CLASS-6 NEPALI BOOK

$ 5f]/fnfO{ lr7L

ldlt M @)&^÷)#÷!^
:yfg M cn d'/Aaf, l/ofb,
;fpbL c/]laof
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k/b]zL a'afsf] z'efzLjf{b Û

ltdf| ] kq kfPF . kqdf ltdLn] cfdf / ufpF3/sf] xfnva/;Fu} 3/ kms{g
cg'/f]w u/]sf /x]5f} . kq k9]/ cToGt v;' L 5' .

5f/] f sdnz] Û dnfO{ ltdf| ] kq k9b\ f lhDdj] f/Ln] ltdLnfO{ ;fg} pd]/df
7'nf] agfP h:tf] cge' l" t eO/x]sf] 5 . x'g t ltdL pd/] n] rfw} jif{sf dfq
eof} t/ ltdL cfdfsf] ;xf/f / 5 jif{sL alxgLsf] cleefjs klg xf} .
3/df aa' f gePkl5 ltdLdf slnn} pd/] df lhDdj] f/L cfOnfUof] . t/ casf]
sx] L dlxgfkl5 ltdL lszf]/ sfndf kj| z] u5f}{ . lszf]/ pd/] df z/L/df
xg' ] xdf]g{ x¿sf] kl/jtg{ n] JolStsf] ;fR] g] tl/sfdf klg abnfj NofpF5 /
cln ljbf| ]xL :jefjsf] agfpF5 . To;n} ] lszf]/ sfnnfO{ cfFwLax] ]/Lsf] pd/]
klg elgG5 . d k/bz] L aa' fnfO{ ltdf| af/d] f o;sf/0fn] klg cln lrGtf
nflu/xs] f] 5 . t/ dnfO{ ljZjf; 5, ltdL d/] f ;e' mfj / lzIfsx¿sf]

cleefjs M cfdfafa' jf ;/+ Ifs JolSt
lszf]/ sfn M P3f/ jifb{ ]lv kGw| jif{sf] pd]/
abnfa M kl/jt{g
ljb|fx] L M ljbf| ]x ug]{ lsl;dsf]
cfFwLa]x]/L M cfw“ Lx/' L
;'emfj M ;Demfpg] jf :d/0f u/fpg] sfd

46 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dfu{bz{gdf /x]/ cl3 a9g\ ] 5f} . hLjg ;fy{s kfg{] 5f} .

5f/] f, lszf/] sfn kf/ u/k] l5 ltdLnfO{ ;fyLx¿;uF a9L 3n' ldn ug{ dg nfUg]
5 . xfd|f] zf:qsf cg;' f/ t o:tf] a]nfdf ltdLn] ;fyL 5fGbf ;ae} Gbf a9L
;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg]{ xG' 5 . ;f]/ jif{kl5 t ltdL xfd|f ;fyL xG' 5f} /] Û dnfO{
t clxn] g} ltdL ;fyL xf} eGg] nfU5 . xfdLnfO{ c;n ;fyL rflxPsf] 5 .
ToxL eP/ ltdLnfO{ c;n ag elg/xs] f 5fF} . ;fyLx¿n] afN] g,] vfg,] sfd ug,{]
;fR] g] cflb s/' fx¿n] xfdf| ] ultljlw / ;fr] fOnfO{ cfsf/ lbO/xs] f] xG' 5 .
w]/} lszf/] lszf/] Lx¿ ;fyLx¿sf] nxn} xd} f nfu/] unt ultljlwdf km:g
k'U5g\ . To;}n] ltdLn] klg ;fyL 5gf]6;Fu} ;fyLnfO{ ug]{ Jojxf/df klg
ljzi] f Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . ltdLn] ;fyLnfO{ ;xofu] , ;be\ fj / p;sf] bM' vdf
;xfg'e"lt lbg ;Sof} eg] abnfdf ltdLn] klg ToxL kfp5F f} . ltdLnfO{ yfxf
5Fb} 5 lg – wt/' fs] f] lap /fk] ]/ cfkF sxLF klg kmNb}g .

sdnz] , ltdLn] lr7Ldf dnfO{ c/a 5f8] L cfˆg} bz] df kms]/{ sfd ug{
cfu|x u/s] f /x5] f} . ltd|f] cfu|xnfO{ nfv ;nfd 5 . d klg ToxL ;fR] b}
5' . lk|o kl/jf/hg, lxt}ifL cfkmGt / l5d]sL, ufpF3/ / b]z 5f]8]/
k/bl] ;Psf] klg ca t 5 jif{ k"/f eP5 . jiffFb{} l] vsf] C0f lt¿F / ;Gtfgsf]
lzIffsf] nflu clnslt hfx] f] u¿F eg/] c/a k;s] f] lyPF . t/ ljbz] cfkm" n]

dfu{bz{g M af6f] bv] fpg] sfd
;fys{ M cy{k"0f{
cge' "lt M dgn] cge' j ug]{ sfo{
;fjwfgL M ;tst{ f
bfz{lgs M bz{g zf:q k9]sf] jf To;sf] 1ftf
eljiojf0fL M kl5 x'G5 eg/] klxn] g} 7f]sj' f u/]sf] s'/f
;xfg'e"lt M csfs{ f] b'Mv, j]bgf cflbdf xg' ] ;dfg cg'ej
O{iof{jz M Oi{ ofs{ f] sf/0fn]
wt'/f] M sf8“ }sf8“ fn] el/Psf 7'nf kmn kmNg] / ;t] f], sfnf,] kxn]“ f], /ftf] / lgnf] u/L

hfx] f ] kfr“ y/L km" n km' Ng] Ps hftsf] af]6
M sg' } sfdsf lgldQ ul/g] aGbfa] :t

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 47

;f]r]h:tf] gx'bF f] /x5] . oltsf jif{b]lv rfln; l8uL| eGbf dflysf] tfkj|mddf
3f]l6P/ aNn C0f ltl/;lsof] . ufp3F /d} a;]/ Joj;fo ;'? ug{ k'“hLsf]
hf]xf] eg] ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . tk} lg ca d rfF8} kms{G5' / ltdLn] eg]h:t}
ufpF3/d} sx] L u5{' .

dnfO{ vt] LkftLdf c;fWo} ?lr 5 . To;n} ] cfwl' gs tl/sfn] vt] L ug{]
;f]r agfPsf] 5' . xfd|f] t/fO{ dw];nfO{ b]zsf] cGge08f/ dflgG5 .
t/ b'O{ jif{cl3 56' 6\ Ldf 3/ kmsbF{ f w]/} hldg afeF m} /xs] f] b]v]F . xfdL
h:tf sfd ug{ ;Sg] l;koS' t hgzlStx¿ ljb]zdf uPkl5 hldg afFem}
/xg' :jfefljs xf] . tyflk of] nIf0f b]zf]Ggltsf nflu sbflk /fd|f]
xf]Og . oxL s'/f ;Dem/] klg dn} ] ca ufpdF } cfw'lgs sl[ if;DaGwL sx] L ug{]
of]hgf agfPsf] 5' . ;/sf/n] klg sl[ if Ifq] df s]xL ug{ rfxg]nfO{ ljleGg
tflnd, cflys{ ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot Aofhdf shf{ lbg] Joj:yf u/s] f] s/' f
d}n] cgnfOg ;dfrf/x¿df k9]sf] 5' . o:tf ;'ljwfx¿sf] ;b'kof]u
ub{} h}ljs jf cuf{lgs vt] L / df5fkfng Joj;fo ug{] of]hgf 5 . d]/f] of]
hgf oxfF sfd ug{] ;fyLx¿ ;g' fpbF f pxfxF ¿ klg pT;flxt x'g'ePsf] 5 .
s]xL ;fyLx¿ t d;uF ;uF } :jbz] kms{g] tof/Ldf x'gx' G' 5 . d klg otfsf
;a} s/' f ldnfP/ PsbO' { dlxgfleq} b]z kmls;{ S5' . To;kl5 ;w}Fsf nflu
ltdL;Fu} /xg] 5' .

5f]/f sdnz] , kq cln nfdf] eof] . ltd|f cfdf / alxgLnfO{ klg d]/f] c;Ld
:gx] ;'gfOb]pm . ca rfF8} e6] g\ ] cfzf;lxt kq oxL cGTo ub5{ ' .

ltdf| ] pxL k/b]zL aa' f
clvnz] kf;jfg

k“'hL M ;l~rt wg
;x'lnot M sg' } vf; ljifo jf kl/l:yltdf ;a}nfO{ jf vf; vf; JolStnfO{ lbOg] ;l' jwf
hl} js v]tL M /f;folgs tyf xflgsf/s dnx¿sf] k|ofu] gu/Lsg ul/g] vt] L
c;Ld M ;Ldf gePsf]

48 gk] fnL, sIff ^

vfdsf] gdg' f kfpg]

k7fpg] sdn]z kf;jfg
clvnz] kf;jfg dx'nL ahf/
kmn} h /f]7 clUg;o/ s[i0fzj/0f ufpkF flnsf !
cn d'/Aaf
l/ofb ;Kt/L, k|b]z @
;fpbL c/l] aof
g]kfn

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

lhDdj] f/L ;l~rt wg
Oi{ of { lhDdf lng] sfd
kFh' L dgdf pAhg] 8fx
ljZjf; s'g} sfdsf lgldQ ul/g] aGbf]a:tÙ
OlGthfdÙ hf]/a6n'
hfx] f] e/f];f

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

cleef/f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ shf { Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
abnfj Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfu|x Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;Nnfx Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fi6«f]Gglt Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v]nfrF Ldf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ va/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
aLh Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgs6 Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 49

#= k9g\ x' f;] \ / ldNg] sf]7fdf zAb eg{x' f;] \ M

cfb/0fLo Kof/f ] lk|o :g]xL
dfofn'
k"Ho kh" gLo >4]o

cfk"meGbf 7'nfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]
;Daf]wghgs zAb

cfkm" ;dfg -;fyL_ jf cfkm" eGbf ;fgfsf
nflu ko| fu] ul/g] ;Daf]wghgs zAb

$= lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnLx¿ k9/] tflnsfsf] ldNg] sf7] fdf egx{' f;] \ M

;fb/ gd:sf/ w/] } w/] } dfof cfzLjf{b

b08jt\ k|0ffd z'eflzif\ gd:sf/;lxt 9fu]

d'/Ld'/L ofbx¿ ;kd]| ;Demgf c;Ld :gx] / ;Demgf

:g]xfl;St cfzLjr{ g nfv nfv cflzif\ xflb{s k|0ffd

cfk"meGbf 7'nfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]
lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnL
cfkm" ;dfg -;fyL_ sf nflu ko| f]u ul/g]
lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnL

cfk"meGbf ;fgfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]
lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnL

k7gaf]w / n]vg cEof;

!= …5f/] fnfO{ lr7LÚ kf7 df}gk7g ugx{' f;] \ . To;kl5 lgDglnlvt ljifodfly
;fdl" xs 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ M

50 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-s_ lr7Lsf] ;+/rgf

cflb efu -ldlt, 7]ufgf, ;Daf]wg, lzi6frf/_

dWo efu ÷ d'Vo efu -s'zn sfdgf ÷ ljifo k|j]z, d'Vo

s/' f, 6'ªU\ ofpgL_

cGTo efu -k|fks;Fusf] ;DaGw, x:tfIf/ /
n]vssf] gfd_

cGo -lr7Lsf] ljifo, vfddf ki]| fs / kf| kssf]

gfd tyf 7u] fgfsf] j|md_

-v_ ljifoj:t' tyf ;Gbz]

@= …5f]/fnfO{ lr7LÚ kf7 ;?' b]lv cGTo;Dd Wofgk"js{ x]g'{xf;] \ . To;kl5
…;'gfO tyf ljZn]if0ffTds kl| tlj|mofÚ ki[ 7 – %% sf] cEof; $ PskN6
k9\g'xf];\ . ca tn lbOPsf cª\sdf l7s zAb÷zAbfjnL n]vL

3/fo;L -JolStut jf cgf}krfl/s_ lr7Lsf] ;/+ rgf k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ M

!= ====================================================

@= ====================================================
#= ====================================================
$= ====================================================
%= ====================================================
^= ====================================================
&= ====================================================
*= ====================================================
(= ====================================================

dflysf] ;/+ rgfdf != bl] v $= ;Dddf nl] vg] ljifoj:tn' fO{ cflb efu

elgG5 . %= b]lv &= ;Dd n]lvg] ljifoj:t' rflxF dWo efu jf dV' o efu
xg' \ . *= / (= rflxF cGTo efu xg' \ . dWo efu jf d'Vo efusf] ^= rflxF

