CLASS-6 NEPALI BOOK

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lblG5g\ . k;} f lng dflGbgg\ ._ s] ;fyL;uF klg k;} f lnG5g\
t < P xh/' Û nf} cfof] x} cfof,] of] udLd{ f cftF lehfpgx' f;] ,\
kfgL lkpgx' f;] \ xh/' Û kfgL, kfgL lkpmF xh/' , cfgGbn] lhpmF .

;xf/fljxLg M ;xf/f gePsf]
cjZo M lgZro
156 g]kfnL, sIff ^

ljBfnosf] sIffsf7] f . ;a} hgf sIffdf ljBfno kf;] fsdf 7flF 6P/ a;]
sf 5g\ . rdn] L cfˆgf] k'/fgf] ljBfno kf;] fs nufP/ Pp6f k/' fgf] emfn] f
afs] ]/ sIffdf k|jz] ul5{g\ . clegj p7]/ 7'nf] :j/n] xNnf u5{ . æn x}
;fyL xf] Û cfof] x} cfof,] v} s] cfof] <Æ

;a} uNn xfF:5g\ . a'wgn] p7]/ eG5, ædg nfu] cfof], gnfu] gcfof], e6] ]
vfof], ge6] ] gvfof] . cfof] Pp6f crDdsf] kf]sf] cfof] .Æ

;a} unn xfF:g yfN5g\ . rd]nL sIffdf uP/ a]Grdf d'G6f] /fv/] gaf]nL
al:5g\ .

sNkgf M P ;fyL xf] Û sx] L sfd gkfP h:tf] c¿nfO{ p8fP/ a:5f} .
dflg;sf afWotf ga'emL o;/L lvNnL p8fpg nfh nfUb}g <

kfNtg] M ToxL t egs] f] oL wgLdfgLsf ;GtfgnfO{ ul/asf] dd{ s] yfxf <

clegj M p8\of] r/L p8\of,] gfRof] r/L gfRof] .

wgL/fd M af?n] sDd/ efFRof], gfRof] r/L gfRof] .

rdn] L ;FS' s ;SF' s ?g yfN5] . dgdf c;x\o kL8f afs] ]/ ;a}n] p;nfO{ x]//]
dhfs p8fO/xs] f 5g\ . kfn] s] f] 3fpdf g'gr's 3;] em}F p;nfO{ jrgaf0fn]
3f]lr/xs] f 5g\ .

aw' g ufh] Laf6 ?dfn lems/] lh:Sofp5F ,, ælj/xsf] cf;F ' k5' g\ ] s;' d' ] ?dfn,
g/fp] m g/f]pm gfgL, gfgLsf] ?Gr] afgL, xfdLnfO{ vfO] t kfgL, eg t ?GrL
gfgL, cf;F ' k'Rg] ?dfn, ef] ca cf;F ' gemf/ .Æ

;a} hgf jfx, jfx Û eGb} 6]an 76fpbF } xf:F 5g\ . sfx] L kmgkmgL 3d' ]/
gfR5g\ . olts}df sIff lzIfssf] kj| ]z x'G5 .

kL8f M bM' v
lj/x M kL8f

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 157

;a} hgf M ze' k|eft u'?cfdf Û

;ljtf M d/] f Kof/f ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿nfO{ ze' k|eft Û cfhsf] lbg
;as} f] ze' /xf;] \ . n cfh t rd]nL klg cfOl5g\ . ltdLnfO{
;Grf] ePg ls s] xf] <

rd]nL M ;Gr} 5' u'?cfdf Û

clejg M ev/{ } la/fdL, km]l/ ;Grf] /] lxlxxL . -;a} unNn xfF:5g\ ._

;ljtf M ltdLx¿sf] c¿nfO{ p8fpg] afgL rflxF slxNo} x6]g x},
;fyLefO;uF ldn/] a:g,' Pscsfs{ f bM' vdf ;xofu] L aGg,' ljgd|
xg' ' t stf xf] stf, ;w}F xfx] Nnf dfq u¥of], o;/L c;n dfG5]
algPnf t <

sNkgf M xg] {;' \ g u?' cfdf Û of] lar/L rdn] LnfO{ x]k]/ lh:SofP/ a:g}
lb+Fbg} g\ . cfh klg cfpg]lalQs} ufO{hfqf ;'? u/] . lar/f Û
?g' g xf:F g' ePsL 5] .

rdn] L M e}uf] sNkgf Û d b'MvLnfO{ arfpg gvf]h . xfF:g b]pm d]/f]
ul/aLdfly, cflv/ d ;xg} hlGdPsL /lx5' . ;lxlbG5' .
logLx¿nfO{ ul/aLsf] kL8f slt s7f]/ x'G5, slt bM' vbfoL
xG' 5, s] yfxf <

sNkgf M dfG5s] f] cj:yf s] 5 eGg] gae' mL p8fpg] < 3/df cfdf la/fdL
xg' x' G' 5, vfgs] /' f sx] L 5g} , lar/L Û pm s;/L cfcf;] \ ljBfno <

;ljtf M d}n] ;as} f] s/' f a'emF] . d rd]nLsL cfdfsf] pkrf/ / pgsf]
k9fOsf] ljifodf rf8F } sx] L pkfo lgsfNg] 5' .

sNkgf M nf} g u?' cfdf Û s]xL t ug}{ k¥of], lar/Lsf] ;xf/f klg t sfx] L
5g} . d klg d/] f] aa' f;Fu s'/f u5',{ s]xL pkfo t lgl:sPnf .

158 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;ljtf M o:tf] ;dodf wo} n{ ] sfd lngk' 5{ . ltdf| ;fyLefO ;a} ldn]/
ltd|f] a;fO / k9fOsf] Joj:yf cjZo x'G5 . ltdf| ] lrqsnf,
;d' w/' :j/, ljgd| :jefj, sljtf n]Vg] Ifdtf cflbn] Ps lbg
ltdLnfO{ cjZo ;kmn dfG5] aGg kl]| /t ub5{ . of] ;ª3\ if{k"0f{
hLjgdf ;d:ofb]lv efUg' xbF' g} . ;d:ofnfO{ 86]/ ;dfwfg
ub}{ hfg'k5{ . Pp6f /fd|f] uxgf aGg ;'gn] slt rf]6
;xgk' 5{ < cfufdf kf]lng'k5{ . ltdL klg Pp6f c;n ;'g
xf} . hLjgsf] cfsf/ lng ;d:of¿kL cfufn] ltdLnfO{
kfl] n/x]sf] 5 . t/=== p7===x/;] gvfpm . Ps lbg ;d:of g}
ltdL;Fu xf/]/ 6f9f efUg] 5 .

rdn] L cfFvfel/ cfF;' kf//] lstfa Rofk/] n?' n?' 3/lt/ nfU5] . af6fdf
;fR] b} lx8F 5\ ], æs] ;fRF r} u?' cfdfn] eg]h:t} xfn] f t < d/] L cfdf lgsf]
xg' x' fn] f t < xf,] cjZo d/] L cfdf lgsf] x'g'x'G5 . d lg/Gt/ ljBfno
hfG5' . /fd|/L k9\5' / cfˆgf nflu, cfdfsf nflu / bz] sf nflu s]xL u5'{ .
cfh dnfO{ u?' cfdfn] cfzfsf] lbof] hufOlbge' of] . d o;nfO{ lgEg glbO{
lg/Gt/ afNg] ko| Tg ug]{ 5' .Æ

w}o{ M sl7g ;dodf ljrlnt geO{ /xgÙ] wL/tf
:jefj M afgL

86/] M cl8u /x]/

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 159

zAbe08f/

!= cy{ nV] gx' f];\ M

bafO, lk/, gk] Yo, lgi7'/L, Hof;, l;ls:t}, pkfo, ze' , b'MvbfoL

@= dflysf] syfdf k|o'St tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAbx¿nfO{ ldNg] lj|mof;“u
hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

e'ses' k8\lsg'
cfjfh lgsfNg'
;'FSs;SF' s p8g\ '
eS' g'
KofRr ?g'
l6Kg'
8\ofDd cl8g'
eGg'
ug' u'g cuF fnf] xfNg'

km'ªu\

6Ss

UjfDnfªª\

6kSs

#= lbOPsf cgs' /0ffTds zAbx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ M

d';'Ss, ;'6'Ss, w?' w?' , uNofD{ d, emndNn, 6j\ fNn, a?' Ss, ˆofQ,
skfsk, 6x6x, 6'n6' 'n', xnSs

$= cEof; @ / # df gk/s] f c¿ kGw|cf]6f cg's/0ffTds zAb ;ª\sng
ug'{xf];\ .

%= tnsf 6'Ssf / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

ufnL vfg ' t?' Gt hjfkm kmsf{pg'

d'vd'v} nfUg' kIf lngÙ' kIfkft ug{'

160 g]kfnL, sIff ^

a9t\ f xg' ' bM' vsf] ulx/f] cg'e"lt xg' '
dfof dfg '{ cfjZostfeGbf a9L hfGg] x'g'
sfvLdf RofKg' s;}n] cfkm" nfO{ g/fdf| ] jrg nufpg'
d6' ' lrl/g' TofUg '

^= tnsf 6S' sfx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ug'x{ f;] \ M

6fpsf]df 6S] g' -dflQP/ x]Kg_' , tfnd' f cfn' kmNg' -efUo ;kg| _' , 3'8F f
6]Sg' -xf/ vfg_' , afrf afFWg' -kl| t1f ug{_' , nv sf6g\ ' -c8s\ n ug{'_,
xftdv' hfg] {' -hLljsf rnfpg'_, sDd/ s:g' -cfF6 ug{_' , 3F}6fd] f 3fd
nfUg' -s/' f a‰' g,' a'l4 v'Ng_' , gfs sf6g\ ' -a]OHht ug'{_

&= dflysf] syfdf kf]n]sf] 3fpdf gg' rs' 3:g' / ebf}df cfv“ f km6' ]sf] uf]?
;w“} xl/of] b]V5 eGg] pvfg k|of]u ePsf] 5 . kf7sf ;Gbe{df To;
pvfgsf] cfzo s] xf]nf, atfpgx' f];\ .

