religion were his key messages. He passed ten-points resolution called
Satya Dharma Muchulka and announced various codes of conducts to
be followed by Kirant communy. They were related to ethnic, economic,
social and religious reforms in the Limbu community. His advices
were to eradicate the prevailing social evils among the Kirants such
as consuming alcohol, gambling, sacrificing animals, birds etc. He
encouraged the people to establish temples and schools in every village
to educate children of Kirant community and to be honest and guided
by good deeds. He also built many shrines. He was declared as a national
hero on 16th Mangsir, 2066 BS.
Glossary
charisma : talent, brilliance
eminent : reputed, well known
scriptures : the holy books
virtuous : religious, righteous
incarnation : a period of life in a particular form, embodiment
renounced : leave, give up
quest : search for something
allurement : temptation
sovereignty : supreme power or authority
trauma : a mental condition caused by severe shock
memorial : something established to remind people or event
adversary : one's opponent in a contest, conflict or dispute
revolt : a protest against authority
philanthropist : contributor, donor
commemorate : recall and show respect for something
avalanche : a mass of snow, ice and rocks that falls down from the
mountain
phenomenal : extraordinary, outstanding
Our Tradition, Social Norms and Values 101
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Collect the photos of our national luminaries and paste in a chart
paper. Mention their contribution.
b. Conduct an oratory program on the topic "Contribution of National
Heroes".
c. Discuss among your friends and make a list of the roads, buildings
and other public properties named after the National Heroes and their
condition and display in the class.
2. Answer these questions in short.
a. Who are called national heroes?
b. What type of inspiration do you get from the national luminaries?
c. Write briefly about the contribution of Bhanubhakta in the field of
Nepali language and literature.
d. Write a letter to your friend mentioning about the bold act of Pasang
Lhamu Sherpa and the lesson to be learned from her.
e. Why King Prithvi Narayan Shah called the Founder of Modern Nepal?
f. Suggest any five major conditions for common people to be included in
the name list of national heroes.
g. If you were given the responsibility to add up one more name in the list
of national luminaries, whom would you suggest and why?
h. Mention the role of government to honor the national luminaries and
commemorate their contributions.
Community Work
There might be someone who has contributed significantly for the welfare of
your community. Take interview with him/her and prepare a report on his/her
life history, source of inspiration, major contribution to the community and
his/her further planning based on your interview.
102 Social Studies Book - 9
Lesson
6 Sympathy and Cooperation
The quality of understanding other's feelings, views, difficulties and aspirations is
known as sympathy. We, human beings are social and sensitive creatures. We
need to express our deep pity and sorrow in someone's misfortune. We should
have understating and common feelings among us. If we have sense of sympathy,
we can realize other's difficulties, sorrows, feelings etc. and take them as our own.
Sympathy is a true humanitarian ethic.
Nowadays, many people are becoming selfish along with modernization,
industrialization and urbanization. They have become so materialistic and
mechanical that the feeling of sympathy in them is being gradually decreased.
People are much occupied
in their own business and
becoming self-oriented. The
trend of understanding other's
feelings, sorrows, difficulties,
views is being decreased day
by day owing to the selfishness,
avarice and luxuriousness
developed in human beings.
However, it is not applicable
for all. Some people possess
sympathy wholeheartedly.
They are ready to feel and share the problems of others. For instance, the great
devastating earthquake took the life and property of many people in 2072 BS. Many
people became homeless, orphan and destitute. They were in need of sympathy
and cooperation. Many Nepalese people and people around the world supported
them. Some people involved in rescuing them at the risk of their life and some
were busy in management. They supported them in terms of cash and required
goods for their urgent necessities management. People with humanitarian value
are always ready to assist the victims and sufferers in such crisis. There are other
many examples of human support to the needy people when they were victimized
Our Tradition, Social Norms and Values 103
by natural disasters like flood, landslide, earthquake etc. These incidents prove
that sense of sympathy and cooperation in the people has not been completely
uprooted.
Cooperation is the process of working together to solve the problems. Sympathy
enables sharing the problems, and sharing the problems encourages the people
for combine effort to solve the problems in time. We have various needs and
necessities that cannot be fulfilled with our single effort. We are unable to address
the problems that take place all of a sudden in our day-to-day life. In fact, we need
each other's cooperation in each step of our life. There are three types of
cooperation. They are voluntary, mandatory and self-interested. Voluntary
cooperation is the best one from the humanitarian point of view as it is spontaneous
cooperation that strengthens our relation. Mandatory cooperation my cause
enmity and self-interested may cause dishonest.
We live in a society. It is essential to
maintain cordial relationship with all
by understanding their feelings and
conditions. If we have the feelings of
sympathy and cooperation, no one
will suffer from torture, exploitation
and discrimination. The mutual
help, understanding and cooperation
helps to develop social etiquette,
coordination and solidarity. It helps to
maintain peace which is the first and
foremost condition needed for prosperity and happiness. It enhances closeness
and intimacy. As a result, the works can be carried out easily and prosperity
and happiness of a society can be maintained. In the absence of sympathy and
cooperation, there will be hatred, enmity and conflict, which ultimately results
into war and devastation of human civilization and development works.
Nepalese society is full of diversity. People of different religions, cultures, languages,
races reside here in different geographical areas. It is essential to strengthen
racial, religious, lingual, gender and regional cooperation for the progress and
prosperity of Nepal and Nepalese people. Everyone expects something good from
others in a society and it is applied to us. It is natural because we are social by
nature. If a person doesn't get any support from others, s/he becomes alone and
feels insecure, terror and frustration. We have observed many insurgencies, civil
104 Social Studies Book - 9
wars and world wars I and II. We have already gone through the bitter experiences
of wars and conflicts. We have experienced a decade long Maoist insurgency in the
country. Such wars and conflicts leave only negative impacts like pain, insecurity,
chaos etc on people. Therefore, sympathy and cooperation are inevitable for the
formation of a cultured, harmonious, happy and prosperous society.
humanitarian : concerned with human welfare Glossary
materialistic : concerned with money and physical comfort than
anything else
destitute : without the basic necessities of life
devastation : great destruction or damage
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Organize a speech contest on "Importance of sympathy and
cooperation".
b. Discuss with our friends about the possible consequence of lacking
sympathy and cooperation in the society.
2. Answer these questions in short.
a. What do you mean by sympathy and cooperation? Explain with
examples.
b. Why do you think sympathy and cooperation are very essential for the
countries like Nepal? Explain with your logics.
c. Write any five effects on Nepalese society of a decade long Maoist
insurgency in Nepal.
d. Write the advantages of sympathy and cooperation in points.
e. What are the disadvantages of misunderstanding and conflict?
Community Work
Prepare a report on how the people in your community maintain sympathy and
cooperation at the time of crisis.
Our Tradition, Social Norms and Values 105
Lesson Peace Culture
7
Peace refers to the state of being free from any kind of violence, disturbance,
misunderstanding and conflict. Peace culture is a commitment to peace building,
mediation, conflict prevention and resolution. It is a culture of developing mutual
love, respect and unity by accepting peace and rejecting violence for the sustainable
global peace. Peace culture is maintained through peace education, tolerance,
mutual respect, interfaith dialogue and reconciliation. It is an indispensable
condition for the development of an individual, community, a nation and the entire
world. It is almost impossible to live a life with pleasure in violence, panic and
chaotic environment. Peace culture is a system of solving the problems peacefully
through table talk, discussion and negotiation. Peace culture is a positive value,
perspective and approach against violence and war, and not merely the absence
of war or conflict and non-involvement in any activity during violence. It helps
to reduce the disputes among family, community, society, nation and the entire
world.
