Shubharambha Social book 9 final for CTP 2077

Lesson Creation of Work and Its

15 Management

The bell rings after the lunchtime break. The 9th graders rush into their classroom.
It’s social studies class. They can see their subject teacher heading towards the
class. Everyone present inside the class stands.

Students : Good afternoon Miss.

Srijana Miss : Good afternoon. Okay, take your seats.

Students : Thank you Miss.

Srijana Miss : So what are we doing in today’s class?

Anu : Miss, yesterday you promised to tell us a story today.

Srijana Miss : Alright. That I’ll do. But before I go with it, let’s have some
discussion over “Creation of Work”. Can anyone tell me what
does creation of work mean?

Bishwa : Well, it is creation of new jobs for unemployed people.

Srijana Miss : Top-notch! Hemanta, are you up to making a bit more on
this?

Hemanta : Umm…. Yes, Miss, it is a process of increasing the number of
jobs in a particular economy thereby employing the respective
block of unemployed job seekers.

Srijana Miss : Well said, Hemanta. Are all of us clear about the “creation of
work” then?

Students : Yes, Miss.

Srijana Miss : There was a remote village in Terai with 74 households and
some 300 people. The well to do families could afford to work
and educate the young ones in the cities or the headquarters.
The unprivileged ones were left with no option but to send
the children to the government school in the adjoined village.
The drop outs, especially maids joined their mothers and
elderly sisters in the household chores or in the field. Some
youths made their way to capital city or the Gulf to sustain
their family’s lives while selected few dared to pursue their
higher studies in the neighboring towns or districts. However,

Our Economic Activity 351

most of the leftovers: teens, youths, bachelors, married ones,
elderly figures; indulged spending their times in the nearly
pubs, tea shops, breweries and taverns. Gambling (dice,
card and ludo), drinking, smoking, pulling on fights with
villagers and people from other places, robbing, extorting,
terrorizing the inhabitants, seducing the girls and creating
chaotic situation were some common features that most
of the neighboring villages had known that village for. The
accidental visitors from other places received ill treatment
from the youths, hence, didn’t risk turning back again to that
place and of course fed the others with the notoriety of the
same village. Some of the unemployed brains showed their
concern for the growing mayhem. They assembled and started
pondering about searching for employment opportunities.
They upon meeting the chairman of a cooperative in the
town shared their problems and begged for it to think over
some of the strategies. The chairman in return convened
with the representatives of the village committee and agreed
to provide trainings to unemployed working population in
collaboration of both the parties. The cooperative assured to
provide loan at dearer interest for the ones who sought to
run their business after trainings. At first the proposal was
vehemently opposed and most of the gimcracks preferred to
waste their time but gradually the number of training seekers
rose. They were excelled according to their capabilities, some
got training on handicraft, animal husbandry, cash crop
farming, horticulture, floriculture, plumbing, tailoring and
maintenance. Yet some others wanted to train on computing,
electricity, small scale industry, entrepreneurship, etc. As
the training session ended, most of them received the loan
and engaged in different activities suiting their skills. Some
went for mushroom farming while other chose furniture
industries, poultry farming and so on. They further planned
for the extension of their business. They arranged land,
capital and labourers of their own. Moreover, they carried
out intensive market, research and looked to earn a brand
exporting their products in every nook and cranny of Nepal.
The self employed busy youths now capacitate to sustain
their families and pay interest to the cooperative at regular
time interval. The village has earned new reputation and

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its fame has attracted the onlookers to invest in the village.
People from other villages and towns visit this newly formed
“Model Village” in the hope of learning new ideas to carry
out different employment opportunities. Some six private
schools, two higher level institutes, training centers, cyber,
research centers and dozens of other institutes are set up to
facilitate daily lives. Other villages are eager to restructure
their own communities into the same village.

The bell rings.

Srijana Miss : Okay, that’s all for today.

Students : Thank you, Miss.

Glossary

unprivileged : not having special right or opportunity

breweries : buildings where beer is produced

taverns : inns selling alcoholic drinks
mayhem : confusion, chaos or disorder

convened : met

pondering : thinking deeply
capacitate : to make capable

Evaluation Exercises

a. What is creation of job?
b. Why did the village in the text earn notoriety at first?
c. What was the major problem of the village?
d. Who played important role to solve the village’s problem?
e. How was the problem solved?
f. How was employment opportunities created and maintained in the village?

Community Work

There might be some unemployed youths in your community. What would you
like to do to make them self employed?

