroelectricity, to irrigate the land and to supply
drinking water.

Drawing of cross section of landform of Nepal

granary : a storehouse for grain Glossary

deciduous : a tree shedding its leaves annually

coniferous : cone-bearing, needle-leaved tree

meadows : grasslands

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Evaluation Exercises

1. Short answers questions
a. Prepare a physical map of Nepal and show the mountain, hilly and
terai region.
b. Define inner terai.
c. Describe the boundaries and location of Nepal with the longitude and
latitude.
d. Discuss the importance of terai region with physical environment.
e. Discuss the importance of Himalayan region.
f. Differentiate between physical features of terai and hilly region.

Project Work

Prepare a model of physical features of Nepal by using mud, paper and
plywood.

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Lesson Climate of Nepal

3

The constant and long term behavior of weather over time including its variability
is known as the climate. But the weather is the condition of the atmosphere at
any given place and time. The climate is so diverse that no two places on earth‘s
surface experience exactly the same climatic condition. Most of the classification
of climates in the world is made on the basis of temperature and precipitation.

The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausam’ meaning ‘season’.
The monsoon wind is the seasonal wind but it is mostly associated with the
rainfall. Monsoon is known as the prevailing wind which help in occurring rainfall
in Nepal. So Nepal experiences monsoon type of climate. Nepal is a mountainous
country so climatic condition is different from one part to other of our country.
Generally climate differs on the basis of altitude. The places located in the higher
altitude have cold climate than the places located in lower altitude. Nepalgunj
and Taplejung are located in the same latitude but difference is found in climate
due to altitude. Nepal has mainly two seasons:

Summer Mansoon

In the summary, the land mass of Asia
becomes hot; as a result, low air pressure
is formed here. At the same time, the air
over surrounding oceans is relatively
cool and forms high air pressure over
the sea. Wind blows from high pressure
areas to low pressure areas and the same
condition is found during the summer in
Nepal. There is high air pressure on Bay
of Bengal resulting in the wind containing
water vapors which blows towards Nepal
and here occurs rainfall during summer. It
begins generally from Chaitra and ends in

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Bhadra. In these months, the temperature becomes high and it becomes hot. The
temperature of the terai exceeds 30°C while in hilly region it may range between
20°C to 25°C and in Himalayan region; it remains between 0°C to 10°C. Rainfall
occurs during Shrawan, Bhadra and Asoj. Monsoon of Nepal blows from South
east to bring rainfall in Nepal. But, all the parts of Nepal don’t get uniform rainfall.
The southern slope of Mahabharat and Chure ranges in east Nepal receives
rainfall over 200cm and decreases towards north and west. Due to several lakes
and the nearness of Machhapuchhre, Pokhara valley receives the highest amount
of rainfall. Himalayan region gets less than 50 cm of rainfall due to being located
in the leeward area of Himalayan region.

Winter Mansoon

In the winter, the interior part of
Asia becomes very cold and forms
high pressure, so the cold wind blows
out from Asia to surroundings. This
prevailing wind forms the winter
monsoon. In this season, the sun
shines in the southern hemisphere. So
the temperature becomes very low and
it becomes cool or cold in most parts
of Nepal. This season lasts roughly
for 6 months from Aswin to Falgun.
Temperature decreases from the south
to the north. It is about 15°c in Terai
and 0°c or below in lower and upper
Himalayan region. The cold wind
blowing from land to ocean doesn’t help to occur rainfall. So, weather becomes
clear. But, it becomes cold or foggy in the morning. Westerly winds blowing from
west to east bring some gentle rainfall. It decreases from west to east. Snowfall
takes place in the Himalayan region heavily.

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precipitation : rainfall Glossary

leeward : the side away from the wind

Evaluation Exercises

1. Very short questions
a. What is climate?
b. What is weather?
c. What is the determinant factor of the Nepalese climate?
d. Why does the western Nepal receive more rainfall during the winter?
e. Define monsoon

2. Short questions
a. Differentiate between summer and winter monsoon.
b. Discuss the influencing factors of climate in brief.
c. Write down the four features of the monsoon climate.
d. Discuss the winter condition in brief.

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Lesson Natural Vegetations

4

All sorts of plants like trees, bushes, grasses which grow naturally grown in nature
are called natural vegetation. Vegetation is mostly determined by the climate. So,
on the basis of the climate, the natural vegetation of Nepal may be classified into
five types. They are described below.

Subtropical Evergreeen Forest

It is found up to 1200 m of the Terai, inner Terai, Bhabar region and Chure range.
Due to sufficient rainfall and high temperature, forests grow very rapidly. Terai
region receives rainfall up to 200 cm. Eastern part of terai receives more rainfall
than its western part. Trees are tall, thick and dense. Sal, Simal, Sisau, Khayar
are the main species of the trees. This forest is very important from the economic
perspectives.

Deciduous Mansoon Forest

It is found mostly in the hilly region with the altitude of 1,200 m to 2100 m. Trees
shed leaves during the winter due to the low temperature. So, these remain naked
during the winter season. Oak, Beech, Birch, Maple, etc. are the main species
found in this forest. Trees are sparsely coated and have less value from economic
point of view.

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Evergreeen Coniferous Forest

This forest is found in the higher part of the Mahabharat range and lower parts of
the Himalayan region up to 3300 m above the sea level. Evergreen forest is found
here due to the cold climate. Pine, Fir, Spruce, Deodar, Larches, Rhododendron
are found here. Trees are soft and important from the economic points of view.
These trees provide raw materials for the industries like match, paper, furniture,
etc.

Alpine Grassland

This type of vegetation is found In the Himalayan region at an altitude of 3300
m to 5000 m. This region has cold climate with low rainfall. Heat and moisture
are not sufficient to grow trees. So, grassy types of the vegetation are found in
this region. Grasses become dominant in the higher parts by the climate. Bushes,
rhododendron, medicinal herbs and fast flowering plants are found here. There
are some vast pasturelands (kharka) that are supportive for animal rearing.
Majority of people in this region are engaged in animal rearing.

Tundra Vegetation

Above 5000 m altitude, climate is completely unfavorable to grow plants. It is
extremely cold and dry. Temperature is almost below the freezing point and no
vegetation can grow here. Lichens and mosses are only found. This region is also
known as cold desert.

Wild Life

Nepal is rich in flora and fauna. Varieties of birds and animals are found in
different parts of the country. Bears, Leopards, Musk, Wild Yaks, Squirrels,
wolves, Wild Dogs, etc are the chief animals found in the Himalayan region. Giant
Kites, Pigeons, Lophophorus, etc are the main birds found here including snake
and other reptiles. Besides, Jackals, foxes, wolves, bears, boars, etc are some of
the animals and doves, cranes, etc are some of the birds species found in Nepal.