Need of the Peace Culture
Peace is essential for progress and
prosperity of individual, community,
society and a nation. An individual can't
live peacefully in pressure, tension,
conflict and violence. The ultimate goal
of every individual is to attain pleasure,
which is not possible to achieve only by
physical and economic progress. Physical
and economic progress is not possible in
the absence of peace either. An individual
can attain pleasure if s/he enjoys fundamental rights and freedom in peaceful
environment. Peace culture minimizes misunderstanding and promotes the
feeling of brotherhood. It resolves prevailing as well as possible conflicts and
violence through dialogue and negotiation. Thus, the development of peace
culture is essential for unity, fraternity, cooperation, love, pleasure, progress,
prosperity and overall development of the entire world community.
106 Social Studies Book - 9
Nepal is the birthplace of Lord Buddha, and the Royal sage Janak. It is the
meditation site for Vyas Rishi. Our country is popularly known as the country of
unity and diversity. There has not been any conflict among the Nepalese in the
name of caste, religion, culture, language until this date. We need peace culture to
carry on unity in diversity and tolerance too. Moreover, peace culture promotes
creativity, cooperation and overall development but conflict creates destruction
and division.
Role of Dialogue and Consensus in Peace Culture
The emergence of misunderstanding, conflict and war is the outcome of
dissatisfaction. When an individual is deprived of fundamental rights, freedom
of equality, equal existence and respect, then misunderstanding, conflict and war
take place. Illiteracy, poverty, ignorance, greediness, hatred, economic, social
inequality, discrimination, injustice, prejudice and strong desire for power are
the major challenging factors for peace culture. To address these challenges, we
need peaceful dialogue and understanding. Only dialogue, understanding and
consensus establish peace culture. Therefore, there should be freedom, justice,
social equality, cooperation, unity, tolerance, democracy etc. in every level
of society and a nation. There should be dialogue and consensus between the
individuals, communities and the societies to solve any sort of problem.
The following measures should be followed for the maintenance of peace culture:
1 Peaceful solution of conflict through mutual understanding and respect,
2 Pay due respect toward democracy, human right and fundamental freedom,
3 Develop the attitude of dialogue, table-talk and consensus,
4 End of poverty, illiteracy, inequality and discrimination,
5 Guarantee of social and economic development,
6 Transparent, accountable and good governance,
7 End of discrimination and narrowed nationality,
8 End of intolerance on the basis of caste,
9 Unity and solidarity among all cultural, racial, lingual, religious and regional
groups,
10 Assurance of protection and participation to marginalized, underprivileged
and ethnic minorities,
11 Restriction of the manufacturing and supply of arms, ammunition and
nuclear power.
Our Tradition, Social Norms and Values 107
The world is facing and suffering from number of conflicts due to intolerance,
poverty, social inequality, discrimination, feeling of racial superiority, strong
desire for power etc. These are the great hindrances for peace culture. In order to
combat this situation and maintain peace culture, the government and all civilians
should play positive role. Conflict is the result of our negative attitude and violent
thought. Therefore, we should develop positive attitude, respect others, maintain
social equality, develop the culture of handling adverse situation peacefully
through dialogue, negotiation etc. to establish sustainable peace culture.
mediation : intervention in a dispute to resolve itGlossary
reconciliation : restoration of friendly relation
solidarity : unity
underprivileged : having less money and fewer opportunities
intolerance : unwillingness to respect the views, beliefs of other
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Prepare a chart of the roles to be played by individual, society and the
state in order to establish the sustainable peace culture.
b. Discuss among your classmates about the advantages of peace culture
and write your conclusion.
2. Answer these questions in short.
a. What is peace culture? What are its challenges?
b. What is the ultimate goal of every individual? How can it be achieved?
c. Highlight the importance of peace culture.
d. "Peace culture should be started from our home." Justify the statement.
e. What measures should be followed to maintain peace culture?
Community Work
There might be some traditional method of maintaining peace in your
community. Consult some responsible authorities or people and list some
methods being used to solve the problems.
108 Social Studies Book - 9
Revision Exercise
a. What are the three types of Nepalese paintings? Introduce them.
b. Justify that our traditional paintings reflect the Nepalese culture and history.
c. What is wall painting?
d. Describe the condition of sculpture in Nepal during Malla period.
e. “Most of the statues in Nepal are influenced by religion than art”. Give
reasons.
f. What are the differences between ancient and modern architecture?
g. Describe in brief with examples about the types of Nepalese architecture.
h. What is religious tolerance? How is it being maintained in Nepal?
i. What is secularism? What are its advantages?
j. “There is religious tolerance in Nepal since ancient time.” Justify it.
k. Make a list of luminaries of Nepal.
l. Write short note on “Contribution of Gautam Buddha”.
m. Highlight the contribution of Bhanubhakta in promoting Nepali language.
n. Why is King Prithvinarayan Shah regarded as the Founder of Modern Nepal?
o. What type of inspiration do we get from Pasang Lhamu Sherpa?
p. Do you agree that the feeling of sympathy and cooperation is being decreased
day by day in our society? Give reasons.
q. What are the advantages of sympathy and cooperation?
r. What are the obstacles of peace culture? How can they be solved?
s. What may be your role as a student to maintain peace culture ?
t. "Peace culture has to be started from our home". Elaborate the statement.
Our Tradition, Social Norms and Values 109
4Unit
Social Problems and
Solution
Contents of the Unit
Identification of Social Problems and Evils
Corruption
Prostitution, Addiction and Bullying
Contribution of Local and National Level Organizations in Social Reforms
Efforts made for Social Reforms in Nepal
Conflict Cycle and Its Resolution
Expected Competency
identify the social problems and evils and find out measure for solution
define corruption, causes and controlling measures
know the causes of prostitution, drug abuse, bullying and their consequences
know the role of local and national level organization in social reforms
involve actively in the constructive works for social reforms
know the efforts for social reforms carried out in Nepal
identify the causes of conflict and
analyze the conflict cycle and its management.
110 Social Studies Book - 9
Lesson Identification of Social
Problems and Evils
1
We are social beings. We live in the society. Society is the organized group of
people. Society gives us protection and strength for development. However, there
are certain malpractices and perversions in the society. They create hindrances
and difficulties in its smooth functioning. These are the obstacles for peace,
prosperity and cooperation. Such malpractices, hindrances and difficulties are
known as social problems. Almost all the societies in the world have been facing
some sort of problems, but the degree of problems varies with place, religion,
situation, belief, caste, and individual. People involve themselves in some
antisocial activities in the name of tradition and religion. Such inhuman activities
are known as social evils.
There are various causes of social problems. The superstitious beliefs, prevalence
of illiteracy, ignorance, traditional norms and values, political instability,
negligence of people etc. are some of the causes of social problems and evils. Such
social problems and evils: affect not only an individual and a community, but also
entire nation adversely.
Though social problems and social evils look quite similar, there are some
fundamental differences between them. Social problems are bad social practices
that have been socially generated by either an individual or a group in a society
such as drug abuse, girls trafficking, alcoholism, gambling, poverty, corruption
etc. Social evils are antisocial activities or inhuman acts practiced in the name of
religion and tradition such as discrimination, untouchability, child marriage etc.