Our Economic Activity 353

Revision Exercise

a. What are the types of agriculture? Explain them in short.
b. What are the problems in agriculture system of Nepal? Write its solutions.
c. List out the advantages of expensive farming system and discuss in the

classroom.
d. How can we modernize the agriculture? Present some concrete steps.
e. List out the advantages and disadvantages of commercial farming in Nepal.
f. Explain the problems of cottage and small-scale industries in Nepal.
g. What are the obstacles for development of small scale industries in Nepal?
h. Discuss the types of industries in Nepal according to the industrial policy

2067.
i. Suggest some concrete steps to resolve the problems related to the medium

and large scale industries.
j. In what regard the industry serves as the pillar of an economy? Present your

views.
k. Discuss the reasons of increasing trade deficit in Nepal?
l. List out the goods exported by Nepal to other countries.
m. What is foreign trade? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
n. Discuss the condition of product wise diversifications.
o. Prepare a news item mentioning the efforts made by government to promote

trade marketing.
p. List out the products of agriculture and industrial sector.
q. Write down the process of forming economic planning in Nepal.
r. Prepare a news item about the effective tools to reduce poverty in Nepal.
s. What is entrepreneurship ? Discuss the characteristics of entrepreneurship.
t. Justify that respect of work support to solve unemployment problems.
u. What is creation of job? What was the major problems of the village?

354 Social Studies Book - 9

9Unit

Our International Relationship
and Co-operations

Contents of the Unit

‰‰ Donor Agencies and Countries
‰‰ Contributions of Nepal in UNO
‰‰ The Role of Nepal in the establishment of International Peace
‰‰ Diplomatic mission
‰‰ Contemporary Events

Expected Competency

At the end of this unit, the students will be able to:
‰‰ Know the donor countries and agencies in Nepal.
‰‰ Highlight the contributions of Nepal in UNO.
‰‰ Explain the roles played by Nepal in the establishment of international peace.
‰‰ Get informed about the diplomatic missions of Nepal.
‰‰ Explain about the effects of contemporary affairs on human life.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 355

Lesson Donor Agencies and
Countries
1

Nepal has been receiving foreign aid from UN agencies, international and

regional financial institutions and all mostly from developed countries in the last

six decades.Inflow of foreign aid continued and grew regardless of any political
regime-Panchayat or multiparty democracy. When the inflow of foreign aid
increased, the number of donor countries also increased. Such aids are provided
by bilateral as well as multilateral agencies. The following table shows the bilateral
and multilateral donors in Nepal chronologically-

Year Donor countries Donor agencies

1951 India, USA

1954 WHO

1956 China, Switzerland

1959 USSR

1960 UNICEF

1960 Japan UNDP

1961 UK, Germany

1969 WB, ADB

1970 UNFPA

1971 Canada

1976 Netherlands Kuwait Fund

1977 OPEC

1979 Australia

1980 Denmark

1981 Austria

1982 Belgium, Finland

1994 GEF Fund

1997 IFAD

2005 Adaptation Fund

Source: Oxfam (2011)

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Some donors have entered into Nepal for humanitarian concerns while others for
socio-economics reforms and development of infrastructures. The first external
assistance in Nepal was the services of British technical expertise for the Sundarijal
and Pharping hydro-power projects. These projects were conducted during the
Rana regime. The formal foreign aid in Nepal was the Four Point Program of the
United States, signed on January 23, 1951. After the success of the movement of
2007, India also provided its first technical assistance to Nepal.

India and USA were only
two donors providing capital
assistance for the construction
of Tribhuwan Rajpath. USA
aid focused on agriculture
and rural development in
earlier decades and later to the
health and education. Chinese
aid was received first time by Nepal during the first five-year plan. Most of the
Chinese aids are for the development of transportation and industrial sectors.
Recently Prime minister of Nepal Mr. KP Oli has visited China and signed on
ten different agreements and that would also help to increase the investment in
Nepal. Nepal has a long relationship with Britain and this year ‘relationship of
200 years’ has been celebrated. Not only has this, the British Crown prince made
a high-level visit earlier of this year which indicates the valuable relation of Nepal
with Britain. Britain started to provide capital assistance in Nepal since 1958 and
supplied various types of equipment to Nepalese armies. It has supported us to
construct roads, agricultural development, etc. Japan is the friend of Nepal; she
has supported us in various fields. Japanese aid to Nepal began in the 1960s and
focused on technical cooperation. Japan started to provide financial aid in the
1970s in the form of construction materials, equipment, food aid, and volunteer
services. Since the 1980s, Japan has become one of the leading bilateral donors in
Nepal. Japan has contributed almost all sectors like agriculture, health, education,
water supply, communication, transportation, and energy sources.

Germany started to provide technical assistance in 1961 and shifted to financial
assistance in 1964. Previously, she provided soft loans, but after 1971, converted
all loans in grants and providing grants only to Nepal. Germany supported us
in development of bank and financial institutions, rural development, human
resources development and environmental protection. Australian aid projects
started in 1978 for establishing a blood bank, TB control projects, and community
forests etc.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 357

Multilateral agencies also started to provide aid in Nepal from the early 1950s.
Food and agriculture organization (FAO) was the first UN agency to assist Nepal
as early as November 1951 in dairy development. Then Nepal was assisted by
WHO since 1954. Other UN agencies started their cooperation with Nepal after
Nepal became the member of UNO in 1955. Some of these organs are: -

1. United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR) in 1960

2. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 1963

3. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in 1964

4. International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1966

5. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in
1966-67

6. United Nations World Food Program (WFP) in 1967

7. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 1974

8. International Fund For Agricultural Development (IFAD) in 1997

9. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) in 1998

In 1956 Nepal passed the Development Board Act due to which the government
was allowed to accept the foreign loan for various developmental purposes. After
this act, many multilateral leading agencies started to assist Nepal in diverse
ways. Even after becoming a member of Bretton Wood Institutions in 1961, there
were many activities in Nepal done in significant ways by the World Bank and
IMF only from the early 1970s.