PseGbf w]/} cgR' 5]b xg' ;S5g\ . dflysf] lr7Ldf klg ^= df rf/cf]6f

cgR' 5]b 5g\ . 51

gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= df}gk7g / 5nkmnsf cfwf/df l7s pQ/df /h] f -√_ nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ of] lr7L sxfa“ f6 nl] vPsf] xf] <
-c_ cn ;km/t, l/ofb
-cf_ cn d'/Aaf, l/ofb
-O_ cn d?' h, l/ofb
-v_ of] lr7L s;n] nv] ]sf] xf] <
-c_ sdn]z kf;jfgn ]
-cf_ clegj kf;jfgn]
-O_ clvnz] kf;jfgn]
-u_ sdnz] kf;jfg slt jifs{ f] 5 <
-c_ bz jif{sf] -cf_ afx| jif{sf] -O_ rf}w jifs{ f]
-3_ lszf]/ sfnnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-c_ cfwF Lax] ]/Lsf] pd]/
-cf_ r6\6fgsf] pd/]
-O_ dfh] d:tLsf] pd/]
$= 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ dflysf] lr7L s;n,] s;nfO,{ slxn,] sxfa“ f6 / lsg nv] s] f] xf] <
-v_ sdnz] s'g sf/0fn] rfw} jifs{ } pd/] df lhDdj] f/ ags] f] /x5] <
-u_ lszf/] sfnnfO{ lsg cf“wLa]x/Lsf] pd/] elgPsf] xf]nf <

52 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-3_ clvn]z lsg c/a uPsf /x]5g\ <

-ª_ clvnz] n] ufp“ kms]{kl5 s] ug]{ ofh] gf agfPsf 5g\ <

$= nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ lr7Ldf a'afn] 5f]/fnfO{ s] s:tf ;e' mfj lbPsf 5g\ <

-v_ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] rngnfO{ s;/L /f]Sg ;lsG5,
nV] g'xf];\ <

%= dflysf] lr7Lsf] vfdsf] gdg' f lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] sf ljifoj:tl' ar t'ngf
ug'{xf;] \ M

vfdsf] gdg' fdf k7fpg] -k|i] fs_ JolSt / kfpg] -k|fks_ JolStsf] gfd /
7u] fgf x'G5 . k7fpg] JolStsf] gfd / 7]ufgf vfdsf] ba] ]|k6\l6 x'G5 eg]
kfpg] JolStsf] gfd / 7]ufgf vfdsf] bflxgk] 6l\ 6 x'G5 . gfd / 7u] fgfsf]
klg jm| d x'G5 . To; jm| dcg;' f/ ;a}eGbf klxn] k"/f gfd / y/ n]Vgk' 5{ .
To;kl5 gfdsf] l7s tn ufpF jf 6fn] sf] gfd n]Vgk' 5{ . ufpF jf 6fn] sf]
gfdsf] l7s tn :yfgLo tx -ufpkF flnsf, gu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf,
dxfgu/kflnsf_ sf] gfd / j8f nV] g'k5{ . To;kl5 lhNnf / kb| ]zsf] gfd
nV] gk' 5{ . Ps bz] bl] v csf]{ bz] k7fpg] lr7L eP 7]ufgfsf] ;ae} Gbf tn
bz] sf] gfd klg nV] gk' 5{ .

^= dflysf] lr7L k9L pSt lr7Lsf] kT| oQ' / n]Vgx' f;] \ / vfdsf] gdg' f klg
agfpg'xf];\ .

&= dn" kf7af6 …aÚ nfus] f bzcf6] f / …jÚ nfus] f bzcf6] f zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ M

*= tnsf zAbx¿ k9g\ 'xf];\ / ltgnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L egx{' f];\ M

af6f,] jfSs, lj1fg, laxfg, jfl/, ljbz] , ljrf/, 8/] fjfnf, abnf, yg' j' f,

efj, cDaf, Hjfnf, eJo, afs;, aGr/f,] :jfb, cljgfz, sljtf, jlsn,

;DaGw, SjfnfnDk/' , zAb, ljjfx

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 53

…aÚ n]v]/ …aÚ g} =================== =================== =================== ===================
af]lng] zAb =================== =================== =================== ===================

…jÚ n]v]/ …jÚ g} =================== =================== =================== ===================

af]lng] zAb =================== =================== =================== ===================

…jÚ n]v]/ …aÚ =================== =================== =================== ===================
=================== =================== =================== ===================
afl] ng] zAb

;'gfO / ljZn]if0ffTds k|ltlj|mof

!= ;'gfO kf7 $ ;'g]/ hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

-s_ /lZd/fh /lZd/fhn] r]t/fhnfO{ lr7L nv] ]sf] lbg

-v_ !(^* r}q ! vt] L lau]/| nfu]sf] hDdf C0f

-u_ af/ & ljm| ofkb ;dfj]z ePsf] sfz] cyft{ \ ljm| ofsf]z

-3_ 5 ;o r]tgfysf bfO

-ª_ cfVoft rlGbs| f zlgaf/

@= ;g' fO kf7 $ sf cfwf/df jfSodf /xs] f vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f;] \ M

-s_ ca s] ========================================= kf/ nfluG5 <
-v_ b;}dF f cgs"n kf/L ============================== e]6 xfnF} f .
-u_ lr7L ================================================ nV] b} /xg" .
-3_ hDdf ================================================= kg{] eof] .

#= ;'gfO kf7 $ ;'gs] f cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;'gfO kf7 $ sf] lr7L s;n], slxn] / s;nfO{ nv] ]sf] xf] <
-v_ ;'gfO kf7 $ sf] lr7L sg' ljifodf nl] vPsf] xf] <

54 gk] fnL, sIff ^

$= 3/fo;L lr7LnfO{ cgfk} rfl/s lr7L jf JolStut lr7L klg elgG5 .
o;sf tLgcf6] f efu x'G5g\ . kT| os] v08df lgDgfg;' f/sf ljifoj:t'
k9\gx' f];\ / a'emg\ 'xf;] \ M

-s_ cflb efu

!= ldlt
@= 7u] fgf
#= ;Dafw] g
$= lzi6frf/

-v_ dWo efu ÷ dV' o efu

%= sz' n sfdgf ÷ ljifo k|jz]
^= d'Vo s'/f
&= 6'ªU\ ofpgL

-u_ cGTo efu

*= k|fks;Fusf] ;DaGw
(= x:tfIf/ / nv] ssf] gfd

dflysf sg' } aFb' fdf k|:6 geP lzIfs jf ;fyLnfO{ ;fW] gx' f];\ / k:| 6
x'g'xf;] \ . ca ;'gfO kf7sf] ;'gfO kf7 $ xg] '{xf;] \ / lgDglnlvt kZ| gsf]
pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ lr7L sg' ldltdf n]lvPsf] xf] <
-v_ lr7Ldf s;/L ;Daf]wg / lzi6frf/ JoSt ul/Psf] 5 <
-u_ of] lr7L / xfn kr| ngdf /xs] f lr7Lsf] nv] g zn} Ldf s:tf s:tf

leGgtf /xs] f 5g\ <
-3_ lr7Lsf] d'Vo cfzo s] xf] <

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 55

%= OG6/g]6 gePsf] ;dodf sg' } ;r" gf, ;Gb]z jf ;dfrf/ s] s;/L
cfbfgk|bfg x'GYof,] rf/kf“r hgfsf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ . 5nkmnsf]
lgrf]8 ;d"xsf] Ps hgfn] sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .

^= jfSodf k|ofu] u/]/ sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ M

cfx] f], cfxf, l5, Po] f, cfR5,' :ofaf;

eflifs ;/+ rgf

!= dgdg} k9g\ x' f];\ / uf9f cIf/sf zAbx¿ ;fyLnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f];\ M

gofF sk8f nufPsf ;ft hgf dfG5]x¿ af6fdf lxlF 8/x]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] 7'nf]

af]/f af]s]sf lyP . Tof] Knfl:6ssf] af]/f lyof] . af]/fleq k'/fgf sfuhx¿ lyP .
tL dfG5]x¿ c;n dfG5] lyP . ltgLx¿n] w]/} ;fdfg af]s]sf lyP . pgLx¿;uF
;fgf] afa' klg lyof] . yf]/} k;} f / clnslt rfdn klg lyof] . kmnfdsf] 6j' m| f
/ 7'nf] emf]nf klg lyof] . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;fdfg cfkm}F afs] s] f lyP .

dflysf] cgR' 5b] af6 tflnsfdf ldNg] zAbx¿ l6Kg'xf;] \ M

…s:tfÚ] n] ;f6\g] zAbx¿ gofF ==================== ====================

…sqfÚ] n] ;f6g\ ] zAbx¿ ==================== ==================== ====================

…sltÚ n] ;f6g\ ] zAbx¿ ==================== ==================== ====================

…sg' Ú n] ;f6\g] zAbx¿ ==================== ====================

…s;sfÚ] jf …ss] fÚ] n] ;f6g\ ] ==================== ==================== ====================
zAbx¿

jfSodf gfdsf] clulNt/ cfP/ …s:tfÚ] , …sqf]Ú, …sltÚ, …s'gÚ / …s;sf]÷
ss] fÚ] n] ;f6\g] kbx¿nfO{ ljz]if0f elgG5 . ljzi] f0fn] gfdsf] u0' f,
ljz]iftf, cj:yf, /ª, ;ª\Vof, dfqf, j|md, cfj[lQ, ;DaGw cflbnfO{
ae' mfp5F .

56 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= jfSodf ko| 'St ljzi] f0f zAb lrg/] vfnL 7fp“df ;fg{x' f;] \ M
-s_ xfdLn] k'/fgf ;fdfgx¿ x6fof}F . =================================================================
-v_ ;fyLx¿ /l;nf ;'Gtnf / tfhf :ofp lsGb} xg' 'x'GYof] . ================
-u_ sf;] L g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] gbL xf] . ============================================

-3_ ltdLn] gofF 38L nufPsf /x5] f} . ==========================================================

-ª_ /fd|f] nu' feGbf ld7f] vfgf dg k/fpg] w]/} 5g\ . ==================================
#= jfSox¿df ljz]if0f / ljz]io -gfd_ lar kb;ª\ult ldnfP/ k'gn{]vg

ug{'xf;] \ M
-s_ /fdf| ] s]6Ln] ;a}nfO{ lhltg\ .
-v_ p;n] cfˆgf] ;fdfgx¿ x/fof] .
-u_ d]/f] alxgL / p;sf] lbbL ;fyL;fyL xg' \ .
-3_ aflnsfsL aa' fn] syf ;g' fpge' of] .
-ª_ cUnf] dlxnf / ;fgf] s6] fx¿ emu8f ub{} 5g\ .

k'g/fjl[ Q

labfO

lko| ljBfyLx{ ¿ Û

dnfO{ lxhf] g} h:tf] nfU5, o; ljBfnodf lzIfs eP/ cfPsf,] t/ slt

l56f] oltsf jif{ lalt;s5] g\ Û x'g t d lzIfs eP/ o; ljBfnodf cfpFbf

of] ljBfnodf sIff tLg;Dd dfq k9fO xG' Yof] . ljBfyL{ klg hDdf krkGg

hgf dfq lyP . xfdL hDdf tLg hgf lzIfs / Ps hgf sd{rf/L dfq

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 57

lyofF} . clxn] oxfF sIff afx;| Dd k9fO x'G5 . xfdL lzIfs sd{rf/L klg
aofln; hgf 5f}F / ljBfyL{ klg ;ft ;o hlt5g\ . To;}n] of] rflF} t; jif{sf]
d]/f] lzIf0f ;]jf cjlwdf w]/} w/] } kl/jtg{ cfO;s]sf] 5 .

of] ljBfno / ljBfno;uF uflF ;Psf] ;a} s/' fx¿kl| t ulx/f] k|]d 5 . oxfF
d}n] d/] f] rf}la; a;{] pd]/bl] v cfh;Ddsf] ;f/f ;v' bM' v ef]us] f] 5' . d/] f]
hLjgdf sg' } v;' L 5 eg] Tof] oxL ljBfnon] lbPsf] 5 . sg' } bM' v 5 eg]
klg Tof] ca t ld7f] syfsf ¿kdf abln;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] of] labfOsf]
38Ldf dn} ] tkfOxF{ ¿sf] dg b'vfPsf] 5' eg] dfkmL dfU5' . hfFbfhfbF ,} tkfO{F
;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfux| u5'{ – tkfOn{F ] cfkm" nfO{ s;};Fu gbfFHgx' f;] \ .
tkfO{F c¿ sfx] L h:tf] aGg sf]l;; gug{x' f];\ . lsgls tkfO{F h:tf] x'g'x'G5,
cfkm}F df ljlzi6 xg' x' 'G5Ù /fdf| ] xg' 'xG' 5 . clnslt s'g} ljifodf sdhf]/
x'gx' fn] f, k/LIffdf cufl8 jf k5fl8 x'gx' f]nf . oL ;a} ;fdfGo xg' \ eGg]
ae' mg\ x' f;] \ . d'Vo kIf rflxF s] xf] eg] tkfOF{ cfheGbf ef]ln cem ljåfg\
aGg'xf];\ . c;n aGgx' f;] \ . cem ljgoL aGgx' f;] \ .

cGTodf, d/] f] ;Ddfgdf cfof]lht olt eJo labfO ;df/f]xsf cfofh] s,
cltly tyf ;xefuL ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿kl| t xflbs{ cfef/ 6S|ofpFb} labf
lnG5' . wGojfb Û

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 ;:j/jfrg u//] sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .

@= tnsf zAb, zAbfjnLx¿sf] cy{ -cfzo_ s] xg' ;S5, kf7sf cfwf/df
n]Vg'xf;] \ M

cjlw M =====================================================================================================
ljlzi6 M ====================================================================================================
ulx/f] kd|] M ======================================================================================================
xflbs{ cfef/ M =====================================================================================================

58 g]kfnL, sIff ^

#= pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ljBfnodf klxn] / clxn] s] s:tf kl/jtg{ cfPsf /x5] g\ <
-v_ dflysf] kf7sf] jStf sf] xfn] f < pgnfO{ lsg ljBfnokl| t kd]| 5 <
-u_ labfO ;df/fx] sf jStfn] ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ s] s:tf] cfux| u/s] f 5g\ <
$= dflysf] kf7af6 s,] lsg, slxn,] sxf“ / s;/L nfus] f kfr“ cf6] f 56' 6\ f56' 6\ }
k|Zg agfpgx' f];\ .
%= dflysf] kf7af6 kf“r kfr“ cf6] f …aÚ / …jÚ nfu]sf zAb l6Kgx' f];\ .
^= dflysf] kf7af6 kf“rcf6] f ljzi] f0f zAb l6Kg'xf];\ .

;fdl" xs lj|mofsnfk

!= casf] la; jif{df s] s:tf kl/jt{g xf]nfg\ < ljBfnox¿ s:tf
xf]nfg\ < oftfoftsf s] s:tf ;fwg cfpnfg\ < lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf
s] s:tf rdTsf/x¿ b]lvPnfg\ < dflg;sf] bl} gsL s:tf] xf]nf <
tkfO“x{ ¿ s] ub{} x'gx' fn] f < rf/kf“r hgfsf] ;d"x aGgx' f;] \ . ca x/]s
;d"xn] 5nkmn u/L sfkLdf kfr“ cf]6f ab“' f nV] gx' f];\ . tkfOs{“ f] ;dx" n]
nv] ]sf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfn] casf] la; jifd{ f xg' ]
kl/jtg{ sf] j0f{g ugx{' f;] \ .

@= sg' } sf/0fn] tkfOn“{ ] cfkm" kl9/xs] f] ljBfno :yfgfGt/0f ugk{' g]{ s'/f
sNkgf ug'{xf];\ . To;}n] ljBfnosf] sIffdf tkfO{“sf nflu labfO
;df/fx] sf] cfofh] gf ul/Psf] 5 . ca kT| os] ljBfyLn{ ] sIffsf] cue| fudf
uO{ cfk\mgf] labfOsf] 5f]6f] dGtJo lbgx' f;] \ .

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

!= g]kfns} s'g} 7fp“df /x]sf] ;fyLnfO{ cfkm\ gf] ljBfno / k9fOaf/] atfp“b}
Pp6f lr7L n]Vg'xf;] \ . vfdsf] gd'gf klg tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 59

@= vfdsf] gd'gf;lxt cfkm\ gf] kl/jf/sf] kl/ro lbb“ } ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L
nV] gx' f;] \ .

;g' fO kf7 $

lr/~hLjL efO rt] gfy pkfWofodf
/lZd/fh pkfWofosf] z'efzLif
t]/f z/L/df ;bf cfgGb /x] d/] f] dg cfgGb /xnf . pk/fGt ToxfFaf6
kmsFb{ f a'afn] Ko7' fgaf6 !& utd] f k7fPsf] kq @& ut]df cfOkU' of] . t/] f
efph"x¿ kf}ifdf oxfF cfPsf kmfNu'g @& ut] af/ & df 3/ uP . oxfF
;/sf/L kf7zfnf /x]sf] xg' fn] To;df dlxgfsf] s+ ? ( df safn] u/L k9fpg
nfuF] . cfh tLgrf/ lbg eof] . laxfg a]ns' f hdx/fdf 5bF } 5 . hflu/sf]
7u] fg 5g} . vfg kfOPsf] 5 . hflu/ s]xL kfOg] eP5 eg] kl5 nv] L
k7fpFnf . v]tL lau]|/ C0f 5 ;o kl' u;Sof] . kf;df * uf]? a9' f k/s] f
5g\ . clxn]nfO{ aa' fnfO{ vr{lbg'kg{] xf] . ca s] pkfon] kf/ nfluG5 < Toxf
tF ;uF e6] ug{sf] OR5f ePsf] lyof] . dfly elgPsf sfddf cNemgfn] d}n]
labf gkfpg] ePF . d/] f dgdf tf o:tf] nfU5 clxn] tF klg 3/ gcfpg" . kl5
sx] L tl/sfn] labf lng ;lsof] eg] cyjf b;F}df cgsn" kf/L 3/df e]6 xf}Fnf
eGg] dg 5 . t/] f ljrf/df hf] nfU5 . lr7L a/fa/ nV] b} /xg" . tn} ] nv] ]sf]
lr7L cfPsf] lyof] . hjfkm nv] ]sf] lyOgF . agf/;af6 cfVoft rlGbs| f gfp
ePsf] ljm| ofsf]z / d]lbgLsf]z lemsfO k9g\ ] ug{" . sDkgL rf}w rfw} cfgf
k5{ . tLg tLg cfgfsf] sk8fsf] lhNnf klg pxLF afFwLk7fpg' eGg" . hDdf
? @ cfgf @ kg{] eof] . la:tf/df oxf;F Dd nv] ]F hfGg] cfkm}F 5;\ . ze' d\ .
!(^* r}q ! af/ $ z'ed\
-8f= ek" xl/ kf8} ]nsf] …g]kfnsf] ljåtk\ /Dk/fÚ sl[ taf6 /lZd/fh pkfWofosf]
;Dkflbt c+z_

60 gk] fnL, sIff ^

cledv' Ls/0f

tnsf JolStx¿ lrGg'x'G5 < 5nkmn u/L pgLx¿sf] gfd / of]ubfgsf
af/d] f atfpg'xf];\ M

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 61

% ;ªu\ Ltsf/ cDa/ u?' ª

;ofF} y'Fuf km" nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL

;fje{ f}d eO{ km}lnPsf d]rL dxfsfnL .

Jofs'n dfOnfåf/f /lrPsf] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
ufgsf dflysf kª\lStx¿ xfdL lbgx'Fh;f]
ufpF5f}F . pSt /fli6«o ufgnfO{ olt s0f{lko|
/ hLjGt ;ªu\ Lt s;n] e/s] f xg' \ eGg] s'/f
tkfOF{nfO{ yfxf 5 < kSs} yfxf x'g'k5{ . olt
;'Gb/ / xb[ o:kzL{ ;ª\uLt cDa/ u?' ªn] e/s] f
xg' \ . pg} dxfg ;ªu\ Ltsf/sf af/d] f xfdL oxfF rrf{ ug{] 5f}F .

cDa/ u?' ªsf] hGd bflh{lnªsf] ldlnª lrofsdfgdf lj= ;= !(($ kmfNug'
!$ ut]sf lbg ePsf] xf] . pgsf a'afsf] gfd plh/l;x+ u?' ª / cfdfsf]
gfd /]g'sf u'?ª lyof] . pgsf aa' f la|l6; uf]vf{ ;}lgs lyP eg] pgsf
xh'/a'afn] klg lal| 6; uf]vf{ ;]gfdf sfd u/s] f lyP . pgsf] hGd ef/tsf]
bflh{lnªdf eP klg k'Vofn} L ynf] xfn uf/] vfsf] l/l;ª xf] . bflhl{ nªs}
6ga{ n' ljBfnodf pgn] kf| /lDes lzIff xfl;n u/]sf lyP .

cDa/ u?' ªdf cfdfsf] k]|/0ffn] ;fgb} ]lv ;ª\uLtkl| t ljz]if cle?lr hfu]
sf] lyof] . pgL ljBfnosf ;a} h;f] ;fª\uLlts sfo{j|mdx¿df ;xefuL

s0fl{ k|o – >l' tdw/' gk] fnL, sIff ^
xb[ o:kzL{ – leqL xb[ onfO{ :kz{ ug]{
;ªu\ Lt – ljz]if no, tfn / jfBjfbgsf ;fy ufOg] uLt
cle?lr – sg' } ljifo jf j:t'kl| t ePsf] tLj| ?lr

62

xG' y] . pgL pltan} f ToxfF pknAw ;ah} ;f] afhfx¿ ahfpyF ,] uLt ufpFy]
/ /rgf klg uy{] . pgL wflds{ ehgx¿ klg ufpyF ] . o;/L afNosfnb]lv
g} uLt;ªu\ Ltk|lt cfslifs{ ePsf u'?ªsf] lj=;= @)!^ df …d cDa/ xFÚ'
/ …;Dxfn/] /fvÚ af6 uLlt ofqf ;?' ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 lj= ;+= @)!*
df jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ cudl;+x lu/Låf/f /lrt …gf} nfv tf/f pbfP===Ú
afn] sf] uLt pgsf] :j/ tyf ;ªu\ Ltdf snsQfdf WjgL cfn] v /s] l8ª{ eof] .
o; uLtsf sf/0f pgL rrfd{ f cfP . pgn] :j/ / ;ªu\ Lt lbPsf] pSt uLtsf]
Sof;]6 Ps xKtfd} kfrF ;o k|lteGbf w/] } laSof] . Tolt an] f s'g} klg g]kfnL
uLtsf] Sof;6] olt w]/}kl| t laj|mL x'g' cfkmF}df 7'nf] ;kmntf lyof] . kj| f;df
g]kfnLx¿n] efU] gk' /s] f bM' v / ;ª\3if{nfO{ ;d6] ]sf] pSt uLt cfh klg
k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿dfem plQs} rlr{t 5 .

cDa/ u'?ªsf] k];fuF t ofqf lzIf0faf6 ;?' ePsf] xf] . pgn] cudl;x+

lu/Låf/f :yflkt efge' St ljBfnosf] kw| fgfWofks eP/ sx] L ;do sfd

u/] . To;} an] f pgn] ;ª\uLt snf k|lti7fg vf]nL w/] n} fO{ ;ªu\ Lt lzIff

k|bfg u/] . pgsf ;ªu\ Lt snf k|lti7fgaf6 lzIff lng] w/] } kl| tefx¿dWo]

ufk] fn of~] hg, sd{ of~] hg, c?0ff nfdf, /l~ht uhd]/ cflb g]kfnL

;fªu\ Llts Ifq] sf clj:d/0fLo gfd xg' \ . o;lardf pgn] ;g\ !(^@ bl] v

;g\ !(^% ;Dd ef/tsf] klZrd aªu\ fn ;/sf/sf] nfs] OG66G]{ dG] 6 ol' g6sf]

;ªu\ Lt k|d'vsf ¿kdf ;dt] tLgrf/ jif{ sfd ug]{ dfs} f kfP . o;/L

lzIf0f / ;ªu\ Lt k|lzIf0f;Fu} cufl8 a9\b} ubf{ lj= ;=+ @)@% lt/ pgsf]

e]6 tTsfnLg g]kfnsf /fhf dx]Gb;| uF eof] . ;ªu\ Lt / ;flxTok|lt ljz]if

?lr /fVg] /fhf dxG] b| pgsf] …gf} nfv tf/f pbfP===Ú af6 cToGt k|efljt

ePsf lyP . To;n} ] /fhf dxG] b|n] pgnfO{ gk] fn cfpg cfux| u/] . /fhfsf]

jl/i7 – pRrsfl] 6sf]
k|jf; – k/bz] sf] a;fO
clj:d/0fLo – la;g{ g;lsg]
cfux| – cg'/f]w

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 63

cfu|xnfO{ l:jsfb{} pgL lj= ;+= @)@% df g]kfn cfP . lj=;+= @)@^ bl] v
g]kfn k|1f kl| ti7fgdf ;ªu\ Lt1sf ¿kdf sfd ug{ yfn] . pgn] tTsfnLg
g]kfn /fhsLo k1| f kl| ti7fgdf nueu @* jif{ sfd u/] . lj= ;=+ @)%$
df cjsfz lnFb} ubf{ klg pgL gk] fn k|1f kl| ti7fgsf ;ª\uLt kd| 'vsf
¿kdf sfd ul//xs] f lyP .

