CLASS-6 NEPALI BOOK

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नेपाल सरकार
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gk] fnL

sIff ^

k/LIf0fsf nflu

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

;fgf]l7dL, eStk/'

© ;jf{lwsf/ kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

o; kf7o\ k':ts;DaGwL ;Dk0" f{ clwsf/ kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' df
lglxt /xs] f] 5 . kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLsl[ tlagf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf
nflu o;sf] k'/} jf cfl+ zs efu xa' x' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jtg{ u//] ks| fzg ug,{ s'g}
ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo k|ljlwaf6 /s] 8{ ug{ / kl| tlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g} .

k/LIf0f ;:+ s/0f M lj=;+ @)&&

d"No ?=

kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf sg' } klg ks| f/sf ;´¬ fjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
sG] b|, ;dGjo tyf ks| fzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' 'g cg/' f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;´¬ fjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflbs{ :jfut ub5{ .

xfdf| ] egfO

ljBfyLd{ f bz] k|d] , /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf, nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf / ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; Pjd\
ljljwtfk|ltsf] ;Ddfgsf] efjgf hufO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kn] eflifs tyf ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf;
u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;} u/L ljBfyL{df ;"rgf / ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ko| fu] Pjd\ tfls{s lzNksf dfWodn] ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L j1} flgs cjwf/0ffnfO{
Jojxf/df ko| f]u ug{] bIftf clej[l4 klg ljz]if kIfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{df g}ltstf,
cgz' f;g, ;fdflhs / dfgjd"Noaf]w tyf rfl/lqs / gful/s u'0f tyf af]wuDo efiffsf] ljsf;
Pjd\ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / lbuf] ljsf;k|ltsf] ;hutf ckl] Ift 5 . sIffsf7] fsf] l;sfOn] ljBfyL{df
zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tL, :j:os/ hLjgz}nL, hLjof]kof]uL l;k, k];f / >dk|lt ;Ddfg tyf
Jojxf/ sz' n l;k ljsf; ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ljBfyLx{ ¿n] g]kfnL snf, ;flxTo / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f
u/L l;h{gfTds ko| f]u ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿df ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns kl/j]z af]w / ;b\efj Pjd\
;xcl:tTjafw] sf dfWodn] b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{] lzNk klg ljsf; x'g
cfjZos 5 . o; kIfnfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L /fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d k|f¿k, @)&^ cg;' f/ sIff ^ df k/LIf0f
ko| fh] gsf nflu of] kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .

o; kf7o\ k':tssf] n]vg >L au] ]Gb| ;'Aaf, >L b]jLk;| fb l3ld/,] >L /fdrGb| vgfn / >L 1fgZ] j/
lg/f}nfaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ o; ¿kdf Nofpg] sfod{ f o; sG] bs| f dxflgbz{] s >L sz] jk;| fb
bfxfn, kf| =8f= /d]zk;| fb e6\6/fO,{ 8f= gj/fh s66\ ]n, 8f= hfg'sf g]kfn, 8f= uLtf v/n] ,
>L lji0f' 1jfnL, >L gf/fo0fhª yfkf, >L 6s' /fh clwsf/L, >L u0fz] k|;fb e66\ /fO{ / >L k?' iff]Qd
l3ld/]sf] ofu] bfg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg >L OGb' vgfn / >L lrgfsd' f/L lg/fn} f
/ snf ;Dkfbg >L >Lxl/ >i] 7af6 ePsf] xf] . pxfFx¿nufot o;sf] ljsf;df ;n+ Ug ;Dk"0f{kl| t
sG] b| xflbs{ s[t1tf ks| 6 ub5{ .

kf7\ok:' tsnfO{ lzIff l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7o\ k':tssf] k|ofu] af6
kf7\oj|mdåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xofu] kU' g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok:' tnfO{
;s];Dd ljm| ofsnfkd'vL / ?lrs/ agfpg] ko| Tg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ cem} kl/is[t
kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL,{ cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/xg] xF'bf ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;e' mfjsf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflbs{ cg'/fw] ub5{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

lj= ;+= @)&& kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ljifo;"rL

PsfO ljifoj:t ' ki[ 7;ª\Vof

kf7 M! dfte[ "ldsf] cfjfh @

kf7 M@ sd' f/ ojj|mLt !%

kf7 M# g]kfnL ;:+ s[lt #)

kf7 M$ 5f]/fnfO{ lr7L $^

kf7 M% ;ªu\ Ltsf/ cDa/ u?' ª ^@

kf7 M^ rlDsnf cgx' f/x¿ *)

kf7 M& ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7'nf] !))

kf7 M* d]/f /x/x¿ !@@

kf7 M( hfuhfu !#*

kf7 M!) cfzfsf] lbof ] !%#

kf7 M!! ;xeflutfsf nflu lgjb] g !*#

kf7 M!@ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;g !*^

kf7 M!# nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf ] @)#

kf7 M!$ jgef]h @!^

kf7 M!% kfgLsf] syf @#(

kf7 M!^ dfofsf] 3/ @%^

cledv' Ls/0f
gk] fnnfO{ ;+;f/df lrgfpg] tnsf lrqsf af/]df atfpgx' f;] \ M

;u/dfyfsf] lrq n'lDagLsf] lrq

kz'kltgfysf] lrq



g]kfnnfO{ ;;+ f/df lrgfpg dbt k¥' ofpg] c¿ ljifoj:t'x¿ s] s] xfn] fg,\
atfpgx' f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 1

! dft[el" dsf] cfjfh

b]jL g]kfn

d b]z l;ªu\ f] d x'F rGb;| "o{
d jz] ltd|f] d x'F k0" f{ lrq
5}gg\ k/fO{ ;a efO efO
cfdf Û k'sf5{g\ ;an] dnfO{ .

;+:sf/ afFrk] l5 bz] afFR5
dg'io xf;F ] kl/jz] xf:F 5
pg/] dfnf ca kmn" nfO{
l;uF fg{ cfpm >dn] dnfO{ .

lxdfn d]/f] lz/ xf] ljzfn
kxf8 5ftL / dw]; sfv
d Ps dfG5;] l/ k"0f{ 7fg
oL cª\u d]/f ;a xg' \ ;dfg .

bf}/f nufpm clg aSv' nfpm
wft] L / s'tf{ tgdf ;hfpm
uf}/f v'nf];\ ;'Gb/ b]p8fdf
gk] fn xfF;f];\ ldlynf snfdf .

;:+ sf/ M cju0' f, bfi] f, sdhf/] L cflb x6fO{ kl/isf/ ug]{ sfd
kl/jz] M rf/l} t/ jftfj/0f
aSv ' M df]6f] pgL sk8fsf] nfdf] sf]6 h:tf] j:q
uf/} f M vf;ul/ bfr'{nf, 88“ ]nw'/flt/ si[ 0ffi6dLsf] cf;kf; dgfOg] kl| ;4 rf8
b]p8f M klZrd gk] fnsf] nfs] uLtdf rNg] uLtsf] Ps rfn

2 gk] fnL, sIff ^

Bf};L / e}nf] ca v]Ng hfpm
/f]bL k;L hLjguLt ufpm
afhf ahfpm clg wfggfr
of] cfuF gLdf ;a ;fy afFr .

/fb] L M ljz]ift u'?ª hfltdf kr| lnt kl| ;4 dgf]/~hgfTds sfoj{ |md
wfggfr M ljzi] ftM k"jL{ g]kfnsf lnDa" hfltdf k|rlnt Ps nf]s gT[ o

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf kbfjnL a'emfpg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ nIdLkh" fsf efl] nkN6 an] s' L e6\ofOg] ufyf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ ljb]x bz] sf] /fhwfgLsf] gfd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ z/L/ cflbsf] pkNnf] efu M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ zf/Ll/s jf af}l4s zlSt nufP/ ul/g] sfd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ hflt, ju{ / k;] fsf dflg;sf] kl/rfos klx/g M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

l;ª\uf ] b]z

d'n's k"mn

;'dg kfp

ldlxg]t 5ftL

jIf:yn k0" f{

uf]8f >d

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 3

#= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
/fi6 « M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ki' k M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lhGbuL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ w/0fL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
z/L/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ufgf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kf;] fs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ l/; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} g]kfnLx¿n] nufpg] kf];fssf gfd nV] g'xf;] \ M
bf}/f;'?jfn aSv'6fk] L wft] Ls'tf { ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} gk] fndf dgfOg] rf8kjx{ ¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ M
uf}/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ M
l;ªu\ f,] kl/jz] , ;:+ sf/, b]p8f, /f]bL
&= uf9f kfl/Psf zAbsf 7fp“df p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] jfSo

k'gn]v{ g ug'x{ f;] \ M
-s_ cfsfzdf hg" nfu]sf] lyof] .
-v_ 3fdsf] k|sfzn] cfvF f ltld/{ fof] .
-u_ d/] f] sfkLsf] Pp6f kfgf RofltPsf] 5 .
-3_ zS' nf kmfF6sf] dgfx] / bZ[ o bv] ]/ d dSv k/F] .

4 gk] fnL, sIff ^

k7gaf]w / nv] g cEof;

!= ædft[e"ldsf] cfjfhÆ sljtf kfn}kfnf] no ldnfP/ k9\g'xf];\ /
zLifs{ cg;' f/sf ljifoj:t' eP gePsf af/d] f 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .

@= z4' ;“u zAb ;fgx'{ f];\ / k9/] ;u“ }sf ;fyLnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf];\ M

ljzfn k0" f { l;ªu\ f] cªu\ s'tf{
Bf;} L bp] 8f k'sf5{g \ l;Fufg { >d
rGb;| "o { aSv ' uf}/f k0" f{ s'tf{

#= 56' ]sf zAb e/L Znf]s kg' n]{vg ug{x' f];\ M

lxdfn d/] f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x]g{ cfpm
kxf8 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ / dw]; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
d ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfG5;] l/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 7fg
oL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d/] f ;a xg' \ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

$= Ps jfSodf pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ s] afrF ] b]z afRF 5 <
-v_ b]znfO{ s]n] l;Fufg{'k5{ elgPsf] 5 <
-u_ kxf8 / dw;] nfO{ s] elgPsf] 5 <
-3_ sljtfdf sxfF uP/ hLjguLt ufpg elgPsf] 5 <

%= lzIfsaf6 cgR' 5b] ;'g/] afGsL ldnfP/ nV] gx' f];\ M

g]kfn xfd|f] bz] xf] . of] :jtGq / cv08 bz] xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf ljljw
efiff, ;+:sl[ t, wd{ / j]ze"iff ePsf dflg;x¿sf] a;fa] f; 5 . xfd|f]
bz] cg]stfdf Pstf ePsf] ;G' b/ bz] xf] . xfdL ;a} ldn]/ xfdf| ]
bz] sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 5

^= pbfx/0f x/] L kª\lStx¿nfO{ uBdf n]Vg'xf];\ M

pbfx/0f M cfdf Û k'sf5g{ \ ;an] dnfO{ .
;an] dnfO{ cfdf k'sf5g{ \ .
-s_ uf}/f vn' f];\ ;'Gb/ bp] 8fdf .
-v_ l;uF fg{ cfpm >dn] dnfO{ .
-u_ gk] fn xf;F f];\ ldlynf snfdf .

&= ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ sljtfdf s;nfO{ cfdf l:jsfl/Psf] 5, lsg <
-v_ sljtfsf cfwf/df gk] fnnfO{ s;/L k0" f{ dflg;;l/ 7flgPsf] 5 <
-u_ gk] fnLx¿sf] ;:+ s[lt / jz] e"iffsf af/d] f nV] gx' f;] \ .

*= bO' { cgR' 5]bdf efj lj:tf/ ug{'xf];\ M

5g} g\ k/fO{ ;a efOefO
cfdf Û ks' f5g{ \ ;an] dnfO{ .
(= ædft[e"ldsf] cfjfhÆ sljtfsf] ;f/ nV] gx' f;] \ .

!)= cfkm\g} zAbdf cgR' 5]bsf] k'gnv{] g ug'{xf];\ M

g]kfn lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{, pkTosf / leqL dw];n] ;lhPsf] 5 . of]
dr] Lbl] v dxfsfnLkfl/ rfb“ gL / bfw] /f;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] pQ/tkm{ ;jfR{] r
lzv/ ;u/dfyf;lxt ;of}“ lxdfno zª[ v\ nf 5g \ . o; bz] sf] dWoefudf kxf8sf
dgfx] / t/n] L k/s] f / ;G' b/ pkTosfx¿ 5g\ . blIf0f e]sdf t/fO{ / leqL
dw;] sf pj/{ tyf ;dy/ kmf6“ x¿ 5g \ . o;sf ;fy} lg/Gt/ hnkj| fx ul//xg] ;of“}
gbLgfnf 5g\ . oxf“ df5fkR' 5n«] fO{ cfk\mgf] kfN] 6fdf /fVg ;Sg] km]jf tfnnufotsf
;of“} tfntno} fx¿ 5g\ . em/gf5x/fx¿, n]sa“;] L, b]p/fnL / eGHofªx¿ 5g\ .
logn] gk] fnnfO{ Pp6f ;G' b/ kf| sl[ ts el" d / hLjGt /fi6s« f ¿kdf lrgfPsf] 5 .

6 g]kfnL, sIff ^

!!= ljm| ofsnfk !) sf] cg'R5]baf6 x:| j Osf/ -l _ / bL3{ Os{ f/ -L_
nfus] f zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ .

!@= Osf/ jf O{sf/ ldnfP/ z4' zAb n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ xLhf], eLq, sLG5, bLG5, gLdf0{ f, jL1fg, rLq0f, rLGtg, zLIff,
l;df, lbIff, lk|lt, lult

-v_ kl/Iff, dxLdf, u/Ldf, lqrfnL;, tO] ;{ , cltt, kl| tIff, u/LG5,
wfdLs{ , sjLtf, sf]sLn, gljg

-u_ 5fl] /, 7l] s, kml;,{ v/flg, oBkL, ;i[ 6L, p;l/, s;l/, ltld, krfl;,
;fl7, kmgkmlg, kgL, dfyL

!#= lxHh] gldns] f zAb lrg/] ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \ / ;RrfP/ ;fgx{' f;] \ M

lbbL, sfsL, hjfgL, ufn] L, lty,{ xfld, tkfO,{F ul/G5, lt;, PSsfO;{ ,
PstL;, k/LIff, emfkfnL, /fd|/L, lzjlh, k5L, c3L, s]xL, rfxLF, egfO,
u/fO,{ /;fO,{ af]nfO,{ ufO, efO{, kj" ,{ uLt, lj/

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 7

;'gfO / lj:tf/

!= ;g' fO kf7 ! ;g' ]/ l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP a]l7s nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ gk] fndf ns] / aF;] Lx¿ 5g\ . ==========================================

-v_ g]kfn d?el" dsf] b]z xf] . ==========================================

-u_ xfdL g]kfnsf :jKg xf}F . ==========================================

-3_ xfdL ;a} ldn/] b]zsf nflu v6\gk' 5{ . ==========================================

@= ;g' fO kf7 ! sf cfwf/df pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ ;a} hgf gk] fnnfO{ s:tf] e"ld eG5g\ <
-v_ o;s} f xfF} :jKg xfdL eg]/ s]nfO{ ;ªs\ t] ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] <
-u_ xfdL sf] h:t} ;Gt, 1fgL / jL/ x'g'k5{ <
-3_ bz] agfpg ;a} hgfn] s] ug{k' 5{ <

#= sIffsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;ft ;d"xdf a:g'xf];\ . To;kl5 ljleGg ;Gbe{
;fdu|L, Od]n, OG6/g]6nufotsf] pkof]u u/L s'g} Pp6f k|b]zsf
af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

$= g]kfnsf af/d] f n]lvPsf] s'g} Pp6f uLt jf sljtf ;ªs\ ng ugx{' f;] \
/ To;sf sx] L cz+ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

%= g]kfnsf] pGgltsf nflu s] ug{'k5{ xf]nf, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoSt
ug{'xf;] \ .

^= ædft[e"ldsf] cfjfhÆ sljtfsf] bf];|f] Znf]saf6 tLgcf]6f k|Zg
agfpgx' f;] \ . tL kZ| gx¿ ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn u/L pQ/ klxrfg ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

*= st} czSt /f]uL jf af6f] la/fPsf j4[ e]6g\ 'eof] eg] tkfO{n“ ] s;/L
;xofu] ug{'xG' 5, atfpgx' f;] \ .

8 gk] fnL, sIff ^

(= tkfO{“ cToGt xtf/df jf ljz]if sfddf x'g'xG' 5 . ToxL ;dodf tkfO“{nfO{
s;}n] ;xof]u dfUof] eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO“{ s] ug{'x'G5, atfpg'xf;] \ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf

!= k9g\ 'xf];\ / pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
eLd;]g yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb| sFj' /x¿sf] jL/tfn] of] bz]
;w}F :jtGq 5 . o;sf cfkmg\ } dfl} ns ljzi] ftf 5g\ . oxfF w/] } pkTosf
5g\ . sf7df8f,F} bfª, l;hF fnufotsf pkTosfdf ;G' b/ a:tL lgdf0{ f
ePsf 5g\ . kfv] /f, d':tfª, :ju{åf/L, sGofd, nl' DagLnufotsf
Pl] txfl;s 7fpxF ¿ klg oxLF 5g\ . xfdf| ] bz] jgkfvfn] el/k0" f{
5 . oxfF af3, efn', xfQL cflbsf] ayfg lgl:kmj|mL lxF8\8n'
u5{g\ . xfdLn] hgfj/nfO{ dfof ug'k{ 5{ . g]kfnleq ;g' , rfFbL,
tfdf, kmnfdnufotsf ;of}F vlghx¿ 5g\ . xfdL gk] fnL klg
k|sl[ tkd]| L / ldng;f/ 5fF} .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ dflysf] cgR' 5]baf6 tLg tLgcf]6f JolSt, 7fp,“ bJ| o / k|f0fLsf gfd
n]Vgx' f];\ .

-v_ dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 ;dx" / efj ae' mfpg] zAb l6Kg'xf;] \ .
JolSt, :yfg, j:t', kf| 0fL, ;d"x, efj cflb a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ gfd

elgG5 . jfSodf gfd …sf]Ú / …s]Ú kZ| gsf pQ/df cfp5“ g\ .
@= lbOPsf gfdnfO{ …sf]Ú / …s]Ú sf] ;d"xdf 5'6\ofpgx' f];\ M

r/f] kfgL xl/dfof w'jf F /dz] /rgf

aa' f 5f/] f] lzIfs ufO { la/fnf ] lstfa

emfn] f vfhf dfdf lxdfn lbbL sfsf

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 9

#= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] Wofgkj" s{ k9\gx' f;] \ M

d g]kfnL xF' . xfdL ;a} g]kfnL xfF} . ltdL g]kfnL xf} . tkfO{F gk] fnL
xg' x' G' 5 . pm gk] fnL xf] ls xfO] g eGg] dnfO{ yfxf 5g} t/ pxfF rflxF gk] fnL g}
xg' x' 'G5 . pM k/ pleg] dfG5x] ¿ sf] x'g\ lg < ltgLx¿ t gk] fnL h:tf
5}gg\ . tL kSs} klg ljb]zL x'g'k5{ . oL rflxF g]kfnL xb'F } xfO] gg\ . Tof]
/ of] rflxF g]kfnL g} xg' \ .

dfly uf9f cIf/df n]lvPsf / /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿ ;jg{ fd
x'g\ . o:tf ;jg{ fdx¿nfO{ k?' ifjfrs ;jg{ fd elgG5 . lsg <
/v] fªs\ g ul/Psf ;jg{ fd rflxF bzs{ ;jg{ fd xg' \ . lsg < ca
dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 ;ftcf]6f k'?ifjfrs ;jg{ fd / rf/cf]6f bzs{
;jg{ fd l6Kg'xf];\ .

$= uf9f cIf/n] nl] vPsf gfdsf ;66\ f ldNg] ;j{gfd zAb /fvL kg' n]{vg
ug'x{ f;] \ M

-s_ GxR' 5]dfg ahf/ uof] . Gx'R5]dfgn] klqsf lsGof] .
-v_ aa' f lzIfs xg' 'x'G5 . a'af ljBfnodf k9fpgx' G' 5 .
-u_ efGhL ldng;f/ l5g\ . efGhL ldlxg]tL klg l5g\ .
-3_ ;fyLx¿ km6' an vN] g uP . ;fyLx¿n] :j0fk{ bs kfP .

%= ;j{gfd / lj|mofsf] hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;fg'{xf];\ M

Tof ] k95\ ; \

xfdL k95\ f }

tF k95\ f }F

ltdL k95\ g\

pgLx¿ k95\

10 g]kfnL, sIff ^

^= jfSodf ko| f]u ug{x' f;] \ M
xfdL, tkfOF{, pxf,F tF, ltdL, pgL, pgLx¿, of], Tof,] oL, tL

kg' /fjl[ Q

gk] fn

gk] fn e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« xf] . Pl;of dxfbz] df cjl:yt of] bz] xfdf| ]
hGde"ld klg xf] . rLg / ef/t Pl;of dxfb]zsf b'O{ 7'nf /fi6x« ¿ x'g\ .
oL bO' { bz] sf lardf gk] fn /xs] f] 5 . g]kfn kf| rLg sfnbl] v g} :jtGq
/fi6s« f ¿kdf ljZj;fd' kl/lrt 5 .

gk] fnsf] blIf0ftkm{ t/fO{ dw;] df kml} nPsf ;dy/ kmfF6 5g\ . gk] fn
pQ/tkm{ ;]tf lxdfn / dWo efudf kxf8sf xl/of t/]nLdf ;lhPsf] 5 .
;ofF} hfthflt / cg]sf}F wd;{ +:sl[ tdf aflF 8Psf eP klg gk] fnLx¿df xfdL
Ps xf}F eGg] efjgf ljsl;t 5 . kf| s[lts ¿kdf klg ljZjs} Pp6f ;G' b/
bz] sf ¿kdf lrlgPsf] o; /fi6s« f afl;Gbfx¿ ldlxgt] L / :jfledfgL
5g\ . Oltxf;bl] v g} jL/jL/ªu\ gf hGdfpg] oxL /fi6« zflGtsf bt" uft} d
a'4sf] hGde"ld klg xf] .