In 1969 Nepal signed loan agreements with International Development Agency
(IDA) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the sum of 1.7 million dollars and
6 million dollars respectively. The assist from IDA was for the development
of various infrastructures like transportation, communication, hydropower,
irrigation, tourism and integrated rural development. The loan from ADB was
for the Air Transport Development Project. Later ADB focused on agricultural
development and other sectors like energy, transport and industries.

Other multilateral donor agencies working in Nepal are European Commission
(EC) and OPEC group. EC started to assist in 1977 for the rule of law, respecting
human rights, managing the environment, and poverty reduction. OPEC group
is supporting for education, agriculture and irrigation for the last five years,
including Kuwait Fund and Saudi Fund.

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Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities Year Areas

a. Complete the given table:

Donor countries

b. Prepare an article, including the assistance of Britain for its development.

2. Exercise
a. Define foreign aid? Discuss its importance country like Nepal.

b. Discuss the priorities of donor countries.

c. Differentiate between bilateral and multilateral agencies in the table.

d. Prepare an editorial about the contribution of UN agencies for the
development of Nepal.

e. List out the areas of assistance provided by China, Japan and Britain
for the development of Nepal.

f. Why the assistance of donor countries and agencies are properly not
utilized in Nepal? Discuss.

g. Write a letter to the ministry of Foreign Affairs, including the measures
to attract foreign investment in Nepal.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 359

2Lesson Contribution of Nepal in
UNO

The United Nations Organization (UNO) is an intergovernmental organization
found in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed maintaining
international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and
promoting social progress, better living standard and human rights. At present, it
has 193 nations as its members. Its latest member nation is Montenegro. The first
general assembly met in London on January 10, 1946. It decided to locate the UN
headquarters in the eastern United States.

Nepal took membership of UNO on December 14, 1955 AD. Nepal’s foreign
policy is guided by the UN charter, international treaties, and conventions.
The Constitution of Nepal has clearly mentioned about its foreign policies also.
Nepal has participated in various programs since it became the member of UNO.
Nepal has also played an important role to maintain international peace and co-
operation. The specially trained and instructed task force which is sent to the war
victim countries at the request of UNO to be a mediator between two rebels and to
control the war temporarily is called peacekeeping force. The peacekeeping force
was established when Israel invaded Lebanon in 1978 A.D. The UN mobilizes
the peacekeeping forces to maintain peace settling in the conflicts or disputes
in war victim nations in the world. The member nations of UNO can contribute
by sending their national army and police to settle peace in war victim nations.
Nepal also has been sending its troops as a peacekeeping force to Lebanon,
Congo, Kosovo, Liberia, Haiti, Sudan, East Timor, etc. Recently the Nepalese
peacekeeping force is working in Lebanon, Sudan, Haiti, and East Timor to settle
the internal disputes of the nation.

Nepal, being involved in various organizations such as FAO, ILO, UNICEF,
UNDP, WHO, UNESCO, UNFPA, etc. has launched various programs. Nepal has
also become the vice president of the assembly of UNO in 1958 AD, 1967 AD, 1970
AD, 1974 AD, 1983 AD, 1988 AD and 2001 AD.

Nepal has worked twice as a temporary member of UNO from 1969 AD to 1970
AD and 1988 AD to 1989 AD. At that time, Nepal has played a vital role in the
management of international conflict. The General Secretary of UNO has also
visited Nepal for many times. In this way, Nepal has been working as an active
member of UNO.

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Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities:
a. Complete the given table, including the works of Nepalese peacekeeping force
to different countries:

Year Activities Country

b. Discuss the ways to solve the problems in your locality.
2. Answer the following questions.

a. List out the contribution of Nepal being a member of UNO.
b. Explain the relation of Nepal with UNO briefly.
c. How does sport promote international relationships?
d. What should be done to make the activities of Nepal more effective in

international forums?
e. Are you satisfied with the activities performed by Nepal in UNO? Why?
f. Write down the suggestion to play a significant role by UNO especially

in the landlocked countries?

Community Work

Consult the social workers, academicians in your community and ask them
about the activities done to maintain peace and order. Present your findings
in the calss.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 361

Lesson The Role of Nepal in the
Establishment of International Peace
3

All of us know that Nepal is a peace-loving nation. Renowned as the birthplace of
Buddha, this nation
has stood in favour of
serenity and peace
throughout its history.
In return for
unforgettable support
from the UNO, we also
have been facilitating
in the UN activities,
thereby maintaining
peace and security all
across the globe as a
cordial and sincere
member.One of the most noteworthy works of the UN in the field of maintenance
of the World peace is the peacekeeping mechanism.