cDa/ u'?ªn] cfˆgf] g]kfn cfudgkZrft\ w]/} sfnhoL ;ª\uLtsf]
l;hg{ f u/s] f 5g\ . pgn] hLjgsfnel/df nueu !))) hlt uLtx¿df
;ª\uLt e/s] f 5g\ . b'O{ ;o hlt uLtsf] /rgf u/]sf 5g\ / …;Dxfn/] /fvÚ,
…cIf/sf cfjfhx¿Ú / …sxfF uP tL lbgx¿Ú h:tf sl[ tx¿ /rs] f 5g\ . pgn]
y'k|} l;g]df tyf gf6sx¿df klg ;ªu\ Lt e/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] ;ªu\ Lt /x]sf]
/ uf]kfnk;| fb l/dfnsf] /rgf /x]sf …/ftf] / rGb| ;"o,{ hªu\ L lg;fg xfdf| Ú]
af]nsf] uLt ;'Gbf cfh klg x/s] g]kfnLdf pT;fx / hf;] el/P/ cfpF5 .
o; uLtnfO{ gk] fnL ;]gfn] lj= ;+= @)#) b]lv cfˆgf] ;}lgs ufgsf ¿kdf
/fvs] f] 5 . pgsf] ;ªu\ Lt /xs] f cGo rlrt{ uLtx¿df …P sfG5f dnfO{
;'gsf] tf/f v;fObp] m gÚ, …d b/" eP/ s] ef]Ú cflb 5g\ . uLtafxs] dxfslj
nIdLk;| fb b]jsf6] fsf v08sfJo …sl' ~hgLÚ / …d'gfdbgÚ df pgsf] ;ª\uLt
/xs] f] 5 . To:t} /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] …dfntL dªu\ nÚ] / ztfAbL k?' if
;Todf]xg hfz] Lsf] …rf/ gf6sÚ df pgsf] ;fªu\ Llts hfb' k|s6 ePsf]
5 . gk] fnL l;g]dfx¿ …dgsf] afwF Ú, …hLjg /v] fÚ df ;dt] kfZj{ ;ª\uLt
e/s] f u'?ªn] ga{n] L tyf c:6]«lnofnL j[Qlrqx¿df ;dt] cfˆgf] ;fª\uLlts
Ifdtf kb| z{g u/s] f 5g\ .

cjsfz – sg' } sfdaf6 km;' b{ lnPsf] ;do
sfnhoL – To; ;dosf] pTs[i6 ;a}eGbf /fdf| ]
pT;fx – hf];
hfb' – c;Dej s/' fnfO{ klg ;Dej agfpg] l;k
kfZj{ – s'g} j:t'sf] bfof“ jf afof“ efu
Ifdtf – zlSt

64 gk] fnL, sIff ^

cDa/ u'?ªn] gk] fnL ;ª\uLtsf] ljsf;df k¥' ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfn] w]/} k/' :sf/, ;Ddfg tyf pkflw
lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] uf/] vf blIf0f afx' rfy} f,] OGb/| fHonIdL k/' :sf/, hubDaf>L
k'/:sf/, e"kfndfg l;+x sfsL{ k'/:sf/, l5Ggntf uLt k'/:sf/ cflb
kfPsf 5g\ . o:tf k'/:sf/sf ;fy} xªsªdf cfofl] ht sfo{jm| ddf pgnfO{
dxf;ªu\ Ltsf/sf ¿kdf ;Ddfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] gk] fnL ;]gfn] dfgfy{
dxf;g] fgLsf] pkflw klg lbPsf] 5 . pgnfO{ :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ljleGg
;ª3\ ;:+ yfn] clegGbg;dt] u/]sf 5g\ .

uLt, ;ª\uLt / ;flxToaf6 gk] fnL ;Eotfdf Ps O6F f yKg sl6a4 u?' ªsf]
:juf/{ fx] 0f @)&# ;fn h7] @% ut] &( jif{sf] pd/] df sf7df8fF}df eof] .

clegGbg – s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ sfd jf of]ubfg ug]{ JolStnfO{ uf/g] :jfut
sl6a4 – tTk/ /x]sf]

v08sfJo – km6' s/ sljtfeGbf 7'nf] / dxfsfJoeGbf ;fgf] sfJo

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cy{sf lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

cfslift{ :yfkgf ug{] sfd

kl| tef tflgPsf]

k|lti7fg sg' } klg sfd ljzi] f ofU] otfsf ;fy ug{ ;Sg]

ztfAbL >l' tdw'/

s0fl{ k|o ;o jifs{ f] ;do jf cjlw

clegGbg la;{g g;lsg] ;Tsf/

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 65

@= xg] x'{ f];\ / ;dfjz] s tyf ;dfj]Zo zAblarsf] cGt/ kQf nufpgx' f;] \ M


…hgfj/Ú zAbleq af3, efn', ufO{, afv|f, 3f]8f, v/fof] cflb
;dfjz] xG' 5g\ . To:t} kmnkm" nÚ leq cfkF , cDaf, :ofp, ;G' tnf, cªu\ /' ,
dj] f cflb ;dfj]z xG' 5g\ . h'g zAbleq cGo zAb ;dfj]z x'G5g\,
To:tf zAbnfO{ ;dfjz] s zAb elgG5 . dflysf] hgfj/ / kmnk"mn
;dfjz] s zAb x'g\ . ;dfj]zs zAbleq ;dfjz] xg' ] zAbx¿ rflxF
;dfj]Zo zAb xg' \ . dflysf af3, efn,' ufO{, afvf| , 3f8] f, v/fof] cflb
…hgfj/Ú sf ;dfj]Zo zAb xg' \ eg] cfFk, cDaf, :ofp, ;'Gtnf, cª\u/' ,
d]jfnufot …kmnk"mnÚ sf ;dfjZ] o zAb x'g\ .

#= ;dfjz] s zAb;“u ;DalGwt rf/ rf/cf]6f ;dfjZ] o zAb n]Vgx' f];\ M

lstfa, k"mn, r/f, nu' f, uxgf, efF8fjt{g, gbL, cGg

$= ;dfjZ] o zAbx¿;u“ ;DalGwt ;dfj]zs zAb n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ cfn,' sfpnL, nfs} f -v_ eft, /f6] L, bfn

-u_ ;u/dfyf, s~rghª\3f, cGgk"0f{ -3_ lhk, a;, 6s«

66 g]kfnL, sIff ^

k7gafw] / nv] g cEof;

!= dflysf] hLjgL kf7 sIffsf ;a} hgfn] kfnk} fnf] Ps Ps cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ .

@= z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/L sfkLdf ;fg{'xf;] \ M

Jofsn' , kª\lSt, k'Vof{n} L, ;fªu\ Llts, jl/i7, dxG] b|, ;Dxfn]/, s'l~hgL,
ztfAbL, l5Ggntf, xªsª, ;ª3\ ;+:yf

# dflysf] hLjgLsf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“df l7s zAb eg{'xf];\ M

-s_ cDa/ u?' ªsf] hGd ef/tsf] bflh{lnªdf eP klg k'Vofn} L ynf]
xfn uf]/vfsf] ================================== xf] .

-v_ cDa/ u'?ªn] g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgdf To;otfsf nueu
================================= jif{ sfd u/] .

-u_ cDa/ u'?ªn] hLjgsfn el/df nueu ============================
hlt uLtx¿df ;ª\uLt e/]sf 5g\ .

-3_ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf v08sfJo ================================ /
========================== df cDa/ u'?ªsf] ;ªu\ Lt /xs] f] 5 .

-ª_ cDa/ u'?ªnfO{ :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfn]
========================== ;dt] u/s] f] 5 .

$ cDa/ u?' ª;u“ ;DalGwt tnsf ljifoj:tn' fO{ 36gfj|mdsf cfwf/df !=
@= #= sf] jm| ddf /fVgx' f;] \ M

- _ g]kfn cfP/ gk] fn k|1f kl| ti7fgdf ;ª\uLt1sf ¿kdf sfd
ug{ yfNg'

- _ cudl;+x lu/Låf/f /lrt …gf} nfv tf/f pbfP===Ú uLt
snstfdf /]s8{ u/fpg'

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 67

- _ cDj/ u'?ª\sf] hGd bflh{lnªsf] ldlnª lrof sdfgdf xg' '
- _ g]kfn k1| f kl| ti7fgsf ;ª\uLt k|dv' sf ¿kdf sfd ubfu{ b}{

cjsfz lng'
- _ …d cDa/ x'FÚ / …;Dxfn]/ /fvÚ uLtx¿ ufpg'
- _ …;ofF} yª' u\ f km" nsf xfdLÚ /fli6o« ufgdf ;ªu\ Lt eg'{
- _ bflh{lnªdf ;ª\uLt snf k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug'{
- _ bflh{lnªs} 6g{an' ljBfnodf k|f/lDes lzIff k"/f ug'{
- _ klZrd aª\ufn ;/sf/sf] nfs] OG66G{] d]G6 o'lg6sf] ;ª\uLt

kd| v' sf ¿kdf sfd ug'{

%= Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ cDa/ u?' ªsf] hGd sxfF ePsf] xf] <

-v_ cDa/ u'?sf] ;fªu\ Llts ofqf slxn]bl] v ;?' ePsf] xf] <

-u_ …gf} nfv tf/f pbfP===Ú af]nsf] uLtsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ <

-3_ cDa/ u'?ªn] g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgdf ;ª\uLt1sf ¿kdf
slxnb] ]lv sfd ug{ yfn] <

-ª_ /fi6s« lj dfwj l3ld/]sf] sg' s[ltdf cDa/ u'?ªsf] ;fª\uLlts
hfb' k|:tt' ePsf] 5 <

^= 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ cDa/ u?' ªsf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <
-v_ cDa/ u'?ª s'g s'gf ;ª3\ ;+:yfdf cfa4 eP/ sfo{ u/] <
-u_ cDa/ u'?ªn] sg' sg' uLtdf ;ªu\ Lt e/]sf lyP <

68 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-3_ cDa/ u'?ªn] k|fKt u/s] f dfg;Ddfg / pkflwx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

-ª_ cDa/ u'?ªn] hLjgLaf6 s] lzIff kfOG5 <

&= uLt;ªu\ Ltsf If]qdf cDa/ u'?ªn] lbPsf] of]ubfg s] s:tf] /xs] f]
5 < hLjgLsf cfwf/df ljj]rgf ugx'{ f];\ .

*= cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / pSt cgR' 5b] af6 dV' o dV' o kfr“ cf6] f ab“' fx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \ M

uflosf tf/fbj] Lsf] hGd lj=;=+ @))@ ;fn df3 @ ut] dª\unaf/
ePsf] xf] . pgL si[ 0faxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf /fwfb]jLsL ;'k'qL xg' \ . pgsf]
kl/jf/ sf7df8f}Fsf] OGb|rf]sdf a:Yof] . tf/fb]jLnfO{ afNosfndf
8fn] sd' f/L egL afn] fOGYof] . lj=;=+ @)@@ ;fndf tf/fbj] Ln] lzjaxfb/'
>]i7;Fu k|]dljjfx ul/g\ . lzjaxfb'/ xjfO{rfns lyP . logaf6 5f/] L
rf? tyf 5f/] f zlz / /ljsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . @)%! ;fndf pgsf]
hflu/ klg 5'6o\ f] . hflu/ 5'6s] } an] fdf 5f/] f zlz eg] SofG;/ /fu] sf
sf/0f :ju{jf; eP . @)%% ;fndf xjfO{ b'3{6gfdf k/L lzjaxfb'/sf]
d[To' ePsfn] tf/fbj] LnfO{ cem 7n' f] rf6] k¥of] . To;kl5 tf/fbj] Lsf]
hLjg cToGt} si6k0" f{ /xo\ f] . tf/fb]jL lgle{s / ;fx;L dlxnf lyOg\ .
pgn] ;ªu\ Ltsf] ;fwgf ug{ 5fl8gg\ . @)%^ ;fn kmfug' !# ut] pgn]
;f+:s[lts sfo{j|mddf uLt ufOg\ . To;kl5 pgsf] rrf{ / ;fwgfn]
lg/Gt/tf kfof] . tf/fb]jLnfO{ @)%) ;fndf hubDaf>L k/' :sf/ k|bfg
ul/of] . pgn] OG›/fHonIdL k1| f k/' :sf/, l5Ggntf k'/:sf/, dg} f
k/' :sf/ / gO ;'/ ;Ddfg klg kfOg\ . tf/fb]jLn] ;k' l| ;4 k|an uf]/vf
blIf0f afx' k|yd klg k|fKt ul/g\ . o;sf cltl/St tf/fbj] Ln] :jbz]
tyf ljbz] af6 cGo yk' |} kbs, k'/:sf/, ;Ddfg / clegGbgx¿ klg
kfPsL lyOg\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 69

(= lbOPsf zAbx¿ k9g\ 'xf;] \ / ltgLx¿sf] ko| f]u yfxf kfpg'xf;] \ M

…oÚ k|ofu] ePsf zAb M of], oL, logL, o;n], olt, oxfF, o;/L, o:tf],
oxL, o1, lyof,] cfof,] sd,{ ho, ko] , ;fG} bo{, dN" o, /fli6«o, k/fho,
oGq

…PÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb M Ps, Pp6f, PSsfO;, PSnf], lyPF, vfPF, uP,
lnP, lbP, eP, Pjd,\ P/fK] n]g, PDa'n]G;, cfP/, lkP/, uP/, ePsf],
kfPsf], cfPsf,] cfPF

!)= cg'R5b] k9\g'xf];\ / …oÚ, …PÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb l6Kg'xf];\ M

ejfgL leIfs' f] hGd !(&! ;fn h]7 @! ut] ePsf] lyof] . pgL OG›k;| fb

uK' tf / ozf]bf snfjf/sf dfOnf 5f/] f lyP . tfl} nxjfdf ejfgL leIf'sf]
gfd /fd|f] nv] gbf;sf ¿kdf rn]sf] lyof] . leIf'nfO{ nv] gbf;sf] sfdn]
;Gtl' i6 lbPg . pgL sf7df8fF} cfP . sf7df8f}F cfP/ ejfgL leIfn' ] l;l4r/0f
>]i7nfO{ e6] ] . gk] fnL ;flxTosf lzv/k'?if l;l4r/0fnfO{ leIf'sf] gk] fnL
efiffkl| tsf] cgGok]|d, cf:yf / nugzLntfn] ke| fljt kf¥of] . >i] 7n] leIf'sf]
pT;fxn] el/Psf] g]kfnL efiff ;flxTok|ltsf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ u/] . leIfn' fO{
hf]/u0fz] k];| df k‍'¥ofOlbP . ToxfF k'u]/ leIf'n] cfˆgf] /rgf …zf/bfÚ df lbP .
!((# ;fndf pgsf] klxnf] ;dfnf]rgf g]kfnL efiffdf 5flkPsf] lyof] . kl5
uP/ leIf' zf/bf klqsfs} ;Dkfbs eP . leIf'n] …cfutÚ pkGof;df ;femf
k'/:sf/ / dbg k'/:sf/ klg kf| Kt u/] . pgL lqe'jg k|1f k/' :sf/af6 klg
;Ddflgt eP . pgL :yfkgf sfnb]lv gk] fn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;b:o
eP . pgn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfnel/ g} gk] fnL efiff;flxTod} tk u/] . kmn:j¿k
leIf' g]kfnL cfVofg ;flxTosf cljid/0fLo k|0ft] f dflgP . ejfgL leIf'
kmfS] ;f]sf] SofG;/af6 ynf k/] . ToxL /f]usf sf/0f pgL @)#* ;fn jz} fv
$ ut] :juL{o eP .