The prevailing social problems and evils based on Nepal's geographical structure,
social structure and economic status can be studied under the following sub-
topics:
Social Problems and Solution 111
a. Conservative Tradition and Culture
There are still many traditional and conservative
people in different societies. They are not ready
to accept the changes. They want to give the
continuation of old traditional values. They are guided
by superstitious norms and beliefs. Such problems
are prevailing in our society as well. Many people
are victimized and accused of witches especially
females, across the country. Besides, Chhaupadi Pratha Chaupadi pratha
(in Sudur Paschim), Deuki Pratha (in Sudur Paschim), Kamlari and Badi
Pratha (in Sudur Paschim),
Polyandry (Himalayan region),
Dowry system (Terai region),
Jhuma Pratha (Himalayan
region) etc. are still in practice
due to illiteracy, ignorance
and superstitious beliefs. The
daughters are getting married in
their early age due to the belief
of getting sanctity. Such belief
promotes child marriage and
domestic violence. Consuming
alcohol during ceremonies and Child marriage
festivals is mandatory in some
cultures, which have made the youngsters habitual to consume alcohol.
Such activities have been causing the rise of many problems in the society.
b. Discrimination
The prevailing discrimination based
on caste, gender, region, ethnicity,
language, class, disability in our
society has also created social evils.
Our society is male dominated society.
There is domination of male over
female. Similarly, the third gender
people are insulted. Males are more
privileged than women. Most of the
women are confined within the household chores.They are not allowed to
112 Social Studies Book - 9
take decisions. They are deprived of right to property and right to social
gatherings. They have to depend upon males for even the minor things. The
gender discrimination is still in existence in our society due to our existing
social structure, ignorance and low economic status of women. There is high
possibility of lagging behind from the main stream of development for some
communities due to lingual discrimination. Though laws are made for equal
legal right to all physically challenged, ethnic group, class, gender, language,
religion, culture, they are not implemented effectively. Thus, we haven't
been able to achieve expected success in solving social problems.
c. Economic Inequality
There is a huge gap between rich
and poor people in our society due
to unequal distribution of land and
other resources. They have different
economic status. Rich people are much
privileged and maintaining luxurious
life whereas poor people are compelled
to live below the poverty line being
deprived of many opportunities. Such
varied economic status gives rise of
clashes in the society. The high-class people suppress the low class people.
There is high chance of occurring social insurgency as well due to economic
inequality. The problem of theft, robbery may increase in the society.
d. Misuse of Technology
This is the age of information and
technology. The innovation of science and
technology has made our life easy and
comfortable. However, the misuse of
technology has equally created the threat
in the society.People are not using them
properly, honestly and responsibly.
Irresponsible people are committing
Cybercrimes by using internet, email, websites, and social networks like
facebook, twitter etc. Many innocent people including women and children
are being victimized by such cybercrimes. Besides, children may learn bad
habits, our culture may be replaced by foreign culture, and criminals may
expand their network through these means. Therefore, cybercrimes are our
Social Problems and Solution 113
serious challenges. We have to work jointly to control these challenges. The
integrated effort of individuals, communities, societies and the government
is essential to solve these problems. The people, who involve in cybercrime,
should be given legal punishment. The internet, google, websites, social
networks should be used properly and responsibly rather than misusing
them.
In addition to the problems mentioned
above, there are many social problems
and evils in our society. Child
labour, drug abuse, girls trafficking,
corruption, alcoholism, abduction,
prostitution etc. are the examples of
some other prevailing social problems.
The following measures should be
taken to solve the social problems and
evils from our society:
Sons and daughters should be equally treated.
Employment opportunities should be provided for all irrespective to
caste, gender, ethnicity etc.
Especial programs and policies should be launched to reduce poverty
and illiteracy.
Awareness programs against social problems and evils should be
conducted.
Corruption, discrimination, exploitation, feudality and orthodoxy
should be strictly regulated.
Strong voice should be raised for truth and justice.
All people should be made aware about their rights and responsibilities.
List of Social Problems and Evils
Social Problems and Evils.
1. Brain drain 2. Gambling
3. Smoking 4. Corruption
5. Drug addiction 6. Alcoholism
7. Dowry system 8. Girls trafficking
9. Human trafficking 10. Gender discrimination
11. Untouchability 12. Sati custom /self immolation
114 Social Studies Book - 9
13. Misuse of internet. 14. Superstition
Child labour
15. Religious and caste discrimination 16. Bulleying
Hacking
17. Child marriage 18. Prostitution
Domestic violence
19. Piracy 20. Pickpocketing
Chhavpadi system.
21. Check Bouncing 22. Extravagance
Unemployment
23. Kamaiya system 24. Jhuma system
Casteism.
25. Robbery 26. Intransperancy
Suicide
27. Chain snatching 28.
29. Devki system 30.
31. Ragging 32.
33. Cyber crime 34.
35. Criminal activities 36.
37. Racism 38.
39. Lingual Discrimination 40.
41. Inequality
malpractices : illegal behaviour Glossary
perversions : distortion or corruption
conservative : reluctant to change and holding traditional values
polyandry : the custom of having more than one husband at the same
time
privileged : having especial rights and advantages
innovation : introduction of new things
integrated : combined with other
regulated : controlled
Social Problems and Solution 115
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Discuss among your friends about the impacts of misuse of technology
like internet, facebook etc. in the society.
b. Collect different pictures that reflect the existing social problems and
evils in the society. Also, display in your class.
c. List out the existing social problems and evils in our society. Discuss
with your peer group about the causes of such problems and evils,
preventive measures and present in the class.
2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. Differentiate between social problems and social evils.
b. Who are called conservative people?
c. Make an effective slogan to discourage gender discrimination.
d. Write any two major causes of social problems in Nepal.
e. What measures should be followed to maintain peace culture?
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. What are the social problems and evils prevailing in our society?
Describe any two of them in brief.
b. "Social problems and social evils interrupt the progress and prosperity
of the entire nation." Justify this statement.
c. "Class difference is one of the major causes of social problem".
Elaborate it with your logic.
d. Complete the following table:
Effects Effects Effects of Effects of Effects
of child of brain smoking Alcoholism of dowry
marriage
drain system
e. What are the similarities and differences between social problems and
evils.
116 Social Studies Book - 9
f. What measures should be taken to solve the social problems and evils?
g. Study the given picture carefully and answer the questions.
i. Which problem does the picture indicate?
ii. Write any two causes of the problem.
iii. Write any two adverse effects caused by the problem.
Community Work
Your community might have been facing several social problems. Consult with
a social worker of your community in order to find the major problems, their
causes and measures of their solution. Prepare a report on your study and
present it in the class.
Social Problems and Solution 117
Lesson Corruption
2
Corruption is a dishonest and illegal act of misusing authority or power for personal
gain. It is the misuse of public property for
personal benefit. According to the Corruption
Control Act 2059, corruption is the act of
forgery, taking and giving commission, misuse
of public fund, leakage of customs, misuse of
public property, pressurizing others to work
for one's benefit etc. not merely the bribery
especially by the pubic post holders. Corruption is the serious social problem in
the underdeveloped and developing countries like Nepal. It creates obstructions
in the physical, social, economic and moral progress of any place or country.
Corruption is rampant in our country. It is deeply rooted in almost all the sectors
and any person at any level commits it. The public post holders commit corruption
individually and institutionally as well. No any sector is free from corruption in
Nepal, which has been the major cause of creating social conflict, inequality and
other problems. Public sectors are much corrupt followed by the political figures
as per the report of Transparency International published in 2016.
Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
Transparency International, an International Non-governmental Organization,
has been publishing the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of the world to aware
the people about corruption. Transparency International has been working as
a global corruption watchdog. The CPI refers to the league table that shows the
level of corruption of different countries in the world. The index ranges from 0
to 100 where 0 indicates the highest (most corrupt) and 100 indicates the lowest
(very clean) level of corruption. It is the composite index, combination of surveys
and assessments of corruption collected by a variety of reputed institutions.