It is a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the Organization as a way to
help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace. It has
proven to be one of the most effective tools available to the UN to assist host
countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. More than half of all
the Member States of the United Nations contribute troops and police to
peacekeeping operations.  Nepal became a member of the United Nations in 1955
and since then, has been an active participant in most of the UN peace
operations.  It  first contributed military peacekeepers in 1958, sending five
observers in the UN Military Observation Group in Lebanon.  Along with other
UN Peacekeepers, Nepalese army too provide security and the political and
peacebuilding support to help the war-stricken countries to establish peace.
Among the top contributors, Nepal ranks in the first five. Over the past 50 years,
Nepal has contributed 60,000 peacekeepers in some 40 peacekeeping missions
in different nations, including Lebanon, Kosovo, Somalia, Congo, Sierra Leone,
and East Timor.  They train police, disarm ex-combatants, support elections and
help build State institutions.  They build bridges, repair schools, assist flood
victims and protect women from sexual violence.  They uphold human rights and

362 Social Studies Book - 9

promote gender equality.  Thanks to their efforts, life-saving humanitarian
assistance can be delivered and economic development can begin. Besides, Nepal
has been voicing against racialism, colonialism, dominance, and suppression of a
nation towards another, inhuman behaviour, indifference towards third world
nation and so on. In this regard, Nepal succeeds to establish itself as an esteemed
nation all over the world. It has received numerous appreciations of the world
community for the efficiency and the honesty of its peacekeepers.
The major contributions of Nepal in the establishment of World Peace can be
summed up in the following points:

a. After joining the UN on
14 December 1955, Nepal
has reposed her enduring
faith in the principles and
purposes enshrined in
the UN charter and have
shown full support. It has
been actively involved in
the activities of the UN
with fidelity and commitment.

b. As a peace-loving nation, Nepal has been significantly contributing
to the UN peacekeeping operations around the globe since 1958.

c. It has shown strong commitment towards peace, security and
disarmament. It has supported the establishment of peace zones in
different parts of the world for the sake of world peace.

d. It has been insistently calling for the elimination of weapons of mass
destruction-chemical, biological and nuclear. 

e. Nepal has always called for the protection and promotion of
human rights. Nepal is one of the nations to sign the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the UN General Assembly
on December 10, 1948.

f. Nepal has continually called for the protection of the rights of
small landlocked countries and landlocked Developing Countries in
the UN sessions and other meetings.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 363

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities
a. Collect the information about the activities of peacekeeping force and
discuss among friends in the class.
b. Discuss the role of Nepal to maintain international peace in the
classroom and prepare a report on it.
c. Divide the class into three groups and collect the following information-
i. Group A- Countries where Nepalese peacekeeping force is
working.
ii. Group B- Duties of Nepalese peacekeeping force.
iii. Group C- Problems face by peacekeeping force.
iv. Prepare a report and present it in class.
d. Organize the speech program on participation of Nepal in UNO.

2. Exercise

a. What is peacekeeping force? Discuss its responsibility.
b. Is it appropriate or not to send peacekeeping force? Write your opinion.
c. Critically evaluate the role of Nepal in international forums.
d. Nepal is peace loving nation’. Justify this statement in paragraph.

Community Work

Collect some information about the causes of conflict in the conflict stricken
countries from various sources like newspaper, radio, television or internet
and the roles of peacekeeping force to reinstate peace. Prepare a news article
on it.

364 Social Studies Book - 9

Lesson Diplomatic Mission

4

If you look up for “Diplomacy” in a dictionary, you might be suggested by
something like a skill in dealing with people in difficult situations without
upsetting or offending them. Diplomacy is tact in dealing with people, thereby
winning their consent. However, the context of dealing may differ, it can be used
in smaller context, say within an institution, between two administrations, states
or countries. Here we will be best owing upon the diplomacy between or among
the countries. In the ordinary language, it is the act or skill of managing relations
between and among the countries. It is the art of practice to conduct negotiations
between representatives of states. International diplomacy gives space to the
issues of peacemaking, trade, war, economics, cultures and human rights. The
term “diplomacy” is derived from Greek word “diplaun” meaning fold or modify.
In the ancient Roman Empire, the visa or passport was folded and given, hence ,
it's use for the same meaning. Nevertheless, it was a British politician, diplomat
and philosopher, Edmund Burke, who used the term diplomacy for the first time
in 1796. He conferred it to denote international talks or agreement.