70 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;'gfO / of]hgf

!= ;g' fO kf7 % ;'Gg'xf];\ / hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
-s_ ;f]n'vD' a'sf] rf/F} Lvs{ dgfªsf] Ps lxdfn

-v_ nfSkf;f]gfd kf;fªNxfd'nfO{ /fli6«o lje"lt
3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lbg

-u_ lk;fª kf;fªNxfd'sf] hGd:yn

-3_ lj= ;+ @)$* kf;fªNxfd'sf klt tyf ko{6g
Joj;foL

-ª_ lj= ;=+ @)%( jz} fv !) kf;fªNxfds' f] ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0fsf]
bf;] |fk] 6s k|of; u/s] f] jif{

@= ;'gfO kf7 % sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-s_ kf;fªNxfd' zk] fs{ f] hGd slxn] ePsf] xf] <
-v_ kf;fªNxfd'sf dftflktfsf] gfd atfpgx' f];\ .
-u_ kf;fªsf bfhe' fO slt 5g\ <
-3_ kf;fªn] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/fx] 0f slxn] ul/g\ <
-ª_ pgnfO{ jL/ªu\ gf gf/L lsg elgPsf] xfn] f <
#= kf;fªNxfd' z]kf{ jf cGo kj{tf/f]xLsf af/d] f tkfO“{nfO{ yfxf ePsf

laifoj:t' sIffdf kfnk} fnf] ;g' fpgx' f];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 71

$= sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] 5cf6] f ;dx" agfpgx' f;] \ . ca kT| os] ;dx" n]
ufn] f k|yfåf/f tnsfdWo] sg' } Ps JolStsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ M

dflysf] 5nkmndf lgDg a'“bfx¿;u“ ;DalGwt kIf ;d6] \g'xf];\ M

!= cflb efu

-s_ hGd -v_ hGd:yfg

-u_ cfdfaa' fsf] gfd -3_ -z}lIfs of]Uotf_

@= dWo efu ÷ dV' o efu

-s_ k];f ÷ sl[ t ÷ ofu] bfgsf] jm| da4 j0f{g

#= cGTo efu

-s_ dT[ o' / :yfg -v_ d"Nofª\sg

72 gk] fnL, sIff ^

%= tkfO{n“ ] lrgs] f, k9]sf jf hfg;] 'g]sf JolStdWo] tkfO“n{ fO{ ;ae} Gbf dg
kg]{ JolSt sf] xf] < tkfO“{nfO{ pSt JolSt dg kgfs{ f sf/0fx¿ sIffdf
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

eflifs ;+/rgf

!= cg'R5]b k9\gx' f;] \ / uf9f cIf/sf zAbx¿ / /v] fª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿
lgb{z] gcg;';f/ tnsf] tflnsf eg{x' f;] \ M

c;n rl/q / v/fa rl/qdf w/] } cGt/ xG' 5 . /fdf| ] dflg; cfkm" hlt k;} f

lnG5, To;eGbf w/] } of]ubfg lbG5 . g/fd|f] dflg; cfk"m slt k};f lnG5

To;eGbf yf/] } dfq ofu] bfg ug{ rfxG5 . Hofbf of]ubfg ug{' / To;sf] hlt

kmn cfP klg ;Gti' 6 x'gk' 5{ . of] g} ;xL rl/qsf] ;G' b/ gdg' f xf] . clnslt

ofu] bfg ug{' / y'k}| kmfObf vf]Hg' unt rl/qsf] pbfx/0f xf] . To;}n] xfdLn]

sDtL sfd ug{] t/ a9L ;'ljwf vfH] g yfNg] xf] eg] xfd|f] alnof] rl/q

aGb}g . sdhf/] rl/q lnP/ ;kmn lzIfs, sd{rf/L, Jofkf/L, snfsf/, gt] f

jf sx] L klg aGg ;lsFbg} .

uf9f cIf/sf zAbx¿ /]vfªs\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿

============================== ============================== ============================== ============================ ============================

============================== ============================== ============================== ============================ ============================

============================== ============================== ============================== ============================ ============================

dflysf] tflnsfdf l6lkPsf uf9f cIf/n] n]lvPsf zAbx¿ u0' faf]ws
ljz]if0f x'g\ . c;n, v/fa, sfnf], ;]tf], /ftf], k9]sf], g]kfnL,
w/fg], anf}6], dxFuf], ;fgf], 7'nf] cflb u'0faf]ws ljz]if0f x'g\ .
logn] u0' f, bfi] f, cj:yf, kbfy,{ /ª, cfsf/ cflb atfpF5g\ . To:t}
/]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿ kl/df0faf]ws ljz]if0f x'g\ . w/] ,} yf/] ,}
clnslt, sDtL, clwsf+z, a9\tf, Hofbf, olt, slt, Tolt cflb
kl/df0fafw] s ljzi] f0fn] gfdsf] olt jf plt dfqf jf kl/df0f ae' mfp5F g\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 73

@= lnªu\ , jrg / cfb/cg;' f/ ljz]if0f ldnfP/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;fgf] 5f]/L 3/d} a:5] .

-v_ cUnL s6] fx¿ elnan xb] 5{} g\ .

-u_ xfd|f] efGhL / p;sf] 5f/] L Pp6} ljBfnodf k9\5g\ .

-3_ /fdf| ] ljBfyL{x¿ af]nLaf6} lrlgG5g\ .

#= cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f];\ / Toxf“ k|ofu] ePsf n]Vo lrxg\ x¿ Vofn ug'x{ f];\ M

efO Û ltdL slxn] cfof} < clg ;x/af6 dnfO{ s] s] NofOlbof} < kmnkmn" ,

lttf/} f, gl/jn / rsn6] t Nofof} g} xfn] f . xh'/a'af / xh'/cfdfnfO{ ub' kfs
dgk5{ . Tof] klg NofPs} x'g'k5{ .

dflysf] cgR' 5]baf6 km/s km/s nV] o lrxg\ k|of]u ePsf 5'6\6f5'6\6}
tLg tLgcf]6f jfSo n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ k0" f{lj/fd lrxg\ M . -jfSo k|Zg gu/L ;fdfGo cj:yfdf
6ª' \lubF f ko| fu] x'g_]

-v_ k|Zgjfrs lrx\g M < -kZ| g ae' mfpg] jfSo 6ª' l\ ubF f ko| fu] xg' _]

-u_ cNklj/fd lrxg\ M , -p:t} lsl;dsf w/] } kb jf kbfjnL Ps}
7fpF cfpbF f 56' \ofpg k|of]u x'g]

-3_ pbu\ f/ lrx\g M Û -;Dafw] g jf lj:do ae' mfpbF f ko| fu]
x'g_]

-ª_ of]hs lrxg\ M – -p:t} jf ljk/Lt cy{ ae' mfpg] kbx¿nfO{
hf8] g\ tyf x/kmsf] cGTodf s'g} zAb
k/' } gc6s] f] cj:yf hgfpg x/kmsf]
cGTodf k|ofu] xg' cfpg]_

74 gk] fnL, sIff ^

k'g/fjl[ Q

jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnåf/f n]lvPsf] / cDa/ u'?ªaf6
;ª\uLta4 ul/Psf] …/ftf] / rGb| ;o" {Ú uLt k9g\ x' f];\ . o; uLtnfO{ g]kfnL
;]gfn] lj= ;+= @)#) bl] v cfˆgf] ;l} gs ufgsf ¿kdf /fv]sf] s'/f dfly
kl9;lsPs} 5 . of] uLt gk] fnL /fli6o« uLtx¿dWo] cToGt nfs] lko| uLt xf] .

/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hªu\ L lg;fg xfdf| ]
lhpbF f] /ut;l/ of] aNbf] of] ;fg xfdf| ] .
/ftf] / rGb| ;o" { ===

lxdfn emF} c6n of] ems' g] of] slxNo}
nqg] of] slxNo} hª\uL lg;fg xfdf| ]
of] hGdb}F hut\df sofF} k|xf/ cfP
;fdf| Ho bO' { xf/] xf/]g ;fg xfd|f] .
/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{

ha;Dd rGb| ;o" { cfsfzdf /xG5g\
ta;Dd xG' 5 cfˆg} /ftf] /ut of] xfd|f]
ufO{;l/ 5g\ ;fw' hf] hf] oxfF hut\df
;asf] z/0f alnof] hªu\ L lg;fg xfd|f] .

/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hªu\ L lg;fg xfdf| ]
lhpFbf] /ut;l/ of] aNbf] of] ;fg xfd|f] .

cEof;

!= dflysf] uLt ;a} hgfn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufpg'xf];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 75

@= dflysf] kf7df ko| fu] ePsf tnsf zAb / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M
;fg ;wF} sfod /xg]

c6n rf6] Ù n67\ L, xltof/ cflbsf] cf3ft

;fdf| Ho OHht jf kl| ti7fsf] cj:yf

kx| f/ ;/n k|sl[ tsf] dflg;

;fw' ;;fgf w/] } /fHo ;lDdlnt ePsf] 7'nf] /fHo
#= dflysf] kf7 Wofgk"j{s k9\g'xf];\ / pSt kf7af6 rf/cf]6f k|Zg

agfpg'xf];\ . cfkm" n] agfPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ ;fyLnfO{ n]Vg nufpg'xf;] \
/ ;fyLn] agfPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf];\ .
$= ;dfj]zs zAbcg';f/ rf/ rf/cf]6f ;dfjZ] o zAbx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ M
?v, t/sf/L, hft, wd{, cGg
%= dflysf] kf7af6 rf/cf6] f ljzi] f0f zAb l6Kg'xf];\ / ltgnfO{ cfk\mg}
jfSodf k|ofu] ug{'xf;] \ .

;fdl" xs ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffsf ljBfyL{ ;;fgf ;dx" df a;L cled'vLs/0fdf /xs] f /fli6o«
JolStTjx¿dWo] s'g} Ps JolStTjsf af/]df 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ . To;kl5
cfcfÇgf sfkLdf pgsf af/]df kfr“ cf6] f dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿ l6Kg'xf];\ /
sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

@= sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿ ldn]/ sg' } Pp6f /fli6o« uLt ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
ufpgx' f;] \ .