The Terai forest is the home for varieties of the animals and the birds. Rhinos,
Bengal Tiger, deer, wild buffaloes, elephants, monkey, etc are found here. The
important species of the birds found in this region are cranes, doves, peacock,
vultures, owls etc. Reptiles including poisonous snake, scorpions, crocodiles,
alligators, dolphins etc are found here.

Due to the migration and population growth, forest areas have been decreasing

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rapidly. So, some birds and animals are about to disappear or are endangered.
Government has made efforts to preserve the animals by establishing national
parks, conservation areas and wildlife reserves.

Glossary

subtropical : plants and tress grown in places that are warm and wet.
alpine : growing on mountains above the limit of tree growth
pastureland : an area covered with grass
endangered : at risk of extinction

Community Work

a. Draw a map of Nepal and insert all sorts vegetation found in Nepal.

b. Complete the given table.

S.N Forest Region Characteristics

c. Identify the animals and birds found in your locality which are endangered,
paste the photos of the same in your class.

Evaluation Exercise

a. Discuss the characteristics of the vegetation which are found in your
locality.

b. Write the reasons of diversified natural vegetations in Nepal.
c. Draw a map of Nepal and show all sorts of vegetations found in Nepal.
d. Discuss the importance of the natural vegetation.
e. Write a letter to the department of national park including the ways to

preserve endangered animals.

Project Work

What types of vegetables are found in your locality? Enlist them with
pictures in a chart paper.

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5Lesson Geographical Diversity

and Lifestyle

Nepal is a land of geographical diversity. Nepal is formed of varied land forms like
plains, hills, mountains, valleys and river basins. Nepal is extended from 59 m to
8848 m which has greater influences on climate also. Different types of climate
are found in varied altitude. Hot tropical climate is found in Terai region and
warm temperature in hilly region, polar climate is found in Himalayan region.
Nepal is rich in bio-diversity due to variation in climate and landforms. Different
people of each region have varied economic and social activities.

Himalayan Region

Himalayan region has covered 15% of total land of
Nepal. It has very cold climate and difficult landforms,
so very less people i.e. only about 6.73% people live
here. Bhotes, Sherpa, Dolpo, Lholmo, Manange,
Thakali, etc are the main people residing in this region.
People are mostly influenced by the Tibetan culture.
They are mainly Buddhist and celebrate festivals like
Lhosar, Dumji, Buddha Jayanti, etc. The land is almost
infertile and only potatoes, oat, buckwheat, apple are
grown in this region. People are mostly involved in
animal rearing. They rear yaks, sheep, horses, mules,
Himalayan goats, etc. Very few people are involved in other activities like tourism
and so on. Many medicinal herbs can be found here. So, people also perform
trade of the herbs. There are no large scale industries but the locals run small
scale industries for weaving radi, pakhi, etc.

Hilly Region

Hilly region lies in the central part of Nepal which has occupied about 68% of the
total land area of Nepal. This region has suitable climate. About 43% people reside

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in this region. Bramins, Chettris, Newars, Gurungs, Rais, Limbus, Tamangs, etc.
are the main inhabitants of this region. The people of this region celebrate various
festivals. This region consists of steep land, less fertile soil, tars, valleys, rivers
basins etc. People grow maize, millet, wheat
etc. in steep land while paddy is grown in
river basins and tars. Animals are reared for
milk, meat and to plough the field. Animal
rearing and agriculture are the main
economic activities of this region. Different
cash crops like cardamom, tea, coffee, ginger,
etc. are grown in this region. Newars are
involved in the trade and some Rais, Limbus,
Magars, Gurungs are involved in the British and Indian army as well. Most of the
youths are involved in foreign employment. Some people are also involved in the
government and non-government jobs. People wear different typical dresses.
Some small scale and cottage industries are found here. Large scale industries are
found in the valleys like Pokhara and Kathmandu.

Terai Region

Terai region lies in the southern part of the nation which
occupies 17% of the total land area of Nepal. It sustains
nearly 50% of the total population due to the access
of infrastructures of development and development
of industries and trade. This region is appropriate for
agriculture as it has plain lands with fertile soil, facility
of irrigation, enough summer rainfall etc. Besides, the
warm or hot climate found here supports agriculture.
Paddy is the staple food. People also grow maize, wheat,
jute, tobacco, sugarcane, tea, oil seed, varieties of fruits
and vegetables here. This is the region where several
large scale industries of our nation are established.
Biratnagar, Birgunj, Hetauda, Nepalgunj are the notable
industrial and commercial centers of Terai region. People of different castes and
culture reside here. In fact, this region is developed as the melting pot of Nepal.

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Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Complete the given table.

People Region Dress Festivals

b. Discuss the formation of hilly region in the classroom with friends
and show it to your teacher.

c. Visit the terai region of Nepal and find out the crops produced there
with geographical reasons.

2. Short answer questions
a. What are the crops produced in different geographical regions? Why
do they vary in different regions?
b. Is monsoon a boon or ban for us? Justify your answer.
c. Explain the lifestyle of hilly people with reference to caste, religion and
economic activities.
d. Discuss the housing style of Terai region of Nepal.
e. Describe the economic activities of the people of Himalayan and Terai
region.
f. List out the crops which are produced in your locality.

Community Work

Consult the farmers about the crops they grow in different seasons. Also,
ask them about the problem they face during the cultivation and write a
short report on the basis of their response.

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Lesson

6 Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers

Natural resources are the free gift of nature, which contributes to the production
activities. There are mainly renewable natural resources and non-renewable
natural resources. Water is main natural resource of Nepal. It has occupied
2.27% 0f total land of Nepal. There are more than 6000 rivers and rivulets whose
estimated length is 45000 km.
Nepal is mountainous country. The rivers of Nepal are originated from the snow-
clad mountains. These rivers flow from the north to the south. On the basis of
sources and water supply, rivers of Nepal are classified into three grades which
are as follows:

First Grade Rivers

The rivers which are originated from the
Himalayan region by melting the snow are
known as first grade rivers. Such rivers
have water throughout the year. These
rivers are also known as perennial rivers.
These are very useful for various purposes.
Koshi in the east, Gandaki in the middle,
and Karnali in the west are the examples of
perennial rivers. Koshi is the biggest, Karnali is the longest and Narayani is the
deepest river of Nepal. Koshi river is formed by seven tributaries like Arun,
Tamor, Sunkoshi, Dudkoshi, Tamakoshi, Likhu and Indrawati.The river Gandaki
has seven tributaries such as Tirshuli, Budhi Gandaki, Marsyangdi, Seti, Daraundi,
Kaligandaki and Madi, when Trishuli emerges in Devghat it is popularly known
as Narayani. Karnali is the longest river which is formed of five tributaries like
Mugukarnali, Humlakarnali, Thuli Bheri, Sani Bheri, Seti, Tila and Budhiganga.