;'Gb/ b]z gk] fn x/]s g]kfnLx¿sf] Oltxf; xf]Ù jt{dfg / eljio klg

xf] . To;n} ] xfdL gk] fnL eGgx] ¿n] gk] fnsf] pGgltsf nflu ofu] bfg ugk{' 5{ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 11

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 Ps hgfn] ;:j/ jfrg ug{'xf;] \ / c¿n] pRrf/0f ;xL
eP gePsf] klxNofpg'xf;] \ .

@= cy{;u“ ldNg] zAb dflysf] kf7sf uf9f zAbx¿af6 5fgL nV] g'xf;] \ M

/x]sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Dd k/]sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ rf/l} t/ hldgn]
3l] /Psf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ df]lxt kf/]/ cfkml" t/ tfGg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
axfb'/ k?' if / dlxnf k|ult ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ g]kfn s:tf] /fi6« xf] <
-v_ g]kfnLx¿ s:tf 5g\ <
-u_ gk] fnsf] pGgltsf nflu s] ug{'k5{ <
$= dflysf] kf7sf] bf];f| ] cg'R5b] ;fyL ;fyL ldn]/ >'ltnv] g ugx'{ f];\ .
%= dflysf] kf7df ko| fu] ePsf bzcf6] f gfd zAb l6Kg'xf];\ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= dflysf] kf7df /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf ;j{gfdx¿ /fvL Ps Pscf]6f jfSo

agfpgx' f];\ .

;fdl" xs lj|mofsnfk

!= tLg tLg hgfsf] ;dx" aGgx' f;] \ . To;kl5 g]kfndf dgfOg] rf8kj{ jf
hfqfsf] gfd / dgfOg] dlxgf klg tflnsfdf n]Vg'xf;] \ . bz ldg6] df
s'g ;dx" n] ;ae} Gbf a9L nV] g ;Sof], cGt/;d"x d"Nofª\sg ugx{'[ f;] \ .

@= gk] fnleq afl] ng] efiffsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ / s'g} Ps hgf
ljBfyLn{ ] efiffsf gfd z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf l6Kgx' f;] \ .

12 gk] fnL, sIff ^

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= ;'gfO kf7 ! k'gM k9g\ x' f;] \ . ca tkfO{“ klg sg' } Ps zLifs{ df To:t}
lsl;dsf] sDtLdf rf/ x/kmsf] sljtf nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ rf8kj{ -v_ gk] fnsf lxdfn

-u_ g]kfnL snf -3_ gbLgfnf

@= tkfO{“sf l5d]sdf af]lng] jf g]kfnL efiffafx]ssf] efiffsf sDtLdf
klRr;cf6] f zAbx¿ ;ªs\ ng ug{'xf];\ . tL zAbx¿sf] g]kfnL cy{ klg
nV] gx' f];\ . cfk"mn] ;ª\sng u/]sf] efiffsf zAb / ltgsf g]kfnL cy{
klg sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

;g' fO kf7 !

b]z xfdL ;as} f] xf]

bj} 1/fh Gof}kfg]

ns] a;F] L t/fOn{ ] ldns] f] 5 7fpF
;a} eG5g,\ :jue{ l" d g]kfn xf] gfpF
hxfF hfpm,F /fd|f] nfU5, xl] //x"F h:tf]
h'gL hg' L kmlsP{ / vl] n/xF" h:tf] .

o;}sf xf}F :jKg xfdL l;h{gfsf 8fnL
k'vf{ h:t} ;Gt 1fgL jL/ zlStzfnL
;a} ldnL p7\gk' 5,{ ;a} h6' g\ 'k5{
b]z xfdL ;a}sf] xf], ;a} v6g\ k' 5{ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 13

cled'vLs/0f

lrqdf lbOPsf kf}/fl0fs kfqx¿sf af/]df tkfO{“nfO{ s] hfgsf/L 5,
;fw] vfh] u/L atfpg'xf];\ M

;Ltf eLd

PsnJo e:df;'/

onDa/ xs'n{ ;

14 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@ sd' f/ ojjm| Lt
zf/bf/d0f g]kfn

uª\uf lsgf/sf] /dfOnf] 3gf hª\unleq ef/åfh dl' g a:y] . pgsf] /
/E} odl' gsf] cf>d glhsglhs} ags] f lyP . /E} odl' g To;tfsf lgs} sxlnPsf
ljåfg\ lyP . pgsf 5f/] f k/fj;' klg TolQs} gfdb' ljåfg\ eP/ lg:s]sf
lyP . htf uP klg logLx¿s} ljåtfsf] rrf{ ;l' gGYof] . rf/l} t/af6 dflg;x¿
1fgu'gsf s'/f l;Sg To; cf>ddf cfO/xGy] . ToxfF lgs} rxnkxn
lyof] . t/ ;Fu}sf] ef/åfh cf>d eg] ;wF} ;'g;fg b]lvGYof] . ef/åfh cfkm"
w/] }h;f] ;dflwd} nflu/xGy] . pgsf 5f]/f ojjm| Lt xnSs a9]sf t lyP t/
k9s] f eg] lyPgg\ . kNnf 3/df k/fj;' / pjfj{ ;'sf] rxnkxn lyof] . of]
bv] /] ojjm| Lts} dgdf klg w/] } s'/f v]Ng yfn]sf lyP, æpgLx¿n] w/] } g}
kl9;s,] sfd b]vfO;s] / gfd klg sdfO;s] . d eg] cem} 7G8f/fd 5' .
d ca k9/] ltgLx¿ h:t} ljåfg\ slxn] x'g] < s;/L x'g] < gk9Lsg} ljåfg\
aGg] pkfo vfH] gk' ¥of] af ÛÆ dgdf o:t} o:t} s/' f v]nfpFb} Ps lbg sd' f/
ojjm| Lt b]j/fh OGb|sxfF ku' ] .

ojj|mLtsf ;a} u'gf;f ;'lg;s]kl5 OGbn| ] eg,] æafa' ojjm| Lt, 1fg / l;k
cfhg{ ug{ ldlxg]t u//] k9g\ k} 5{ . gk9L ljåfg\ aGg vfH] g' t ;kgfdf
n8\8' vfP/ lakgfdf c3fpg vfH] g' h:t} xf] . ltdL ljåfg\ u'?sxfF hfpm .
ldlxg]t u/ . x/] , k9/] l;Sg} g;Sg] dfG5] ltdL xfO] gf} . ltdf| ] k9fOdf d
klg hf] ;s]sf] dbt u?nF f x'Gg <Æ

cf>d M k|frLg Clifd'lgx¿n] a:gsf lglDt k|foM hª\undf agfPsf] cfjf;
ljåtf M ljåfg\ x'gfsf] efj
;dflw M tk:of

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 15

b]j/fh OGb|n] dg nufP/ pkfo ul/lbP eg] gk9Lsg klg ljåfg\ aGg
;lsG5 eGg] ojjm| Ltn] c7f]6 u/] . pgn] cem lh2L u//] eg], æd ca
k9g\ lt/ nflUbg,F d EofpGgF sfsf . dnfO{ tkfO{Fn] h;/L klg gk9Lsg}
ljåfg\ aGg] pkfo atfOlbg} k5{ .Æ

OGb|n] ljleGg pbfx/0f lbP/ kml] / km]l/ ;DemfOae' mfO ug{ vfh] ] t/ pgsf]
lh2L emg\emg\ a9\b} uof] . cflv/df pgn] OGb|sf 9f]sfdf cgzg g} ;'? u/] .

sd' f/ ojj|mLt laxfg ;a]/} uª\uf:gfg ug{ hfGy] . :gfg ;lsPkl5 kms/]{
OGb|sf 9fs] fdf cfO{ /ftlbg si6 bv] fP/ k;f/f] kl//xGy] .

ojj|mLtsf] x7 b]v]/ b]j/fh OGb| x}/fg eP . ;?' df Psb'O{ lbg t pgn]
s]xL ;fR] g} ;s]gg\ . t];|f] lbg pHofnf] xg' 'eGbf cufl8 g} OGbn| ] cfˆgf
skfn / bf/L hF'3fdf ;t] f] bn] . pgn] em'qfd'qf sk8f nufP . Ps hgf
;dfh;]jL a9' f dfG5]sf] j]z agfP/ laxfg} ;6' S' s uª\ufsf] lsgf/df a;] .

sd' f/ ojjm| Lt uªu\ f:gfg ug{ hfbF f ToxfF lsgf/df Ps hgf a9' f dfG5n] fO{
bv] ] . tL a9' f dfG5] cfˆgf d7' Ldf afnj' f p7fpbF } uªu\ fsf] kfgLdf ˆofSF b}
ul//xs] f lyP . a9' f dflg;nfO{ cfb/ ugk{' 5{ eGg] hfgs] f sd' f/ ojjm| Ltn] bO' {
xft hf8] /] eg,] æk0| ffd xh/' aa' f <Æ

æk|0ffd afa' ÛÆ lklnSs x]//] d':s'/fpbF } a9' f dfG5] kml] / cfˆgf] sfddf nfu] .
a9' f dfG5]sf] sfd x/] ]/ dgsf] v'nbn' L /f]Sg g;sL sd' f/ ojjm| Ltn] glhs}
uP/ ;fw] ], æo;/L uª\ufsf] kfgLdf Ps Ps d'7L afnj' f ˆofFs/] s] kmn
ldN5, xh/' aa' f ÛÆ

kZ| g ;'g]/ klxn] t a'9f dfG5] lvTsf 5f8]/ xfF;] . kl5 pgn] eg,] æafa',
of] t cSsnsf] s/' f xf] . xg] {x' f];\ g, oxfF Pp6f k'n gxg' fn] a6j' fx¿n] w]/}

cgzg M cfxf/ Tofu
x7 M lh2L
cSsn M al' 4
16 gk] fnL, sIff ^

b'Mv kfPsf 5g\ . oxfgF /] km/fs / alnof] Pp6f k'n agfOlbgk' 5{ . To;kl5
a6'jfx¿nfO{ uªu\ f kf/ ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 / d]/f] gfd klg rN5 . d of]
afn'jf gbLdf ˆofsF /] Pp6f eJo k'n agfpg nfu]sf] 5' .Æ

a9' f dfG5s] f s/' f ;'g/] ojj|mLtnfO{ xfF;f] p7\of] . pgn] xfF:b} eg], æo;/L
a]sf/df ;do / >d vr{ ug{' t d"vt{ f xf]Og /, xh'/aa' f < olt kfsf] pd/]
df klg o:tf] sfrF f] al' 4 s;/L cfPsf] < o:tf] ug{ t ePg lg .Æ