Each country in the world sends diplomats to other countries to extend the
mutual relationship with them. The group of diplomats from a state, present
in other states to represent the sending state officially in the receiving state is
called diplomatic mission. Embassy, consulate, high commission (UNO) etc. are
the representatives of such mission. It can be both resident and non-resident. A
permanent diplomatic nation is typically known as an embassy, which is usually
situated in the capital city of the host nation. The head of the mission is known
as the ambassador or high commissioner. According to the constitution of Nepal,
the ambassador will be appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the existing government. Nepal has 29 embassies in the capital cities of different
countries of the world. They are as follows:

Egypt (Cairo), South Africa (Pretoria), Brazil (Brasilia), Canada (Ottawa), United
States Of America(Washing D.C), Bahrain(Manama), Bangladesh (Dhaka), China
(Beijing), India (New Delhi), Israel (Tel Aviv),Japan (Tokyo), Republic Of Korea
(Seoul), Kuwait (Kuwait), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), Myanmar (Yangon), Pakistan
(Islamabad), Qatar (Doha), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh), Sri Lanka (Colombo), Thailand

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 365

(Bangkok), UAE (Abu Dhabi), Belgium (Brussels), Denmark (Copenhagen), France
(Paris), Germany (Berlin), Russia (Moscow), Britain (London), Australia (Canberra).
Similarly, twenty-seven countries have their embassy in Kathmandu. Nepal has
friendly relation with 168 countries.

A consulate is a representative of the embassy
in locals outside of the capital city, especially in
importanttradecities.Nepalhasfifty-twoconsulates
in different parts including Kolkata, Lhasa, and
Hong Kong. Similarly, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Greece, the Netherlands, NewZealand,
Philippines, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, etc. have
their consulates in Nepal.

High commission is a group of officials who are either working for the government
of a nation or an international organization on an important project. Nepal has
high commission in Geneva and New York. UNHCR, UNDP etc. are important
high commission working in Nepal.

The diplomatic mission aims at minimizing the misunderstanding between
two states, preserving national benefits, creating an atmosphere for a ceasefire,
maintaining foreign policy etc. Our country too is keen to embrace diplomatic
correspondence with other nations. Some determinants play key role in shaping
the foreign policy of Nepal including topography, landlockness, social and culture
condition, historical factor, political and economic factors etc. These determinants
help to direct our foreign policy, which gives greater significance to economic and
commercial interests, world peace and disarmament. Nepal has undertaken the
following foreign policies after 1951 AD –

a. Independent identity
b. Nonalignment
c. Panchashil
d. Respect for UN principle
e. Neutrality
f. Equal existence
g. Regional cooperation
h. Right to land lock country

Importance of diplomatic mission

The importance of diplomatic mission for Nepal can be summed up in the
following points:

366 Social Studies Book - 9

a. It helps to promote the welfare of Nepalese people residing in the
receiving state.

b. It helps to maintain friendly relation between Nepal and its foreign
counterpart.

c. It serves as an institution for negotiation with the government of
another nations.

d. It makes arrangement for high level visits of the delegates from Nepal
to other countries.

It is necessary to render due emphasis to the growing significance of diplomatic
mission. We have to prepare a sound atmosphere for the proper function of
foreign missions based in our country and of course shouldn’t work against the
national sentiments of our counterparts.

Evaluation Exercises

1. Activities:
a. How is diplomatic relation fruitful to promote relationship among the
countries? Discuss in class.
b. Prepare a news item including the efforts made by diplomatic mission
to improve relationship with developed countries.

2. Exercise:
a. Define diplomatic mission. List out its importance.
b. List out the embassies established in Nepal by other countries.
c. List out the consulates established in foreign countries by Nepal.
d. Differentiate between ambassador and consulate.
e. What is the process of appointing ambassador according to the
constitution of Nepal 2072?
f. Write a letter to the foreign ministry including the qualifications for
appointing ambassador to other countries.

Community Work

Consult a person who has experience of working in the diplomatic mission.
Ask him/her about the services provided to the people by diplomatic mission.
Write an article on the basis of the information you received including your
conclusion.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 367

Lesson Contemporary Events

5

The Nobel Prize in 2019

The Nobel Prizes in Physics-2019

1. Michel Mayour "for the
discovery of an exoplanet
orbiting a solar - type star."

2. Didier Queloz "for the Michel Mayour Didier Queloz James Peebles
discovery of an exoplanet
abiting a solar-type star." Akira Yoshino

3. James Peebles "for Gregg L.
theoretical discoveries in Semenza
physical cosmology."

The Noble Prizes in Chemistry-2019

1. John. B. Goodenough
"for the development of
lithiumion batteries."

2. M Stanely Whitting ham John.B. M Stanely
"for the development of Goodenough Whitting ham
lithiumion batteries."

3. Akira Yoshino "for the
development of lithiumion
batteries."

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine-2019

1. William G. Kaelin Jr "for
the discoveries of how cells
sense and adapt to oxygen
availability."

2. Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe "for William G. Sir Peter J.
their discoveries of how cells Kaelin Jr Ratcliffe
sense and adapt to oxygen

368 Social Studies Book - 9

availability"

3. Gregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of How cells sense and adapt to
oxygen availability."

The Nobel Prize in Literature-2019

1. Peter Handke "for an influential work that with linguistic
ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity
of human experience."

The Nobel Prize in Peace-2019

1. Abiy Ahmed Ali "for his efforts to actieive peace and
international cooperation, and in particular for his
decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with
heighbouring Eritieo."