*= tnsf pvfg / ltgx¿sf] cfzolar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 s'g}
b'O{cf6] f pvfgnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f];\ M

cl3sf] lttf] kl5sf] ld7f] sx] L klg gu'dfO{sg sfd kmQ] ug{'
9'ª\uf] vfH] bf bp] tf ldNg' cfˆgf] 9ªu\ geO{sg csf{dfly bfi] f yf]kg{]

;fkF klg d/f;] \ n67\ L klg geflF rof;] \ sfd ugn{] fO{ sg' } afwfn] /fS] g ;Sbg}

vfg] d'vnfO{ h'3F fn] 5]Sb}g klxn] g/fdf| ] jf bM' v eP klg k5fl8
/fdf| ] jf ;v' x'bF f a;]

gfRg ghfGg] cfuF g 6]9f] ;fdfGo j:t' vfH] bf axd' N" o j:t'

k|fKt ug{'



gk] fnL, sIff ^ 161

k7gaf]w / n]vg cEof;

!= dflysf] syf lgDgfg;' f/n] k7g ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ dfg} k7g ug'{xf;] \ / ga'em]sf zAb jf ;Gbe{ l6kf6] ug{x' f;] \ .
dfg} k7g ;lsPkl5 lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w/] k:| 6 x'gx' f;] \ .

-v_ lzIfssf] lgb]{zgcg';f/sf cg'R5]bx¿ kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ k7g
ug'{xf;] \ .

-u_ lbOPsf] cg'R5b] bt|' k7g ugx{' f];\ M

o:tf] ;dodf wo} n{ ] sfd lngk' 5{ . ltdf| ;fyLefO ;a} ldn/]
ltdf| ] a;fO / k9fOsf] Joj:yf cjZo xG' 5 . ltdf| ] lrqsnf,
;d' w/' :j/, ljgd| :jefj, sljtf nV] g] Ifdtf cflbn] Ps lbg
ltdLnfO{ cjZo ;kmn dfG5] aGg kl]| /t ub5{ . of] ;ª3\ ifk{ 0" f{
hLjgdf ;d:ofb]lv efUg' x'Fb}g . ;d:ofnfO{ 86]/ ;dfwfg
ub{} hfgk' 5{ . Pp6f /fdf| ] uxgf aGg ;g' n] slt rf6] ;xgk' 5{ <
cfufdf kfl] ngk' 5{ . ltdL klg Pp6f c;n ;g' xf} . hLjgsf] cfsf/
lng ;d:of¿kL cfufn] ltdLnfO{ kfl] n/xs] f] 5 . t/=== p7===x/;]
gvfpm . Ps lbg ;d:of g} ltdL;uF xf//] 6f9f efUg] 5 .

@= lbOPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ kf7sf cfwf/df 36gfjm| d ldnfO{ !, @, # === sf]
jm| ddf /fVgx' f];\ M

- _ cfdf la/fdL ePsf sf/0f ljBfno hfg g;ss] L

- _ sNkgf eGg] ;fyLn] rdn] Lsf] ;d:of a'em]sL

- _ rdn] LsL cfdf la/fdL eP/ OGt' g lrGt' eO{ n8]sL

- _ u?' cfdfn] ;a}nfO{ ;Demfpg] ko| f; uge'{ Psf]

162 g]kfnL, sIff ^

- _ rdn] L x/avt cfdfsf] ;j] fdf nfus] L

- _ cGTodf u'?cfdfn] w}o{n] sfd ug'{k5{ egL rd]nLnfO{
;Demfpg'ePsf]

- _ af6fdf kfgL a]r/] cfdfsf] cfi} fwL / ;fdfGo vfgfsf] hfx] f]
u/]sL

- _ u'?cfdfn] ;DemfPkl5 rdn] Lsf] dgdf cfzfsf] lbof] an]sf]

- _ ljBfnodf cGo ;fyLx¿n] ljBfnodf rd]nLsf] lvNnL
p8fPsf

#= dflysf] syfsf cfwf/df tnsf kfqx¿sf af/d] f dfl} vs j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ rdn] L

-v_ cfdf
-u_ a6'jf

-3_ sNkgf

-ª_ kfNt]g, clegj, wgL/fd / a'wg

-r_ ;ljtf u'?cfdf

$= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ rd]nLsf aa' fsf] dT[ o' s;/L ePsf] /x]5 <

-v_ rd]nLsL cfdfsf] /x/ s] lyof] <
-u_ sNkgfn] rd]nLnfO{ sxfF e6] L <

-3_ rd]nLn] cfdfnfO{ s'g cf}ifwL VjfPsL /lx5 <

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 163

-ª_ rdn] LnfO{ s;n] cfzfsf] lbof] hufOlbof] <

%= nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ rd]nLsf] hLjgdf s] s:tf ;d:of cfOk/] <

-v_ ;ljtf u'?cfdfn] rd]nLnfO{ s] s;/L xf;} nf lbge' of] <

^= efj lj:tf/ ug{x' f];\ M

;d:of eP ;dfwfg klg t lgl:sG5 lg .

&= cgR' 5b] k9\g'xf;] \ / PsltxfO zAbdf ;f/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

df]tL/fd e6\6n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf …k|x\nfbelSt syfÚ, …lksb"tÚ,
…piffrl/qÚ, …uhG] b|df]IfÚ, …dgfå] ]uk|jfxÚ …slj;dx" j0fg{ d\Ú, …e|d/ uLtÚ
-sljtf sfJo_, …lk|oblz{sfÚ -gfl6sf_ …zsG' tnfÚ -gf6s_ …efg'eStsf]
hLjgrl/qÚ -hLjgL_ h:tf ch/ cd/ s[ltx¿ lbPsf 5g\ . pgn]
g]kfnL sfJohut\df sljtfd} ;d:of /fVg] / To;sf] hjfkm s'g} cGo
sljn] sljtfd} lbg] lsl;dsf] sljtf n]Vg] cleofg rnfP . o;
rngnfO{ gk] fnL ;flxTodf ;d:ofk"lt{ sljtf elgG5 . …ef/thLjgÚ
gfds k;]| vfn] /] To;sf] Joj:yfks;dt] cfkmF} eP . pgn] To; k;]| af6
efge' StLo …/fdfo0fÚ sf] afnsf08 5kfP . pgn] …ufv] f ef/t hLjgÚ
gfds g]kfnL efiffsf] klqsf;dt] k|sfzg u/] . pgn] pgsf] ;dodf
lbPsf] ;flxlTos ofu] bfgsf sf/0f xfdL pgnfO{ dfWolds sfnsf
sG] bL| o k|ltef dfG5f}F . pgL k|yd g]kfnL uhnsf/ xg' \ . pgL slj tyf
gf6ssf/sf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5g\ . pgnfO{ k|yd hLjgLsf/ tyf
;dfnfr] s klg elgG5 . pgL ;flxTo Ifq] sf Ps cGj]ifs / kqsf/
xg' \ . To;n} ] ;flxTosf/ dft] L/fd e6\6nfO{ axd' v' L k|ltefsf wgL
dflgG5 .

164 g]kfnL, sIff ^

*= tnsf a'b“ fx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf n]Vgx' f];\ M

xfQLsf] ;fgf] 5fjf xg' '
Tof] ;fx}| rsrs] x'g'
dfxt' n] ] To;sf] v6' 6\ fdf ;fª\nfn] afwF /] vDafdf cNemfpg'
5fjfn] Tof] ;fª\nf] r'8fpg an ug'{
v'6\6fdf 3fp xg' ' t/ klg ;fª\nf] r8' fpg g;Sg'
5fjfn] lbgxF' an ug'{ t/ c;kmn xg' '
5fjf a9b\ } hfg' / 3/L3/L ;fªn\ f] r'8fpg vf]Hg' t/ klg r'8fpg c;dy{ xg' '
kl5 kl5 t r'8fpg] k|of; ug{} 5f]8g\ '
ca dfx'tn] ] Pp6f ;fgf] 8f/] Ln] v6' \6f / vDaflar afwF ] h:tf] ug'{
xfQL To;d} f cNem]/ Ps} 7fpF a:g'

;'gfO / ;Gbec{ g's"nsf] cleJolSt

!= ;g' fO kf7 !) ;G' g'xf;] \ . ca lunf;sf] tfn} s;n] slt eg,] To;sf
cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ alatf cfwf lsnf]

-v_ dgLif Ps lsnf]