118 Social Studies Book - 9
CPI Score: SAARC Nations
S.N. Countries Ranking CPI Score
Bhutan 25 68
1 India 78 41
2 Sri Lanka 89 38
3 Pakistan 117 33
4 Nepal 124 31
5 Bangladesh 26 28
6 Afghanistan 16
7 15
Source: Transparency International, 2019
Top 5 Least Corrupt countries in the World
S.N. Countries Ranking CPI Score
Denmark 1 88
1 New Zealand 2 87
2 Finland 3 85
3 Sweden 3 85
4 Switzerland 3 85
5 Norway 3
6 85
Source: Transparency International, 2019
Top 5 Most Corrupt countries in the World
S.N. Countries Ranking CPI Score
1 Somalia 182 10
2 N. Korea 182 10
3 Mynmar 180 15
4 Afganistan 180 15
5 Uzbekistan 180 15
Source: Transparency International, 2019
Causes of Corruption in Nepal
There are several causes of corruption in Nepal. Some of the major causes are
Social Problems and Solution 119
given below:
a. Socio-cultural Causes
Influence of foreign culture
Feeling of superiority
Extravagance
Boastful vanity
b. Political Causes
Political Interference
Non-transparent political donation
Political appointments without any standard criteria
Nepotism, favoritism
c. Managerial Causes
Lack of accountability
Irregular appointment and transfer
Monopoly of power
d. Judicial Causes
Lack of consistency in judicial decision
Service delay
In addition to above mentioned causes, there are other several causes of
corruption such as low salary, facilities and incentives, political instability and
poor governance, strong network of corrupted people, poor feeling of nationalism,
loop holes in laws, ignorance of people, anarchism and poor rule of law, lack of
strict law to punish corrupt people, etc.
Effects of Corruption
Poor people are deprived of justice.
Less faith on administration.
Breaching of laws is common.
Spread of anarchism as there is no effective implementation of laws.
There is no equal distribution of facilities.
Dissatisfaction among people may cause social insurgency.
Negative impact on socio-economic progress.
Solution Measures
Good governance and political commitment
120 Social Studies Book - 9
Social boycott to the corrupt
Avoid luxurious lifestyle
Transparency
Awareness against corruption
Provision of enough salary, facilities and incentives
Feeling of accountability and responsibility
Provision of strict law to punish corrupt people
Empowerment of the organizations working against corruption like
Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA), Police
Crime Division, National Vigilance Centre, Office of the Attorney General,
Ministry of Finance etc.
Efforts Made to Control Corruption in Nepal
The Constitution of Nepal 2072 has recognized Commission for the
Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) as a constitutional organ. It has
been conducting curative and preventive measures against corruption.
The action taken by CIAA
has spread the message
to the public and people
in power and authority
that involvement in
corruption is dishonest
act and will bring in legal
action.
Anti-corruption activities have been made more efficient after the
implementation of Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority Act
2048 and Corruption Prevention Act 2059.
National Vigilance Centre has been established in 2059 with the view to
helping to establish good governance and to control corruption. It has been
working under the direct supervision and control of Prime Minister.
The government has established Money Laundering Investigation
Department. Money Laundering Prevention Act 2063 and Money
Laundering Prevention Regulation 2064 have been implemented in Nepal.
Nepal has signed on the "United Nations Convention against Corruption" in
2003 and approved it by the parliament in 2011.
The government has been encouraging the common people to report the
cases of corruption to the government agencies by offering them rewards.
Social Problems and Solution 121
Lessons on corruption have been included in the curriculum of school and
college levels.
Various non-governmental organizations have been running public
awareness programs against corruption.
Mass media is also playing a vital role to check corruption by broadcasting
public awareness programs.
Glossary
forgery : the act of deceiving people by copying or duplication
rampant : spreading everywhere, unchecked
extravagance : habit of spending more than needed
boastful vanity : too proud of one's own achievements
anarchism : lawlessness
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Prepare posters and slogans against corruption and display in your
class.
b. Make a list of activities to be done to check corruption and discuss
among your classmates.
c. Organize an oratory program in your school on "Nepotism and
favoritism is also corruption".
d. Collect some news articles related to corruption and analyse the
present condition of corruption in Nepal.
2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. Define corruption.
b. What is CPI?
c. What is Transparency International?
d. What is the present CPI score of Nepal?
e. Write the full form of CIAA.
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. Why is corruption considered as a major social problem in Nepal?
122 Social Studies Book - 9
Explain with examples.
b. Write the roles of Transparency International to control corruption.
c. What are the causes of corruption in Nepal?
d. Write the efforts made to control corruption in Nepal.
e. Corruption in Nepal has not been completely controlled in spite of
joint effort of CIAA and other several organizations. Suggest any four
effective measures to stop it completely.
f. Mention the role of CIAA to control corruption in Nepal.
g. What is Transparency International? What are its functions?
Community Work
Prepare a report on "The perception of the people in your community regarding
corruption" by consulting some renowned people in your community.
Social Problems and Solution 123
Lesson Prostitution, Addiction
3 and Bullying
After group discussion on social problems, the conclusion made by different
groups are given below:
Title: Prostitution
Introduction: It is an act of being engaged in sexual activities for earning
money. It is a sexual misconduct. It is also known as flesh trade.
Present condition in Nepal: Though prostitution is an illegal and anti-social
act, some people have been found to be engaged in this act mainly in urban areas.
Some are even following it as a profession. Since it is an anti-social act, it needs
to be controlled urgently by our combined effort.
Major causes: Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, family disharmony etc. are
the major causes of prostitution.
Effects of prostitution: Loss of dignity and social prestige, high chance of HIV
infection and STDs, feeling of inferiority, exclusion from family etc.
Preventive measures: Poverty alleviation program, priority to women
education and empowerment, awareness program against prostitution, strict
implementation of law, tight security in border areas etc.
Presented by: Srijana Tamang
Group: Kanchanjunga
Group No. 1
Title: Addiction
Introduction : The habitual practice of taking drugs or being indulged in
something harmful is addiction. It includes all kinds of bad habits affecting the
health of individual, family and society. Taking drugs, gambling, taking alcohol,
smoking etc. are the main addiction in our society. Some people are addicted to
social networks like facebook, twitter etc. and misuse it.
Types : Drug addiction, alcoholism, gambling, misuse of Facebook etc.
124 Social Studies Book - 9
Major causes : Influence of bad company, ignorance, conflict in family,
excessive freedom, mental tension, misconception etc.
Effects : Loss of health, wealth and dignity, accidents, quarrels, criminal
activities, loss of faith from family and society etc.
Preventive measures : avoidance of smoking and chewing tobacco, avoidance
of bad company, mutual love and affection in the family, employment, awareness
program against addiction, creation of creative and recreational activities,
establishment of rehabilitation centres etc. Say NO to DRUG
Presented by: Bipul Chhetri Say YES to LIFE
Group: Annapurna
Group No. 2
Title: Bullying:
Introduction: Bullying is an act of dominating, insulting or mistreating others
who are weaker. Bullying includes several acts like threatening, frightening,
backbiting, physical or verbal attacking, irritating, spreading unnecessary rumors
etc. Boycotting someone from the group, showing egotism, making fun of others,
being arrogant etc. are also bullying. It is common in childhood but tending to
develop in upcoming stages as well.
Types: Verbal (using bad words),
physical assault (kicking, pushing), sexual
harassment (unwanted touching, vulgar
gesture), teasing, peer abuse, blackmailing,
hurting emotionally, cyber crime (misuse of
internet) etc. are common forms of bullying.