76 g]kfnL, sIff ^

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

!= lbOPsf a'b“ fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M

gfd – nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, ;flxTos pkflw dxfslj
dftflktf – cd/ /fHonIdL÷ltndfwj
hGd – lj=;= !(^^ sflt{s @& nIdLkh" fsf lbg
hGd:yfg – wfa] Lwf/f, sf7df8f}F

kd| 'v ;flxlTos sl[ t

km'6s/ sljtf M …ul/aÚ, …levf/LÚ, …ofqLÚ, …kZ| gf]Q/Ú cflb 5 ;o
hlt km' 6s/ sljtfx¿

dxfsfJo M zfsG' tn, ;'nfr] gf, jgs;' d' , dxf/f0ff k|tfk cflb
v08sfJo M dg' fdbg, s'l~hgL, ng' f cflb
pkGof; M rDkf
lgaGw M nIdL lgaGw ;ª\ux| , bfl8dsf] ?vg/]
:jR5GbtfjfbL, dfgjtfjfbL, ks| [ltkd]| L, bz] eSt ;flxTosf/

d[To ' – SofG;/ /f]uaf6 @)!^ ebf}, sf7df8fF}df

@= cfÇgf] 6fn] , ;db' fodf /xs] f bz] sf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg lbg] JolStsf
af/d] f atfpb“ } Pp6f 5f6] f] /rgf tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ / sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

;'gfO kf7 %

kf;fªNxfd' z]kf{

kf;fªNxfd' z]kf{sf] hGd lj=;=+ @)!& ;fn dª\l;/df ;fn] 'vD' a' lhNnfsf]
rf/}F L vs{df ePsf] xf] . pgL cfKkf km' af{lstf/ zk] f{ / cfDdf cfª8fsLsL t];|f]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 77

;Gtfg xg' \ . pgL bO' { bfh' / bO' { efOsL PSnL r]nL x'g\ . pgn] sf7df8f}aF f6
dfWolds lzIff k/" f u/]sL 5g\ . pgL pGgfO; jifs{ f] pd/] df ko6{ g Joj;foL
nfSkf;f]gfd;uF jj} flxs hLjgdf afFlwOg\ .
kf;fªNxfd' ;fg}b]lv lxdfn r9g\ nfnflot lyOg\ . cfKkf kma' f{lstf/
/ cfkmGtaf6 lxdfn r9b\ fsf] /fd] f~rs j0f{gn] pgdf ;u/dfyf r9\g]
;kgf hlGd;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] pgn] kj{tf/fx] 0f;DaGwL tflnd
klg lnOg\ . ;u/dfyf r9\g'k"j{ dgfªsf] lk;fª lxdfn / nfª6fªsf]
ofnflks lxdfn rl9;ss] L lyOg\ . lj= ;=+ @)$& df pgn] klxnfk] 6s
;u/dfyf r9\g ko| f; ul/g\ t/ k|ltsn" df};dsf] sf/0fn] To;a]nf pgnfO{
;kmntf ldng] . lj= ;+= @)$* / lj= ;+= @)$( sf ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0fsf]
c¿ bO' {cf6] f k|of; klg c;kmn /xo\ f]. c;kmtf g} ;kmntfsf] 9fs] f xf] eGg]
s/' f /fd|/L ae' ms] L kf;fªn] slxNo} lxDdt xfl/gg\ . cGttM cfˆgf] rfy} f]
k6ssf] ko| f;df pgn] lj= ;+= @)%) jz} fv !) ut]sf lbg ;u/dfyfsf]
6fs'/fdf kfOnf 6]s/] } 5fl8g\ . of] kfOnf ;u/dfyfsf] 6fs'/fdf gk] fnsL
5f/] Lsf] klxnf] kfOnf lyof] / ;d:t g]kfnLx¿sf] uf}/jsf] kfOnf lyof] . oxL
ulj{nf] kfOnf lnP/ cf]lng{ ] j|mddf cfwf/ lzlj/ cfOgk'Ub} lxdkftdf k/L
pgsf] lgwg eof] . ;fxl;nL kf;fªsf] lgwgn] ;f/f /fi6« :tAw aGof] .
xf,] @)%) jz} fv !) uts] f] lbg ;u/dfyfdf gk] fnL dlxnfn] lhts] f] lbg xf] / ;f/f
gk] fnLx¿sf] dgdf ou' ou' ;Dd afRF g] u/L kf;fªn] dT[ oj' /0f u/s] f] lbg klg xf] . o:tL
cbDo ;fx; / k/]| 0ffsL kl| tdl" t{ kf;fªNxfd' zk] fn{ fO{ gk] fn ;/sf/n] lj= ;=+ @)%(
j}zfv !) uts] } lbg /fli6o« lje"lt 3fi] f0ff u/L ;Ddfg u/s] f] 5 .

78 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cled'vLs/0f
tnsf] lrqsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M

-kxf8L / t/fO{ ufFl;Psf] 7fp“sf] bZ[ o, j/lkkn rft} f/f,] ufpFa:tL, ufOa{ :t' rb,{}
s6] fs6] L vN] b}, Pp6f uf?] dsa} f/Ldf k;/] ds} vfFb}, cln k/ ljBfno, h]
xf];\ /dfOnf] uf| dL0f b[Zo_

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 79

^ rlDsnf cg'xf/x¿ cgGt jfUn]

Dffnfvs{ 3/x¿sf] dfnf h:t} lyof] . ToxL ;'Gb/ ufplF eq 9ª' u\ ]5fgf ePsf
bO' { 3/x¿larsf] dn] ldnfk uhasf] lyof] . bj' } 3/sf kfsf dfG5]bl] v ;fgf
gfgL;Dd klg c;fWo} ldNy] . jNnf] 3/sf] ;'vdf kNnf] 3/ d':s/' fpFYof] .
kNnf] 3/df b'Mv kbf{ jNnf] 3/ lbSbf/ aGYof] . bj' } 3/sf kl/jf/df jNnf]
3/sL ul/df / kNnf] 3/sL dflnsf ldNg] ;fyL x'g\ . nfUYof] logLx¿sf]
t dg, d6' ' g} Pp6} 5 . p:t} pd/] , pxL sIff clg Ps} yfndf vfbF }
xs' ]{sf logLx¿sf ldqtf /x/ nfUbf] lyof] . Pp6Llagf csL{ Psl5g klg
a:g} ;Sbg} y] .

Ps lbgsf] Pp6f 36gfn] eg] tL bO' { 3/sf] ldnfkdf xnrn Nofof] .
eof] s] eg] ;a} hgf sfddf uPsf lyP . ul/df klg ufO{ r/fpg uPsL
lyO{ . ufOn{ ] ;Fus} f] dflnsfsf] af/Ldf nxnxfO/x]sf xl/of / sNsnfpbF f
dss} f la?jf e;Ss} kf¥of] .

dflnsfsf aa' fn] af/Ldf d:t ds} vfO/xs] f] ufO{ b]v] . uf7] fnf] nfus] L
ul/dfsf] cQfk] Qf] lyPg . dflnsfsf aa' f ;'?df t kz'n] u/s] f,] h] xg' '
ex} fNof] eGg] ;fR] b} lyP . cfwf kf6f] ds} vfO;Sbf klg wkfpg sfx] L gcfPsf]
bV] bf eg] pgnfO{ emgSs l/; p7o\ f] . pgn] sf7sf] 7]psf] l6k]/ kx| f/
u/] . 7p] sfn] ufO{sf] k6] d} nfUof] . ufO{ /Gylgof] . Tof] 8\jfF8j\ fF s/fpFb}
uf7] lt/ bu'¥of] .

uha – ljz]if lsl;dsf] cgf}7f]
lbSbf/ – x}/fgÙ lbSs
;vfk – ;a} ;dfKt ePsf]

80 gk] fnL, sIff ^

;feF m ;a} hgf sfdaf6 3/ kmls{P . ul/dfsf] ufO{n] ds} vfPsf] ljifodf
dflnsfsf] 3/df rsfr{ sL{ ;'lgof] . dflnsfsL cfdf elg/xs] L lyOg,\ æxfd|f]
klg jif{ lbg vfg] afnL xf,] a;fxf kfnk] l5 /fd/| L afWF g klg t ;Sgk' ¥of]
lg, s6] fs]6Lsf e/df 5f8/] x'G5 ÛÆ

dflnsfsL cfdfsf] Rof7F l\ 7Psf] cfjfh ;fdG' gs] f] ul/dfsf] 3/df g7fl] Ssg]
s/' } ePg . uNtL cfˆga} f6 ePsfn] ul/dfsf aa' f, cfdf sx] L gafn] L al;/x] .
ul/df t 8/n] y'/y/' lyOg\ . cfdfaa' f klg pgn] ufO{ /fd/| L gx]/]sf] egL
emkfl//x]sf lyP . ul/dfsf] kl/jf/n] gf]S;fgcg;' f/ xhfg{ f ltg{] ljrf/ u/] .

ef]lnkN6 kf] of] 36gfn] 7n' f] ¿k lng kU' of], ha ul/dfsf] ufO{ tl' xof] . gf}
dlxgfdf Aofpg' kg{] ufOn{ ] rf/ dlxgfd} af5f] h:tf] cfsl[ t / /utsf kmfN;f
v;fNof] . ;?' df t ul/dfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ yfxf lyPg . kl5 dflnsfsf a'afn]
cluNnf] lbg ufOn{ fO{ 7p] sfn] xfgs] f] s'/f Ps hgf ufpnF ]n] atfOlbof] . of]
yfxf kfPkl5 pgLx¿n] ;fx}| lrQ bv' fP . km] l/ rsfr{ sL{ eof] . xft xfnfxfn
x'g eg] l5d]sLn] /fs] ] . of] 36gfkl5 ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfa'afx¿sf]
Pscfk;df af]nrfn aGb eof] .

æca Tof;] uF glxF8g\ ' lg, ul/dfn] ubf{ of] ;a} ePsf] xf] .Æ dflnsfsL cfdfn]
r]tfjgL lbOg\ . dflnsfnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfUof] t/ cfdfsf] s'/f sf6g\ ] lxDdt
cfPg .

ul/dfsL cfdfn] klg dflnsf;Fu a;p7 gug{ elgg\ . ul/dfnfO{ cfdfsf
s/' fn] emgSs l/; p7\of] . cfˆg} d6' ' x'lQP/ aflx/ lg:s] h:tf] eof] t}klg
pgn] hjfkm kmsfO{ gg\ .

To; lbg ul/df / dflnsf b'j} ux|f}F dg, d'6' lnP/ ljBfnolt/
nfu] . ;w}F emF} xft ;dfpbF } / cª\sdfn ub}{ xfO] g, bj' } hgf PSnfPSn} .

xhfg{ f – s;}sf] wgdfn jf cGgafnL gfS] ;fg ePdf ;66\ fk6\6f lbOg] wg jf j:t'

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 81

ul/dfn] dgel/ s/' f v]nfpFb} la:tf/} kfOnf rfln/xL, æ;fRr} dflnsfn] ca
dnfO{ dfof ulbg{ t < gq lsg PSn} nDss] L <Æ

;Nnf3f/Lsf] u}/f] sf6\gf;fy ul/dfn] dflnsfnfO{ bv] L . dflnsf Pp6f
;fgf] ?vsf] km]bdf a;]/ ;'sF ;F'sfO/xs] L lyO{ . p;sf] dG' 6f] lgxl' /Psf] lyof]
/ cfvF f pbf; lyP .

ul/df klg eSsflgO{ . p;n] UjfDnfª\u dflnsfnfO{ cuF fnf] xfnL . b'j}
hgf sx] L afN] g ;sg] g\ . a? b'j} ;F'S;'sfpg yfn] . b'j} hgfsf cfFvf /;fP
/ ltgsf rk] af6 la:tf/} cf;F 'n] af6f] lnof] . s]xL a/] ;Dd b'j} Pscsf{sf]
cFufnfd] f sl:;O/x] .

æcfdfa'afx¿ h;] s' } u¿g\ . ufO{nfO{ l7s eOxfN5 lg . xfdL t p:t} x'g'k5{
x} ÛÆ, dflnsfn] dw/' f] cfjfhdf egL, æd]/f] a'afn] ufO{nfO{ gfS] ;fg} kfg{ t
vfH] ge' Psf] xfO] g /] . wkfpFbf nfUg kU' of] eg/] b'Mv dfGb} x'gx' 'GYof] . kml] /
hfgfhfg ltdLx¿n] klg ufO{ af/Ldf nufPsf xfO] gf} . laTyfdf g/fdf| ] eof] .Æ

æd klg ltdLnfO{ oxL eGg vfH] by} ÆF] ul/df klg ;Dxflnb} afn] L, æd ltdLnfO{
p:t} dfof u5',{ cem a9L dfof u5{' . h] h] eof,] ;lsof] .Æ

clg b'j} hgf ;w}F emF} xft ;dft]/ ljBfnolt/ nfu] .

ul/df / dflnsfsf] ldNtL p:t} eP klg b'j}sf cfdfa'afx¿sf] eg]
Pscfk;df afn] rfn aGb lyof] . P“]rfk] }“rf] rNg 5f8s] f] lyof] . ld7fr] f]vf]
kfSbf klxn] em}F Psn] csfn{ fO{ ;Demg / Ps 3/af6 csf]d{ f nlulbg klg
5f8s] f lyP .

pbf; – lbSs lbSbf/
la/fd – s;/' en' rs'
Pr“] fk] r}“ f ] – ;/;fk6L ?lkof“ k};f jf ;/;fdfg ;fk6 lbg] / lng] sfd

82 gk] fnL, sIff ^

ul/df / dflnsf bj' } hgfnfO{ cfdfaa' fx¿sf] tl/sf dg k/s] f] lyPg . æemg\ 7n' f
dfG5x] ¿sf] dg rflxF slQ ;fgf] ÛÆ, pgLx¿ eGy] . pgLx¿ rfxGy] cfdfaa' fx¿sf]
afn] rfn xf;] \ . ldNtL xf;] \ . clg klxn] h:t} ;DaGw ;d' w/' xf;] \ .

306f, lbg / ;ftf xF'b} sx] L dlxgf lat] . ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfaa' fx¿
klg Pscfk;sf] ldnd] tf] 66' ]sfdf g/dfOnf] dfGg yfn] .