Second Grade Rivers

The rivers which are originated from
Mahabharat range are known as second
grade rivers. These rivers depend on spring
and rain water. So these rivers have less
water during the winter. Bagmati, Mechi,

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Mahakali, Kankai, Kamala, Rapti, Babai, etc. are the examples of second grade
rivers. These rivers are less useful as compared to the first grade river.

Third Grade Rivers

The rivers which are originated from Chure range are known as third grade rivers.
These rivers depend on monsoon rainfall for their water supply. So these rivers
don’t have water during dry seasons. The Tilawe, Sirsia, Mohana, Ratuwa are the
examples of third grade rivers. These rivers are least important from economic
point of view.

There are several lakes in Nepal. Most of them are located in hilly and Himalayan
regions. Rara of Mugu, Phewa, Begnas, Rupa of Pokhara valley , the Phoksundo
of Dolpa, the Satyawati of Palpa, Tilicho of Manang, Shyarpu of Rukum etc. are
the notable lakes of Nepal. Rara is the biggest lake and Phewa is mostly known
for boating in Pokhara. Lakes are also useful for various purposes like generating
hydroelectricity, irrigating the land, supply of water and recreation etc.
A huge mass of ice moving along mountain valleys are called glaciers. There are
several glaciers in the Himalayan region of Nepal. Most of them are located in
eastern and central Nepal. The biggest glacier of Nepal is Khumbu glacier of
Mahalangur range. The longest glacier is Langtang glacier. Other important
glaciers are Kanchanjangha, Barun, Yalung etc. Glaciers are the permanent and
important sources of rivers like Karnali , Koshi and Gandaki.

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Importance of water resources

Water resources are useful in different sectors. The economic development of the

country depends upon the development of water resources. Importance of water

resource can be listed as follows:

‰‰ Hydroelectricity generation
‰‰ Development of agriculture
‰‰ Development of trade, commerce and industries
‰‰ Development of tourism industries
‰‰ Development of transportation and communication
‰‰ Generations of employment opportunities
‰‰ Preservation of forest

perennial : existing for a long time, enduring Glossary

tributaries : a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. List out the tributaries of Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali and insert them
in the map.

b. Collect the information about the problems created by waterborne
disasters in your locality and prepare a report.

2 Short answer questions
a. Name the tributaries of the Koshi, Karnali and Gandaki.

b. Discuss the benefits created by the water in your surroundings.

c. Discuss the types of rivers found in Nepal.

d. Explains the potentialities of rivers in Nepal.

e. Discuss the importance of water resources.

f. Prepare a map and insert the major rivers and lakes in it.

Community Work

Conduct a research on the supply of drinking water and electricity in your
community. And write an article based on your findings.

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Lesson Map Work

7

Map of Nepal

The representation of the whole earth or a part of it on a flat surface drawn to
scale is known as a map. The art of making map is called cartography. Scale and
symbols are very important in a map work. Scale is the ratio of distance on the
map to the actual distance on the ground. There are also various technologies and
methods used in drawing a map. Photograph taken by satellites from height of
700 to 1700 km above the sea level can be developed into required maps by the
help of computer.

Nepal has a definite location, extension, and inclination. Its border lines are not
straight, but indented. Though you cannot draw in exact scales of every portion,
you must be careful about the relative size and their position.

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Follow the following steps to draw an outline map of your country. You can
accomplish after several practices.
‰‰ Start with a rectangle 10 cm × 6 cm. (for a bigger map fitting on a page of a

copy, double all measurements, i.e. 20 cm *12 cm)
‰‰ Draw lines 2 cm away from each edge, and short dotted line in the middle.
‰‰ Now you have AB = 6 cm, AD = 10 cm, DG = 2 cm, AM = 2 cm, BO = 2 cm,

ER = 3 cm, RG = 3 cm.
‰‰ Notice how these divisions mark corners of our country with Mustang jutting

northwards at approximately 5 cm from each edge.
‰‰ To maintain the standard inclination of Nepal, draw so as to have the

following pairs of points roughly at the same level:
Pair 1: Mahendranagar (Kanchanpur) and north-east mustang (Dhaulagiri)
Pair 2: Nepalgunj (Banke) and north-east Taplejung
Pair 3: Birgunj (Parsa) and north-east Ilam (main fold along the eastern

border of Nepal)
‰‰ The exact details of the outline are not important but you should practise

drawing the outline several times, first looking at the map above, and then
from memory.
‰‰ Add the scale. If you do the map twice as big, then 1 cm = 40 km.
‰‰ Now practice drawing the boundaries of the seven provinces.
Learn the approximate position of the different towns, including where you live

yourself.

Some Conventional Symbols Used in a Map of Nepal

Some Symbols Used in a Map:

Peak Canal

Mountain Range Dam

Lake North of Map
River
Bridge International
Boundary
State Boundary

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Pass District
Road Boundary
Railways Ropeways/Cable
Path car
Capital
Airways
Town/City
Oil

Sea

Temple Stupa

cartography : the practice of drawing map Glossary

satellites : a celestial body orbiting the earth or another planet

Evaluation Exercises

a. Find out the length and width of your class room.
b. Collect the symbols used in map and paste the same in class room.
c. Draw a map of Nepal by using the grid method.

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Lesson Scale

8

The distances on the map are smaller than the distance on actual ground. But
the map always bears a definite proportion to the real area. So the scale indicates
to the proportion in which a distance between two points on a map bears to the
distance between the corresponding points on the actual ground. Suppose actual
distance of five miles is represented on the map by a distance of 1 inch, the scale
is 1´=5 miles. That is why scale is the ratio of the distance on the paper to the
distance on the ground. Certain number of miles or kilometers on the ground is
represented by the scale as a form of inch or centimeters on the maps. When we
say that the scale of the map is one inch to five miles, it means that if you measure
one inch or centimeter, the distance between two places on the map would be five
miles in the actual ground. All scales on the map are linear scales.

There are three ways of indicating scales on maps.