-u_ gogf tLg kfp

-3_ Gx'R5d] fg bO' { ;o uf| d

-ª_ ofn'ªxfª 5 ;o uf| d

-r_ lrqn]vf Ps ;o u|fd

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 165

@= ;'gfO kf7 !) sf cfwf/df lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ cKk'n] lbJosf] sfgdf d'v nu]/ s] eGof] <
-v_ u'?cfdfn] ss;nfO{ afN] g] cgd' lt lbge' of] <
-u_ km'af{sf] ljrf/df lunf;sf] tf}n slt /x]5 <
-3_ lunf; Ps 306f;Dd prfln/fVbf s] x'G5 <
-ª_ lunf; slt an] f xftaf6 v:5 xfn] f <
-r_ s] s:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] 5f]8b\ } hfgk' 5{ <
#= ;g' fO kf7 !) df ko| f]u ePsf bz hgf JolStsf gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= ;g' fO kf7 !) df sIffsf7] fsf] Pp6f lgod nfu' ePsf] 5, Tof] s] xf] <
%= ;'gfO kf7 !) sf] d'Vo ;Gbz] atfpgx' f;] \ .
^= lbOPsf lrqx¿ x]g'xf];\ . lrqfg';f/sf ;Gbe{df /x]sf JolStx¿;“u e6]

x“b' f s:tf] cleJolSt lbgk' nf,{ sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ M

166 g]kfnL, sIff ^

&= sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿ rf/ jf cf7cf]6f ;d"x aGg'xf];\ . To;kl5

x/s] ;dx" nfO{ lzIfssf] lgbz{] gdf jf ufn] f ky| faf6 sg' } Pp6f lrq efu
nufpg'xf];\ . ca x/]s ;dx" n] cgd' fg jf sNkgf u/L cfÇgf] efudf
k/s] f] lrqsf cfwf/df Pp6f syf agfpg'xf;] \ . cfÇgf] ;dx" n] agfPsf]
syf ;d"xsf] Ps hgfn] sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ M

eflifs ;+/rgf

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ x' f;] \ / uf9f cIf/sf zAbx¿df Wofg lbgx' f;] \ M

Psfbz] df Pp6L ;fx|} ul/a a'9L cfd} x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfFsf] sf]xL lyPg . pxfFsf]

b}lgsL egs] } 3/b]lv hª\un hfg' / kmlsg{ ' lyof] . hª\undf uP/ bfp/f

vf]hL ufpFdf n}hfg'x'GYof] . tL bfp/f 3/3/df a]r]/ w]/} d'l:snn] pxfF

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 167

cfÇgf] k]6 kfNg'x'GYof] . Ps lbg c¿ lbgdf h:t} u/L hª\undf bfp/f vfH] bf
pxfnF ] emf8Ldf sv' /' fsf] Pp6f kmn' e6] 6\ fpge' of] . ;fob Tof] jg s'v/' fsf] kmn'
lyof] . pxfFn] Tof] kmn' 3/ nu]/ a8f] htgn] /fVg'eof] . s]xL lbgkl5 kmn'
/fv]sf] 7fpFaf6 pxfnF ] sv' '/fsf] rNnfsf] cfjfh ;'Ggeof] . ToxfF uP/ xb] f{
Pp6f v'a /fd|f] / /xnfUbf] sv' '/fsf] rNnf] b]Vg'eof] . a9' Ln] To; rNnfnfO{
cfkm" gvfP/ klg Ho'F To'F u/L x'sfp{ g'eof] . Ps lbg s'v'/f] 7'nf] ePkl5 To;n]
a9' LnfO{ eGof,] æd]/Lcfdf, tkfO;F{ Fu k};f 5 eg] lbgx' f;] \ g . k;naf6 s]xL
lsg]/ NofpF5' .Æ s'v'/fn] dflg;n] em}F af]ns] f] ;G' bf a'9L cfd} 5Ss kg'{eof] .

s?0ffv/ jB} åf/f lnlvt g]kfnL bGTo syf ;ª\ux| sf] a'9L / s'v'/f syfsf]
;Dkflbt cz+

dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf s'g ljelSt ;ae} Gbf w]/}k6s ko| f]u ePsf] 5 < Tof]
sltk6s k|ofu] ePsf] 5 < PskN6 dfq ko| fu] ePsf] ljelSt sg' sg' xg' \,
nV] g'xf];\ .

@= pkoS' t 7fpd“ f l7s ljelSt e/L tnsf jfSox¿sf] kg' nv{] g ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ d efO e6] ]sf] 5}g .
-v_ xl/ sf7df8f}F b]vs] f] 5 .
-u_ /fd aa' f d lrGg'xG' 5 .
-3_ kf;fª 6]an lstfa /fVof] .
-ª_ kl;{ ljBfno ;'? x'G5 .
-r_ c~hnL ;l' Dgdf cfkm" ;fyL 7flG5g\ .
-5_ s6] f] sF}rL ;fyL skfn sf6o\ f] .
-h_ xfdL 3/ 5]p 7n' f] k;n 5 .
-h_ pg sfsf w/fg lxF8]/ sfsF 8le6\6f cfOkU' ge' of] .
-em_ dgfh] lbbL d 3/ af]nfpg'ePsf] 5 .

168 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= tnsf ljelStx¿ k|of]u u/L Ps Pscf6] f jfSo agfpgx' f];\ M

n], åf/f, af6, nfO{, sf], /f,] gf,] df, nflu, lglDt

kg' /fjl[ Q

kfªu\ ]| lajm| Ldf

pT;un{ ] af6fdf lx8F b\ } ubf{ crfgs Pp6f af]8{ b]Vof] . af8] {df ;fgf ;fgf,
e'Sn'Ss k/]sf /fd|f s's'/sf 5fp/f5fp/Lsf] lrq lyof] . lrqsf] d'lg
…kfªu\ |] laj|mLdfÚ nl] vPsf] lyof] .

pT;u{ Tof] lj1fkg af8] { ePsf] 3/lt/ uof] . p;n] kvfn{ sf] d"n 9fs] fsf]
5p] df /xs] f] 3G6L bafof] . Ps l5gdf Ps hgf ;f7L jif{ hltsf] enfb\dL
dfG5] 9f]sfdf bv] f k/] .

pT;u{n] kvfn{ sf] af]8{ b]vfpFb} eGof], æaa' f Û d of] lj1fkg b]v/] cfPsf] .
Pp6f kfªu\ s|] f] dN" o slt lg <Æ

To; enfb\dL dfG5]n] eg,] æPp6fsf] tLg xhf/ dfq xf] . Æ

pT;un{ ] ufh] L 5fDof] . p;sf] ufh] Ldf 5 ;o ?lkofF dfq lyof] . To;n} ]
p;n] xQkQ eGof,] æd;Fu 5 ;o ?ko} fF dfq 5 . s] d of] 5 ;o ?k}ofnF ]
kfª\u|]x¿ xg] { ;S5' <Æ

pT;us{ f] dfof nfUbf] cg'xf/ b]v]/ To; enfbd\ Ln] eg,] æx]g{nfO{ dfq t
k};f kb{}g . cfpm d b]vfpF5' .Æ

To; enfbd\ Ln] pT;un{ fO{ 5fp/f5fp/L ePsf] 7fpdF f lnP/ uP . pgLx¿nfO{
bV] gl] alQs} xb] {} vn] fpmF vn] fpmF nfUbf, afs] F" afs] F" nfUbf kfªu\ x]| ¿ bf8} bF } pgLx¿
ePsf 7fpFlt/ cfP . ltgLx¿nfO{ bv] ]/ pT;u{ v';Ln] k'nlst eof] . Ps}
l5gdf p;n] Pp6f 5fp/f eg] la:tf/} Pp6f v'6\6f vf]RofpbF } pgLx¿lt/

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 169

cfO/xs] f] b]Vof] . To;nfO{ bV] g]lalQs} pT;u{n] ;f]Wof], æaa' f, of] kfªu\ ]n| fO{
s] ePsf] <Æ

æTof] hGdFb} o:t} xf] . To;sf] Pp6f v6' \6f bfa] |bF g} .Æ enfb\dLn] k|:6 kf/] .

enfbd\ L a9' f dfG5s] f] s/' f ;G' gl] alQs} pT;un{ ] eGof,] æd of] rflxF kfªu\ ]| lsG5' .Æ

pT;us{ f] s/' fn] crlDdt xFb' } enfbd\ Ln] eg], æTof] ltdLn] lsGgk' bg{} . olb
Tof] g} ltdLnfO{ dg k¥of] eg] d To;nfO{ lagfk};f g} lbG5' .Æ

enfb\dLsf] s'/f ;'g]/ pT;u{ cln b'MvL eof] . eGof], æa'af, To;f]
geGgx' f];\ . To;sf] klg cGo kfªu\ s|] f] h:t} d"No 5 . d d"No glt/L
nfGgF t/ clxn] d;uF 5 ;o dfq 5 . d Tof] xh/' nfO{ lbP/ of] kfªu\ |]
n}hfG5' . afsF L k;} f d/] f] v'q's] km'6fP/ d efl] n NofOlbG5' . d}n] b;Fs} f] k;} f
ToxfF hDdf u/s] f] 5' .Æ

enfbd\ Ln] pT;un{ fO{ ;DemfpFb} eg,] æafa', Tof] c¿ h:tf] ltdL;uF sb' \g,
pkm| g ;Sbg} . sf7] f, rf]6f, au}Frf, rp/df ltdLnfO{ k5\ofpg ;Sb}g . lsg
ltdLnfO{ ToxL rflxof] <Æ

enfb\dLsf] s'/f ;g' /] pT;u{n] cfˆgf] bflxg] v6' 6\ fsf] ;?' jfn prfNof] .
p;sf] v6' 6\ fdf xf8sf] 7fpdF f 7'nf] l:6nsf] 6j' m| f bl] vof] . eGof,] æd klg
t of] kfª\u]| h:t} s'bg\ , pkm| g ;lSbgF lg a'af ÛÆ

-cdl] /sg n]vsåo /fg] fN8 jm| fp; / dfl/of] hfefnfåf/f ;g\ !(** df
lnlvt tyf /fg] fN8 j|mfp;åf/f lgb]{lzt n3' rnlrq …klKkh\ km/ ;]nÚ af6
cgs' "lnt kg' /r{ gf_

cEof;

!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ s] xfn] f, sIffdf 5nkmn u/L eGg'xf;] \ M

lj1fkg, enfbd\ L, kn' lst x'g,' rf]6f

170 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= dflysf] syf dgdg} k9L Ps cgR' 5b] df pSt syfsf] ;Gbz] nV] gx' f;] \ .
#= dflysf] syfdf k|oS' t ;ftcf]6f ljelSt l6Kgx' f;] \ / ltgnfO{ cfÇg}

jfSodf ko| f]u ug{'xf;] \ .