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2019

1. Abhijit Banerjee - "for their
experimental approach to
alleviating global poverty"

2. Esther Duflo - "for their William G. Sir Peter J. Gregg L.
experimental approach to Kaelin Jr Ratcliffe Semenza
alleviating global poverty."

3. Michael Kremer - "for their
experimental approach to
alleviating global poverty."

Dengue fever.

Dengue fever is a mosquito born tropical
disease caused by the virus. The virus
responsible for causing dengue is called
dengue virus (DENV) which is a leading
cause of serious illness and death among
children and adult in some Asian and
Latin American countries. Symptoms

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 369

of this disease generally begin three to four days after infection. High fever,
headache , vomiting, muscle and joint pains are the common symptoms seen in
the patients.

Dengue viruses are spread to people because of bite of infected Aedes Aegypti
mosquito (female mosquito). The bite may progress to Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever (DHF). Complications can lead to circulatory system failure and shock and
can be fatal. It is also known as Dengue Shock Syndrome. The first recognized
Dengue epidemics occurred almost in the 1780s, shortly after the identification
and naming of the disease in 1779.

In Nepal, it was detected from Rupandehi, Kathmandu, Jhapa and Chitwan.
In 2004, it was reported from Chitwan district. The first outbreak occurred in
2006 with confirmed cases from nine districts of terai. People should be aware of
mosquito bite during the day time it is the main preventive measure. If somebody
gets Dengue fever, she/he must take rest and take enough liquid, food and water.

.

World Cup Cricket-2019

‰‰ The 12th World Cup Cricket (one day, men's cricket) was held from 30 may
- 14 July, 2019.

‰‰ England beat New
Zealand on boundary
count after both
the match and
subsequent super
over finished as ties.

‰‰ New Zealand

[241/8(50overs)]

‰‰ England [241(50
overs)]

‰‰ Super over: England 15/0 New Zealand 15/1

‰‰ England won the match on the boundary count back (26-17)

‰‰ England and Wales hosted this quadrennial tournament .

‰‰ England had hosted for 5th time.

‰‰ The opening game (England and South Africa) was held at the Oval, London.

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‰‰ The final game was held at Lord's, London.
‰‰ Tournament format - Round - robin and knock out.
‰‰ Participant : 10 countries
‰‰ Match played : 48
‰‰ Player of the series : New Zealand Captain (Kane Williamson)
‰‰ Most runs : Indian Rohit Sharma (648 runs)
‰‰ Most wickets: Australian Mitchell Starc (27 wickets)
‰‰ Semi - Finalists: India, Australia, New Zealand and England

Contemporary Events after 2062/063

Date Events
11th, Baisakh 2063 BS
15th Baishakh, 063 BS Mass Movement II was held.

4th Jestha, 063 BS The first meeting of restored House of
Representatives began.
5th Mangsir, 063 BS
1st Magh, 063 BS Historical declaration proclaimed by the
restored House of Representatives.
24th chaitra, 064 BS
15th Jestha, 065Bs Comprehensive Peace Accord signed.
6th Shrawa, 065 BS
Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 BS was
14th Jestha, 069 BS promulgated.

1st Chaitra, 069 BS The election of CA-I was held.

4th Mangsir, 070 BS Nepal was declared as Republic State.
27th Magh, 070 BS
The 1st president of Nepal Dr. Ram Baran Yadav
was elected.

The CA-I was dissolved without making a
constitution.

Chief Justice of Supreme Court Khilraj Regmi
was appointed as chairperson of Council of
Minister to hold new election of CA-II.

The election of CA-II was held.

Nepali Congress leader Sushil Koirala was
elected as Prime Minster of Nepal from the CA-
II.

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6th Falgun, 070 BS CPN(UML) leader Subash Chandr Nembang
1st Baishakh, 072 was elected as chairperson of CA-II.
2nd Baishakh, 072
12th Baishakh, 072 KTM valley was declared as plastic free zone.
29th Baishakh, 072
25th Jestha, 072 Ex. PM Surya Bahadur Thapa died.
31st Jestha, 072
10th Asar, 072 Nepal was hit by 7.8 magnitude earthquake
13th Asar, 072
15th Asar, 072 Nepal was again hit by 6.8 magnitude
earthquake.
30th Bhadra, 072
3rd Asoj, 072 Four parties signed in 16 point agreement to
5th Asoj, 072 draft new constitution.
25th Asoj, 072
11th Kartik 072 Kathmandu valley was declared as a acrisis hit
27th Mangsir, 072 zone.
9th Magh, 072
26th Magh, 072 International Reconstruction Conference was
held in Kathmandu.

The Constitutional Drafting Committee (CDC)
finalized its 1st draft of constitution

The CDC tabled the preliminary draft of new
constitution in the CA-II for deliberation among
CA members.

Constitution Bill was passed.

The Constitution of Nepal-2072 was
promulgated.

India imposed an unofficial blockade to Nepal

KP-Sharma Oli was elected as 38th pm and 8th
pm after Peoples Movement II.

Bidhya Devi Bhandari was elected as 1st female
president.

Bhaktapur was declared as literate district with
96.74 literacy%.

1st amendment of the Constitution of Nepal
2072.