Statement Scale or Verbal Scale

Scale or ratio is started in words such as one centimeter to one kilometer,
meaning that one centimeter on the map corresponds to one kilometer on the
actual ground. So it is written on the map one centimeter to a km, 1cm to a mile,
10 miles to 1 inch. In this System of measurement, units differ from place to place.

Representive Fraction

The numerator of this fraction indicates the length on the map and denominator

indicates the length on actual ground. Thus the fraction 1/63360 (1:63360)

indicates the one inch to mile. There are 63360 inches in a mile and the fraction

indicates that one inch on the map represent 63360 inches in the real ground.

This fraction is called representative fraction (R.F).

Thus representative fraction = Distance on the map
Distance on the ground

If a map has an R.F 1/50, it simply indicates that any length on the map represents

50 times the length on the ground, whether it is centimeter, inch or feet. This

method is very useful since it avoids mention of any units of measurement.

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Linear Scale (Graphic or Graphical Scale)

Maps provide a graphic scale in addition to the R.F. Graphic scale looks like a
small ruler drawn at the bottom of the map. This line is divided and subdivided
into length each of which represents certain distance on the ground. In this way
distance on the ground can be directly measured and read off from the map by
measuring a piece of divider. This scale reminds true even after the reduction or
enlargement of map by photographic process. The graphic should be sufficiently
long so that the longest measurement can be made from it.

Example,
01 234

Kilometers

On a small scale map, man made features such as bridges, tunnels, canals and

dams are not shown. A large scale map has a relatively small ratio between the

map and actual distance on the ground, for example 1:10000. When you look at

a map, you should always determine the size of the area which it represents. We

have to notice that the same area looks different on maps of different size.

proportion Glossary

: a part or number considered in
comparative relation to a whole

corresponding : similar in character or function

Evaluation Exercises

a. What is Scale?
b. Explain the various types of the scale in brief.
c. Suppose you are in Ratnapark, there is 2 cm distance in scale from Kalanki,

what is the actual distance in kilometer?

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Lesson Asia

9

Asia has the area of 44579000 km2 (17212000 sq m)
and the largest continent in the world. There are 48
countries in Asia. It is the most populated continent
in the world. It has the population of 4164252000
and density of population is 87/ km2. It extends
from 10° south to 80° north. This continent is
entirely located in the eastern hemisphere. It is
also known as the continent of contrasts due to
its diversity in culture, geography and economic
activities.

Eurasia has separated Asia from Europe in northern part whereas The Ural
Mountains and Caucasus Mountain, Caspian Sea and black sea have separated it
from Europe in southern and western part. Suez Canal has separated Asia from
Africa. It is bounded by Pacific Ocean in the east, Indian Ocean in the south and
the Arctic Ocean in the north.

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Physical environment

Asia can be divided into five physical regions. They are:-

Plains, Steppes and Deserts

Great plains and steppes are found in the northern parts of Asia mainly in
Siberia and central Asia. It extends from north to south and west to east. These
plains contain largest swamps and flood plains. The central Asia is dominated by
steppes, a large area of flat grassland. Mongolia is entirely located in this region
as well as Gobi desert.

Mountain System

There are several mountain ranges to the south of northern lowlands. Mountain
ranges such as Karakoram, Himalaya, Kunlun, Tisenshan are some important
ranges. Himalayan range extends 2400km from east to west. Tisenshan is
extended from China to Kirgizstan. There is Tibetan plateau in between Kunlun
and Himalayan range. In this way central mountains are considered as the
important physical feature of Asia.

Plateaus

Plateaus are known as the high lands with flat top. There are several plateaus in
Asia. Iranian Plateau, Deccan plateau, Tibetan plateau are some notable plateaus
of Asia. These plateaus are mostly found in the south of the mountain systems of
central Asia. These are formed of the hard rocks and deposits of various minerals.

River Valleys

There are several rivers which are mostly originated from mountain ranges. These
rivers have made valleys by depositing the soil from the highland. So these valleys
are fertile and have great economic importance. Several ancient civilizations
flourished on the banks of these rivers. The Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Ganges,
Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Hwang Ho, etc are the important river valleys of Asia.

Islands

There are several islands in the east and south east of the Asia. These islands are
called Archipelago. Islands of Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Maldives,
are some notable islands of Asia.

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Climate and Vegetation

The climate of Asia is influenced by different factors. The general climatic
condition of Asia can be classified into following types:

Equatorial Climate

Equatorial climate is found in 10°N to 10°S from the equator. It is found in
Malaysia, Indonesia, Srilanka , Singapore and Southern Philippines. The
temperature ranges around 27°C throughout the year. There occurs heavy rainfall
almost every day. Evergreen vegetations are found with dense forest. The trees
are 30 m tall with hard woods. Different animals including reptiles, birds, and
insects are found here.

Monsooon Climate

Southern Asia is mainly dominated by monsoon climate. Monsoon climate is
found in countries like India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand,
Laos etc. Generally the summers are hot and wet and winters are dry and cool.
Average temperature during summer is 32°C and during winter is 15°C. Rainfall
occurs mainly during summer and the average amount of rain fall is 25-300
cm. The wettest part of the world Cherapunji is also located here. Deciduous
vegetations are found in this region. The trees shed their leaves during winter
due to cold.

Tropical Desert Climate

This type of climate is found in the Arabian Desert in Saudi Arabia and deserts
of India as well as desert region of Pakistan. There are two seasons: summer and
winter. Summer is hot and dry whereas winter is cold and dry. Average summer
temperature is around 50°C and winter temperature ranges from 0°-10°C. There
is great variation in temperature during summer and winter as well as day and
night. Cactus like plants including date palms and coconut trees are found all
around oasis.

Temperate Desert Climate

Temperate desert climate can be experienced in central Asia especially in Gobi
desert and in Mongolia. There are two seasons i.e. summer and winter. Summer
is hot and dry whereas winter is cold and dry.

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China Type of Climate

This type of climate is found in eastern part of Asia, including central China,
northern China, southern Japan, North Korea and South Korea. Here the summers
are warm and the winters are cold. During summer temperature remains between
20°C to 24°C and in winter temperature generally remains below the freezing
point. Rainfall occurs throughout the year. During winter it occurs with storms.
Mixed vegetation is found here. Deciduous forests are found in lower altitude and
coniferous are found in higher altitude.

Manchuria Climate

This type of climate is found in northern China and northern part of Japan. Here
the summer is short and warm whereas winter is long as well as cold. Moderate
amount of rainfall occurs in the summer whereas winter is marked by heavy
snowfall. Mixed forests including some temperate fruits are found here.