;fdl" xs ljm| ofsnfk

!= tLg tLg hgfsf] ;dx" aGgx' f;] \ . ca x/s] ;dx" n] …cfzfsf] lbof]Ú syfaf6
PsbO' { zAbdf pQ/ cfpg] ;ftcf]6f k|Zg agfpgx' f];\ / cfkm\gf] ;dx" n]
agfPsf kZ| g kfn}kfnf] ;g' fpgx' f];\ .

@= ;fdfGotof cfkm" eGbf ;fgf -slxn]sfxL“ cfk"m;dfgnfO{ klg_ nfO{ :g]x
k|s6 ul/G5 . o:tf] :gx] ks| 6 ug{ s] s:tf zAb, kbfjnL jf jfSox¿
ko| fu] ul/G5g,\ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ / kfn}kfnf] cfkm" nfO{ nfus] f]
s'/f eGg'xf;] \ .

l;hg{ f÷kl/of]hgf

!= slxn]sfxL“ s;s} f] egfO jf Jojxf/n] tkfO{“nfO{ l/; p7]sf] jf dg
bv' ]sf] x'gk' 5{ . To:tf] cge' "ltnfO{ tkfOn“{ ] s;/L ax] f]g{'eof] < Ps
cgR' 5b] df j0f{g ug{'xf;] \ .

@= tkfOs“{ f] ;fyL jf cfkmGtn] sg' } pTs[i6 sfd ubf{ tkfO“{ p;nfO{ s;/L
k|z;+ f ug'x{ 'G5 < Pp6f cg'R5b] df p;sf] kz| ;+ f ug'{xf];\ .

#= tkfO{“n] cfÇgf] cleefjssf] ;xfotfaf6 bzcf]6f pvfg nV] gx' f;] \ .
cfk"mn] nv] s] f pvfgx¿ sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 171

cled'vLs/0f
tnsf lrqsf af/d] f 5nkmn u/L kf| Kt lgisif{ atfpg'xf;] \ .

172 gk] fnL, sIff ^

!! ;xeflutfsf nflu lgjb] g

ldlt M @)&&÷)(÷!!

>Ldfg\ kw| fgfWofks,
>L gjb'uf{ dfWolds ljBfno
nf6fdf8f,}F @, 8F8n] w/' f

ljifo M zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf ;xefuL x'g kfpmF .

dxfb] o,

pkoS{' t ;DaGwdf o; ljBfnon] lxpFb] labfdf sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿sf
nflu kfFr lbg] n'lDagL – b]j3f6 z}lIfs e|d0f sfo{j|mdsf] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] /x5] . pSt sfoj{ m| d xfdL h:tf ljBfyL{nfO{ cToGt} kmnbfoL x'g] tYo
;a}nfO{ yfxf g} 5 . To;n} ] d klg pSt sfoj{ |mddf ;xefuL eO{ nfeflGjt
xg' ;s"F eGg] p2]Zon] d/] f cleefjssf] :jLs[lt kq;lxt of] lgjb] g k;]
u/]sL 5' . dnfO{ of] dfs} f kb| fg ug'{xg' xflb{s cg/' fw] ub5{ ' .

lgjb] s
;'lko| f P/]
sIff ^
jm| d ;ª\Vof – @#

kmnbfoL M kmn lbg]
nfeflGjt M nfesf] ;'ljwf kfPsf] jf kfpg]

:jLs[ltkq M dGh'/Lkq :jLsl[ t lbPsf] sfuh

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 173

zAbe08f/

ljBfyL{ ju{n] sg' } vf; p2Z] o /fv]/ cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ;d"xdf ul/g] e|d0fnfO{
zl} Ifs e|d0f elgG5 . o:tf] z}lIfs ed| 0f ljzi] f u/]/ sg' } ;f:+ s[lts, kf| s[lts,
P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k/' ftflŒjs 7fpFsf] cjnfs] gfy{ ug{] ul/G5 .

lstfaL 1fg dfq dflg;nfO{ kofK{ t xF'bg}  . o;sf cnfaf hLjgdf Jofjxfl/s
1fgsf] klg cem a9L cfjZostf k5{ . Jofjxfl/s 1fg ls t u//] ls t
k|ToIf cjnf]sg ed| 0faf6 kf| Kt ul/G5 . kT| oIf cjnfs] g e|d0faf6 kf| Kt
u/s] f] 1fg lr/:yfoL ks| l[ tsf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljBfyL{ ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno tyf
ljZjljBfnon] cfˆgf] cj:yf x/] ]/ ljleGg k|s[ltsf] zl} Ifs e|d0fdf ;xefuL
u/fpg] ub{5 .

!= dflysf] cg'R5]b df}gk7g ug{'xf];\ . To;kl5 zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg]
zAbx¿ l6Kg'xf];\ M

=========================================
nIo dfgj =========================================

=========================================
3'dlkm/ lhGbuL =========================================

=========================================
:yfg ;dfh =========================================

ljBf l:ylt ========================================= =========================================

@= dflysf] cgR' 5b] af6 tnsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \ M

cgf}krfl/s d/0f =========================================
=========================================

cJofjxfl/s k/f]If ==================================================================================

cNk:yfoL 1fg ==================================================================================

174 g]kfnL, sIff ^

#= zAb ;dx" af6 gldNg] zAbdf ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ v6' 6\ f kfp r/0f d/0f

-v_ wg dg ;DklQ bf}nt

-u_ jg kmn" hª\un c/0o

-3_ lzz' afns aRrf sRrf

-ª_ 1ftf hfGg ] lj1 cf1f

-r_ wg ;dL/ kFh' L ;DklQ

$= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb nV] g'xf];\ M

tfn, gk[ , b]x, ul/a, xft, dflg;, rGbd| f, xfjf, ;fyL

%= lbOPsf zAb;dx" af6 pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb vfh] L ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ kfk tfk k'0o z"Go

-v_ cfl:ts OZ{ j/ gfl:ts ;flŒjs

-u_ ljif cd[t canf cdnf

-3_ rf]/ dxfTdf ;Gt ;fw'

-ª_ gfkmf kmfObf gfS] ;fg dg' fkmf

^= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nV] g'xf;] \ M

;fIf/, psfnf,] bz] , ;o+ fu] , lbg, kj" Lo{ , v08, o4' , ldqtf, ;u' d, ;kgf,
kIf, dflns, ;lhnf,] cfo, nfe, ;fFem, cflb, ;Eo, ;n' e, cfkmGt,
;DkGg, pGglt, dxFuf]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 175

k7gafw] / nv] g cEof;

!= dflysf] lgj]bg /fd/| L k9L l7s al] 7s 56' o\ fpg'xf];\ M
-s_ of] lgj]bg vn] sb' sf] ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 .
-v_ kT| oIf cWoog cjnf]sg u/L k|fKt 1fg lr/:yfoL xG' 5 .
-u_ ed| 0fn] Jofjxfl/s 1fg cfh{g ug{ Tolt dbt ubg{} .
-3_ l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s agfpg z}lIfs e|d0fn]
;xofu] u5{ .
-ª_ of] lgj]bgsf] n]vs ;'lk|of clwsf/L x'g\ .

@= pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ of] lgj]bg s'g ldltdf n]lvPsf] xf] <
-v_ of] lgj]bg s;n] s;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] <
-u_ zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf sxfF hfg] sfo{j|md 5 <
-3_ of] lgj]bgsf] ljifo s] xf] <

#= k9g\ 'xf;] \ / pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

lgjb] g n]Vbf Wofg lbgk' g]{ kIfx¿
!= kfgfsf bfofFk6\l6 l;/fg efudf ;f] lgj]bg n]v]sf lbgsf] ldlt

pNnv] ug{]
@= ldlt pNnv] ul/;s]kl5 To;s} f] tn Ps kª\lSt 5f]8/] afofkF 6\l6

lgjb] g ugk{' g{] sfofn{ o jf ;:+ yfnfO{ jf To;sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ -vf;u/L
kd| v' nfO{_ ;Daf]wg ug{]

176 g]kfnL, sIff ^

#= ;Dafw] g ul/;sk] l5 To;}sf] dl' Gt/ pSt sfof{no jf ;:+ yfsf] gfd
n]Vg]

$= sfof{nosf] gfdsf] tn 7u] fgf nV] g]

%= 7]ufgfkl5 k'gM Ps kªl\ St 5f]8/] lgj]bg n]Vgk' g{] ljifo nV] g]

^ lgj]bgsf] ljifo n]lv;s]kl5 kg' M Ps kªl\ St 5f8] /] kg' M ;Dafw] g
-dxfb] o÷dxfzo_ nV] g]

&= kg' M ;Daf]wg -dxfb] o ÷ dxfzo_ ul/;s]kl5 To;sf] tnlt/ k'gM Ps
kª\lSt 5f8] ]/ ljifonfO{ vn' :t kfg]{ u/L cfjZos s'/fx¿ nV] g]

*= To;kl5 Ps kªl\ St 5f8] /] kfgfsf] bfoflF t/ …ejbLo÷ lgjb] s÷tkfOsF{ f]
===Ú cflb n]Vg]