Major causes: Jealousy and hatred, sense
of revenge, habit of making fun of others,
less supervision, aggressive nature, willing to be superior etc.
Effects: Quarrel, dispute, creation of violence, insecurity, sense of revenge,
disturbs the personal and social relation, lack of cooperation, interruption in
socialization process, isolation, no value of respect, honour and coexistence etc.
Preventive measures: Counseling, encourage good works and discourage bad
works, moral education, proper guidance at school and home, develop the habit
of showing empathy to others etc.
Social Problems and Solution 125
Presented by: Aruna Subba
Group: Dhaulagari
Group No. 3
Efforts made to control prostitution, addiction and bullying:
Human Trafficking and Transportation Control Act, 2064 has been
implemented.
Frequent raiding of the prone area of prostitution by the police or security
forces.
Legal actions have been taken to those who are involved in such acts.
Programs related to women empowerment have been launched repeatedly.
Rehabilitation centers are established in different parts in the county.
Narcotic Drugs Control Act, 2033 has been implemented.
NGOs and INGOs, Social clubs have been organizing awareness programs.
Legal provision against any kind of torture
Moral and value based education system has been implemented.
deceiving : cheating, misleading Glossary
indulge : allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of something
egotism : giving self importance than anybody else
arrogant : showing one's own importance
assault : a physical attack
empathy : compassion, fellow feeling
raid : a surprise visit by the police looking for criminals
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Prepare a poster appealing everyone to be aware against addiction and
display in the school's notice board.
b. Organize a speech program in your school assembly on "Smoking is
injurious to Health".
c. Discuss among your friends on effective measures to control social
problems. Present your conclusion in the class.
d. Show the given statistic of the causes of violent death in Nepal in a
simple bar graph.
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Causes Number in %
Forceful use of physical power 24
Use of sharp weapons 21
Smothering 11
Burning 2
Use of explosive weapons 4
Unknown 13
Other 25
Source: World Health Organization, 2014
2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. What is prostitution?
b. Why do people start taking drugs?
c. What is bullying?
d. What is cyber crime?
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. What is addiction? Why do people become addict? Give reasons.
b. Why is prostitution considered as a social problem? Justify with your
rationale.
c. Mention the separate lists of effects of drug addiction on individual,
family and society.
d. What efforts have been made to check social problems such as
prostitution, addiction and bullying in our country?
e. If one of your friends requested you to take drug, what would you do?
Write your response.
f. Mention the preventive measures of prostitution.
g. "Bullying causes disputes, violence and destructive behaviors." Justify
the statement.
h. Mention the types of bullying and its preventive measures.
i. Make a comparative description of social problems prevalent in your
community in the past and at present.
Community Work
There might be some rehabilitation centers in your locality. Visit any one of
them and prepare a report on the effectiveness of the services they have been
providing to drug addicts.
Social Problems and Solution 127
Lesson Contribution of Local and National
4 Level Organizations in Social Reforms
Social service organizations are those institutions, which are established with
the aim of social reforms and selfless service to the needy people of the society.
There are several such social service organizations in Nepal. They have been
working to eradicate the social problems and evils and help the needy. They are
governmental and non-governmental in terms of funding and ownership. Some
such organizations provide their services in local level whereas others provide in
regional and national level. All organizations are working actively whether they
are local or national level organizations collectively for the welfare of the society.
Such organizations make substantial contribution to the country by conducting
various programs of social reforms. They are contributing remarkably in the field
of social transformation, public awareness, income generation, reconciliation,
peace and order, and all round development of the society.
The following table shows some of the local and national level organizations
working in Nepal and their main activities:
Social Organizations Works/Activities
Paropakar Sanstha Provides health services, education and shelter to
helpless and orphan children.
Aama Samuha Works for controlling the social problems and evils
like gambling, alcoholism etc.
Child Workers in Nepal Conducts campaign against child labour and works
Concerned Center (CWIN) for child rights.
Center for Victims of Helps the victims of torture and violence and fights
Torture (CVICT) against various kinds of violence.
Informal Sector Service Works for the protection and promotion of human
Center (INSEC) rights in Nepal.
Shakti Samuha Works for rescuing trafficked and vulnerable girls
and women and rehabilitates them.
Maiti Nepali Rescues the trafficked girls, women and rehabilitates
them, provides trainings and relief for their new
life.
128 Social Studies Book - 9
Sinkalama Program Helps in infrastructural development and
environmental conservation programs in
Sindhupalchowk, Kavrepalanchowk, Makawanpur
and Lalitpur.
Rachana Helps in community development programs in
Dhanusha.
Human Rights Concern Works for the protection of human rights.
Center
Himalayan Project Works for the cultural and educational development
in rural areas.
The number of NGOs has been increased in Nepal within last few years. It was
essential for Nepal government to affiliate all social service motive organizations in
the mainstream of national development. Nepal government issued Social Service
National Coordination Council Act, 2034 for developing coordination among the
various social service organizations working in Nepal. Similarly, Social Welfare
Council Act 2049 was issued to deal with entire NGO sector. It has been dealing
with the proper management and mobilization of organizations established
for social service and reformations. The council monitors and evaluates the
activities of such organizations. It is responsible for the promotion, facilitation
and coordination of the NGOs in Nepal. The role of social service organizations
is very important to bring social transformation and overall development of the
nation. The contributions of some NGOs are exemplary. Their contributions to
the society have been well recognized and have proved to be the true agent of
social transformation. However, not all registered organizations are active. Most
of the organizations are urban centered. They have limited their work in urban
areas. They don't want to go to villages where there is great need of their service.
They lack transparency in their financial transaction, programs and coordination.
Therefore, it is essential to promote the quality of service along with quantity of
such non-governmental organizations. It is necessary to extend their services to
remote and rural areas as well.
substantial : considerable, large in amount Glossary
transformation : a complete change in something
affiliate : to link something very closely with others
facilitation : the action of facilitating something, the act of assisting
Social Problems and Solution 129
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. There may be some social organizations working in your community.
Prepare a list of them and mention their functions.
b. Discuss with your friends on "Role of individuals for social reforms"
and present your conclusion in the class.
c. Visit any one social club in your community. Consult the responsible
persons and find the activities carried out by the club to control social
problems and evils. Prepare a report based on your findings and
present in the class.
2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. What is a social organization?
b. What is the role of Aama Samuha?
c. What is the full form of CVICT?
d. What does CWIN do?
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. What is meant by local and national level social organizations? Explain
briefly.
b. Draft a news report describing the activities carried out by Aama
Samuha in your district for social reforms.
c. Why are social service organizations regarded as agents of social
transformation? Explain with your logic.
d. "Nepal has been benefitted by the work of various social organizations".
Justify the statement.
e. Prepare separate lists of the roles that can be played by the teachers
and the students for social reforms.
f. Observe the given picture and answer the questions below:
i. What kind of social problem does the picture
depict?
ii. Which organization can help to solve this
problem?
iii. What is the main objective of this organization?
130 Social Studies Book - 9
g. Write a short note on the following organizations:
a. Maiti Nepal b. INSEC
c. Shakti Samuha d. Paropakar Sanstha
Community Work
Visit any one national level organization working in your district. Prepare a
report under the following headings:
¬¬ Name of the organization
¬¬ Brief introduction of the organization
¬¬ Objectives of the organization
¬¬ Activities
¬¬ Management
¬¬ Source of fund
Social Problems and Solution 131
Lesson Efforts Made for Social
Reforms in Nepal
5
Social reforms refer to the changes and improvement in the existing condition of
the society by abolishing different social problems and evils. There are various
problems existing in the society. No society in the world is free from social
problems and evils, but the degree of problems and evils may vary from society
to society, time and situation. Several efforts have been made to eradicate social
problems and disorder and to bring positive changes in the society from the past
to the present. The following major efforts have been made in Nepal for the social
reformation:
Jayasthithi Malla, a famous Malla King, started social reforms for the first
time in Nepal. He divided the people into different castes based on their
nature of work to bring social order. The division of labour was introduced
which increased the skill of people and their productivity. He also fixed
the rules for lifestyle, costumes and ornaments, rites and rituals for birth,
marriage, death etc.