Mediterranean Climate

This type of climate is found in the west Asia which includes part of Turkey, Israel,
Syria, Jordan and Lebanon. The summers are hot and dry, while winters are cool
and wet. During the summer the temperature is around 20°C to 24°C and during
winter it is 5°C to 15°C. There occurs rainfall during winter. Mixed forests are
found here with dwarf trees and shrubs. Several citrus fruits are grown here so it
is also called the garden of the world.

Temperate Grassland

Temperate grassland is found especially in central Asia all around Mongolia and
southern Siberia. The summers are warm and the temperature is around 24°C
and the winters are cold with temperature of around 0°C. The annual range of
temperature is high. The rainfall is scanty and mostly occurs in early summer.
Small and short grasses are found which are popularly known as steppe.

Taiga Climate

Taiga types of climate are found in northern Russia. It has two seasons i.e.
summer and winter where the winters are very cold and long and the summers
are warm and short. The precipitation is very low and mostly falls in form of
snow. Less rainfall occurs during summer. Coniferous forests are found here
which are called Taiga. Forests are economically important because they are used
as the industrial raw materials.

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Tundra Climate
Tundra type of climate is found in northern coastal region of Asia. In this climate,
winters are very cold and long while the summers are short and cool. This region
is mostly covered with snow. The precipitation is low and mostly precipitates
in the form of snowfall. There is no existence of vegetation except lichens and
mosses. However, during summer some fast flowering plants are found. In the
southern borders, coniferous trees are found commonly.
In this way there is variation in physical features, climate and vegetation in Asia.

Glossary

steppe : a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe
or Siberia

swamp : low lying area where water collects, bog
plateau : a high level ground

Evaluation Exercises

a. Describe the size, location and area of Asia.
b. Draw the map of Asia and insert some countries and their capital.
c. Asia is known as the continent of contrast, justify.
d. Discuss the physical features of Asia.
e. Describe the climates found in Asia.
f. List out the vegetation and their features found in Asia.
g. Insert the following facts in the map of Asia.
Pamir, Tropic of Capricorn, Himalayan range, places with equatorial climate,

area of tundra vegetation, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Gobi Desert.

Our Earth 227

Lesson Economic Activities and
Social Life of Asia
10

Asia has sufficient resources like soil, water, forest, and minerals. Agriculture
is the main economic activity where 75% of total population is involved in this
sector. Asia has diverse economic activities and life styles.

The economic activities and lifestyle can be explained as follow:

Southern West Asia

South West Asia has distinct geographical situation. Its geological location and
petroleum wealth have made it distinct in the world. 60% of the total reserve of
petroleum is found here. Ethnically Aryans constitute the bulk of population and

228 Social Studies Book - 9

remaining consists of Turks, Tarps and small minorities of Jews and Christians.
Bed winds are typical tribal groups among them. They don’t have permanent
settlements. Other ethnic groups are Yurok and Kurds of Iraq, Qashi and Bakhtiari
of Iran and Pashtuns of Afghanistan. Most of the people follow Islam religion.
Less land is arable here. People are involved in animal rearing especially in the
transitional belt of savanna climate. People rear goat, sheep, camel, horses, etc.
Camels can survive without taking water, walk easily on sandy land and are useful
to carry goods from one place to another and are known as the ship of desert.
Agriculture is carried out only around oasis where wheat barely, rice, Dates, sugar
beet, cotton etc. are grown. Some countries like Saudi Arab, Iran, Iraq, Turkey
etc. are industrial countries.

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia represents Southern part of Asia. Density of population is high.
People of this region follow Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Majority people are
involved in agriculture. They produce mainly rice, rubber, coconut. Tourism is an
other important economic activity of Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. People
of coastal region are involved in fishing also. Trade, commerce and industries are
well flourished here. Living standard of people is high in some countries.

Eastern Asia

This part consists of part of China, Japan and Korea. Majority of people in this
region are Mongol and they follow Buddhism. Per capita income of this region
is high. Many people of China are involved in agriculture where paddy is grown.
Tea, mulberries etc. are grown extensively in China and Japan. The people of
coastal region are involved in fishing activities. Agro based, animal based, mineral
based and forest based industries are established here. This region is considered
important from the economic point of view.

Southern Asia

This region is popularly known as Indian sub continent where SAARC countries
lie. Density of population is high. Most of people are Hindus and some are
Buddhist and Islam. Due to suitable climate, plain and fertile land, population is
high here. People are involved in agriculture and animal rearing. Paddy, maize,
wheat, tea, sugarcane, jute, oilseed, spices, pulses, are chiefs crops. Agro based
industries are found here but the pace of industrial development is very slow.
This region is considered as the cradle of eastern culture.

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Mid-west Asia

Midwest Asia is located in central and west Asia mainly in northern China and
Mongolia. This region has grassland extended in a vast area. Animal rearing is
carried out. Goats, sheep, horses etc. are chief animals reared here. People have
nomadic life. No industrial activities are carried out here.

Noarthern Asia

Northern Asia has the extreme climate. Most of the part of Russia is located in
this region where climate is not suitable for agriculture. But it is rich in forest
resources. Lumbering is the main economic activity of this region. People are also
involved in mining activities.

Community Work

a. Discuss the lifestyle of Asia and compare it with Nepal.
b. Ask the people who have worked in West Asia about their lifestyle and

economic activities and present in class room.
c. Collect the picture about the nomadic people of Asia and paste it in the

classroom.

Evaluation Exercises

a. What are the main economic activities of Asia? Discuss.
b. Explain the mode of life of south Asia.
c. List out the main food crops and cash crops grown in South Asia
d. Discuss the main natural resources found in Asia.
e. List out any five countries having sound economic activities and also

mention the reasons.

230 Social Studies Book - 9

Outline Map of Asia

Our Earth 231

Lesson Europe

11

Europe is the second smallest continent. Europe
extends from Atlantic Ocean in the west to the
Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. Its northern
most point is Svalbard archipelago of Norway
and southern point is Malta. It is entirely located
in northern Hemisphere of temperate Zone. It
extends from 36° N to 71°N latitudes.

Europe is known as peninsula of peninsulas. Europe
is a peninsula of the Eurasian subcontinent. It is
bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north and the
Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Caspian Sea in the south and Ural Mountain
separates it from Asia in the east.

Physical environment

Physical Map of Europe
232 Social Studies Book - 9

Physically Europe is divided into these sub regions:

1. Western Highland

The western highland, also known as the Northern highland extends from
western edge of Europe. The western highlands is also called Scandinavian
highland. It is formed by ancient rocks.