Former PM Sushil Koirala died.

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18th Chaitra, 072 Grading based SLC was conducted for the 1st
time.
19th shrawan, 073
New cabinet was formed under the premiership
31st Baushakh 074 of Pushpa Kamal Dahal.
24th Jestha, 074
First phase election of local bodies was held.
14th Asar, 074
2nd Asoj, 074 New cabinet formed under the premiership of
28th Asoj, 074 Sher Bahadur Deuwa.
10th Mangsir, 21 Mangsir
Second phase election of local bodies was held.
3rd Magh, 074
3rd round of local level election was held.
24th Magh, 074
3rd Falgun, 074 Parliament was dissolved.

21st Falgun, 074 1st and 2nd round of poll of federal parliament
26th Falgun, 074 and provincial parliament was held.

28th Falgun, 074 Government declared temporary capital of each
province.
29th Falgun, 074
30th Falgun, 074 Election of National Assembly was held.

1st Chaitra, 074 PM Sher Bahadur Deuwa resigned and KP Oli
2nd Chaitra 074 became 41st PM.

4th Chaitra 074 1st meeting of federal parliament was held.

Krishna Bahadur Mahara become speaker of
HoR.

49 people were killed in US Bangala Bs - 21
crash in TIA.

Bidhya Devi Bhandari became 3rd president

Ganesh Timilsina became chairman of National
Assembly.

Deepak Raj Joshi became acting chief justice.

Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe became deputy
speaker of HoR.

Nanda Bahadur Pun became vice president
and Sashikala Dahal became vice-chairman of
National Assembly.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 373

3rd Jestha, 075 CPN (UML) and maoist merged as Nepal
Communist Party.
18th Shrawar, 075 Cabinet was expanded for 4th time
1st Bhadra, 075 Muluki Ain 2074 was implemented
14th ,15 Bhadra, 075 4th BIMSTEC summit was held in Kathmandu.
15th Falgun, 075 7 people including Tourism minister died in
helicopter crash.
17th Chaitra, 075 Tornado occurred in Bara, Parsa.
5th Baishakh, 076 Nepali Satellite launched.
5th-11th Baishakh, 076
7th Jestha, 076 8th National Game in Nepalgunj.
Kami Rita Sherpa scaled Mt. Everest for 24th
13th Asoj 076 time world record.
4th Mangsir 2076 Nepal was declared open defecation free zone.
14th Mangsir 076 Cabinet was reshuffled.
15th-24th Mangsir 076 Election was held.
27th Poush 076 13th SAG was held in Nepal.

9th Magh 076 Province No. 3 was named as Bagmati and
12th Magh 076 Hetauda was declared as capital.
Election of National Assembly was held.
Magh 10, 2076
Agni Sapkota was elected as speaker of House
Falgun 19, 2076 of Representative.
Chaitra 5, 2076 A Nepali student was tested positive from
Chaitra 10, 2076 COVID-19.
Jesth 3, 2077 15th plan was endorsed.

Jesth 7, 2077 SEE 2076 was postponed.

Nepal went into nationwide lock down.

Nepal reported it's first COVID-19 related
death.
Nepal government released its new map.

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Visit Nepal 2020

Corona Virus

The 2019 novel corona virus is now named severe acute
respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) while
the disease associated with it is referred to as COVID-19.
Corona viruses are viruses that circulate among animals but
some of them are also known to affect humans. After they
have infected animals, they can eventually be transmitted to humans. SARS-
CoV-2, was identified in China at the end of 2019 and is a new strain of corona
virus that has not been previously identified in humans.

What are coronavirus infections?

Corona viruses are a group of common viruses. They are named for the crown-
like spikes on the surface of the virus. Some corona viruses only affect animals,
but others can also affect humans. Most people get infected with human corona
viruses at some time in their life. They usually cause mild to moderate upper-
respiratory infections, like the common cold. But they can also cause more severe
illnesses such as bronchitis and pneumonia.
There are several different types of human corona viruses, including corona virus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona viruses.

How are corona virus infections spread?

Human corona viruses usually spread from an infected person to others through
• The air by coughing and sneezing
• Close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands
• Touching an object or surface with the virus on it, then touching your mouth,

nose, or eyes before washing your hands.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 375

Who is at risk for corona virus infections?

Anyone can get a corona virus infection, but young children are most likely to get
infected.

What are the symptoms of corona virus infections?

The symptoms depend on the type of corona virus and how serious the infection

is. If you have a mild to moderate upper-respiratory infection such as the common

cold, your symptoms may include

• Runny nose • Headache

• Cough • Sore throat

• Fever • Not feeling well overall

Some corona viruses can cause severe symptoms. The infections may turn into

bronchitis and pneumonia, which cause symptoms such as

• Fever, which may be quite high if you have pneumonia

• Cough with mucus

• Shortness of breath

• Chest pain or tightness when you breathe and cough

Severe infections are more common in people with heart or lung diseases, people
with weakened immune systems, infants, and older adults.

What are the treatments for corona virus infections?