(= …ejbLo÷ lgjb] s÷tkfOsF{ f]Ú sf] l7s tn lgjb] ssf] x:tfIf/, gfd /
7u] fgf n]Vg]

olt ul/;sk] l5 lgjb] g k0" f{ xG' 5 / o;nfO{ vfdaGbL ug{' k/] ki]| fs / kf| kssf]
gfd÷kb / 7]ufgf 3/fo;L lr7Lcg;' f/ g} n]Vgk' 5 { .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ lgj]bgsf hDdf sltcf]6f r/0f x'Fbf /x5] g\ <
-v_ lgjb] gsf] klxnf] r/0fdf s] n]lvG5 <
-u_ sfof{nosf] sg' r/0fdf s] n]Vg'kg{] /x5] <
-3_ lgj]bg n]Vbf ljifosf] hfgsf/L s'g r/0fdf u/fOG5 <
-ª_ lgj]bgsf] d'Vo ljifo sg' r/0fdf n]lvG5 <

$= 3/df lbbLsf] ljjfx k/s] fn] Ps lbgsf] labf kfpm“ egL kw| fgWofksnfO{

lgjb] g nV] gx' f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 177

%= lbOPsf] ;r" gf k9\g'xf;] \ / kfr“ cf]6f kZ| gx¿ agfpg'xf];\ M

df};dL ?ufvf]sL Hj/f]n] ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf JolStx¿ la/fdL
k5{g\ . of] /f]usf] k|sfk] g]kfnsf ljleGg ee" fudf ;do ;dodf
bv] f k5{ . jiff{ofdsf] ;?' tyf cGTo, hf8f]ofdsf] ;'? tyf cGTodf
;fwf/0ftof ?ufvfs] L Hj/f] tyf PGˆn'PGhfsf la/fdL a9L bv] f k5g{ \ .
o;af6 aRg lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;j;{ fwf/0fdf cg/' fw] 5 M

nIf0fx¿

!))=$ l8u|L km/]gxfO6eGbf dfly Hj/f] cfpg]
6fpsf] b'Vg], 3fF6L b'Vg]
?uf / vf]sL nfUg,] ;f; km]g{ ufxf| ] x'g]
aRrfx¿nfO{ emf8fkvfnf klg nfUg ;Sg]

aRg] pkfox¿

vfS] bf / xf5o\ F' ubf{ ;kmf sk8f jf ?dfn jf kfv'/fn] gfs / dv'
5f]Kg] u/f}F .
;fag' kfgLn] ldlrldrL xft wg' ] u/fF} .
kf]l;nf] / emf]n kbfy{ kz| :t dfqfdf lkpg] u/f}F .
Hj/f] cfPsf JolStn] k|z:t xfjf cf]xf/] bfx] f]/ ug{] sf7] fdf cf/fd u/f}F .
cgfjZos ¿kdf dflg;x¿sf] le8ef8df ghfcfF} .
3/n] ' pkrf/af6 :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ gePsf glhssf] :jf:Yorfs} L hfcfF} .
zªs\ f:kb /f]uLaf6 6f9} a;fF} .
cfvF f, gfs / d'vdf cgfjZos ¿kdf xft gnh} fcf}F .
gfs, dv' 5f]Kg ko| f]u ul/Psf] ?dfn wf]P/ dfq k|ofu] u/fF} .

gk] fn ;/sf/
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of dGqfno

178 gk] fnL, sIff ^

;g' fO / Jojxf/

!= ;'gfO kf7 !! ;'Ggx' f;] \ / hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

-s_ lbgxfª a]xn' fsf] efO
-v_ ;l' Dgdf a]xn' fsf afh] -xh/' aa' f_
-u_ o'ufGt/ a]x'nfsL cfdf
-3_ ;l/tf ax] 'nfsL alxgL
-ª_ dS' ;fªxfª a]x'nf
-r_ nlS;df a]xn' LsL cfdf

@= ;'gfO kf7 !! k'gM ;G' g'xf];\ / pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ of] lgdGq0ff ss;sf] ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff xf] <
-v_ a]x'nLsf cfdfa'afsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ of] ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff lbg] JolSt sf] xf] <
-3_ of] lgdGq0ff s'g ldltsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] <
-ª_ ljjfx ;DkGg xg' ] 7fpFsf] gfd s] xf] <
-r_ lgdGq0ffdf ljjfx ;df/fx] slt ah]b]lv x'g] pNn]v 5 <

#= ;g' fO kf7 !! df ko| f]u ePsf afx| hgf JolStsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .

$= tLg tLg hgfsf] ;d"x aGgx' f;] \ . ca x/]s ;d"xn] Pp6f ljjfxsf]
lgdGq0ff kq agfpg'xf;] \ . pSt lgdGq0ff kq agfpg] j|mddf ;'gfO kf7
!! sf] ;xfotf klg lngx' f];\ . cfÇgf] ;dx" n] agfPsf] lgdGq0ff kq Ps
hgfn] sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

eflifs ;/+ rgff

!= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9\gx' f;] \ / pSt cgR' 5b] nfO{ :qLlnª\udf abNg'xf;] \ M

efO 3/df a:of] . bfh' klg 3/df a:ge' of] . efGhf 3/ cfP / pgL

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 179

klg 3/d} a;] . Ps l5gkl5 d]/f] ;fgf] 5f]/f cfof] . ;fgf] 5f/] f] klg
3/d} a:of] . ;a} 3/df a;]kl5 aa' f klg 3/d} a:g'eof] .
@= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9g\ 'xf];\ / pSt cg'R5b] nfO{ k'lnª\udf abNgx' f;] \ M
p;sL alxgL ljBfno uO{ . ljBfnodf p;n] kf7 k9L / v]nx¿
v]nL . rf/ ah] 3/ cfO{ clg vfhf vfO{ . To;kl5 Psl5g vn] L /
u[xsfo{ ug{ yfnL .
#= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / pSt cg'R5]bnfO{ ax'jrgdf abNgx' f;] \ M

;fgL 5f/] L 5d5dL gfR5] . p;sf] gfr b]v/] d/] L alxgL dSv k5]{ .
efO klg dSv k5{ . lbbL klg v';L xg' 'xG' 5 . sfsf /dfpgx' 'G5 . d
t emg\ bªu\ k5{' t/ gfltgL gfrs] f] kmk' "nfO{ dg kb{g} .

$= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9\g'xf;] \ / pSt cgR' 5b] nfO{ Psjrgdf abNg'xf];\ M

pgLx¿ ljb]zaf6 kms{] To;kl5 Pp6f pBfu] vfn] ] . pgLx¿n] To;
pBf]udf sdr{ f/Lx¿ /fv] . sd{rf/Lx¿ ldlxgt] L lyP . pgLx¿n] w]/}
pGglt u/] .

%= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / pSt cg'R5]bnfO{ låtLo k?' if / t[tLo
k'?ifdf abNgx' f;] \ M

d laxfg} p75\ ' / s;/t u5{' . xftdv' wfP] / lrof vfG5' clg Ps 306f hlt
k95\ ' . slxns] fxLF auFr} fdf sx] L sfd u5{' . cf7 ah]lt/ vfgf vfP/
ljBfno hfG5' .

^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / pSt cgR' 5]bnfO{ ky| d k?' if Pjd\ tt[ Lo
k'?ifdf abNgx' f];\ M

tkfOxF{ ¿ enfbd\ L xg' x' G' 5 . tkfOxF{ ¿ c¿nfO{ ;Demfpg ;Sgx' G' 5 .

tkfOFx{ ¿n] w]/} /fd|f sfd ug{e' Psf] 5 . To;}n] tkfO{Fx¿n] r'gfj
lhTg'xG' 5 .

180 gk] fnL, sIff ^

&= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf ;ªs\ t] sf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ug{x' f];\ M

-s_ efOn] gofF 3/ agfof] . -ax'jrg_
-v_ ltdL gofF 7fpFdf v';L xg' ;Sb}gf} . -k|yd k?' if_
-u_ p;sf] 5f]/f] c;n 5 . -:qLlnª\u_
-3_ d dfdf3/ hfG5' . -låtLo k?' if_
-ª_ pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ af]nfPsf lyP . -Psjrg_
-r_ xfdL rp/df w/] } a/] vN] Yof}F . -tt[ Lo k?' if_
-5_ tF Tolt 6f9fsf] ljBfno hfG5;\ . -axj' rg_
-h_ logLx¿ cfh ot} a:5g\ lg . -k|yd k'?if_
-em_ ltdLx¿ stf hfG5f} < -Psjrg_
-`_ z]kf{ bfhn' ] 6'ªg\ f ahfpge' of] . -:qLlnª\u_
k'g/fjl[ Q

;dj]bgf

kmf]6f]

hGd d[To'

@))! h]7 % ut ] @)&& h]7 !% ut]

o; b'uf{ df=lj= sf k"j{ k|wfgfWofks tyf lzIff;]jL ;Gtnfn
rfw} /Lsf] @)&&÷)@÷!% ut] &% jifs{ f] pd/] df c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]
va/n] xfdLnfO{ cToGt bM' vL tN' ofPsf] 5 . o; bv' b 38Ldf :juLo{ ;Gtnfn
rf}w/Lkl| t efjk0" f{ >4f~hnL ck0{ f ub{} zfs] ;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt
xflb{s ;djb] gf ks| 6 ub5{ f}“ . ;Ltf/fd dhuoF} f

cWoIf tyf bu' f{ df=lj= 3f/] fxL, bfª

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 181

kZ| gx¿

!= dflysf] ;djb] gf kq Ps hgfn] ;:j/ k7g ug{'xf;] \ / c¿n] Wofgkj" s{
;'Gg'xf;] \ .