2. Northern European Plains

The northern European plains extend from the southern part of UK to east
of Russia. It includes parts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany,
Denmark, Poland, the Baltic States and the Belarus. Most of the great
European Plain lies below 152 meters in elevation and is home to many
navigable rivers including the Rhine, Westar, Elbe, Vistula etc.

3. Central Uplands

The central uplands extend east-west across central Europe including
parts of Western France, Belgium, Southern Germany, the Czech Republic,
and part of North Switzerland and Austria. These plains are formed by
the deposits brought by the big rivers like Don, Dnieper, Volga, etc. Most
of the rivers flow across many countries and are appropriate for internal
navigation. These plains are very fertile and good for agriculture.

4. Alpine Mountains

The alpine mountains include ranges from the Italian and Balkan peninsulas,
northern Spain and southern France. Alpine mountains consist of chains
of young fold mountains called Alpine. Alpine mountains were formed
during alpine period. Mt Blanc (4807 m) is the highest peak of the Alps. The
Caucasus Mountain is located between the black sea and the Caspian Sea.
The highest mountain peak of Europe, Mt Elbrus (5642 m) lies here.

Climate and vegetation

Europe is entirely located in temperate zone. The climate of Europe is pleasant
and mild. Many parts of Europe receive moderate rainfall except some places.
Climate and vegetation of Europe can be described as following:

Our Earth 233

Tundra Climate

Tundra Climate is found roughly beyond Arctic Circle of Europe. Winters are very
long and summers are very short in this climate. Average winter temperature
is below freezing point and summer temperature goes up to 10°C. This region
receives less than 25 cm rainfall annually. In lower altitude, coniferous forest
is found but in higher altitude Moses, lichens and fast flowering plants are only
found. Musk, reindeer, polar bear, blue fox are chief animals found here.

British type Climate

This type of climate is also known as west European climate or Marine west costal
climate. This climate is found in the region which lies between 40° to 60° to north
of Europe. This belt is under the influence of cool rain bearing westerly blowing
from the ocean the whole year. The average temperature in summer is between
18°C and 25°C whereas in winter it may fall below 0°C. Average annual rainfall
varies from 50 to 100 cm. This climate is favorable for forest growth and the
important species of trees are pine, fir, spruce, etc.

Temperate Grassland

This type of climate is found between 40° to 55° latitude in Europe. This climatic
belt is far away from the influence of seas which are located in the interior parts
of the continent. Temperate grassland is found here. The summer climate is hot
and average temperature remains between 18°C to 24°C. Rainfall occurs during
summer and varies between 25 cm to 65 cm. This region receives convectional type
of rainfall. The winters are extremely cold and dry. Average winter temperature
remains between -3°C to 4°C. This is the treeless plain where trees are found only
in the slope of the mountains. Short grass grows everywhere which are very soft.
Such grassland is called steppes. This climatic belt is suitable for animal rearing.

Mediterranean Climate

This climate is found all around the coastal region of Mediterranean Sea especially
in the southern and western part of Europe. Summers are hot and nearly dry
and weather is like hot desert. Average summer temperature varies from 20°C to
26°C. This is due to the impact of westerly, so this region receives high rainfall
during winter. Plants grow in winter when rain water is available. Xerophytic
plants are found here. Plants have long roots to observe water from deep inside
earth. Some plants have thick leathery leaves to stop moisture from being loss
due to evaporation. Various citrus fruits like lemon, grapes, oranges, and laurel
are grown in this region so it is called the garden of the world.

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archipelago : a group of islands Glossary

navigation : the act of navigating

xerophyte : a species of plant that survives in environment with little
liquid water

Evaluation Exercises

a. Write the names of major rivers of Europe.

b. Which part of the Europe receives rainfall all around the year and why?

c. What type of climate is found in southern Europe? Write its features.

d. What are Steppes and Taiga? Differentiate between these two in three
points.

e. Describe the climate and physical features of Europe.

f. Insert the following facts in a map of Europe.

Alps range, Danube River, Istanbul, Germany, Omega Lake, Ural range,
Caspian sea, Temperate grassland, English channel.

Our Earth 235

Lesson Economic Activities and
Social life of Europe
12

Europe is a very developed continent. Europeans have been ahead in discoveries
of various things due to which they also dominated others in the world. Apart
from this, they also made colonies and the Industrial Revolution took Europe to
the peak of its development. The white skinned people are the main inhabitants
of Europe who are believed to have migrated from Central Asia. Later they lived in
different parts of Europe. Majority people of Europe are Christians. Followers of
other religions are found in nominal number. Major languages spoken in Europe
are English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch, and Portuguese. The population
of Europe is highly unevenly distributed. This continent is considered the richest
in natural resources.

The main economic activities of European people are as follows:

Agriculture

About 80% of its total land area is suitable for agriculture. 10% people of Europe
are involved in agriculture. People grow barley, wheat, oats, corn, flax, sugar beet,
potatoes, citrus fruits, olive etc. in different parts of Europe. Balkan Peninsula

236 Social Studies Book - 9

is famous for agriculture where mainly fruits are produced. Western Europe
is famous for dairy production. They use improved technology, fertilizers, and
insecticides. So agriculture is highly commercialized in Europe. Mixed farming
is also common in Europe. In this way less people are involved in agriculture but
they obtain high yield. Most of the European countries are self- reliant in basic
farm products.

Forest

The forest extends from Norway to Russia. It is the main resource of forest products
in Europe. Sweden, Norway, Ireland and Russia all have large forest industries
that produce pulpwood and other products. In southern Europe especially Spain
and Portugal produce a variety of cork products from the cork oak.

Fisheries

All the coastal European countries are involved in commercial fishing. Fishing
industry is especially important in northern countries particularly Norway,
Iceland, Denmark, and other countries like Spain, Britain and Russia. They use
advanced way of fishing, processing and packing. Europe has longer coastlines
that have provided suitable grounds for fishing also.

Trade

International trade is important in Europe which is carried out among the
members of European Union. A large portion of European trade involves the
export of manufactured goods and import of raw materials. Europe exports large
varieties of manufactured products. The major commodities flowing into Europe
are petrol, food productions, industrial raw materials and the major exports are
machinery goods and other manufactured products.

Minerals

Europe is very rich in minerals like coal and iron. Coal is deposited throughout
Europe. It produces about one third of the world’s total coal. Germany and Britain
are the leading producers of high grade quality of coal. The major deposits of iron
ore are in France, Sweden etc. Petroleum reserves are found in northern lowland
of Russia.