King Mahindra Malla began decentralized judicial system by appointing
'Pradhans' to settle the local disputes and 'Kharidars' to solve the disputes
nationally.
Ram Shah, the King of Gorkha, brought great changes in justice and
measurement system. He improved measurement system by introducing
dhak, taraju, mana, pathi, etc in his kingdom. A saying "If you are deprived
of justice, go to Gorkha" was popular during his time due to the reforms
brought by him in justice system.
Prithvi Narayan Shah highly discouraged corruption through his divine
counsel by saying, 'both who take and give bribes are the great enemies of
the nation'.
Bhimsen Thapa was strongly against bribery and ended Dudh Khane
and Ghyu Khane system. He also ended the tradition of extravagance of
Newar community and impractical marriage system prevalent in other
communities.
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Janga Bahadur enacted the first written law in 1910 BS in the name of Muluki
Ain (Civil Code) and tried to bring social reforms. The code had prohibited
child marriage, Satee system, punishment to criminals that would mutilate
body parts, slavery etc. There was a provision of parental property to
unmarried women above 35 years of age.
Dev Shumsher brought remarkable change in education sector by
establishing several schools across the country.
Chandra Shumsher abolished the most inhuman practice 'Satee system' in
1977 BS. He also abolished slavery (Kamara, Kamari Pratha) in 1981 BS.
Juddha Shumsher discouraged the dowry system. Padma Shumsher also
established schools for girls to promote women education.
After the establishment of democracy in Nepal, Panchayat government
enacted the second Muluki Ain on 1st Bhadra 2020 BS which has been
considered as the greatest achievement in the field of social reforms. It
had made the legal provision for abolishing untouchability, child marriage,
polygamy etc. Land Reformed Act was introduced on 1st Poush, 2021 BS
and brought into practice.
In 2028 BS, National Education System plan was implemented to bring
reforms in education sector. The plan tried to reform the curriculum,
textbook, trainings, teacher's qualification etc.
After the restoration of democracy, a new constitution called, 'Constitution
of the Kingdom of Nepal' was promulgated on 23rd Kartik 2047, which
has made the constitutional provision for social reforms by ensuring
fundamental rights to the people.
The government abolished deep-rooted Kamaiya Pratha (bonded labour) in
2057 BS that was in practice for a long time in the Mid-Western and Far-
Western Development regions of Nepal.
After the success of people's movement 2062/63 BS, the reinstated
parliament made a historic declaration on 4th Jyestha 2063 by declaring
Nepal as a secular state. It is considered as the revolutionary political and
social reform in the country. The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 has
acknowledged secularism and political changes in the country. It also has
guaranteed additional fundamental rights to the citizens. The first meeting of
Social Problems and Solution 133
the Constituent Assembly-I held on Jesth 15, 2065 declared Nepal a federal
democratic republic state ending 240-years old monarchy. The government
abolished Haliya Pratha (Sudur Paschim) in the same year i.e. 2065 B.S.
The constitution of Nepal promulgated on 3rd Asoj 2072 has made a lot
of provisions for social reforms. It has made provisions for social justice,
equitable society, inclusive and federal state, women empowerment,
religious tolerance etc. It has established several new constitutional organs
such as National Women Commission, National Inclusive Commission,
National Aborigines Commission, National Tharu, Dalit, Muslim, Madhesi
Commissions to empower the disadvantaged and backward communities.
It has adopted the policy of empowering women, Dalit, Janjatis and other
disadvantaged groups of people.
Glossary
bribery : giving or taking money illegally to persuade somebody to
do something
extravagance : the habit of spending unnecessary money
mutilate : damage something very badly
inhuman : not human, very cruel
promulgate : announce something officially
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Compose a dialogue between two people on "Prevailing social evils" in
your community with the effective measures to solve them and present
in your class.
b. What were the reasons behind people's movement I and II? Discuss
with your friends in your class, find the possible reasons and display
in your class.
c. Prepare a flash card with meaningful slogan to create awareness
against any of the social problems.
d. You may have some problems in your class. Draft some rules as a
proposal to bring reforms. Discuss in group and implement them.
2. Answer these questions in very short.
134 Social Studies Book - 9
a. When was the first written law enacted?
b. What was the Divine Counsel of King Prithvi Narayan Shah regarding
bribery?
c. When was the Naya Muluki Ain (New Civil Code) enacted?
d. When was Haliya pratha abolished from Nepal?
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. What is social reform? Discuss the various ways to bring social reforms.
b. Describe in brief about the various efforts made in Nepal to bring
social reforms.
c. Write an editorial to any one national daily newspaper on "Efforts
made by the Nepal government after the establishment of democracy
in Nepal for social reforms in the nation".
d. Enlist the provisions made by the Muluki Ain (Civil Code) brought by
Janga Bahadur Rana in 1910 BS.
e. Highlight some of the constitutional provisions made by the
constitution of Nepal 2072 BS for social reforms.
f. "Merely the enactment of laws cannot bring social reforms, it needs
effective implementation." Justify this statement with your opinion.
g. What were the efforts made in Nepal for social reforms? Show them in
a time line.
h. Write short notes on:
i. Slavery
ii. Kamaiya system
iii. Satee system
iv. Bribery
Community Work
We have experienced significant changes within the last 10 years in our
community. Visit some community people and ask them about the changes
they have experienced and write a report on the basis of their response.
Social Problems and Solution 135
Lesson Conflict Cycle and Its
Management
6
Introduction:
Conflict is a clash or disagreement or argument between two or more opposing
individuals or groups. The sense of revenge between persons, communities,
institutions or states gives rise to conflict. It is a state of disharmony or controversy
between people with opposing opinions or principles or interests. It is originated
due to difference in beliefs and attitudes. It may take place at anytime, anywhere
with anybody. Conflict can take place between friends, classmates, family
members, communities, states etc.
Causes of Conflict and Its Types:
Though conflict is a natural phenomenon, it emerges due to various reasons. It
generally originates due to injustice, ignorance, misconception, partial behavior,
wrong information, greed, sense of revenge, poverty, uneven distribution of
means and resources, exploitation etc. Conflict within groups is often caused
by struggle for control over scarce resources. Conflicts can be categorized into
main three types. They are personal, group and organizational conflicts. Conflict
between two people due to mutual dislike and personality clash is known as
personal conflict. Scarcity of freedom, position, resources cause group conflict.
Organizational conflict is a state of serious disagreement due to actual opposition
of needs, values and interests between the people working together.
Phases of Conflict:
Conflict cycle is the cyclical process through which conflict passes by. It has
mainly five phases as stated by the sociologist Norman Shawchuck. They are
tension development, role dilemma, injustice collecting, confrontation and
adjustment. As per the opinion of some other sociologists, five phases of conflict.
The are insecurity and disbelief, conflict and violence, discussion and negotiation,
aftermath conflict and peace, discrimination free situation. These phases of
conflict help to understand the stage and intensity of conflict which are very
useful tools to reverse the conflict, cycle and bring resolution to present conflict
and minimize the future conflict.