@= dflysf] ;djb] gfaf6 tnsf cy;{ “u ldNg] zAb vfh] L nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ l7s ;dodf gePsf] jf gxg' Ù] ad] f}sfsf]

-v_ zfs] df 8a' s] fÙ] cfkmGt jf lko| JolStsf] ljofu] df Jofsn' ePsf ]

-u_ ;ª\s6 jf sl7gfOsf ;dodf klg ljrlnt geO{ zfGt /xg]
dfgl;s zlSt, u0' f jf l:y/tf

-3_ kH" o JolStdf >4f cleJoSt ug{ ul/g] sfo{

-ª_ s;}nfO{ :jhgsf] dT[ ol' jofu] , b'Mvljkb\ cflb kbf{ cfkm" nfO{ klg
xg' ] To:t} j]bgf jf b'Mvsf] cg'ej

#= pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ of] ;dj]bgf kq s;sf] c;fdlos lgwgdf s;åf/f JoSt
ul/Psf] xf] <

-v_ :juL{o JolStsf] gfd, hGdldlt / dT[ o'ldlt pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .

$= ;djb] gfsf] clGtd jfSonfO{ Psjrgsf] jfSodf abNgx' f;] \ .

%= tkfOs“{ f] glhssf] ;fyLnfO{ sg' } ulx/f] bM' v cfOkbf{ tkfO“{ pxfn“ fO{ s;/L
;xfg'e"lt lbg'x'G5, sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

;fd"lxs ljm| ofsnfk

!= lgj]bg / 3/fo;L lr7Lsf lardf s] s:tf ;dfgtf / leGgtf
5g\ < tLgrf/ hgfsf] ;dx" agL tLgcf]6f ;dfgtf / rf/cf]6f leGgtf

182 g]kfnL, sIff ^

n]Vg'xf];\ . cfÇgf] ;d"xn] n]v]sf ;dfgtf / leGgtf ;d"xsf] Ps
hgfn] sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ . o; sfos{ f nflu tnsf] kf7 …3/fo;L
lr7L -JolStut÷cgf}krfl/s lr7L_ n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿Ú
k9g\ x' f;] \ . …lgjb] g nV] bf Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿Ú sf nflu o;} kf7sf] …k9fO /
nv] fO÷k7gaf]w / n]vg cEof;sf] cEof; – # / $ k'gM xg] {x' f];\ .

3/fo;L lr7L -JolStut ÷cgfk} rfl/s lr7L_ nV] bf Wofg lbgk' g{] kIfx¿

!= kfgfsf] bfofFlt/ l;/fgdf kqn]vssf] ldlt pNn]v ug]{

@= ldlt pNnv] ul/;s]kl5 To;sf] l7s tn 7]ufgf pNn]v ug{]

#= 7]ufgf pNnv] ul/;s]kl5 To;sf] l7s tn Ps kªl\ St 5f8] ]/
nv] s / kf| kslarsf] ;DaGwcg;' f/ plrt lsl;dsf] ;Dafw] g ug{]

$= ;Daf]wg ul/;sk] l5 To;s} l7s tn plrt lsl;dsf] clejfbg
jf lzi6frf/ JoSt ug{]

%= lzi6frf/ pNnv] ul/;sk] l5 To;sf] l7s tn Ps kª\lSt 5f]8]/
sz' nsfdgf ÷ ljifo kj| z] ug{]

^ sz' nsfdgf ÷ ljifo kj| ]zkl5 Ps jf ljleGg cg'R5]bdf d'Vo
ljifo jf s/' fsfgL n]Vg]

&= dV' o ljifo jf s/' fsfgL pNn]v u/k] l5 Ps kª\lSt 5f8] /] 5f6] f]
6'ªU\ ofpgL jfSo jf cgR' 5]b nV] g]

*= 6ª' U\ ofpgL jfSo jf cgR' 5b] nl] v;sk] l5 To;sf] l7s tn bfoflF t/
kqnv] s / kqkf| kssf] ;DaGw hgfpg] kb jf kbfjnL /fVg]

(= kqn]vs / kqk|fkssf] ;DaGw hgfpg] kb jf kbfjnLkl5 l7s
tn kqn]vsn] cfˆgf] x:tfIf/ jf gfd jf bj' } n]Vg]

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 183

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

!= emf8fkvfnf nfus] fn] ljBfnodf pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] Joxf/] f hgfO{
k|wfgfWofksnfO{ Pp6f lgj]bg n]Vgx' f;] \ .

@= vfdsf] gd'gf;lxt cfÇgf] ufp“÷6f]nsf af/d] f atfp“b} g]kfns} s'g}
7fps“ f] Ps hgf ;fyLnfO{ kq nv] L cfÇgf lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpgx' f;] \ .

#= cfÇgf l5d]ssf sfx] L JolStnfO{ e6] \gx' f;] \ / pxf“;u“ pxf“sf] cWoog,
k;] f / ?lrx¿sf af/]df cGt/lj|mof ugx'{ f];\ . pSt cGt/lj|mofsf
cfwf/df pxfs“ f af/]df Pp6f cg'R5b] n]vL lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf;] \ .

xflb{s lgdGq0ff

xfdf| cfoi' dfg\ gflt >L lbgxfª ;Dafxfªk\ m] lnDa" -kf?xfª ;Dafxfªk\ m]

/ ;'lDgdf ;Dafxfªk\ ms] f Ho]i7 ;'kq' _ sf] hf]/3/], uf/} fbx – $, emfkf
lgjf;L >L kmnfdl;x+ nfjtL / >LdtL ;l/tf nfjtLsL cfoi' dtL ;'k'qL

;'>L ;];d] f nfjtLsf ;fydf ls/fFtL ;:+ sf/cg;' f/ ;;' DkGg x'g]

z'eljjfxdf

j/aw"nfO{ cfzLjfb{ kb| fg ug{ oxfsF f] ;'vb\ pkl:yltsf nflu xflb{s
cg/' f]w ub5{ fF} .

sfoj{ |md k|fyL{

kL| lt efh] M @)&^ jz} fv @( ut ] afh] M dS' ;fdxfª ;Dafxfªk\ m]
:yfg M lghL lgjf;, OGbg|] L rfs] , lzj;tfIfL –@, emfkf

;do M lbgsf] @ ah]bl] v

bzg{ flenfifL
sfsfsfsL M ofDd'xfª–uLtf, lgxfª–;ljgf,
efOalxgL M ou' fGt/, hªu\ d, pTkn / nlS;df

tyf ;d:t ;Dafxfªk\ m] kl/jf/

184 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cled'vLs/0ff
tnsf cfljisf/ / ltgLx¿sf cfljisf/ssf gfdlar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

rfN;{ a]ah]

cfl] en{ /fO6 / ljNe/ /fO6

u'lUnPNdf] dfsf]{gL

u'6g] au{

hD] ; gO] l:dy

cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd an]

dfl6{g s'k/

tkfO{“sf] ljrf/df ;;+ f/sf] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk"0f{ cfljisf/ s] xf], cfkmg\ f]
ljrf/ k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 185

!@ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;g

o; kf7df Pp6f To:tf] dflg;sf
af/d] f rrf{ ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ afNosfndf
sdhf/] 7flgPsf] lyof] . nv] k9 ug{ g;Sg]
dflgPsf] lyof] . kl| tefsf] ;fgf] emns klg
gePsf] afns elgPsf] lyof] . Tolt dfq
xf]Og, pgnfO{ ljBfno egf{ ePsf] tLg
dlxgfd} k9/] sg' } pGglt ug{ g;Sg] egL
ljBfno lgsfnf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ ltg}
afns cfˆg} cfdfn] l;sfPsf] sv/f /
Jofjxfl/s ul0ft l;Sb} a9g\ yfn] / kl5,
dxfg\ j}1flgssf ¿kdf ;;+ f/ k|l;4 eP . w]/} s/' fx¿ cfljisf/ u/L of]
kf7 tof/ kfbf;{ Ddsf] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf a9L :jflwsf/ -k]6G] 6 /fO6_ kf| Kt
ug]{ JolSt ag] . tL afns lyP, yf]d; PNef Pl8;g .

yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf] hGd ;g\ !*$& kma] c|' /L !! sf lbg cdl] /sfsf] cfo] f]
/fHocGtut{ kg]{ ldnfg eGg] ufpFdf ePsf] lyof] . pgL :ofdP' n Pl8;g /
GofG;L Pl8;gsf ;ftfF} tyf clGtd ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf hGd]sf lyP . pgsf]
kl/jf/ ldl;ug /fHosf] kf6] { x\o/' g eGg] 7fpFdf a;fOF ;¥of] . ToxfF a;fOF
;/]kl5 pgnfO{ Pp6f :yfgLo ljBfnodf egf{ ul/of] . pgL Tolt v]/ ;ft
jif{sf eO;s]sf lyP . pgL To; ljBfnodf sa] n tLg dlxgf dfq k9g\

cfljisf/ – gof“ l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ug'{
:jflwsf/ -k]6G] 6 /fO6_– cfÇgf] cfljisf/ cflb af}l4s ;DklQsf] k'gM pTkfbg, lgdf{0f jf

pkofu] ug{ lbg] glbg] sfgg' L clwsf/

186 gk] fnL, sIff ^

kfP . pgL w]/} lh1f;' / r~rn] lyP t/ k9fOdf eg] clt sdhf/] lyP .
k9fOdf ?lr gePsf] s/' f yfxf kfPkl5 ljBfnon] pgnfO{ ljBfno gk7fpg
lr7L k7fof] . To;kZrft\ pgsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff oxL ;dfKt eof] . pgsL
cfdf GofG;L ljBfnodf k9fplF yg\ . pgn] yf]d;nfO{ 3/d} efiff / ul0ftsf
w]/} s/' f l;sfOg\ . pgsf] lh1f;' :jefjnfO{ lrg]/ w]/} lstfax¿ k9\g
pTkl]| /t ul/g\ . o;n] yf]d;df hLjg / hut\kl| t w]/} pT;'stf ylklbof] .
oxL pT;s' tfn] yfd] ;nfO{ dxfg\ j1} flgs aGg k|]l/t u¥of] .

yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] t]/ jif{sf] pd/] df klqsf a]Rg] sfd yfn] . pgL
/N] j] :6];gdf, /]nsf l8Aafx¿df, rfs] df, uNnLdf uP/ s/fO{ s/fO{ klqsf
a]Ry] . klqsf aR] bfaR] b} pgL To;df 5flkPsf ljleGg j}1flgs cfljisf/
tyf gofF k|ljlwx¿sf af/]df k9g\ yfn] . o;/L k9\bfk9\b} pgdf j}1flgs
cfljisf/tkm{ ljzi] f ?lr knfof] . pgL cfljisf/ / cfwl' gs kl| jlw;uF
uflF ;Psf ;dfrf/ tyf nv] x¿, k':tsx¿ vf]hLvfh] L k9g\ yfn] . o:td} f
Ps lbg Pp6f tLg jif{sf] afns sg' } sf/0fn] /n] sf] lnsdf v:g k'Uof] .
klqsf al] r/xs] f yf]d;n] To; afnsnfO{ k/af6 cfO/xs] f] /]nn] lsRgaf6
arfP . cfˆgf] 5f/] fsf] Hofg arfPsfdf st[ 1 ag]sf To; afnssf afa'n]
pgnfO{ 6]lnu|fkm ck/6] /sf] sfd l;sfP . kGw| jif{sf] pd]/d} pgL 6l] nuf| km
ck/]l6ªdf l;4x:t eO;ss] f lyP .

lh1f;' – hfGg rfxg]
r~rn ] – rsrs]
cf}krfl/s – lgodcg';f/
pT;'stf – pT;s' xg' 'sf] efj
k|]l/t – k]|/0ff ul/Psf]
kl| jlw – s'g} sfd ubf{ cu“ flng] vf; ljlw jf k|ljm| of
6]lnu|fkm – s'g} Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fpd“ f lah'nLsf] ;xfotfn] h;/L va/ k¥' ofpg] ;fwg
ck/6] / – dl] ;g, oGq cflb rnfpg] JolSt
l;4x:t – l;kfn'

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 187

kfFr jif;{ Dd pgn] 6l] nuf| km ck/]6/sf ¿kdf sfd u/] / sfd;Fu} ljBt' Lo
lj1fg;Fu ufFl;Psf w]/} s'/fx¿sf] cWoog / k|ofu] x¿ u/] . pGgfO; jif{sf]
pd]/;Dddf pgL ljBt' Lo lj1fgdf kf]Vt eO;ss] f lyP . ;g\ !*^* df
pgL af:] 6g uP . af]:6g Toltv/] lj1fg, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] sG] bs| f ¿kdf
kl| ;4 lyof] . ToxfF pgn] ljleGg sDkgLx¿df sfd u/] . af]:6gs} j:] 6g
ol' gog sDkgLdf sfd ubf{ub}{ pgn] Pp6f ljBt' Lo efl] 6ª /s] 8{/ dl] ;gsf]
cfljisf/ u/] . t/ of] cfljisf/ Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;kmn ePg . To;kl5
pgL ;g\ !*^( df Goo' fs] { uP . ToxfF pgn] o'lge;n{ :6s lk|G6/ gfds
oGqsf] cfljisf/ u/] . Tof] cfljisf/nfO{ Pp6f 6]lnu|fkm sDkgLn] rfln;
xhf/ 8n/df lsGof] . cfˆgf] cfljisf/sf] laj|mLaf6 cfPsf] k};fn] pgn]
Goh' ;L{sf] gj] fs{ eGg] 7fpdF f ;g\ !*&) df Pp6f ;fgf] k|of]uzfnf agfP .

yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] ;g\ !*&! df d]/L l:6nj]n;Fu ljjfx u/] .
ljjfxkZrft\ pgn] w/] } cfljisf/x¿ u/] . o; jm| ddf ;g\ !*&^ df Goh' ;Ls{ }
dG] nf] kfsd{ f a;fOF ;/k] l5 pgn] ToxfF ljzfn ko| fu] zfnf / cfB} fl] us oGqx¿sf]
cg;' Gwfg / laj|mL sG] b| :yfkgf u/] . ;g\ !*&& df pgn] klxnf] Wjlg
/]s8{ ug]{ kmf]gfu] f| km agfP . ToxL kmf]gfu] f| kmsf] cfljisf/af6} 6k] /]s8{/
sf] cfljisf/df dxŒjk0" f{ ;xof]u ldNof] . To;sf] bO' { jifk{ l5 cyf{t\ ;g\
!*&( df pgn] cfhsn xfdLn] k|ofu] ug]{ lsl;dsf] lahn' Lsf] aNasf]
cfljisf/ u/] . o:tf cfljisf/x¿n] yfd] ;nfO{ k|l;l4sf] lzv/df k'¥ofof] /
cfly{s ¿kdf klg cem ;DkGg agfof] . t/ ;g\ !**$ sf] sg' } Pp6f lbg
pgsf nflu b'Mvb\ lbg /x\of] . pgsL kf| 0fKof/L kTgL d]/L l:6njn] n] pgsf]
lhDdj] f/Ldf tLg ;Gtfg ;l' DkP/ ;bfsf nflu labf lnOg\ . To; an] f;Dddf
pgsf] kl/jf/ j:] 6 c/]Ghdf a;fOF ;l/;ss] f] lyof] .

Wjlg – cfjfh
cg;' Gwfg – s'g} s'/f vf]Hg] jf kQf nufpg] sfd
aNa – lrd
lzv/ – pRr
;bf – ;w“}
188 gk] fnL, sIff ^

yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf hLjgdf cgs] ;kmntf / c;kmntfx¿ cfpFbh} fFb}
u/] . o;} jm| ddf ;g !**^ df cfkm" eGbf pGgfO; jif{ sfG5L ldgf ldn/;uF
e]6 eof] . ldgf ldn/ pgsf] hGdynfl] t/s} lyOg\ . ltg} ;'Gb/L ldn/;Fu
ToxL jif{ pgsf] bf];f| ] ljjfx eof] / ltgaf6 klg pgnfO{ bO' { ;Gtfg k|fKt
eof] . ljjfxkZrft\ klg pgL cfˆgf] 3/glhs} agfPsf] ljzfn ko| fu] zfnfdf
sfd ul//xGy] . pgsf] Tof] ko| f]uzfnf olt ljzfn lyof] ls klxnf] ljZjo'4
xg' 'eGbf klxn] ToxfF bz xhf/ hgf dflg;x¿ sfd ub{y{] . pgn] ToxL
k|of]uzfnfdf c¿ w/] } s/' fx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/] . To:tf cfljisf/x¿dWo]
rnlrq agfpg] Sofd]/f klg Ps xf] . To;f] t pgs} cfljisf/ kmf]gf]u|fkm
Tolt a]nfsf] dgf/] ~hgsf] dxŒjk0" f{ 3/n] ' ;fwg alg;s]sf] lyof] . o:tfd] f
rnlrq -df];g lkSr;{_ agfpg] Sofd]/fsf] cfljisf/ bl' gofFs} dgf/] ~hgsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwg 7xl/of] .

yfd] ;n] cfkmg\ f] hLjgsfndf xhf/fF} s/' fx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/s] f 5g\ . pgsf]
gfddf cd]l/sfdf !)(# cf6] f k]6]G6 /fO6 -kl| tlnlk clwsf/_ ;'/lIft
5 . o:tf cg]s cfljisf/dfkmt{ dfgj ;EotfnfO{ cem prfO lbg] yf]d;n]
w]/} c;kmtfx¿ klg a]xf/] s] f lyP . elgG5, lahn' Lsf] aNa agfpg] jm| ddf
pgsf] (((( k6ssf] ko| fu] c;kmn ePsf] lyof] t/ !)))) k6sdf
pgL ;kmn eP . pgL afNosfnb]lv g} sfg sd ;G' y] . ;g\ !(!$ df
pgsf] k|of]uzfnfsf] cfwf efueGbf w/] } hn/] Wj:t ePsf] lyof] . o:tf]
7n' f] Ifltdf klg ljrlnt geO{ pgn] egs] f lyP, ædnfO{ bM' v dgfp
5}g . of] cfunfuL;uF } d/] f sdhf/] Lx¿ klg hn]/ v/fgL eP . xf] d ^&
jifs{ f] eO;s]F t/ klg d t'?Gt gofF 9ªu\ n] k|of]uzfnf lgdf0{ f u5'{ .Æ
geGb} pgn] k'gM pSt ko| fu] zfnfnfO{ cem ljzfn / cfwl' gs agfPsf
lyP . o:tf ch;| k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t, dxfg\ j}1flgssf] lgwg ;g\ !(#!
cS6fa] / !* df eof] .

ch; | – nuftf/ lg/Gt/ 189
gk] fnL, sIff ^

!= lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

Jofjxfl/s 7'nf]

dxfg\ Jojxf/df k|of]u x'g]

:yfgLo afgLa]xf/] f

:jefj lj1fg;Ddt ePsf]

pTk|]l/t cfef/L x'g'

j}1flgs lah'nLaf6 rNg]

st[ 1 cfkm" a:g] 7fpF glhssf]

ljBt' Lo k|/] 0ff ul/Psf]

@= lbOPsf zAb, ltgLx¿sf] cy{ / jfSodf k|of]u klg k9g\ 'xf;] \ M

dxfef/t M n8fOF, emu8f

dfYnf3/] dfNbfh' / ;fGbfh'lar cz+ sf] lgxFd' f dxfef/t
rln/x]5 .

sa' ]/ M wgjfg\

ltdf| ] s'a]/ aGg] ;kgf ;kgfdf d} ;Lldt /xG5 .

sD' es0f { M ;'tfxf

ltdL sD' es0fn{ fO{ s] yfxf, rf/] n] ;a} ;fdfg cf;] fl/;s5] .