Industries

Most of the European countries are highly industrialized because of industrial
revolution that took place in the 18th century. There are many kinds of industries
in Europe. Since the industrial revolution which began from England in the 18th
century, they have always been flourishing. Oil, gas, coal and other minerals

Our Earth 237

are mostly found in the north or north-west part of Europe. Many European
countries, now 27, are members of the European Union and trade without taxes.
Several countries use the same currency, Euro. Europe imports food, petrol and
raw materials from all over the world, and exports every kind of manufactured
goods. It has more trade surplus than any other continents.

Glossary

pulpwood: wood suitable for making into pulp for making paper

cork oak : an evergreen Mediterranean tree

Evaluation Exercises

a. Complete the given table

Country Literacy Per Capita Major Resources Export item
Rate Income
Britain
Germany
Russia
France

b. Discuss about the economic activities of people of Europe in the classroom
and prepare a report.

c. Compare the economic activities of Europe with Nepal.

d. Discuss the main economic activities of people of Europe.

e. Explain the agricultural system practiced in Europe.

f. Why do people prefer to stay in Europe? Write any four reasons.

g. Europe is highly industrialized continent. Justify.

h. List out the major minerals found in Europe.

i. Why is fishing carried out in coastal countries of Europe?

j. List out the import and export items of Europe and show in a table.

k. Insert the following facts in the map of Europe:

London, Uranium Mine, Taiga Region, Agriculture production area,
Petroleum production area, Paris, Italian peninsula, Ural Moutain, Fruits
production area.

238 Social Studies Book - 9

Outline Map of Europe

Our Earth 239

Lesson Australia

13

Physical Environment

Australia, located completely in the southern hemisphere, is the smallest continent
of the world. The word Australia is derived from Greek word meaning southern.
It is a country as well as a continent as a whole. The Indian Ocean lies to the west,
the pacific in the east, Arafura Sea in the northern part and southern sea in the
southern part of Australia. It extends from 10° S to 40°S latitude and 110°E to
155°E longitude. It occupies the area of 76, 86,850 sq km.

Physical Features of Australia

This continent has been divided into three distinct physical regions-

i) The Eastern Highland

This region lies between Cape York Peninsula of north and Tasmania of the
south. This Highland is in lower altitude in north and high in the south.
These Highland are called by different names in different places, such as
Blue Mountains, Australian Alps, Gregory range etc. This area is also known
as the Great Dividing Range. Australia’s highest mountain can be found in
this region. Mt Kosciuszko is the highest mountain with the height of 2228
m from the sea level. This part of Australia also contains some volcanic
plugs. East to this range lies a Great Barrier Reef which extends in a very
large area and has been developed as a protected area.

ii) Central Lowlands

The eastern highlands blocks the rainfall. So the central lowland is quite
dry. The Simpson Desert, which extends in vast area, lies in the central
lowlands. This desert is mostly famous for large red sand dunes. Lake Eyre
is another attraction of Australia which is located here. The famous river
Murray Darling also lies in this region. This is the permanent river system
of Australia. The plain which is made by this river system is very fertile due
to the deposits of sediments.

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iii) Western Highlands

The Western plateau has covered 2/3 parts of Australia. It is popularly
known as the Great Australian desert. This is entirely covered by sand and
hard rocks. This is the region where Australia’s tourist attraction, Ayer’s
Rock is located. Its temperature rises to 105° F in summer and 68°F in
winter. As a desert, it receives very low rainfall.

Climate and Vegetation

Australia has a very wide range of climates due to its location and extent. About
40 percent of the continent lies within the tropical zone between the equator and
Tropic of Cancer. Only limited parts of Australia is located in temperate zone.
Tropical zone is hot all around the year.

Our Earth 241

i. Tropical Monsoon Climate

There is tropical monsoon climate in northern part and around Cape York
Peninsula where there is hot as well wet during summer. But winter is mild.
Rainfall occurs during summers heavily. The tropical forests are found in
eastern and northern part of Australia. Deciduous trees, palms are chief
vegetation found here.

ii. Desert Climate

There is desert climate in western plateau of Australia. It is hot and dry
during summer and cold, dry during winter. Annual rainfall is less than
25cm. Rainfall is very scanty and unreliable. The vegetation of the deserts is
admirably adapted to its environment. Most of plants survive by adopting
various devices to prevent losing moisture through the evaporations. Prickly
pear and cactus are chief vegetation found here.

iii. Mediterranean Climate

In the southern and south eastern part of Australia, we can experience
Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and nearly dry and the weather
is like that of the deserts. Average summer temperature varies from 20°to
26°. In summer, trade winds blow over this region from land to ocean. It
causes less rainfall. Winter is mild with moderate rainfall. Average winter
temperatures vary from 5° to 15°C. These regions come under the influence
of the moist westerly in winter. Plants grow in winter when rain water is
available. Plants have small and oily leaves having long roots. The olive,
myrtle, rosemary, cork oak are the examples of Mediterranean climatic
regions of Australia. Eucalyptus is grown here and is considered important
from economic point of view.

iv. Tropical Grassland-type of Climate

This type of climate is found in northern region and Queens land. Summers
are hot and wet whereas winters are warm. Summer temperature during
this season ranges between 22° to 34°C. Coarse grasses are found here.
Varieties of flightless birds including animals are found here.

v. Temperate Grassland

This type of climate is found in southern Australia mainly Murray Darling

242 Social Studies Book - 9

basin. It is hot and somehow wet in summer but winter is cool. This region
doesn’t have extreme temperature as compared to other regions due to
influence of sea. This is the treeless plain which is extended in vast areas.
Short and soft grasses are found here. Dingo, emu etc. are the chief animals
found here.

Glossary

dune : a heap of sand or other lose sediment formed by the wind
scanty : insufficient
eucalyptus : a fast-growing evergreen Australian tree
coarse : prickly, rough

Community Work

a. Discuss the physical features of Australia in class.
b. Which part of Australia is suitable for human settlement? Discuss

in class.

1. Short Answer Questions
a. Write down the location and size of Australia.
b. Discuss the physical features of Australia in brief.
c. At what respects Australia is differed from other continents?
d. Discuss the climate of Australia with examples.
e. Explain the natural vegetations of Australia.

2. Long Answer Questions
a. Insert the following facts in the outline map of Australia-
Murray Darling river, Tasmania, Lake Eyre, Great Australian desert,
Cape York Peninsula, Great Barrier Reef, Tropic of Capricorn.