There are no specific treatments for corona virus infections. Most people will get
better on their own. However, you can relieve your symptoms by

• Taking over-the-counter medicines for pain, fever, and cough. However, do
not give aspirin to children. And do not give cough medicine to children
under four.

• Using a room humidifier or taking a hot shower to help ease a sore throat
and cough

• Getting plenty of rest

• Drinking fluids

Can corona virus infections be prevented?

Right now, there aren't any vaccines to prevent human corona virus infections.
But you may able to reduce your risk of getting or spreading an infection by

• Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap
and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at
least 60% alcohol.

• Avoiding touching your face, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands

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• Avoiding close contact with people who are sick

• Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that you frequently touch

• Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue. Then throw away the tissue and
wash your hands.

• Staying home when sick.

As of May 23, 2020 Cases of Nepal As of Jestha 10, 2077
• Death toll = 3
• Death toll = 3,40,695 • Confirmed cases = 584
• Confirmed cases = 53,39,003 • Recovered cases = 70
• Recovered cases = 21,78,850 • Infected districts = 40
• Infected country = 216
Sources: Ministry of Health and Population
Sources: WHO

Evaluation Exercises
1. Very short questions

a. Who won the Nobel Prize in literature in 2019 and why?

b. What is the slogan of Visit Nepal 2020?

c. What should we do to control Dengue Fever?
d. When was the Constitution of Nepal 2072 promulgated?

e. What should we do to control CORONA Virus?

2. Short answer questions

a. Is it appropriate to test missile and nuclear weapons or not? Give your
opinion in 4 points.

b. What are the criteria to receive Noble prize in any field?
c. Offer any four positive effects of the "Visit Nepal 2020"

d. Write down any four contemporary events which took place in Nepal
and write down their effects.

e. Discuss any four events which have taken place recently in the world
along with their features.

Community Work

What incident took place recently in your community? Prepare a news article
on it.

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 377

Revision Exercise

a. Are you satisfied with the activities performed by Nepal in UNO? Why?
b. List out the contributions of Nepal being a member of UNO.
c. Nepal is a peace loving nation. Justify this statement in paragraph.
d. What is peacekeeping force? Discuss its responsibilities.
e. Write down the differentiation between ambassador and consulate.
f. What are the importance of diplomatic mission?
g. Prepare an editorial about the election process of USA.
h. Discuss any four events which have taken place recently in the world along

with their features.

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Model Question F.M. : 75

Sub: Social Studies

Time: 2 hrs 15 min

Group A

Very Short Answer Questions [7×1=7]
1. Write any two characteristics of a society.
2. Write the uses of Halo and Sanduk.
3. Write one difference between Pata and Mandala paintings.
4. What is bullying? Write in a sentence.
5. Which is the first book written on Nepalese history? Who wrote it?
6. What do you mean by the commercialization of agriculture?
7. What do you mean by UN peacekeeping mission?

Group B

Short Answer Questions: [10×4=40]

8. Why is the National Anthem considered our national glory?

9. Mention the strategy and some major programs of Fourteenth plan regarding the
road transportation.

10. Temples, monasteries, mosques are our important assets. Suggest any four ways
for the protection and promotion of them.

11. “Conflict is a base for the development”. Present your opinion in a paragraph.

12. Write a letter to your pen pal clarifying him/her how the Constituent Assembly
was formed in Nepal.

13. What will be the time of New York at 750 W longitude when it is 3 pm in Madras
at 800 E longitude?

14. Into what grades can rivers of Nepal be divided based on origin and water volume?
Describe them briefly.

15. Show the following facts of Nepalese history in time line:

Date Event

1801 BS Conquest of Nuwakot

1819 BS Conquest of Makwanpur

1822 BS Conquest of Kirtipur

1825 BS Conquest of Kantipur

Our International Relationship and Co-operations 379

16. Explain any four problems of agricultural commercialization in Nepal in brief.

17. Why do you think the role of diplomatic mission is important to strengthen the
relationship between the countries? Write in four points.

Group C [4x7=28]
Long answer questions:

18. Prepare a model of editorial for a daily newspaper about the positive impacts seen
in the government authorities and communities from the the provision of ‘Right to
Information’.

19. Insert the following facts after sketching the full-pageoutline map of Nepal:

i) Mahendra Highway ii) Kaligandaki River

iii) Muktinath iv) Rara Lake
v) Mt. Everest

Or,

Draw an outline map of Asia and insert the following facts facts:

i) Sri Lanka ii) Tibetan Plateau

iii) Steppe grassland iv) Arabian Sea

20. You must have visited to the local place of historical or religious importance and
carried out your research paper as a part of social studies. Now prepare a report on
the basis of following points:

i) Title and introduction of your visit ii) Objectives of visit

iii) Methodology you used iv) Findings of your visit

v) Conclusion

Or,

“Our ancestors are our guides”. Justify with the examples of social structure, rites,
traditions, lifestyles and judicial system developed by our ancestors.

21. What is foreign trade? Explain any three problems of foreign trade in Nepal and
their solutions.

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