æxF, x'Fbg} / < lsg gx'g] afa' <Æ a9' f dfG5]n] uDeL/ aGb} eg], æafa' Û lxhf]
dfq d}n] ;'g–]F Ps hgf ojjm| Lt gfdsf xf]gxf/ s'df/ sx] L lbgb]lv OGb|sf
9fs] fdf cgzg a;]/ ljåfg\ x'g sl;g'ePsf] 5 /] . ljåt\ ;dfhdf x'ss{] f
sd' f/ ojjm| Lt TolQs} s'/} ga'emL cgzg a:ge' Psf] xf]nf t < cgzg
a;]sf e/df gk9Lsg} dflg; ljåfg\ aGg ;S5 eg] o;/L afnj' f ˆofFs/]
uªu\ fdfly lsg k'n /fVg ;lsGg < d t cfF6 u//] } nfus] f] 5', afa' ÛÆ

a'9fsf s'/f ;g' /] ojj|mLt eml:sP . pgnfO{ oL a'9f dfG5] OGb| g} x'g\
ls h:tf] klg nfUof] t/ o;af/] a9L ;f]wvf]h gu/L pgL v;' S' s gbLdf
cfn] ,]{ gx' fP . sk8f km]/] / ldlxg]t u/]/ k9g\ ] clg ljåfg\ aGg] ;ª\sNk lnP/
km6fkm6 u'?s'nlt/ nfu] .

eJo M Hofb} 7n' f] 17
ljåt \ M al' 4dfg\
;ª\sNk M c7f]6
u'?s'n M k|frLg k4ltsf] lzIffsG] b|

gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

v;' S' s x]b}{df ;'Gb/ Pjd\ ljzfn
xfg] xf/ c7f]6

a]sf/ eljiodf c;n aGg] vfnsf]
lvTsf c¿n] rfn gkfpg] u/L
x7 kl| ;4
gfd'b lh2L
;ª\sNk a];/L xf:F bfsf] cfjfh
eJo s'g} sfddf gnfUg]

@= ljk/Lt cy{ ae' mfpg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] nV] g'xf;] \ M

d"v{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ slxNo} Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
rn] f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ l/; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kfss] f] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfx] Nnf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ljkgf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cGTo Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3fd Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c;lhnf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= zAbhf]8LdWo] ljk/LtfyL{ zAbhf8] LnfO{ lrg/] uf]nf] 3/] f nufpgx' f];\ M

3fd – kfgL sfd – vfd hn – kfgL

;kmn – c;kmn c;n – /fd|f ] lbg – /ft

jg – hª\un k9fO – n]vfO cSsn – a'l4

18 g]kfnL, sIff ^

$= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ljk/Lt cy{ a'emfpg] zAb nV] gx' f;] \ M
lbg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ldq Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
psfnf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hLjg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;Hhg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ljif Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;DkGg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ns] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;sf/fTds Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Eo Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
wd{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fIf/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k7gafw] / nv] g cEof;
!= z'4;“u ;fg'{xf];\ / k9]/ ;“u}sf ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ M
ef/åfh /}Eo cf>d ljåfg \ k/fj;'

pjfj{ ; ' ljåtf rrf { ojj|mLt xnSs
7G8f/fd OGb| cfh{g dbt lh2L
ljleGg cgzg uªu\ f:gfg si6 bf/Lh'F3f
k0| ffd eJo a'l4 ;ª\sNk
@= kf7sf cfwf/df l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpgx' f];\ M
-s_ s'df/ ojjm| Lt ef/åfh d'lgsf k'q lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ojj|mLt OGbs| xfF k9\gsf nflu uP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ojj|mLt OGbs| f 9fs] fdf lbge/ cgzg a:y] .ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ lji0f' ;dfh;]jLsf] jz] df uª\uf lsgf/df cfP .ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ cGTodf sd' f/ ojjm| Lt ljåfg\ aGg] ;ªs\ Nk lnP/ u?' sn' lt/ nfu] .ÒÒÒÒ

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 19

#= l7s pQ/df l7s lrx\g -√_ nufpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ k/fj;' / pjf{j;'sf lktfsf] gfd s] lyof] <

-c_ ef/åfh -cf_ /E} o -O_ jlzi7

-v_ ojj|mLt gk9Lsg ljåfg\ aGg] pkfo vf]Hg s;sxfF uP <

-c_ /E} osxfF -cf_ lji0fs' xf F -O_ OGbs| xfF

-u_ ojj|mLtn] OGb|sf 9fs] fcufl8 s] ;?' u/] <

-c_ cgzg -cf_ gfrufg -O_ efif0f

-3_ ojjm| Lt laxfg} sxfF gx' fpg hfGy] <

-c_ odg' f gbLdf -cf_ sj' fdf -O_ uªu\ f gbLdf

-ª_ jz] abn]sf OGb|n] afn'jfn] uª\ufdf s] agfpg] s'/f u/] <

-c_ b/af/ -cf_ kn' -O_ dlGb/

$= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ojjm| Lt s;sf ;Gtfg lyP <
-v_ ojjm| Lt lsg OGb|sxfF uP <
-u_ ;kgfdf n88\ ' vfP/ ljkgfdf c3fpg' eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ OGb|n] lsg j]z abNgk' /s] f] xf] <
-ª_ ojjm| Ltn] gk9L klg s] s/' f hfgs] f lyP <
-r_ a'9f dfG5]n] s;/L k'n agfpg] s'/f u/] <
-5_ ojjm| Lt lsg km6fkm6 u'?sn' lt/ nfu] <

%= nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ OGbn| ] ojjm| LtnfO{ s;/L ;Demfpg vfh] ,] syfsf cfwf/df nV] gx' f;] \ .

-v_ …sd' f/ ojjm| LtÚ syfn] lbg] ;Gbz] ;lxt dV' o dV' o 36gf nV] gx' f;] \ .

20 g]kfnL, sIff ^

^= jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f];\ M

xnSs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;'6S' s M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lklnSs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v?' Ss M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= OGb|n] ojjm| LtnfO{ gk9L 1fg ldNbg} eGg] s/' f ae' mfpg] tl/sf tkfO{“nfO{
s:tf] nfUof,] cfÇgf ts{ lbP/ Ps cg'R5b] nV] g'xf;] \ .

*= syfsf] klxnf] cg'R5b] af6 kf“rcf6] f kZ| g agfpgx' f;] \ . tkfOn{“ ] agfPsf
kZ| gx¿ ;fyLnfO{ ;f]Wgx' f];\ . ;fyLn] ;fw] s] f k|Zgsf] pQ/ tkfO“{ klg
lbgx' f;] \ .

(= k9g\ x' f;] \ / pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

ljBfyL{ hLjg c;n afgL ljsf;sf] ;do xf ] . o; ;dodf h]h:tf] afgLsf] ljsf;
u¥of] pxL afgL hLjgel/ /xg] ub{5 . To;}n] o; ;dodf vfgkfg / p7a;df
ljzi] f Vofn ug{'k5{ . cfˆgf] z/L/ / JolStTjnfO{ kmfObf gk'Ug] s/' faf6 6f9f
/xg'k5{ . o;f] ug{ ;s] hLjgsf] ;v' ef]u ug{ ;lsG5 . hLjgdf kl/>dL aGgk' 5{ .
kl/>d ug{] afgL klg oxL ;dob]lv a;fpFb} ul/of] eg] hLjg ef]ufO ;lhnf] x'G5 .
;dodf ;'Tg], k"jd{ f ;"o{ gpbfpFb} p7\g] tyf plrt cfxf/ljxf/ ug{] afgL ljsf;
ug'k{ 5{ . k9fOdf ldlxg]t ug,]{ c¿k|lt ;xof]uL efjgf /fVg] h:tf afgLsf] ljsf;
ugk[{' 5{ . plNnlvt sfd ug{ ;s] ljBfyL{ hLjgnfO{ ;xL cyd{ f ;bk' ofu] u/s] f] 7x5 { .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ dflysf] cgR' 5]baf6 cf7cf]6f psf/ - '_ nfu]sf / tLgcf]6f pmsf/
- "_ nfu]sf zAbx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \ .

-v_ dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 x|:j -Osf/, psf/_ / bL3{ -O{sf/, pmsf/_

nfus] f zAbsf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 21

!)= lbOPsf zAbsf psf/ / pmsf/ ldnfP/ ;fg{'xf];\ M
d"lg, ;r' gf, s's"/, afa," legfh", l3pm, wg", lk8fn," bofn," ;r' L, hfp,
Nofp, a;,'F xf;F F'

!!= cEof; g= ( / !) df gk/s] f x|:j Osf/, x:| j psf/, bL3{ Os{ f/ /
bL3{ pmsf/ nfu]sf bz bzcf]6f zAb nv] ]/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf];\ .
;'gfO / lj:tf/

!= ;g' fO kf7 @ ;'g/] vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f];\ M
-s_ dxfsfJosf /rgfsf/ dxlif{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xg' \ .
-v_ …dxfef/tÚ df d"ntM sf}/j / kf08jsf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw /

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ syf 5 .
-u_ oxfF y'k}| y'k|} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ syf 5g\ .
-3_ b]jj|t / pgsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ syf 5 .

22 g]kfnL, sIff ^

@= ;g' fO kf7 @ sf cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ PsnJo if8o\ Gqsf/L
-v_ ljb/' l/;fxf
-u_ bj' f{;f u?' eSt
-3_ zs'lg gk9L 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg] afns
-ª_ ojj|mLt dxf1fgL

#= ;'gfO kf7 @ ;'gs] f cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ …dxfef/tÚ df ss;sf syf 5g\ <

-v_ …dxfef/tÚ sf] dV' o ;Gb]z s] xf] <

$= sIffsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ rf/kf“r hgfsf] ;dx" aGgx' f];\ . ca x/]s ;dx" df
tnsfdWo] sg' } Ps kfq / To; kfq;u“ ;DalGwt syfsf af/]df 5nkmn
ug'{xf;] \ . 5nkmnkl5 cfkm\ gf] ;d"xn] 5nkmn u/]sf] syf nv] L sIffdf
;g' fpgx' f;] \ M

s0f{, sG' tL, w[t/fi6,« s'df/L, ci6fjj|m, ;'lDgdf

%= tkfO{“n] ;'Gg'ePsf] s'g} Pp6f syf sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

^= …s'df/ ojj|mLtÚ syf tkfO“n{ fO{ s:tf] nfUof] < pSt syfdf tkfOn“{ fO{
nfus] f] /fd|f] kIf s] xf] < sd' f/ ojj|mLtsf] 7fp“df tkfO“{ xg' e' Psf] eP
s] ug{'xG' Yof,] tkfOs“{ f] ljrf/ k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

eflifs ;+/rgf

-sIff ^ sf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] k'm6an vN] g] sfo{jm| d;DaGwL s/' f xbF' } lyof] . pSt
5nkmndf sIff lzIfs kmfNu'0fL u'?cfdf / sIffsf ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;xefuL
lyP . Ps s'gfdf bO' { hgf ljBfyL{ s'/f ub{} lyP ._