Our Earth 243

Lesson Social Life and Economic

14 Activities of Australia

Australia has the mixed population. Aborigines are the native people of Australia
who migrated from south east Asia 30,000 years ago. Their population is only
around one percent and they have still nomadic lifestyle. Today, there is immense
presence of white people in Australia. They migrated from Britain, and Ireland.
People from Asia and pacific regions rapidly migrated to Australia. Majority of the
people are white (88%), Chinese and Indians are others habitants including west
Asian and North Americans. Distribution of population is uneven in Australia.
Two third population of Australia lives in the east and the south east coastal
regions of New South Wales and Victoria.

Australia is highly urbanized country and its 80% people live in the city areas.
Around 20% people live in rural areas. Sydney and Melbourne are larger cities
having high population. Most of the people follow Christianity. But the followers
of other religions also reside there. English is the official language of Australia.

From economic point of view, it is one of the richest countries having several
valuable minerals. Economic activities of Australia can be explained as follows:

Animal Rearing

Australia is located in tropical as well temperate
zones. So it has the suitable condition for cattle
farming. Sheep farming is undertaken with
huge significance especially in the Western
Australia. It is carried out in modern way by
using modern technology. Semi arid grasslands
of Australia around the Victoria and Murray Darling basin are appropriate for
animal rearing. Except sheep, cows and goats are reared for milk and meat
purpose. Australia is the world’s largest producer of wool also.

Agriculture

Majority of the land in Australia is flat, dry and hot with the highest elevation of
2228m from the sea level. Out of total area, only 6% is suitable for cultivation.
Wheat is the important crop grown here, which is carried out in modern way by
using improved technology. Paddy is grown in Australia where there are facilities

244 Social Studies Book - 9

of irrigation. Sugarcane is the cash crop of Australia which is produced in the
coastal region of Queensland. Oats, maize, tobacco, apples, grapes and pears are
grown in different parts of Australia.

Mining

Australia is very rich in mineral resources. The minerals found here are silver,
lead, copper, zinc, gold, uranium and coal; such mines are located in the northern
part of Australia. Gold is produced in the north west part of Australia. Broken hill
is famous for silver and lead mine. Uranium mines are located in Mary Kathleen.
Australia is the leading exporter of coal, lead, iron ore etc.

Industries

Australia is one of the highly industrialized countries in the world. Many agro-
based, animal based, mineral based industries are found here. Australia has
various industries. Their national income is highly sustained by export of various
industrial products. Iron, steel, motor vehicles and ship building are the important
industries found in various parts of Australia.

Our Earth 245

Tourism

Australia is unique in terms of flora and fauna. Ularu and Kakadu are two famous
national parks of Australia which can attract many tourists from around the
globe. Great Barrier Reef, Brisbane beaches and historical monuments also help
to foster tourism in Australia. Many people from Europe visit Australia in order
to observe the typical lifestyle of aborigines. Australia earns a large amount of
money from tourism.

Glossary

aborigines : people in a country or region from earliest time
uranium : a gray, dense radioactive metal used as a fuel in nuclear

reactors

Community Work

a. Discuss the lifestyle of the aborigines of Australia.
b. Compare the lifestyle of Australians and the Europeans and present

in the class.

Evaluation Exercises

a. Discuss the economic activities of people of Australia.
b. Prepare an editorial addressing the importance of animal rearing in

Australia.
c. What are the reasons for uneven distribution of population in Australia?
d. List out the major exports and imports of Australia in a table.
e. Insert the following in the map of Australia:

Goldmine, Sydney, Wheat production area, Great Barrier Reef, sheep
rearing area, Mediterranean belt.

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Outline Map of Australia

Our Earth 247

Lesson Asia, Europe, Australia
and Nepal
15

Asia and Nepal

Nepal is a landlocked country located
in the southern lap of the Himalayan
region. It covers 0.3% of total area of Asia.
Though it is smaller in terms of area, it has
great variation in terms of land structure,
lifestyle and climate. There is Terai in the
south which is formed of plain and tropical
soil with tropical climatic condition. In the
north, there is Himalayan range which
stands as a pride of Nepal as it hosts the highest peak of the world, Mt Everest.
Nepal has established a good diplomatic relationship with nearly all the Asian
countries and has done trading treaty with countries like India, China, Japan,
etc. Many of the Nepalese have been working in various Asian countries. Nepal
is an active member of SAARC, BIMSTEC, NAM, etc. Many Asian countries have
been supporting us in various sectors like education, health, development of
infrastructures, etc. Japan is the largest donor country for Nepal but contribution
from China and India can also not be neglected.

Europe and Nepal

Nepal and Europe have friendly relation
since centuries. Nepal and Europe both
are situated in northern hemisphere and
temperate zone. To some extent, we have
similar types of land features. European
countries are very friendly with Nepal.
These countries help us in development

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of infrastructure and for environmental and cultural conservation. We are getting
multilateral assistance from European Union. Germany is the second largest donor
country of Nepal. There is notable support and cooperation from the European
countries like Britain, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland and Italy. Every year, large
number of tourist visit Nepal from Europe. Nepal imports machinery goods,
automobiles, electronic goods, medicines etc. from Europe. We export garments,
carpets, handicrafts, herbs etc. to European countries. The Nepalese students
go to Europe for study and many Nepalese have been given the opportunities to
work there.

Australia and Nepal

Australia is located in the southern
hemisphere. Hence there is no similarity
in terms of topography between Nepal and
Australia. But we have strong diplomatic
ties with the same. It supports us in the
field of forest conservation, rehabilitation of
Bhutanese refugees and good governance.
The number of Australian tourists has been
increasing gradually recently. More than thousands of Nepalese students are
studying and more than that number of Nepalese people are working in Australia.
Shesh Ghale of Nepal is the leading businessman of Australia who has also
contributed to strengthen this relationship. Trade relation is also flourishing a lot
between Nepal and Australia.

Community Work

a. Divide the class into three groups and discuss the relations of Nepal with
Asia, Europe and Australia. Collect the information and present it in the
class.

b. List out the countries of Asia and Europe where large number of Nepalese
student have gone for further study. Mention the areas of study.

Our Earth 249

Evaluation Exercises

a. Compare the economic and social condition of Nepal with that of Asia,
Europe and Australia.

b. Discuss the relationship of Nepal with Europe with especial reference to
Britain.

c. What advantages can we gain by promoting the relationship with Australia?
d. Complete the given table-

Continent Countries Population Literacy% Major economic activities



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