æs]6fs6] Ln] x]/s] f kz'n] u/]sf] la/fddf klg d slQ cfjz] df cfP5' x} To;
lbg ÛÆ Ps lbg cfdf;Fu aa' f k5t' fO/xge' Psf] dflnsfn] ;l' gg,\ æul/dfsf
cfdfa'af g/fdf| dfG5] t xfO] gg\ . s]xL lrh k}rF f] nu] eg] slQ xQfl/P/
ltg{ NofOxfN5g\ . lbP/ la;{g] t/ lnP/ slxNo} gla;{g] afgLsf o:tf dfG5]
sxfF kfpg' ÛÆ

cfdfn] klg ul/dfsf kl/jf/sf] emg} k|z+;f ul/g,\ æxfdL| dflnsf s'g,
pgLx¿sL ul/df sg' Û pgLx¿ dflnsfnfO{ klg t cfˆg} 5f/] L h:tf] u5g{ \ .Æ

cfdfa'afsf] s/' fn] dflnsfsf] dgdf 7n' f] v';L ;Nanfof] .

ul/dfsf aa' fn] klg t vt] df ;a} v]tfnfsf] cl3lNt/} eg]y], æcflv/
xfdL bj' } ul/vfg] kl/jf/ xfF} . ;Fu} ePkl5 slxn]sfxLF o:tf] xg' ' 7'nf] s'/f
xf]Og . ltnnfO{ kxf8 agfpg]x¿n] h];'s} eg'g\ t/ xfdL pgLx¿sf]
g/fdf| ] ;f]Rg} ;Sbg} fF} .Æ

ToxL a]nf ul/dfsL cfdfn] klg yks] L lyOg,\ æs[lifdf sx] L gofF af]6 lap
cfof] ls pgn} ] xfdLnfO{ lg NofOlbGy] . laTyfsf] ;fgf] lgxF'n] g/fdf| ] dfq}
eof] Û xfdf| ] ufO{ km] l/ Aofpg] eOxfNof] .Æ Toltan] f l;/fg3/]sf vt] df e]nf
ePsf ;a} v]tfnfn] klg …xfdL cfcfˆgf] ul/vfgx] ¿ g} o;/L km6' \of}F eg] t
s;/L pFef] nfUnf of] ufpFÚ eGb} lvGg dg kf/]sf lyP .

cfj]z – c;fdfGo dg emfs]“ 83
gk] fnL, sIff ^

To;} lbgsf] vfhf vfg] a]nf 5fksf sn' fgGb sfsfn] egs] f s'/f eg] cem}
3tnfUbf] lyof] . of] ;Dembf ul/df clxn] klg bªu\ kl5{g\ . sfsf sn' fgGbn]
eg]sf lyP, æoL 7'nf egfpFbf afpafp / cfdfcfdf gaf]n]sf t x'g\
lg . Hofgn] 7'nf, lrQn] ;fgf . ltgsf 5f]/Lx¿af6 kf] l;Sg' 5 t xfdLn] .
x]/x/] ltgsf] ldNtL . olt ljlw ldn/] sfd u5g{ \ tL . Pp6LnfO{ xf5o\ 'F cfP
klg csL{;Fu ;fw] /] dfq u5{g\ h:tf] 5 . ;DaGw eg]sf] t o:tf] kf] afa} .Æ

sfsf sn' fgGbn] yk]sf lyP, æPs} 7fpF ePkl5 slxns] fxLF efF8f klg aH5,
o:t} xf], cflv/ 5f/] Lx¿nfO{ x]//] klg log? gldnL ;'Vv} 5g} .Æ

æcfh t hlt;s' } ca]/ xf;] \ . ;a} sfoj{ m| d g;lsP;Dd ghfg] x} ul/df ÛÆ,
ljBfnodf k:' ts dn] fsf] lbg dflnsfn] egL . xg' klg To; lbg ljBfnodf
lgs} /dfOnf] lyof] . 5Gb sljtf, xflh/Lhjfkm, syfjfrg, lgaGw nv] g
clg k':ts k|bz{gL . y/Ly/Lsf lstfa x]b},{ 5fGb} / k9\b} ;a} hgf /dfO/x]
sf lyP .

;feF m ca]/;Dd klg 5f/] Lx¿ gkmsk]{ l5 3/lt/ eg] ;f]wLvfh] L x'g yfNof] .
ælrtj' fsf] laulauL 5 ufpFdf, hfg';\ lngÆ, ul/dfsL cfdfsf] afn] L e'O{+df
s] v;Y] of,] pgsf a'af ul/dfnfO{ lng egL lx8F ] . ;Nnf3f/Lsf] ulx/fd] f
dflnsfsf a'af klg ljBfnolt/} uO/xs] f e]l6P . bj' } hgf gaf]nL gafn] L
cl3 al9/x] .

cln k/ ku' ]kl5 xft ;dft]/ xf;F L xfF;L kmls/{ x]sf ul/df / dflnsfnfO{
pgLx¿n] b]v] . 5f]/Lx¿sf xFl;nf d'xf/ b]lv/x]sf a'afx¿sf cfFvf
Pscfk;df h'Wg ku' ] . clg cgfof; b'j} d';S' s xfF;] .

æxfdL dfq t gafn] ]sf /x]5f}F lg, 5f/] Lx¿ t plQs} 5g\ .Æ ul/dfsf a'afn]
nhfpFb} dv' kmf/] ,] æt]nkfgL Ps,} lkgf aflx/ eg]sf] oxL t xf] lg ÛÆ

cgfof; – crfgs PsfPs

84 gk] fnL, sIff ^

slxn] afN] g kfOPnf h:tf]u/L plePsf dflnsfsf aa' fn] klg elgxfn,]
æs6] fs6] L eg]sf ;fRr} lgbf]{if x'Fbf/x5] g\ . s] sf] Ov, s] sf] l/;OaL .
laTyfdf xfdL dfq=== ÛÆ

aa' fx¿sf] afn] rfn ePsf] v;' Ldf ul/df / dflnsfnfO{ v6' \6f e'Od{+ f 5g\
ls 5}gg\ h:tf] eO/x]Yof] . rf/} hgf s'/fsfgL ub{} 3/lt/ nfu] .

3/glhss} f] lkknsf] kmb] df 5f]/Lx¿ / 5f/] Lx¿nfO{ lng uPsf aa' fx¿nfO{
x]b{} ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfx¿ klv/{ xs] f lyP . ToxfF klg s:tf] eP5 eg]
ul/dfsL cfdf o;f] lkknrft} f/Ldf lg:s/] s] lrxfpFb} lyOg,\ dflnsfsL
cfdf klg ToxLF cfOk'lu5g\ . bj' }nfO{ c;lhnf] c;lhnf] nfu]5 . clg
ul/dfsL cfdf lkknsf] kmb] df bfoflF t/ al;5g\ . dflnsfsL cfdf afoflF t/ .

clna]/df xFl;nf] cg'xf/sf 5f]/Lx¿ cl3 nufP/ d':s'/fpFb} a'afx¿
lkknrft} f/Ldf b]vf k/] . 5f]/Lx¿ t ldNy] g} . a'afx¿sf] klg af]nrfn
ePsf] cfdfx¿n] rfn kfP . æP Û xfdLx¿ dfq lsg gafn] L gaf]nL leqleq}
hln/xg] dflnsfsL cfdf <Æ ul/dfsL cfdfn] elgg\, æd]/f] k]6df t
g/fd|f] s]xL 5g} x} ca ÛÆ

ædnfO{ klg t slxn] afn] "F eO/x]sf] lyof] lg lbbL ÛÆ, dflnsfsL cfdfn]
elgg\, æcfjz] df hg' an] f h] eof,] ;lsof] . ;w}FnfO{ Ov lnP/ lsg x'GYof] .Æ

bj' } cfdfx¿sf] cgx' f/df cgf}7f] d:' sfg bl] vof] . aa' fx¿ t emg\ v;' L 5bF }
lyP . clg ul/df / dflnsfsf] ldNtL t ;wF} p:t} g} lyof] . oltan] f eg]
ltgsf cg'xf/df ljzi] f Hofl] t hudufO/xs] f] lyof] . hg' n] L /ftdf rlDs/xs] f
5 hgfsf] cg'xf/ la:tf/} ltg} 9'ªu\ ] 5fgfsf bO' { 3/lt/ aflF 8P . lkknsf
kftx¿af6 v;' Lsf] Ps emf]Ssf dw/' xfjf ;':t/L dfnfvs{lt/ nfUof] .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 85

zAbe08f/

!= cy{ lbg] pkoS' t zAb vfh] L n]Vg'xf;] \ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ :jflbi6 / z4' vfgs] /' f

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ev{/ d'gf knfPsf]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 7o\ fs} f]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;'Gbf cfgGb nfUg]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dxfbj] sf] jfxg

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c;fdfGo dg

@= lbOPsf kbfjnL / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

sNsnfpFbf la?jf cfvfaF f6 cfF;' cfpg'

xft xfnfxfn ug{ ' 7n' f] a/afbL xg' '

rt] fjgL lbg ' s'6fs'6 ug{'

cfFvf /;fpg ' ev/{ a9\g nfus] f] la?jf

hg' n] L /ft ;rt] u/fpg'

leqleq} hNg ' h"g nfu]sf] pHofnf] /ft
;Tofgfz xg' ' leqleq} lklN;g'

#= p:t} cy{ lbg] Ps Ps zAb nV] g'xf];\ M

uha, lbSbf/, xhfg{ f, pbf;, lj/fd, bªu\ , cgfo;, PFr] fk] r}F f,] gf]S;fg,
lxDdt

86 g]kfnL, sIff ^

$= cy{ k9/] jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ M

-s_ hflt M hft ljzi] f -ª_ vfnL M l/QfÙ] vfg] sfd unL{

hftL M c;n vfln M dfq

-v_ cflb M OToflb -r_ lbg M lbjf

cfwL M cfwf bLg M bM' vL

-u_ b/ M efp -5_ hg' M ;jg{ fd

8/ M qf; hg" M rGbd| f

-3_ k6\l6 M tkm{ -h_ bl] v M af6

k6\6L M 3fp xFb' f aflF wg ] b]vL M bV] g] sfd u/L

%= sfi] 7saf6 ldNbf zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f];\ M

-s_ d t ljBfnoÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nfu]F . -lt/÷tL/_
-v_ p;n] r/fnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ n] xfGof] . -lt/÷tL/_
-u_ dflg;sf kT| os] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ df /ut aU5 . -gzf÷g;f_
-3_ efOn] v'66\ fdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afFWof] . -k6\6L÷k6l\ 6_
-ª_ pgLx¿ k5fl8 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vN] g uP . -k6l\ 6÷k66\ L_

^= p:t} ;l' gg] zAb nV] gx' f;] \ M
cfz,' lbzf, zLt, km' n, ltg, hg' , k/' f

k7gafw] / nv] g cEof;
!= z4' pRrf/0f ugx'{ f];\ / sfkLdf ;fgx'{ f;] \ M

sNsnfpbF f, xhf{gf, ef8F f, cfj]z, rft} f/L, xf5\oF', xfnfxfn, laTyfdf,

;Tofgfz, UjfDnfª\u, cª\sdfn,ul' Ghof,] 5'RrL, cFufnf], ;Nnf3f/L,

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 87

@= kb / kbfjnLx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ug{x' f];\ M

ufnLunfh] , cªs\ dfn, PF]rfk] rF} f], aQLd'lgsf] cFWof/f,] tn] , kfgL Ps}
lkgfaflx/

#= kf7df lbOPsf] syf kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg ugx{' f;] \ .

$= syfsf] klxnf] cgR' 5]b /fd|/L k9\g'xf;] \ / Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ dfnfvs{ ufpF s:tf] lyof] <

-v_ To; ufpFdf 3/sf 5fgf s]n] 5fPsf] lyof] <

-u_ Tof] ufpsF f] dn] ldnfk s:tf] lyof] <

-3_ jNnf] kNnf] 3/ s] sf/0f lbSbf/ dfGy] <

-ª_ dflnsf / ul/dfsf larsf] dn] s:tf] lyof] <

^= syf /fd/| L k9g\ 'xf];\ / syfdf slt k'?if / slt dlxnf kfq 5g\,
ltgLx¿sf af/]df Ps Ps jfSo n]Vg'xf;] \ .

&= syfsf] clGtd cg'R5]b dgdg} k9\g'xf];\ . Toxf“af6 b'O{cf]6f k|Zg
agfpg'xf];\ . tL k|Zg ;fyLnfO{ ;f]Wgx' f;] \ . ;fyLn] ;fw] s] f k|Zgsf] tkfO{“
klg pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

*= l7s a]l7s 56' \ofpg'xf];\ M

-s_ ul/df / dflnsfsf] dn] /fd|f] lyPg . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ul/dfsf uf?] n] dflnsfsf] wfg e;Ss} kf/]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfaa' fsf lar xft xfnfxft eof] . ÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ul/dfsL cfdfn] dflnsf;Fu p7a; gug{ elgg\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ul/df / dflnsfs} sf/0f kl/jf/sf] kml] / ldNtL eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

88 g]kfnL, sIff ^

(= 5f]6f] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-s_ ul/df / dflnsfsf kl/jf/lar lsg emu8f eof] <

-v_ ul/df / dflnsf PSnfPSn} ljBfno hfg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] <

-u_ dflnsfsf cfdfa'afn] lsg k5t' f] dfg]sf xf]nfg\ <

-3_ s'nfgGbn] ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfaa' fnfO{ s:tf] ctL{ lbP <

-ª_ æs6] fs]6L egs] f ;frF } lgbf{i] f x'bF f /x5] g\ .Æ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6
ug{'xf;] \ .