136 Social Studies Book - 9
DfirsecPereismaictieun,aattiioonn Insecurity,
disbelief
Aftermath Conflict Conflict,
Conflict Cycle Violence
Discussion
and
Negotiation
Characteristics of Conflict:
State of tension and struggle
Involvement of two or more than two parties
May leave positive or negative impacts
Cyclical process
Indispensable part of society and natural phenomenon
Both the challenge and opportunity
Conflict Management:
When the conflict is not addressed on time, it causes much harm. The conflict
management is very important phase for reduction and elimination of all forms
of conflict, and to maintain peace and prosperity of a nation. It is the process
of peaceful ending of conflict, which minimizes the negative effects of conflict.
Prolonging situation of conflict leads towards the destruction and deterioration
of infrastructures of development. It ruins the peaceful environment. Overall
development of a nation is not possible amidst conflict. Thus, everyone should
be conscious about conflict and its mitigating measures. The disputants should
Social Problems and Solution 137
be ready for compromise. The win-win situation should be created, which
significantly reduces the negative outcomes and promotes positivity.
Techniques of Conflict Management:
Negotiaton Mediation Arbitration Litigation Adjudication
Third party Third Party's Legal Intervention
decision solution of Third
party
The discussion, table-talk or negotiation is the best way to settle dispute by the
disputants themselves. If it is not possible, other ways of settling the disputes can
be used like the mediation of third party, decision through impartial third party,
decision through legal process or decision through third party with the power to
interfere.
Read the text given below
There is a scarcity of drinking water in two neighbouring villages. Both the villages
depend upon the same source for their drinking water. They sometimes quarrel
with each other over the issue of drinking water. Recently the conflict reached at
its climax, the local representatives took initiation and the problem was solved.
However, the effect of conflict remained for some weeks. The local youth club
also conducted an interaction program in the presence of senior and intellectual
personalities of the village in order to improve the aftermath situation. It helped
to expand the positive relation among the villagers. Now, there is a harmonious
relation among the villagers. They actively participate in the development work in
other villages as well. They have been developing good understanding, cooperation
and sense of brotherhood. The youths of the village sometimes organize the sports
program, which is also helping to develop good relation among the people in the
village. There is active participation of the people from both the villages in the
marriage ceremony and other social functions as well. In this way the intimacy,
collaboration and cooperation is increasing gradually day by day among the
villagers.
138 Social Studies Book - 9
Glossary
revenge : the action somebody does to harm others for their wrong
deeds to him/her
disharmony : lack of agreement
controversy : disagreement, argument
misconception : incorrect opinion
confrontation : a hostile meeting between opposing parties
aftermath : something that follows from an event
mitigate : to make less severe
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activities
a. Discuss with your friends about conflict cycle.
b. Conduct an oratory program on "Conflict should end in win-win
situation".
2. Answer these questions in very short.
a. What is conflict?
b. Mention the types of conflict.
c. Mention any two features of conflict.
3. Answer these questions in short.
a. How does conflict occur in the society? Mention the causes.
b. What is conflict management? Why is it important?
c. "Conflict may have both the positive or negative consequences". Justify
with examples.
d. Write the process of conflict management in brief.
e. What roles can you play to solve the conflict between your friends as a
mediator?
f. Do you agree with an idea that conflict is both a challenge and an
opportunity? Write with example.
g. How can a conflict end in win-win situation? Elaborate with example.
h. "Conflict is also the way to development". Elucidate it by giving
examples.
Community Work
Your community may have faced some conflicts. Pick up any case of conflict
management of any particular dispute. Consult with the senior personalities
of your community and prepare a report based on their response. You may
include disputants' name, cause of the dispute, consequences, management
procedures and aftermath situation.
Social Problems and Solution 139
Revision Exercise
a. What are social problems and evils? What measures should be taken to
solve them?
b. What is cyber crime? Write the effects of cyber crime and controlling
measures.
c. “Conservative tradition and culture is a social problem”. Justify with
examples.
d. What is corruption? What are its causes?
e. Mention the role of CIAA to control the corruption.
f. What are the effects of corruption?
g. What is Corruption Perception Index (CPI)?
h. Why are social service organizations regarded as agents of social
transformation? Explain with your logic.
i. What are the causes of prostitution? How can it be controlled?
j. What is bullying? Mention the efforts made to check bullying.
k. Mention the effects of drug addiction on individual, family and society.
l. What is the full form of INSEC? What are its functions?
m. What are the functions of Maiti Nepal?
n. Mention the efforts made by the King Jayasthiti Malla for social reforms.
o. Why was National Education System plan introduced in 2028 BS?
p. "Merely the enactment of laws cannot bring social reforms, it needs effective
implementation". Justify this statement with your opinion.
q. What is conflict? How does it originated?
r. A conflict should end in win-win situation. What does it mean?
s. Write the process of conflict management.
t. Mention the types of conflict.
140 Social Studies Book - 9
5Unit
Civic Consciousness
Civic Consciousness 141
Contents of the Unit
An Introduction to Constitution
The Constitutional Development in Nepal
Constituent Assembly
Fundamental Rights
Duties of Citizens
Right to Information
Good Governance
Rule of Law
Democratic Conduct
Peace and Order
Civil Society
Unity in Diversity
Nationality and Subjects of National Concern
Expected Competency
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to:
Know about the constitution,
Present the chronological development of constitution in Nepal,
Explain about the importance of Constituent Assembly,
Explain the fundamental rights and duties,
Tell the importance of right to information,
Discuss about the roles of good governance and civil society.
Highlight the importance of rule of law,
Show the relationship between peace and order and development,
Maintain social harmony and understanding amongst people living in Nepal,
Be aware about the issues of national concern.
142 Social Studies Book - 9
Lesson An Introduction to
Constitution
1
Stating simply, a constitution is the main law of a nation. It comprises of the
principles and laws of a nation or state that determine the powers and duties of
the government. In addition, it guarantees certain rights to the people of the
particular nation. The constitution is primarily drafted to regulate the system of
government within a state. Hence, we can say that constitution is a set of political
principles by which a state is governed, especially in relation to the rights of the
people it governs.
Every state in the world
uses constitution to run
the government. Whether
the country is democratic
or autocratic, it adopts
constitution that suits
its ruling system. A
country's political,
economic, social, cultural
and geographical state
directly or indirectly
affects the constitution.
The types of constitution include written and unwritten constitutions, rigid and
flexible constitutions, and enacted and evolved constitution.
The countries like Nepal, India, Pakistan, France, etc. use written constitution
while the United Kingdom has unwritten constitution. India has the longest
written constitution while the US constitution is the shortest of this type. The
US constitution is also the first written constitution (1789 AD) of the world. The
constitution of the UK is the most flexible constitution while the US constitution
is the most rigid of all.
The people in a democratic country choose the form of government to suit their
particular circumstances and traditions. It means the people have the right to
put enduring limits on the government. Moreover, it internalizes people's right
Civic Consciousness 143
to self-govern. It aims at maintaining freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national unity, independence and dignity of the nation. It guarantees the most
basic rights of the people. It promotes equality, peace, justice and harmony. It
makes people and the state committed to a democratic system of governance, civil
liberties, human rights, periodic elections, full freedom of press, independent
judiciary and rule of law. In a sentence, constitution empowers people while
limiting the power of the rulers.
Functions of the Constitution
1. It determines the structure of the government.
2. It limits the power of the government
3. It manifests the seperation of power.
4. It ensures the fundamental rights of people.
5. It legitimates the functions of the state.
Characteristics of the good constitution
1. It must be clear.
2. It must be concise.
3. It should be comprehensible to the commons.
4. It should be democratic.
5. It must ensure the fundamental rights of the citizens.
6. It should protect and promote social and cultural solidarity,
tolerance and harmony.