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 23

/Tgdfg M ;/f]h Û ltdL k'm6an gvN] g] xf] / <
;/f]h M ltdLx¿ g} vn] . cfkmF} 6f]nL agfcf] . d vl] NbgF .
-bO' { hgfsf] s'/f ;'gk] l5 ===_
u'?cfdf M -;/fh] nfO{ ;DemfpbF _} x/] ;/fh] , sg' } klg vn] s'b ;a} ldn/]

vN] gk' 5{ . To;n} ] cfh d, xfdL, t,F ltdL, tkfOF{, xh/' , of],
Tof], cfk"m, c¿ eGb} ga;f}F . ;a} ldn/] vn] .
t]Daf M hf] vN] bg} To;nfO{ lsg s/ ug{] u?' cfdf < a? sf] sf]
vN] g,] sf] sf] gv]Ng], gfd l6kf}F g . clg sf] 6fn] L g]tf aGg]
klg 5nkmn u/f}F . s;n] s] ug{] xf,] To;sf] ;r" L agfcf}F .
-;a}n] t]Dafsf] s/' fdf ;xdlt hgfP ._

!= dflysf] s'/fsfgL k9g\ 'xf;] \ . Toxf“ /]vfªs\ g ul/Psf zAbn] gfdnfO{
;f6s] f 5g\ . gfdnfO{ ;f6g\ ] o:tf zAbx¿ ;jg{ fd xg' \ . tL ;jg{ fdx¿nfO{
gbfx] f¥] ofO{sg l6kf]6 ug{x' f;] \ M

================ ================ ================ ================
@= jfSodf cfPsf ;jg{ fd lrg/] vfnL 7fpd“ f nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ hf] ldlxg]t u5,{ Tof] ;kmn x'G5 . hf] === Tof]
-v_ lgdf h] lsG5] kf;fª klg ToxL lsG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ efOalxgLn] h;nfO{ e6] ,] bfhl' bbLn] To;nfO{ e6] g] g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ h;n] dx sf9\5, To;n] xft rf6\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ;fl/sfn] h] elgg\, lko| ª\sfn] pxL ul/g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-r_ hf] cu'jf 5, To;n] unt sfd ug{'x'Fbg} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-5_ 5fqfx¿ h] h] eG5g\, ToxL ToxL dfG5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-h_ h;nfO{ 3/ hfg' 5, To;n] lgjb] g nV] g'k5{ .ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

24 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= uf9f kfl/Psf gfd zAbsf ;66\ f kZ| g ae' mfpg] ;j{gfd zAb /fv]/
jfSo agfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ alxgL 3/ uOg\ . sf] 3/ uOg\ <

-v_ p;n] snd x/fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ pgLx¿n] cfkF / ;G' tnf vfPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ aa' fn] syf eGge' of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ ufk] fn vt] df uof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= d"n kf7df ePsf s'g} kfr“ cf6] f ;jg{ fd zAb vfh] L df}lns jfSodf
k|ofu] ug{'xf;] \ .

k'g/fjl[ Q

wg

nf]en] nfe / nfen] ljnfk eGg] g]kfnL pvfg 5 . o; pvfgsf] cy{ klg
tkfOF{x¿nfO{ yfxf 5 . csf{sf] ;DklQdf nfe] ug'{ cjZo g/fd|f] xf] . of]
s'/f a'em]sf] dflg; klg slxns] fxLF cgfjZos nf]e u5{ . p;n] hLjgdf
cgs] b'Mvx¿ lgDTofp5F .

wg ;an} fO{ rflxG5 . wg kf| Kt ug]{ cg]s tl/sfx¿ x'G5g\ . sfx] L csf{nfO{
emS' ofP/ jf km;fP/ klg wgL x'G5g\ . sf]xL cfˆg} ;fyLefOnfO{ km;fP/
wg k|fKt ub5{ g\ . wgs} nflu slxns] fxLF ;xfb] / bfh'efO, lbbLalxgLdf klg
eme} mu8f xG' 5 . slxns] fxLF rf/] L8st} Lsf 36gf klg ;l' gG5g\ . o:tf sfd u/]
sfg'gcg';f/ b08 ;hfo xG' 5 . o:tf af6faf6 cfPsf] wg;DklQn] p;nfO{
;'vL / ;Gt'i6 /fVg ;Sbg} . p;sf] cfTdf ck/fw afw] n] 56k6fO/x]sf]
x'G5 . To;n} ] o:tf] af6f]af6 ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ s'/f ;fR] g' klg /fd|f] xf]Og .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 25

xfdLnfO{ xfdf| cu|hn] w/] } wg;DklQsf] nf]e ug{' xbF' g} egL l;sfpg'xG' 5 .
pxfxF ¿n] l;Qd} f kfPsf] ;DklQn] enf] ubg{} eGgx' G' 5 . pxfxF ¿n] klg kl/>d
u/L wg sdfpge' Psf] 5 . xfdLn] klg To;} ug{'k5{ . xf], cfˆg} kl;gfn]
cfh{s] f] ;DklQdf cfk"mnfO{ uj{ xG' 5 . cfˆgf] a'l4 / as{tn] c¿nfO{ v;' L
tN' ofpbF } sdfPsf] wg cdt[ t'No x'G5 .

cEof;

!= zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

ck/fwafw] leqL x[bo

;xf]b/ tfst

cfTdf ck/fw u/]F eGg] efjgf

cfh{g ug{ ' Pp6} sf]vaf6 hGd]sf

ast{ sdfpg'

@= dflysf] kf7 dfg} k7g ug{'xf];\ / pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ …nfe] n] nfe / nfen] ljnfkÚ eGg] pvfgsf] cfzo n]Vg'xf;] \ .

-v_ s:tf] af6fa] f6 cfPsf] wg;DklQn] dflg;nfO{ ;v' L / ;Gti' 6 /fVg
;Sb}g <

-u_ s:tf] wg cdt[ tN' o xG' 5 <

#= dflysf] kf7df ;jg{ fd k|ofu] ePsf rf/cf]6f jfSox¿ kQf nufpgx' f];\
/ ;j{gfddf /]vfª\sg ug{x' f;] \ . tL ;j{gfdnfO{ cfkm\ g} jfSodf k|ofu]
klg ug{x' f];\ .

$= dflysf] kf7af6 lgDgfg;' f/sf rf/ rf/cf6] f zAb nV] g'xf];\ M

x|:j Osf/ - l _ nfus] f zAb M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

26 gk] fnL, sIff ^

bL3{ Os{ f/ - L _ nfus] f zAb M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

x|:j psf/ - ' _ nfu]sf zAb M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

bL3{ pmsf/ - " _ nfu]sf zAb M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;fdl" xs ljm| ofsnfk

!= tLg tLg hgfsf] ;dx" aGg'xf;] \ . ca x/]s ;d"xn] 5nkmn u/L tLg
tLgcf]6f pvfg nV] g'xf;] \ . tkfO“s{ f] ;dx" n] n]v]sf] pvfg ;dx" af6 Ps
hgfn] ;'gfpg'xf];\ . cGo ;dx" n] ;g' fPsf] pvfg gbfx] f]¥ofOs{ g sfkLdf
l6kf]6 ug'{xf;] \ .

@= sIffsf ;fyL ldn/] cfkm" a:g] ufpk“ flnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;ef jf sg' }
a7} ssf] cjnfs] g ed| 0f ugx{' f;] \ / tL ;efdf 5nkmn ePsf ljifonfO{
;d6] L ;dfrf/ tof/ kf/L ljBfnosf] kf| yg{ f ;efdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

l;hg{ f÷kl/of]hgf

!= tnsf laifoj:ts' f cfwf/df syf agfO{ To;sf] zLifs{ klg rog ugx{' f;] \ M

w/] } klxnf Eofut' fx¿sf] bf8} kl| tofl] utf xg' ' . ;a} Eofut' f hDdf xg' ' .
bf}8 ;?' x'g' . bf}8]/ kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf k'Ug'kg]{ ;t{ xg' ' .

Eofut' fx¿ psfnfdf pk|mFb} sb' g\ yfNg' . w/] } hgfj/x¿ Eofu'tfsf]
bf8} x]g{ cfpg' . af6fdf nx/} nfu]/ ;a} hgfj/x¿ psfnfdf Eofut' f
s'b]sf] xg] {' . Eofu'tfx¿ pkmF| b} r9g\ ' . Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ w]/} ufxf| ] xg' ' .
;a} hgfj/n] Eofut' fx¿nfO{ ufxf| ] eof] eGg' . Eofu'tfx¿ klg xfdL
;Sg] /x]g5f}F egL bf}8 5f8g\ ' .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 27

Pp6f Eofut' fn] ;an} fO{ ;Demfpg' . c¿ Eofu'tfn] ;fy glbg' . Tof]
Eofu'tf] kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf kU' g' . ToxL Eofu'tfn] bf}8 lhTg' . nIo
k|flKtsf nflu c¿sf] s'/faf6 ljrlnt geO{ nfUg'kg]{ ;Gbz] .

@= 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 ;'g/] sg' } Pp6f 5f6] f] syf n]v/] Nofpg'xf];\ /
sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \ .

;'gfO kf7 !

…dxfef/tÚ ljZjkl| ;4 kf}/fl0fs u|Gy xf] . o;nfO{ ;;+ f/s} ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
dxfsfJo dflgG5 . o; dxfsfJosf] /rgf dxlif{ jb] Jof;n] u/s] f xg' \ .
…dxfef/tÚ df d"ntM sf}/j / kf08jsf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw / if8\oGqn]
l;h{gf u/s] f] eLif0f o'åsf] syf 5 . o;b]lv afxs] klg oxfF y'k}| yk' |}
kfqsf syf 5g\ . oxfF ljZjk|l;4 wg'w{/ PsnJo / pgsf] u?' elStsf]
syf 5 . eLidlktfdx eg]/ lrlgg] b]jjt| / pgsf] eLid kl| t1fsf] syf
5 . dxf1fgL ljb'/sf] 1fg, b'jf;{ f Clifsf] l/;, zsl' gsf] if8\oGq tyf s[i0fsf]
rl/qsf] syf 5 . o:t} gk9L 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg] ojj|mLtsf] syf klg
o;df ;dl] 6Psf] 5 .
o;/L …dxfef/tÚ Pp6f uG| y eP klg o;n] yk' }| yk' }| kfqx¿sf] :jefj / To;n]
lgDTofpg] kl/0ffdsf] kl/ro lbPsf] 5 . o4' / To;n] lgDTofpg] ljgfzsf] syf
5 . o;af6 ;wF} c;Tosf] xf/ / ;Tosf] lht xg' ] ;Gb]z lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 .