-r_ ul/df / dflnsfsf ljBfnodf ePsf sfoj{ m| dsf] ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .

-5_ o; syfsf] zLifs{ …rlDsnf cg'xf/x¿Ú /fVg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
!)= efj lj:tf/ ug{x' f;] \ M

-s_ Ps} 7fpF ePkl5 slxns] fxLF efF8f klg aH5g\ .
-v_ ltnnfO{ kxf8 agfpg]x¿n] h];s' } eg'g\ t/ xfdL pgLx¿sf]

slxNo} g/fd|f] ;f]Rg} ;Sbg} fF} .
!!= nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ul/df / dflnsfsf kl/jf/df ePsf] emu8f s;/L cGTo eof,]
syfsf cfwf/df n]Vg'xf];\ .

!@= ul/df / dflnsfsf] ldnfk gePsf] eP pgLx¿sf cfdfaa' fsf] emu8f
cGTo xG' Yof] ls xb“' }gYof] xf]nf, syf k9L tflss{ pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 89

!#= awfO{ tyf st[ 1tf 1fkg kq k9L cGTodf ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/
lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ awfO{ 1fkg

awfO{ 1fkg

o; ljBfnosf] sIff ^ df cWoog/t 5fqf ;'>L cf:yf dGofnn]
lhNnf:t/Lo nfs] g[To kl| tofl] utfdf ky| d :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmn
x'ge' Psfd] f oxf“sf] pQ/fQ] / ku| ltsf] sfdgf ub}{ xflb{s awfO{ tyf
ze' sfdgf JoSt ub5{ f“} .

k|frfo{
tyf
;/:jtL dfWolds ljBfno kl/jf/,

bfrn{' f

-v_ st[ 1tf 1fkg

s[t1tf 1fkg

d]/f] cflys{ cj:yf clt g} sdhf/] eO{ ljBfno lzIff g} 5f8] \g'kg]{

cj:yfdf ljsf;k|]dL, lzIff;]jL ufps“ } cuh| JolStTj tkfO“{ >L hubLz

sj“' /Ho"af6 d/] f] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ug{e' Psf] cflys{ ;xofu] k|lt

xflbs{ st[ 1tf 1fkg ub{5' .
kf| yL{
;'dg zfxL
sflns]Zj/L df=lj=, td' fv{ fb uf=kf= ^
c5fd

90 g]kfnL, sIff ^

k|Zgx¿

-s_ dflysf] awfO{ 1fkg s;n] s;nfO{ u/]sf] xf] <

-v_ kl| tofu] Ln] sg' sfo{j|mddf efu lnPsf] lyof] <

-u_ st[ 1tf 1fkgsf] dV' o ljifo s] xf] <

-3_ s[t1tf 1fkg s;n] s;nfO{ u/]sf] 5 <
!$= cg'R5b] k9\gx' f];\ / Uo“ Pjd\ …1Ú k|of]u ePsf zAbsf] 5'66\ f5'6\6} ;"rL

agfpgx' f];\ M
UofFg/fhn] 1fgu'gsf w]/} s'/f a'em]sf] 5}g t/ pm 1fglj1fgsf

s/' fnfO{ cj1f ub{}g . p;n] cfˆgf efOnfO{ rflxF 1fgL agfpg] ljrf/
/fvs] f] 5 . pm efOsf] lj1tfdf dSv 5 . cfkm" eg] unfdf UoflF 6;jfnf
hfud] f ;lhP/ ahf/ hfG5 . cfdfsf] cf1fcg;' f/ ahf/af6 Uof;F
lnP/ cfp5F . s;}n] UofFr] eg] klg l/;fpFbg} .

;g' fO / ;~rf/

!= ;g' fO kf7 ^ sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ s'g} 7fpFdf Pp6f ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ufpF lyof] .
-v_ ufpn]x¿ To; 7fpaF f6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;/f;] \ eGg] rfxGyf] .
-u_ Ps} l5gkl5 kmlgr{ / sf/vfgfsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ klg cfof] .
-3_ c;n l5ds] Lx¿ ud' fpbF f ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s/' f atfP .
-ª_ 3g 7f]s]sf] / sf7 lr/s] f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg] cfO/xo\ f] .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 91

@= ;g' fO kf7 ^ ;'g/] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ cfjfh;uF x/} fg ePsf kfq Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ;a}eGbf klxnf sf/vfgf ;fb}{ 5' eGg] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ Ps} l5gkl5 uP/ sf/vfgf ;fb}{ 5' eGg] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ;g' fO kf7 ^ ;g' ]/ pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ lu|n sf/vfgf sxfF lyof] <

-v_ ufpnF s] f] rfxgf s] lyof] <

-u_ sf/vfgf ;~rfnsx¿n] ufpnF n] fO{ s:tf] lg0fo{ ;'gfP <

-3_ ufpFn] lsg v;' L ePsf xfn] fg\ <

-ª_ dfgj a:tLdf pBfu] wGbf ;~rfng ug{' l7s xG' 5 ls xbF' }g,
cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

$= lzIfsn] ;jk{ y| d klxnf] aG] rsf] klxnf] ljBfyLn{ fO{ sfgdf la:tf/}
Pp6f jfSo eGg'xG' 5 . To;kl5 pSt ljBfyL{n] 5]psf] ;fyLnfO{ s;}n]
g;'Gg] u/L pSt jfSo bf;] f| ] ljBfyLn{ fO{ v;' S' s sfgdf eG5 . bf];|fn]
To;} u/L t];f| nfO,{ t];f| n] rfy} fnfO{ ub}{ of] k|ljm| of clGtd ljBfyL;{ Dd
k'U5 . clGtd ljBfyLn{ ] cfk"mn] ;g' ]sf] s'/f cufl8 cfP/ atfp“5 .
;~rf/sf] o; jm| ddf pSt jfSosf] dn" ¿kaf6 slt km/s k¥of] <
ljrf/ ug'{xf;] \ .

%= tnsf] zAb k|ofu] u/L ufn] fky| fåf/f s'g} Pp6f zLifs{ 5fGg'xf;] \ .
cfÇgf] efudf sf] JolSt k5,{ ;f] JolSt agL cfÇgf] gfd / k;] fsf]
kl/ro lbgx' f];\ M

8fS6/, g;{ -kl/rfl/sf_, jlsn, lzIfs, Jofkf/L, ;ª\uLtsf/,
kx| /L÷;g] f, 8f« Oe/, ls;fg, OlGhlgo/, l;sdL{, d]sflgS;, ufos,

92 gk] fnL, sIff ^

gfos÷gflosf, g[Tosf/, kqsf/, ;r" Lsf/, ljdfg kl/rfl/sf -Po/
xf]:6];_, km'6an vn] f8L, ljdfg rfns -kfOn6_, lrqsf/, 8sdL,{
Onl] S6l« ;og, Ao'l6l;og

^= tkfO“n{ ] ;'gs] f] sg' } Pp6f syf sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

&= tkfO{n“ fO{ dg kg]{ Pp6f r6' l\ snf sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf
!= cg'R5b] k9g\ x' f];\ / uf9f cIf/sf zAb / /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf zAbnfO{

tflnsf agfP/ l6Kg'xf;] \ M

/fz] gLn] bzcf6] f cfkF lslgg\ . tL cfkF x¿ kfs]sf lyP . pgn] Pp6f cfkF

efOnfO{ lbOg\ . efOn] Tof] cfFk PSn} vfof] . b'O6f cfkF rflxF wg;/LnfO{
lbOg\ . wg;/Ln] lrqsnfdf ky| d :yfg xfl;n ug]{ efOnfO{ Pp6f cfkF
lbOg\ . æd klg kfFrf}F t ePF lg .Æ ;lndn] d'v ld7o\ fpbF } eGof] .

æof] cfkF rflxF ltdLnfO{ g} eof] .Æ /f]zgLn] ;lndnfO{ Pp6f cfFk lbOg\ . ca
/fz] gL;Fu sltcf]6f cfkF /xo\ f] < 5 cf6] f cfFk /x\of] lg Û æ oL cfkF x¿ rflxF
d cfdfa'af / sfsfsfsLnfO{ lbG5' .Æ /f]zgLn] elgg\ .

dflysf] tflnsfdf l6lkPsf uf9f cIf/n] nl] vPsf zAbx¿ ;ªV\ ofafw] s
ljz]if0f x'g\ . Ps, bO' {, bz, ;o, klxnf,] ;ftf,“} xhf/f}n“ ufot ljzi] f0fn]
gfdsf] ;ª\Vof, j|md jf cfjl[ t a'emfp5“ g\ . To:t,} /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf
zAbx¿ ;ª\st] afw] s ljzi] f0f xg' \ . of], Tof], oL, tL cflb ;ª\st] af]ws
ljzi] f0fn] ;jg{ fdnfO{ ;ª\st] u5{g\ .

@= ljzi] f0f zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L egx'{ f];\ M

s'g, xfr] f,] uf/] f], /fdf| ], cUnf], a9' f], v}/f], ;t] f], 8Nnf,] aof;L,
sqf,] klxnf,] t];f| ,] Ps, ;of},F xhf/f,}F oL, sf], clnslt, of,] tL,
k|z:t, slt

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 93

u'0fafw] s kl/df0faf]ws ;ª\Vofafw] s ;ªs\ t] af]ws

#= ljz]if0f zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“df n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ cfh hg' n] L /ft 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ d b'O{ lbgdf cfpF5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ uf]df ;a} sfd ul5{g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ Tof] dfG5] t ot} cfof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ xfdLn] ;Dk0" f{ ux[ sfo{ ugk'{ 5{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= gfd / ljzi] f0flar kb;ªu\ lt ldnfP/ ;fg{'xf;] \ M

-s_ d/] f] alxgL -ª_ p;sL 3/

-v_ xfdL| efO -r_ ;lhnL sfd

-u_ k'/fgf] 3/x¿ -5_ cUnf] s]6L

-3_ cfˆgL a'af -h_ /fdf| emfn] f

94 g]kfnL, sIff ^

k'g/fj[lQ

hGdf]T;j

cfh /dz] sf] hGdfT] ;j xf] . /d]zsL cfdfn] hGdfT] ;j dgfpg] tof/L
ug{e' Psf] 5 . lxhf] hGdlbgdf s]xL /fd|f] ;fdflhs sfd ug{] ;Nnfxcg;' f/
a'afn] ;/;fdfg lsGg'ePsf] 5 . /d]zn] klg sx] L ;fdfg k;naf6 lsg/]
NofPsf] 5 . cfdfn] cl3 g} w]/} lsl;dsf vfgs] /' f agfO;Sg'ePsf] 5 .

æafa' Û oltsf ;fdfg sxfFaf6 s;/L lsg/] Nofof} <Æ cfdfn] eGge' of] .
aa' f klg cufl8 cfO;Sge' Psf] lyof] . ædn} ] lsg]/ NofO;ss] } lyPF .Æ aa' fn]
yKge' of] .

æcfdf Û d}n] xh'/x¿n] vfhf vfg lbg'ePsf] s]xL k};f arfPsf] lyPF .
To;nfO{ vq' 'sd] f /fvs] f] lyPF . ToxL v'q's]af6 lems]/ lsg/] NofPsf] . of]
d]/f] cfˆg} k;} fn] lsgs] f] s] cfdf ÛÆ /dz] n] eGof] .

/dz] sf] o:tf] sfon{ ] p;sf cfdfa'af emg\ v;' L xg' 'eof] . 3/df cfˆgf]
hGdlbgdf ug]{ /Lltcg';f/ kh" fkf7 u/] . cfˆgf bO' { ;fyL;lxt /d]z klg
p;sf cfdfa'afn] cl3 lsg]sf ;fdfg;lxt cgfyf>ddf uP . pgLx¿n]
/dz] sf] hGdlbgsf] cj;/df ToxfF /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ vfgf, nQfsk8f
af8F ] . pgLx¿;Fu} vfgf vfP . s'/fsfgL u/] . tL ;a} afnaflnsfn] /d]znfO{
hGdlbgsf] cj;/df z'esfdgf lbP . 5'66\ } k|sf/sf] hGdfT] ;j dgfpg
kfPsfdf /dz] ub\ub lyP .

;fyLx¿n] eg,] æca xfdL klg xfdf| ] hGdlbg o;/L g} dgfpg] .Æ ;fyLx¿n]
/d]znfO{ lbg eg/] sfkL snd lsg]/ NofPsf /x5] g\ . pgLx¿n] /dz] nfO{
lbbF } eg], æ/dz] Û ltdLn] cfh xfdLnfO{ hLjgs} dxŒjk0" f{ s/' f l;sfof} .
xfdL t hGdlbgdf gofF nu' f nufpg,] s]s sf6g\ ], d}gaQL afNg], gfrufg
ug,{] rsn]6 af8F \g] uYof}F{ . ltdf| ] t ;fr] g} km/s /x5] . of] xf] lg ;fFRrs} f]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 95