A constitution is the major framework of the governance. It is the duty
of every person to study their country's constitution. We should act in
accordance with its principles and encourage others to do accordingly.
Glossary
rigid : strict
concise : brief
comprehensible : understandable
in a nutshell : brief
144 Social Studies Book - 9
Evaluation Exercises
1. Activity
a. Conduct a group discussion program on 'written and unwritten
constitution'. Ask them to present the conclusion in the class.
2. Answer these questions in very short
a. Define a constitution in a sentence.
b. Which is the oldest written constitution in the woman?
c. What is meant by public wish?
d. When was the first amendment of the constitution of Nepal, 2072
made? Write full date.
3. Short Answer Questions
a. Define constitution with its features.
b. Why should constitution be drafted according to the people will and
desires?
c. Why did Nepal have several practices of constitution within short
period of time? Write your views in four points.
d. Discuss the process of drafting constitution in Nepal.
e. Write any four reasons of drafting constitution by constituent assembly.
4. Long Answer Question
a. Discuss the characteristics of a good constitution.
Community Work
Conduct a discussion program with intellectuals, scholars and lawyers in your
community on the dimension of constitution, features and needs. Compare the
perception, ideas and mention the conclusion in point wise.
Civic Consciousness 145
Lesson The Constitutional
Development in Nepal
2
In the previous chapter, we introduced the constitution. Here, we shall see the
historical development of constitution in Nepal. As a matter of fact, Nepal doesn't
have a long history of constitutional development. The Nepal Government Legal
Act 2004 is considered to be the first constitution in the history of Nepal. Since
then, we have 7 constitutions in 70 years. The constitutional development process
in Nepal shows that Nepal is one of the fast constitution changing countries in the
world (in average, one constitution in every ten years). We shall briefly elaborate
each of these constitutions:
Nepal Government Act, 2004 BS
This is the first written constitution of Nepal. It was issued by the then Rana PM
Padma Shamsher on 13th of Magh, 2004 BS. It was supposed to be implemented
from first Baishakh, 2005 BS. It consisted of 6 parts, 68 articles, and 1 schedule.
Features:
(i) Fist constitution of Nepal,
(ii) Controlled by Shree 3,
(iii) Provision of fundamental rights (in Part 4) including religious
freedom, accessible justice,
(iv) Provision of bicameral legislature namely Rastriya Sabha and Bhardari
Sabha (Upper House),
(v) Declared by the Prime Minister,
(vi) Provision of the council of ministers,
(vii) Provision of legislature, judiciary and executive,
Limitations:
(i) The Council of Ministers to be formed and dissolved by the Rana
Prime Minister,
(ii) The Role of king was ignored,
(iii) It had no provision of the principle of separation of power.
146 Social Studies Book - 9
Nepal Interim Government Act, 2007 BS
This is the second written constitution, which was declared by King Tribhuvan
after the downfall of 104-year long Rana regime. It was promulgated on the 17thof
Chaitra, 2007 BS. It consisted of 7 parts, 73 articles, and 1 schedule. It came into
effect from the 29th of Chaitra of the year of its release. It was amended for 6 times
and remained in effect for 8 years.
Features
(i) Declared by the king,
(ii) Interim constitution,
(iii) Provisions of directive principles and policies of the government,
(iv) Provision of Election Commission,
(v) Provision of Public Service Commission and Auditor General,
(vi) Provision of fundamental rights,
(vii) Short constitution,
(viii) Reinforcement upon rule of law,
(ix) Uni-cameral senate parliament,
(x) Provision of Supreme Court, High Court.
Limitations:
(i) King could form and dissolve the Council of Ministers,
(ii) No provision of the principle of separation of power,
(iii) Despite having no provision of the amendment on it, the king amended
the constitution time and again.
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015 BS.
It was declared by King Mahendra on 1st of Falgun, 2015 BS. It was modeled as
British constitution. Comparatively, it is considered more democratic. It had 10
parts, 77 articles, and 3 schedules.
Features
(1) Bicameral parliament
Civic Consciousness 147
(2) Provision of Supreme Court
(3) Provision of fundamental rights
(4) Controlled by Shree 5
(5) Constitution established as the major law of the country.
(6) Nepali language declared as the national language.
(7) Constitutional provision for Election Commission, Public Service
Commission and Auditor General
(8) King's emergency power
(9) Constitutional monarchy
(10) Independent judiciary
Limitations:
(i) Fundamental rights could be made futile by the legislature,
(ii) Despite mentioning constitutional monarchy in the preamble, the
constitution conferred the king with much power,
(iii) Despite approving constitution as the main law of the land, it was
unable to change the law regarding the successor to the royal throne.
The Constitution of Nepal, 2019 BS.
The fourth constitution of Nepal gave constitutional recognition to the party-
less Panchayat system. It was brought into practice by King Mahendra on the
1st of Poush, 2019 BS. This constitution existed for the longest time (28 years)
among all the constitutions issued till this date. It has 20 parts, 97 articles and 6
schedules. It was amended in 2023 BS, 2032 BS and 2037 BS.
Features
(1) Party-less system
(2) Provision of national Panchayat
(3) Provision of people's fundamental rights
(4) Constitution as main law
(5) The sovereignty of the nation posited on Shree 5.
148 Social Studies Book - 9
(6) Supreme court as the appex court of judiciary
(7) 140-member parliament
(8) Provision of constitutional amendment.
Limitations:
(i) The Government was responsible to the king, not to the people.
(ii) Party-less system,
(iii) The king could interfere the verdict of the Supreme Court.
The Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 BS.
This constitution was promulgated by King Birendra after the success of the
people's Movement I on the 23rd of Kartik, 2047 BS. It consisted of 23 parts, 133
articles and 3 schedules.
Features
(i) Multiparty democracy
(ii) Sovereignty inherent in people
(iii) Rule of law
(iv) Constitutional monarchy
(v) Provision of more fundamental rights
(vi) Provision of constitutional bodies like Public Service Commission,
Election Commission, Auditor General and Commission for the
Investigation of Abuse of Authority.
(vii) Independent judiciary
(viii) It wasn't amended even a single time.
Limitations
a. No provision of referendum,
b. Ambiguous and vague to give power to the king,
c. No clear provision regarding the norms of social justice.
Civic Consciousness 149
The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 BS.
It was promulgated on 1st of Magh, 2063 BS. It was issued in the name of people
by legislative parliament. It consisted of 25 parts, 167 articles and 4 schedules. It
was brought into practice as the interim constitution after the success of people's
Movement II. It was approved by 7 political parties and the Maoists.
Features
(1) It established Nepal as a secular republican state.
(2) Unicameral legislature
(3) Recognition of Human Rights Commission as a constitutional organ
(4) Provision of constitutional remedy.
(5) Most amended constitution (12 times)
(6) Provision of fundamental rights
The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 BS.
This is the present constitution of Nepal. It was issued on 3rdof Ashwin 2072
BS. With its declaration, the Interim constitution of Nepal 2063 came to its
termination. It was promulgated by the former President Ram Baran Yadav. It
consists of 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules. It was amended on 9thofMagh
2072 BS.
Features
(1) Full press freedom.
(2) Sovereignty of Nepalese people.
(3) Executive rights on Council of Ministers.
(4) Declared by the President
(5) Democratic republican state.
(6) Nepal is declared as multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and
multi-cultural country.
(7) Can be amended as per the need of the nation.
(8) Federal model with 7 provinces
150 Social Studies Book - 9
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