28 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cled'vLs/0f

tnsf lrqx¿ gk] fndf gflrg] s'g g[To;u“ ;DalGwt xfn] fg\, sIffdf 5nkmn
u/L vfnL 7fp“df n]Vgx' f];\ M

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 29

# g]kfnL ;:+ s[lt

sg' } /fi6« jf hfltsf] cfˆg} lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs hLjg x'G5 . k/Dk/fut
¿kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] pgLx¿sf] cfrf/ljrf/, rfnrng klg cfˆg}
lsl;dsf] xG' 5 . pgLx¿sf] snf, ;flxTo, efiff, wd,{ bz{g, d"NodfGotf
cflb klg leGg / ljz]if lsl;dsf] xG' 5 . oL ;a} s/' fsf] ;dli6nfO{ ;:+ s[lt
elgG5 . o;} cyc{ g;' f/ g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tnfO{ cYof{pg] xf] eg] gk] fnLx¿n]
k/Dk/fb]lv g} cjnDag ub{} cfPsf] hLjgk4lt tyf d"NodfGotfnfO{ gk] fnL
;:+ sl[ t eGgk' 5 { . gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ t eu" fn] / hflt tyf wd;{ Dkb| fosf] leGgtfsf
cfwf/df ljljwtfdo aGg ku' ]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] ef}ufl] ns ;LdfeGbf klg
k/k/;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . o:tf] lj:tf/ / ljljwtfsf dfemdf klg PsTj
/xg' g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljz]iftf ags] f] 5 .

gk] fn Pp6f k|fs[lts ;G' b/tfn] el/k0" f{ ek" l/j]li7t bz] xf] . oxfF ;ofF}
hfthflt / efiffefifLsf dflg;x¿sf] a;fa] f; /xs] f] 5 . kj" b{ l] v klZrd;Dd}
kml} nPsf a|fxd\ 0f / 5q] Lx¿ b;lF} txf/nufotsf ljleGg kj{x¿ dgfpF5g\ .
;+:sf/ / ;+:sl[ tsf wgL pgLx¿ dn" tM gk] fnL efiff afN] 5g\ t/ klZrdlt/
eg] 8f]6n] L, bfr'{nn] L, c5fdL cflb efiff klg afN] 5g\ . k"js{ f ls/ftF Lx¿

cfrf/ljrf/ M rfnrng
bzg{ M x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f
;dli6 M p:t} vfnsf j:ts' f] dn]
cjnDag M ckgfpg] sfd
PsTj M Pp6} x'g] efj
ek" l/jl] i7t M bz] sf] ;a} l;dfgf hldgn] 3/] ]sf]
hLjgk4lt M hLjg lhpg] tl/sf

30 gk] fnL, sIff ^

wfg gfr, RofAa|ª' gfr / ;fsn] fdf /dfp5F g\ . ls/fFtLx¿dWo] klg lnDax' ¿
lnDa' efiff afN] 5g\ eg] /fOx{ ¿ afGtjf, rflDnª, nfx] f?] ªnufotsf cgs] /fO{
ls/ftF L efiffx¿ afN] 5g\ . ;fsn] f -pFwf}nL, peF fn} Ldf_, rf;f]s tªgfd cflb
dgfpF5g\ . klZrdsf g]kfnLx¿ bp] 8f eg]kl5 x'?Ss x'G5g\ . pgLx¿dWo]
sf]xL 8f6] ]nL efiff af]N5g\ . sf]xL eg] a}t8n] L, bfr'n{ ]nL, c5fdn] Lnufotsf
efiffx¿ afN] 5g\ . pgLx¿ uf/} f kj{df /dfp5F g\ .

dWo v08df tfdfªx¿ ;n] f] gfR5g\ . tfdfªx¿n] af]Ng] efiffnfO{ tfdfª
efiff g} elgG5 . pgLx¿ w'dwfdsf ;fy Nxf];f/ dgfp5F g\ . g]jf/x¿
xfs'k6f;L / 5f]6f] bf}/fdf 7fFl6P/ la:s]6hfqf, OGb|hfqf, Dxk"hf cflb
dgfpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf] efiffnfO{ gk] fn efiff elgG5 . u?' ª / du/x¿
/fb] Ldf /D5g,\ 3f6d' f gfR5g \ . u?' ªx¿ u?' ª / 3n] efiff afN] 5g\ eg] du/x¿
du/ tyf vfd efiff afN] 5g\ . Nxf;] f/ / el" d kh" f pgLx¿sf] dV' o kj{ xf] .
t/fO{ dw;] df dw];L aGwx' ¿ cg]s /ªx¿n] kmu'jf /ª\ufp5F g,\ 57df ;"o{sf]
pkf;gf u5g{  \ / l;?jf kj{ dgfp5F g\ . pgLx¿ dl} ynL, efh] k'/L, cjwL,
/fhj+zL, lwdfn, ;tf/, pb'n{ ufot efiff afN] 5g\ . dfly lxdfnlt/ rf/} Lsf]
kR' 5/ 8f]nfpbF }, aSv' / bf]rfdf ;lhP/ zk] f{ ;d'bfo Nxf];f/ dgfpF5g \ .
To;/L g} ysfnL / 8fN] kfnLx¿sf cfˆg} efiff / kj{x¿ 5g\ . ljleGg e]sdf
ljleGg efiff, j]z, kj{ / hfqfx¿ dgfpFb} cfˆgf] ;:+ s[lt k5\ofpg] x/s]
hfthfltsf] hGdbl] v dT[ o;' Ddsf cg]s ;:+ sf/x¿ 5g\ . sltko hfltsf
To:tf ;+:sf/x¿lar ;dfgtf klg 5g\ . sltdf leGgtf klg 5g\ . o;/L
hfthfltlkR5] / gk] fnL e"ufn] sf] v08lkR5] km/s km/s hLjgk4lt, hfqf
jf kj{x¿, efiff, j]z jf ;:+ sf/ xg' ' t/ klg xfdL gk] fnL xfF} eGg] efjgf
/xg' g]kfnL ;:+ s[lt xf] .

hflt, efiff / eu" fn] lkR5] km/s km/s dN" o dfGotf eP h:t} wflds{ cf:yfsf

b[li6n] klg g]kfnLx¿df ljljwtfdf Pstf kfOG5 . k"jLo{ cfo{ ;Eotfsf

cgo' foLx¿ lxGbw' dd{ f ljZjf; ub5{ g\ / o;nfO{ cGo ;Eotfsf ;d'bfon]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 31

klg j/0f u/]sf 5g \ . To:t} uft} d a'4sf dxfg\ pkb]znfO{ cfTd;ft\
ug{] af4} wdfj{ nDaL klg w]/} 5g\ . hg} / lzv ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x¿ klg
5g\ . oxfF dl' :nd wdd{ f ljZjf; ug]x{ ¿ klg 5g\ . oxfF ls/ftF wd{ dfGgx] ¿
klg 5g \ . gk] fndf O;fO{ wd{ dfGg]x¿ klg 5g\ . ;+ljwfgn] g} wd{lg/kI] f
/fi6s« f ¿kdf kl/eflift ePsf] o; dn' s' df pbfx/0fLo wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf
5 . oxfsF f lxGb'x¿ a'4nfO{ cfˆg} b]jtf dfgL kH" 5g,\ af4} bz{gsf cg'ofoL
aG5g\ . af}4 wdfj{ nDaLx¿ klg lxGbn' fO{ ;Ddfg u5g{ \ . lzv / hg} sf] klg
lxGb' / af4} ;uF dnldnfk cgs' /0fLo 5 . lxGb,' af4} , lzv, hg} / ls/ftF dfq
geO{ o; bz] df O;fO{ / O:nfdsf] klg ;Ddfg x'G5 . pgLx¿ ;lxi0f' eO{
;xsfo,{ dn] ldnfk / Pstfsf] ;Gbz] lbG5g\ . Pscsfs{ f] rf8kj{ dgfp5F g,\
To;df ;xefuL eO{ /dfOnf] u5{g\ . o:tf] ck|ltd wflds{ dn] ldnfk g}
g]kfnL ;+:s[lt xf], gk] fnL ;:+ s[ltsf] ljzi] ftf xf] .

gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t gk] fnleq dfq xfO] g, ;;+ f/sf] h'g sg' f;Dd gk] fnLx¿
ku' s] f 5g,\ ToxfF;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . g]kfnaflx/ ef/tsf] bflh{lnª, l;lSsd,
sflnDkf]ª / klZrd aª\ufnsf] pQ/L If]q t g]kfnL ;:+ s[ltsf] e08f/ g}
xf] . To;bl] v kj" { cf;fd, d3] fno, dlgk/' nufotsf ef/tLo /fHox¿df klg
ToxfFsf] kl/j]z ;x' fpbF f] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt hLljt 5 . ef/tsf c¿ /fHox¿df
klg gk] fnL d"nsf w]/} dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; 5 . cfhLljsfsf] l;nl;nfdf
gk] fnLx¿ tL 7fpxF ¿df ku' k] l5 pgLx¿sf] ;fyd} gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ t klg uPsf]

wdl{ g/kI] f M sg' } Pp6f wdn{ fO{ dfq dfGotf glbg]
hg} M dxfjL/n] rnfPsf] clx+;fTds wd{
lzv M u'? gfgsn] rnfPsf Ps wd{
O:nfd M d'xDdbn] k|rngdf NofPsf] d;' ndfgL wd{
;lxi0f ' M ;xgzLn
;xsfo { M Ps ;fy ldn/] sfdug]{ k|lj|mof
ckl| td M hf8] f gePsf]Ù clåtLo
cfhLljsf M hLjg lgjfx{ sf nflu ul/g] sfd

32 gk] fnL, sIff ^

5 . ef/tafxs] Dofgdf/, xªsª, a]nfot, cdl] /sf, c:6]l« nof cflb b]zdf
klg gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t kmn} Fbf] 5 . ;fpbL c/]laof, stf/, b'aO,{ dn]l;of, blIf0f
sfl] /of, hfkfg, l;ª\ufk'/, a|g' fO,{ Oh/fon, kfN] ofG8 cflb bz] x¿df klg
g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ tsf] lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L gk] fnaflx/ gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t
kmn} g] dxŒjk0" f{ cfwf/ g]kfnL efiff / gk] fnleq af]lng] cGo efiffx¿
ags] f 5g\ . o;sf ;fy;fy} gk] fnLn] dgfpg] rf8kj{, jz] ei" ff, vfgkfg /
gk] fnL ;:+ sf/ hxfF hxfF k'U5g\ ToxfF ToxfF g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ t km}nfO/xs] f] 5 .

g]kfnLn] kfxg' fnfO{ b]jtf dfGg] kr| ng 5 . cfkm"n] ?vf];'vf] vfP klg
cltlynfO{ ld7f]dl;gf] v'jfpg] g]kfnL rng 5 . hggL / hGdel" dnfO{
:ju{eGbf klg dxfg\ 7fGg] k/Dk/f 5 . ;fdflhs lxtsf nflu kf6Lkf}jf,
af6f]3f6f] / kn' kn' ];f agfpg] rng 5 . g]kfnLsf] bfg ug]{ afgL k|z;+ gLo
5 . ;d'bfodf lhpFbfsf hGtL / dbf{sf dnfdL hfg] k|rng 5 . df?gL,
afng / ;f/] 7Lsf efvfdf 6'ªg\ f, 8Dkm', Rofaª|' , dfbn / d/' nLsf] snfTds
;+of]hg 5 . o:tf] ljljwtfdo rfnrng g} gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t xf ] .

cltly M kfx'gf
cgo' foL M ;dys{
;lxi0ft' f M d]nldnfk
;Dkbf M ;DklQ

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 33

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

ljljwtf rlncfPsf] /Lltlylt
?vf];'vf] dn' 's
;dfgtf ;+:sf/
;:+ sl[ t ;dfg xg' ] l:ylt
/fHo cg]stf
k/Dk/f lrNnf]rfKnf] / /l;nf]kf]l;nf] gePsf]