9ª' u\ f M s7f]/

ltdf| ] dg t 9'ªu\ fs} /x5] .

190 g]kfnL, sIff ^

#= cEof; @ sf] h;/L sg' } zAbnfO{ To;sf] ;fdfGo cy{eGbf km/s
cys{ f nflu ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} zAbsf] o:tf] lsl;dsf] ko| f]unfO{
kt| LsfTds cy{ elgG5 . lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf k|tLsfTds cy{lar
hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

zAb kt| LsfTds cy{

lrKn]ls/f Ifl0fs

e]8f ] :jfldeSt

k/fnsf] cfuf ] l/;fxf

xgd' fg Hofb} l9nf]

b'jf{;f Psf]xf]/f]

$= lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ kt| LsfTds cy{ cfpg] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ 5]kf/f] -cj;/jfbL_

-v_ eLd;g] -anjfg_\

k7gafw] / nv] g cEof;
!= dflysf] kf7 sIffsf x/s] ljBfyLn{ ] Ps Ps cg'R5]b kfnk} fnf] ;:j/

k7g ug'x{ f];\ .
@= lbOPsf zAb z4' pRrf/0f u/L nV] gx' f];\ M

Jofjxfl/s, cfljisf/, pT;'stf, 6]lnu|fkm, 6]k/]s8{/, lhDd]jf/L,
k|of]uzfnf, kmfg] f]u|fkm

#= kf7sf cfwf/df lbOPsf ldlt / 36gfsf] hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

;g\ !*$& kma] c|' /L !! Go'h;Ls{ f] dGnf] kfs{df a;fOF;/fO

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 191

;g\ !*^* yf]d; PNef Pl8;gaf:] 6g uPsf

;g\ !*^( yf]d; PNef Pl8;g Go'ofs] { uPsf

;g\ !*&) d/] L l:6nj]nsf] lgwg

;g\ !*&! yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf] lgwg

;g\ !*&^ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] hGd

;g\ !*&& kmfg] fu] |fkmsf cfljisf/

;g\ !*&( Go'h;L{sf] g]jfs{df Pp6f ;fgf]
ko| fu] zfnf agfPsf

;g\ !**$ d/] L l:6nj]n;Fu ljjfx

;g\ !**^ ldgf ldNn/;uF sf] e]6 / ljjfx

;g\ !(!$ Pl8;gsf] k|ofz] fnfdf cfunfuL

;g\ !(#! cS6f]a/ !* lahn' Lsf] aNasf] cfljisf/

$= l7s al] 7s 56' o\ fpg'xf];\ M

-s_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] tLg dlxgf hlt dfq ljBfnodf k9g\ kfP .

-v_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf lktf ljBfnosf lzIfs lyP .

-u_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] klqsf a]Rg] sfd klg u/] .

-3_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] 6l] nlehg ck/6] /sf] sfd u/] .

-ª_ Pl8;gsf] ;dodf af:] 6g lj1fg, snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] sG] bs| f ¿kdf
kl| ;4 lyof] .

192 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-r_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] klxnL kTgLsf] gfd ldgf ldNn/ lyof] .

-5_ ldgf ldNn/ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;geGbf pGgfO; jif{ sfG5L lyOg\ .

%= kf7 k9L pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] afNosfnsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <

-v_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] slt jif{ 6]lnuf| km ck/6] /sf] sfd u/] <

-u_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gnfO{ rlrt{ agfpg] dV' o cfljisf/ sg' xf] <

-3_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] sxfF ljzfn k|of]uzfnf agfP <

-ª_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] cfljisf/s xg' e' Gbf cl3 s] s:tf sfdx¿
u/] <

-r_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gnfO{ ;kmntfsf] lzv/df k'¥ofpg] cfljisf/
s] s] xg' \ <

-5_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf] hLjgLaf6 s] s:tf] k/]| 0ff lng ;lsG5 <

^= nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] j}1flgs cfljisf/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df u/s] f
dxŒjk0" f{ sfdnfO{ j|md};Fu nV] gx' f];\ .

-v_ …c;kmntf g} ;kmntfsf] k]/| s xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{ yfd] ; PNef
Pl8;gsf] hLjgLsf cfwf/df k|:6 kfgx{' f];\ .

&= cg'R5]b /fd/| L k9g\ 'xf;] \ / rf/cf]6f kZ| g lgdf{0f ugx'{ f];\ M

dflg;n] 9ª' \u] ou' bl] v cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf p;n] u/s] f sfd j0fg{
ul/;fWo 5}g . cfh dflg; j}1flgs cfljisf/s} sf/0fn] r/f h:t}
cfsfzdf p8g\ ;S5 . df5f h:t} kfgLdf tl} /g ;S5 . hldgdf

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 193

l56fe] Gbf l56f] bu'g{ ;S5 . lx8F /] dlxgf}F, jiffF}{ nfUg] 7fpdF f j}1flgs
cfljisf/sf] ;xfotfn] Ps} l5gdf k'Ug ;S5 . ;+;f/df ePsf
bl} gs 36gfx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ ;'Gg / xg] { ;S5 . ;;+ f/sf h'g;s' }
sg' fsf dflg;;Fu rfx]sf] v08df s/' fsfgL ug{ ;S5 . xhf/fF} dfG5n] ]
jiffF}{ nufP/ ug]{ sfd If0fe/df ug{ ;S5 . cfhsf] dflg; bf];f| ]
ljZjsf] vfh] Ldf nfu]sf ] 5 . cGtl/Ifdf a:tL a;fpg vf]Hb} 5 .
;d'bd| f ;x/ a;fpbF } 5 . dflg;n] syfdf sNk]sf 36gf, k'/f0fdf
;g' ]sf s'/f, ;kgfdf bv] ]sf s/' f, j1} flgs cfljisf/sf] ;xfotfn]
ljkgfd} ;fsf/ kf/s] f] 5 .

;g' fO / cleJolSt

!= ;'gfO kf7 !@ ;G' g'xf;] \ / l7s a]l7s 56' o\ fpg'xf];\ M

-s_ ˆnf]/G] ; gfOl6ªu\ ]nsf] hGd ;g\ !*@) d] !@ df O6fnLdf ePsf]
xf] .

-v_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ ]nsf] aa' fsf] lxlnod P8jf8{ lyof] .

-u_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\un] n] ;fg} pd/] df aa' f;Fu efiff, ul0ft, Oltxf;
/ bzg{ sf] cWoog ug{ kfOg \ .

-3_ ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ªu\ n] sf] ;dodf gl;ª{ nfO{ cToGt dof{lbt k];f
dflgGYof] .

-ª_ ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ªu\ n] nfO{ …n]8L ljy b NofDkÚ sf pkgfdn] klg
lrlgG5 .

-r_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\u]nsf] dT[ o' c;L jifs{ f] pd]/df eof] .

194 g]kfnL, sIff ^

@= ;g' fO kf7 !@ kg' M ;G' gx' f;] \ / ;xL pQ/df /]hf nufpgx' f];\ M

-s_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\un] sL cfdfsf] gfd ======= lyof] .

-c_ h]gL l:dy -cf_ kmg] L l:dy -O_ /g] L l:dy

-v_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ n] ;g\ !(%# df ====================== sf] Ps
xl:k6ndf k|dv' kl/rfl/sf -g;{_ algg\ .

-c_ O6fnL -cf_ cdl] /sf -O_ a]nfot

-u_ ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ª\u]nn] ======================== sf] o'4df 3fOt]
l;kfxLx¿sf] cfbz{ ;j] f ul/g\ .

-c_ ljm| ldof -cf_ :s6' f/L -O_ af;f{

-3_ ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ªu\ ]nsf] dT[ o' ;g\ ============ df eof] .

-c_ !(!) cu:t !) -cf_ !(!! cu:t !)

-O_ !(!) cu:6 @)

#= Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ ]nsf] hLjgLaf6 s] k|/] 0ff kfOG5, atfpgx' f;] \ .

$= sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] 5 ;d"x aGgx' f];\ . kT| os] ;d"xn] tnsfdWo]
s'g} Pssf af/]df 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ . 5nkmndf pSt s/' fx¿n] xfdf| ]
b}lgs hLjgdf kf/s] f ;sf/fTds k|efjx¿ 7Dofpgx' f;] \ . ;Dej eP
ltgsf lsl;d, cfljisf/s / Oltxf; klg vf]Hg'xf;] \ / d'Vo d'Vo kIf
sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿, -v_ ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿

sf/, a;, xjfOh{ xfh, kfgLhxfh, km;] a's, efOa/, x\jf6\; Pk, 6\lj6/,

df6] /;fOsn :sfOk, h'd, o6' o\ 'a

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 195