@= lbOPsf zAbx¿sf cys{ f af/]df 5nkmn u/L eGgx' f;] \ M

lqlk6s k'/f0f dl:hb r}To dG' wd'

8Dkm' 57 j;Gt k~rdL df?gL

:t"k ;fsn] f d7dlGb/ hGtL dnfdL

#= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb vfh] /] n]Vg'xf;] \ M

===================================
Rffnrng cjnDag ===================================

ckl| td kfxg' f ======================================================================

=================================== ===================================
;lxi0ft' f ;Dkbf

lz/ rf8 =================================== ===================================

$= cgs' /0ffTds zAb;“u ldNbf] ljm| ofdn" 5fg]/ hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

kn' Ss la;{g'

e;' S' s } l/;fpg'

34 g]kfnL, sIff ^

6K' nS' s a:g'
em'nS' s efUg'
emgSs xfF:g'
yrSs emN' sg'
d';S' s xg] {'
;'6S' s cfOkU' g'

%= jfSodf ko| f]u ugx'{ f;] \ M

Kof66\ , w?' w?' , 5'k5' 'k', ;n' n' ', x\jf:;, a//

^= cEof; $ / % df k|of]u gePsf cGo kGwc| f]6f cg's/0ffTds zAb
;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf;] \ .

k7gafw] / n]vg cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 kfnk} fnf] k9/] sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ . sl7g zAbx¿sf] cy{
…zAbfyÚ{ df vf]Hg'xf;] \ . Toxf“ g/x]sf zAbx¿sf] cy{ lzIfs, ;fyLnfO{
;fw] ]/ jf zAbsfz] df x]/]/ k|:6 xg' x' f;] \ .

@= tnsf zAbx¿ Ps 7fpd“ f dfq cz4' -x:| jbL3,{ k~rdj0f{ / lz/laGb' z,
if, ;, a, j tyf cGo_ 5g\ . czl' 4 kQf nufP/ z4' kf/L ;fgx{' f;] \ M

-s_ l/ltl/jfh, kt" L,{ /fhgLtLs, kl/jt{glzn, cg'el' t, ;xfg'e"tL,
a'l4dQfk'0f{ -x:| jbL3{ dfq_

-v_ c;V+ o, ;t+ l' i6, lxdzG[ vnf, ;Djwg{ , cg;' ~wfg, ;ª:\ sf/, ;t+ n' g
-k~rdj0f{ / lz/laGb' dfq_

-u_ zlxi0ft' f, cgz' fifg, cfjiostf, cfb;,{ lzhg{ f, zdjb] gf, ljlz:6
-z, if, ; dfq_

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 35

-3_ hLag, cGwlaZjf;, larf/, gaLg, j|tjGw, laifjI[ f, kl| tlaDa,
ljZa -a, j dfq_

-ª_ ;l+ :jm| lt, kTo]{s, P;y{, kl| s¥of, lk9L, cfos] f, eo]sfn] -Csf/,
/, /]km, rGb|laGb', P, o cflb_

#= hf8] f ldnfO{ cyk{ 0" f{ jfSo agfpg'xf];\ M

v08 …sÚ v08 …vÚ

-s_ g]kfnL ;:+ s[lt z]kf,{ tfdfª, u'?ªx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ rf8 xf] .

-v_ ls/ftF x¿ g]kfnLn] dgfpg] k|l;4 rf8 xg' \ .

-u_ b]p8f g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tdf b]jtf dflgG5 .

-3_ 57 kh" f g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ;LdfeGbf k/k/;Dd
km}lnPsf] 5 .

-ª_ Nxf];f/ w]/} dw;] L ;db' fosf] k|l;4 kj{ xf] .

-r_ b;F} / ltxf/ ;fs]nf, rf;fs] tªgfd cflb dgfp5F g\ .

-5_ cltlynfO{ g]kfnsf] ;'b/" klZrddf cToGt nf]slko| 5 .

$= kf7sf] bf;] f| ] cg'R5b] sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ls/ftLx¿ sd] f /dfpF5g\ <
-v_ bp] 8f egk] l5 sf] x'?Ss x'G5g\ <
-u_ uf}/f kj{ d'Vo u/L sxfF dgfOG5 <

-3_ gj] f/ ;db' fodf dgfOg] dV' o hfqf / kj{x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-ª_ /fb] L / 3f6d' f sf] sf] /D5g\ <

%= lzIfsaf6 ;'g/] n]Vg'xf];\ / cfk"mn] n]v]sf zAbx¿ cfkm}“ hf“Rgx' f;] \ M

36 g]kfnL, sIff ^

ld7f]dl;gf,] :jue{ Gbf, Rofaª'| , j]zei" ff, cf:yf, dxŒjk0" f,{ d7dlGb/,
;lxi0f'tf, bfr{n' n] L, xfsk' 6f;L, d[To', ;+:sf/, wd{;Dkb| fo, ;lxi0f'tf

^= ;fyL;u“ ldn]/ kfnk} fnf] >'ltn]vg ug'{xf;] \ M

;+:sl[ t JolSt / ;dfhsf] kl/ro xf] . dflg; ;:+ s[ltljxLg eP/ afFRg
;Sbg} . ;:+ sl[ t ;dfhsf] kl| tlaDa xf] .

&= 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;+:s[lt egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ gk] fnL ;+:s[ltsf] ljzi] ftf s] xf] <
-u_ gk] fndf wflds{ ljljwtfleq s:tf] Pstf 5 <
-3_ …lhpFbfsf hGtL / dbfs{ f dnfdLÚ egs] f] s] xf] <

(= nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ g+ k] fndf s] s:tf hflt, efiff / wd{;Dkb| fox¿ 5g\ <

-v_ gk] fnL ;+:s[lt sxf;F Dd / s;/L km}lnPsf] 5 <

!)= k9g\ 'xf];\ / kf“rcf6] f a'b“ f l6kf6] u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ M

s0ff{nL k|b]z g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ud ynf]sf ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt
5 . o; kb| ]zdf x'Dnf, h'Dnf, 8fN] kfnufotsf lhNnf k5g{ \ . g]kfnL
n]Vo ;flxTodf h'Dnfsf] cfkmg\ } klxrfg 5 . 8fN] kf eg] 7'nf lznfv08
/ zLtn jftfj/0fn] el/k"0f{ 5 . To;}n] 8f]Nkf lhNnf k|fs[lts
lrl8of3/sf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt 5 . 8fN] kf s'dfp ufpF gk] fnsf]
ee" fudf kQf nfu]sf] ;ae} Gbf gofF dfgj a:tL xf] . oxfF ;'k|l;4 afnf
lqk/' f;'Gb/L dlGb/ 5 . >L k"0ff{gGb pkfWofon] afnf lqk/' f;G' b/Lsf]
j0fg{ u/L !(!$ df nv] s] f] lqk'/f ;x;g| fd g} klxnf] nV] o kf08'lnlk

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 37

xf] . o; kf08'lnlknfO{ @)#& ;fndf /ljk|;fb Gofk} fg]n] ;Dkfbg
u/L k|sfzg u/s] f 5g\ . oxfF af}4 wdf{jnDaLsf] afSnf] a;f]af;
5 . 8f]Nkf Clifd'lgsf] klg lko| :yfg xf] . To;n} ] ToxfF k|frLg ;flxTo
k|z:t ePsf] cgd' fg ug{ ;lsG5 . ca xfdLn] ;a} 8fN] kfsf] nfs]
;flxTonfO{ nV] o :j¿kdf 9fn]/ ;xofu] ug{k' 5{ . To;sf] kr| f/k|;f/
u/L cfcfkmg\ f] If]qaf6 ofu] bfg lbg'k5{ . o;n] 8f]Nkfsf] cg's/0fLo
k/Dk/f / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df 6]jf k'U5 .

!!= cEof; !) df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] af6 z, if, ; j0f{ k|ofu] ePsf zAb
;fg'{xf];\ .

!@= cEof; !) df gk/]sf bz bzcf]6f z, if, ; j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAb
;ªs\ ng ug{'xf;] \ .

;g' fO / ko| fu]

!= ;'gfO kf7 # ;g' /] vfnL 7fp“ e//] jfSo k"/f ugx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ Oefg ldgfo]en] ============== sf] ofqf u/] . -g]kfn, ef/t, rLg_

-v_ Oefgn] ================ efiffsf] zAbsfz] tof/ kf/] . -gj] f/L, cjwL,
lnDa'_

-u_ ck|mf] Pl;ofnL n]vs ;Dd]ngdf ======== n] ;Daf]wg u/] .
-dfwjk;| fb, l;l4r/0f, nIdLk|;fb_

-3_ l;ofnL efiffdf =============== ;ªu\ |x k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . -syf,
sljtf, uLt_

-ª_ ======== b]jsf]6fnfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfg ul/G5 . -?;df, s'a]tdf,
e'6fgdf_

38 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= ;'gfO kf7 # sf cfwf/df ldNbf] zAb;“u hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

k|:t't elgPsf ]

rrf{ crfgsl;t x'g] e6]
jm| flGt Ps 7fpFdf hDdf kfg]{ sfd
;Dafw] g eflifs ¿kfGt/
cgj' fb efif0f ug{] sfd
;ª\u|x p2Z] o;fy ul/g] en] f
;o+ fu] kl/jtg{ sf nflu ul/g] ljbf| ]x
;Ddn] g uDeL/ 5nkmn

#= ;'gfO kf7 # df cfwfl/t eO{ pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ Oefg ldgfo]e sf] lyP <

-v_ cS6f]a/ ;dfhjfbL j|mflGt slxn] eof] <

-u_ ;fl] eot ;ª\3sf] ed| 0f ss;n] u/]sf lyP <

-3_ …g]kfnsf sljx¿Ú sljtf ;ªu\ x| s;/L ks| fzg ul/Psf] lyof] <

$= sIffsf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ rf/ ;dx" df af8“ g\ x' f;] \ . ca kT| os] ;dx" n] 5nkmn

u/L cfk\mgf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt Pp6f nfs] uLtsf] sDtLdf tLg cGt/f

;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ / sIffdf ufP/ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

%= tkfOn“{ fO{ dg kg{] n]vssf af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k|:t't

ug{x' f];\ .

^= cfk\mgf] 3/df sf]xL kfx'gf cfp“bf pxfn“ fO{ s;/L :jfut tyf ;Ddfg

ul/G5 < x/]sn] cfcfkm\ gf] 3/sf] rngcg;' f/sf] :jfut tyf ;Ddfgsf

af/d] f sIffdf j0f{g ugx'{ f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 39

eflifs ;+/rgf
!= k9\g'xf;] \ / ;jg{ fd zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ M

xfdL g]kfnL xf}F . xfdf| ] cfˆg} lsl;dsf] ;+:s[lt 5 . xfdLsxfF pd]/, ;fOgf]

cflbsf cfwf/df …t,F ltdL, tkfO,F{ xh/' Ú sf] ko| fu] ug]{ rng 5 . k/fk] sf/
df ljZjf; ug{] gk] fnLx¿df …dÚ / …xfdLÚ nfO{ eGbf …pmÚ, …pgLÚ jf …pgLx¿Ú
nfO{ a9L dxŒj lbOG5 . Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] s/' f ubf{ sf] cfˆgf] / sf]
k/fO{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ dxŒj lbOGg . cfk"m ;xL x'bF f gem'Sg] t/ uNtL eP lz/
em'sfP/ uNtL :jLsf/ ug]{ g]kfnL rng 5 . :jodn\ fO{ efl] n s] vfg] eGg]
;d:of xbF' f klg cfkm" ;uF ePsf] s/' f cfh} bfg ug{ gk] fnLx¿ ;wF} tTk/ xG' 5g\ .

@= uf9f kfl/Psf zAbsf ;66\ fdf pkoS' t ;jg{ fd zAb /fvL kg' nv{] g ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ d]/f] efO 5 . efO sIff Psdf k95\ .

-v_ cfdf ljBfnodf k9fpgx' G' 5 . cfdf ;w}F ljBfno hfgx' G' 5 .
-u_ /df / /d]z vN] b} lyP . /df / /dz] lbbLefO x'g\ .
-3_ lzIfs cfpge' f] . lzIfsn] gk] fnL ljifo k9fpg'xG' 5 .
-ª_ efGhL ahf/ uOg\ . efGhLn] sk8f lslgg\ .

#= ldNbf] ljm| ofkb 5fg/] egx{' f;] \ M

-s_ dn} ] 3/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -agfPF, agfof_}F
-v_ tkfO{F xfdLnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -lrG5;,\ lrGg'xG' 5_
-u_ pgL pbok/' df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -a:5, a:5g_\
-3_ x/s] n] /fh:j ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -lt¥of,] lt/_]
-ª_ s;n] ;a}nfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -lhTof,] lht_]
-r_ oL d]/f ;fyLx¿ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -xf], xg' _\

40 g]kfnL, sIff ^

$= vfnL 7fpd“ f pkoS' t ;j{gfd zAb egx'{ f];\ M
-s_ ============= ;fyLx¿nfO{ e6] o\ f}F .
-v_ ============= vt] LkftL ug{x' G' 5 .
-u_ ============= ldlxg]tL 5 <
-3_ /fhn] ========== agfof] <
-ª_ ldqx¿ ====== sfd u5{g\ <
-r_ s6] fs6] Lx¿ ========= u?g\, d ;xof]u u5{' .
%= jfSodf ko| f]u ug{'xf];\ M
h,] Tof,] sf,] s,] sfx] L, cfkm," ;a,} oL

kg' /fjl[ Q

snf

dflg;leq n's]sf] kl| tefnfO{ ljleGg ljlw / dfWodaf6 snfTds ¿kdf
ha k:| t't ul/G5, ta Tof] snf x'G5 . To;n} ] ljlw / dfWodsf leGgtfsf
cfwf/df snfsf k|sf/x¿ 5'6\l6G5g\ . ufog, g[To, ;ª\uLt, clego,
lrqsnf, sfi7snf, dl" ts{ nf, jf:ts' nf, ;flxTo cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf
snf xg' \ .

unfsf] dfx] gL nfUbf] cfjfhaf6 ufogsnf k|s6 x'G5 . ;ª\uLt / zAbsf]

cfbz] cg';f/ k|s6 x'g] efjeªl\ udf gT[ osnf xf] . bz] , sfn / kl/l:ylthGo

ljifonfO{ hLjGt cg's/0f ubf{ clegosnf aG5 . jfBjfbgsf] ;d'lrt

k|ofu] af6 pTkGg xg' ] dgf]xf/Lsnf ;ª\uLt xf] . /ª / /v] fåf/f ks| l[ t /

dgfh] uts\ f ;G' b/ ¿k sk8f, sfuh jf s'g} j:t'df agfpg' lrqsnf

xf] . sf7 s'bF ]/, hf]8/] snfTds cfs[lt tof/ ug'{ sfi7snf xf] . df6f],

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 41

tfdf, lkQn, 9nf]6, l;d]G6nufotsf j:t'df ;'Gb/tf / cf:yf hGdfpg'
dl" t{snf xf] . ljleGg d7, dlGb/, rT} o, u'Daf, 3/, ejg, kf6L, kfj} f cflbsf]
;+/rgf;DaGwL ljlzi6 1fg jf:ts' nf xf] . efiffsf dfWodaf6 JoSt x'g]
syf, sljtf, gf6s, lgaGw, k|jrg, pb3\ fi] f0f, efif0f cflb ;a} vfn] eflifs
snf ;flxTo xf] .

snf :jefjn} ] ;G' b/ / l;hg{ fTds xG' 5 . o;nfO{ ;xL ;fwgf / Jofj;flostf
lbg ;s]df hLjgofkgsf] ;Ddflgt cfwf/ aGg ;S5 .

kZ| gx¿

!= dflysf] kf7 ;:j/ jfrg ug'x{ f;] \ / p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb dflysf] kf7af6
vfh] /] n]Vgx' f;] \ M

lsl;d cf1f ================================= =================================

lhpbF f] ================================= ljZjf; =================================

agf]6 ================================ sxfgL =================================

@= kf7sf cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

ufog jfBjfbgsf] ;d'lrt k|of]uaf6 pTkGg xg' ] dgf]xf/Lsnf
;ªu\ Lt /ª / /v] fåf/f k|s[lt / dgf]hut\sf ;G' b/ ¿k ptfg{] snf
gT[ o efiffsf dfWodaf6 JoSt xg' ] eflifssnf
lrqsnf unfsf] df]xgL nfUbf] cfjfhaf6 k|s6 x'g] snf
;flxTo ;ªu\ Lt / zAbsf] cfbz] cg';f/ k|s6 xg' ] efjeªl\ udf

#= 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ snfnfO{ 56' o\ fpg] cfwf/ s] xf] <

-v_ clego snf s;/L aGb5 <

42 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-u_ s:tf] snfnfO{ jf:ts' nf elgG5 <
-3_ ;flxTo eg]sf] s] xf] <

$= tkfOn“{ ] lrGge' Psf] sg' } Ps hgf snfsf/ -ufos, gT[ osf/, ;ªu\ Ltsf/,
lrqsf/ cflb_ sf af/]df Ps cg'R5b] nV] gx' f];\ .

;fdl" xs lj|mofsnfk

!= rf/kfr“ hgfsf] ;d"x aGg'xf];\ . kT| o]s ;dx" n] s'g} Pp6f kjs{ f af/d] f
lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ ;dl] 6g] u/L 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ Tof] kj{ dgfOg] dlxgf, ;do -v_ kj{ dgfOg] sf/0f, lsj+ bGtL

-u_ kj{df s] s] ul/G5 eGg] s'/fsf] j|mda4 j0f{g -o; j|mddf
jz] ei" ff, vfgkfgsf] kl/sf/ / To:tf kl/sf/ agfOg] ljlwsf]
klg rrf{ ug{'xf;] \ ._

5nkmnkZrft\ cfˆgf] ;d"xsf tkm{af6 Ps hgfn] sIffdf k|:tt'
ug'x{ f];\ .

@= cfkm" nfO{ dg kg{] snfsf] bfof“k6\l6 cfkm\ gf] gfd nV] g'xf;] \ . To;kl5
sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fyL{x¿nfO{ ;fw] /] pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg]{ snfsf] bfof“
sf]7fdf pgLx¿sf] gfd n]vL tflnsf eg'{xf];\ M

snf ;fyLx¿sf] gfd

ufog ========================================================================================================================================================

;ªu\ Lt ====================================================================================================================================================
gT[ o ====================================================================================================================================================
lrqsnf ====================================================================================================================================================
;flxTo ====================================================================================================================================================
clego ====================================================================================================================================================

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 43

#= cfk\mgf] Ifq] df k|rlnt sg' } rf8kj,{ cj;/, hfqfdf ufOg] sg' } nfs] uLt
sIffdf ;fdl" xs ¿kdf ufpg'xf];\ .

l;hg{ f÷kl/ofh] gf

!= cfÇgf] 7fp÷“ 6f]ndf ePsf] s'g} Ps ;f:+ s[lts dxŒjsf] :yfg -dlGb/,
uD' af, dl:hb, luhf3{ /, yfg, kf6L, kfj} f, rft} f/f,] wdz{ fnf, ;fjh{ lgs
ejg, lsl/ofk'qL 3/, u7' L cflb_ sf af/]df Ps cgR' 5]b nV] g'xf;] \ .

@= hGd, ljjfx / dTo' ;:+ sf/sf af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf l5ds] LnfO{
;fw] ]/ Ps cg'R5b] df j0f{g ug'x{ f;] \ .

#= …dnfO{ dg kg]{ snfÚ zLifs{ df Ps cg'R5b] n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;g' fO kf7 #

;g\ !*&% bl] v /l;ofdf g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] rrf{ x'g yfn]sf] xf] .

To;tfsf k|l;4 /l;og kf| Roljb\ Oefg ldgfo]en] g]kfnsf] ofqf u/]sf
lyP . pgL af4} wds{ f] cWoog ug{ gk] fn cfPsf lyP . elgG5 – Oefgn]
g]jf/L efiff l;s]/ zAbsf]z;d]t tof/ kf/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(!& sf]
P]ltxfl;s cS6f]a/ ;dfhjfbL jm| flGt ;DkGg xg' e' Gbf cfwf ztfAbL cl3
eu" fn] ljb\ lbldqL sfl] :tG:sLn] g]kfnaf/] kl/rofTds k:' ts nv] ]sf lyP .
gk] fnL ;flxTosf x:tLx¿ afnsi[ 0f ;d / l;l4r/0f >]i7n] ;fl] eot ;ª\3sf]
e|d0f u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(%* df dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / dfwjk|;fb
l3ld/n] ] ckm| f] Pl;ofnL nv] s ;Ddn] gdf efu lnP . To; ;Ddn] gdf bj] sf6] fn]
;Daf]wg klg u/s] f lyP . plNnlvt sfoa{ f6 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] hfgsf/L
?;df ku' s] f] xf] . g]kfnL sljtfsf] cªu\ h|] L cgj' fbsf cfwf/df tTsfn}
…gk] fnsf sljx¿Ú zLifs{ df /l;ofnL efiffdf sljtf ;ªu\ x| ks| flzt klg ePsf]
lyof] . o;df g]kfnsf kl| ;4 sljx¿sf sljtf ;dfjz] ul/Psf lyP . ?;df
b]jsf]6fnfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfg ug{] ul/G5 . ;fl] eot cGtl/Ifofg rG›dfdf k'us] }
lbg b]jsf]6fsf] lgwg ePsf] xf] . o; ;+of]unfO{ bj] sf6] fsf] …p2]Zo s] lng,'

p8L 5g' " rG› PsÚ ;uF hf]8/] klg k|:t't ul/G5 .

44 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cled'vLs/0f
tnsf lrq x]/L ltgLx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ M

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 45