CLASS-6 NEPALI BOOK

*= …kfgLsf] syfÚ kf7n] atfpg] dV' o d'Vo ljifoj:t' bzcf6] f jfSodf
nV] gx' f;] \ .

(= …kfgLsf] syfÚ kf7sf cfwf/df !, @, #=== nv] L 36gfjm| d ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

- _ jgef]hdf /dfOnf] eP klg kfgLlagf b'Mv ePsf]

- _ a:tLx¿sf] Oltxf;sf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf]

- _ cfdfn] kfgLsf] dxŒjsf af/d] f atfPsf]

- _ gbL lsgf/n] bO' { dn' s' sf] ldt/] L nufPsf]

- _ kfgLn] cfˆgf] af6f] cfkm}F agfPsf]

- _ bfe] fg / gbL lsgf/df dfgj a:tL ljsl;t ePsf]

- _ ls;fgn] s'nf] vg/] vt] df kfgL nufPsf]

!)= tnsf] cgR' 5b] dgdg} k9]/ kf“rcf]6f k|Zg agfpg'xf];\ . tkfOn{“ ] agfPsf
k|Zg ;fyLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf;] \ . ;fyLn] ;fw] ]sf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

kfgLsf] pkof]u kf| oM ;a} s'/fdf x'G5 . lkpg, vfgf ksfpg, n'uf w'g,
g'xfpg, ;/;kmfO ug{ dfq xfO] g, pBf]uwGbf rnfpg, vt] LkftL ug{
klg kfgL geO{ xFb' g}  . kfgL pmhfs{ f] ;|f]t klg xf] . kfgLaf6} hnljBt' \
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/G5 . o;/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] ljB'tLo pmhf{n]
sf]7f dfq pHofnf] kfbg{} , ;fgfbl] v 7n' f;Dd snsf/vfgf rnfp5F  .
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg, sDKo6' / cflb ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ rnfp5F  . ;jf/L
;fwg ;~rfng u5 { . To;n} ] klg xfd|f] hLjgdf / ;Eotfsf] lgdf{0fdf
kfgLsf] 7'nf] dxŒj /xs] f] 5 .

246 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;'gfO / t'ngf

!= ;g' fO kf7 !% ;'Gg'xf];\ / pQd ljsNkdf /]hf nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ kY[ jLsf] rf/ v08sf] slt v08 kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] 5 <

-c_ Ps v08 -cf_ b'O{ v08

-O_ tLg v08 -O{_ rf/ v08

-v_ kmnkm" n s] sf/0fn] /l;nf xG' 5g\ <

-c_ kmnkm" n kmnsf sf/0fn]

-cf_ kmnkm" ndf rfgf ePsf sf/0fn]

-O_ kmnkm" n df6fdf kmns] f sf/0fn]

-O{_ kmnkm" ndf kfgL ePsf sf/0fn]

-u_ sg' kmnk"mndf a9L kfgL x'G5 <

-c_ cfkF -cf_ v/ah' f

-O_ :ofp -O_{ gf:kftL

-3_ o; ;;+ f/df s]df a:g] kf| 0fL w]/} 5g\ <

-c_ kfgLdf -cf_ hldgdf

-O_ kmnk"mndf -O{_ cGgdf

-ª_ s] ku' ]g eg] la?jf l56} d5{ <

-c_ dn -cf_ kfgL

-O_ cf}ifwL -O_{ uf8] dn]

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 247

@= ;g' fO kf7 !% kg' M ;G' gx' f;] \ . l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s nVgx' f;] \ M
-s_ o; ;+;f/df kfgLeGbf hldg w/] } 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ lxdfn kfgLsf] ;f| ]t xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ t/sf/Lsf] :jfb eg]sf] t/sf/Lleqsf] kfgLsf] :jfb xf] .

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ xfdLn] km]g]{ Zjf;df kfgLsf] dfqf xbF' g} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ af]6la?jfn] kfgL lnbF }gg\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ hldgdfly ePsf s'g} rf/cf]6f kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ atfpg'xf;] \ .
-v_ kfgLsf] dfqf a9L xg' ] sg' } rf/cf6] f kmnkm" nsf gfd atfpgx' f;] \ .
-u_ kfgLlagf afFRg] k|f0fL x'G5g\ ls x'bF }gg\ <
-3_ xfdLn] kfgL glkO{ klg s] s;/L kfgL vfO/xs] f xG' 5fF} <

$= dflysf] lrqdf kfgLsf] rjm| 5 . lrq x]/]/ a0fg{ ug'x{ f];\ .

248 gk] fnL, sIff ^

%= lbOPsf a'“bfsf cfwf/df kfnk} fnf] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fVgx' f];\ / lzIfsn]
d"Nofª\sg ug'x{ f;] \ M

-s_ xfd|f] z/L/df kfgL x'G5 .
-v_ xfdL ljleGg lx;fan] kfgL vfO/x]sf xG' 5fF} .
-u_ kfgLlagf af6] la?jf afFRg ;Sbg} g\ .
-3_ hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg kfgL rflxG5 .
-ª_ lxdfn kfgLsf] ;|ft] xf,] s;/L <
-r_ xfdL kfgL s] s] sfdsf nflu ko| fu] u5f}F{ <
-5_ kfgL sd vfPdf s] x'G5 <
-o:tf kfgL;uF ;DalGwt cGo ljifo /fVg ;lsg] 5 ._

^= tnsfdWo] s'g} zAb lzIfsn] atfpgx' 'G5 . ca xft p7fP/ ;f]ws] f
ljifodf tkfO“{n] hfg]sf s/' f atfpgx' f];\ .

-s_ af9L -v_ cltjl[ i6 -u_ cgfj[li6

-3_ v8/] L -ª_ ;S' vf df;} d -r_ lxdkft

-5_ x:' ; ' -h_ sl' x/f÷] afbn -em_ ;g' fdL

-`_ v08j[li6 -6_ cl;gf jiff { -7_ s'nf÷] k}gL

-8_ gx/ -9_ vx/] -0f_ au/

eflifs ;+/rgf

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / uf9f cIf/n] nl] vPsf zAbx¿df Wofg lbgx' f;] \ M

alxgL clxn]kfl/ hfFb} 5] . pm la:tf/} lx8F \b} 5] . pm kfl/ Tolts} uPsL xf] .

efl] n ;fob ;'6S' s kmsG{ 5] . clg efGhLnfO{ e6] \g cfp5F ] .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 249

dflysf] uf9f cIf/n] nl] vPsf zAbx¿nfO{ …sxfFÚ, …slxn]Ú, …s;/LÚ /
…lsgÚ n] ;f6\g ;S5g\ . jfSodf sxfF -:yfg_ slxn] -;do_, s;/L
-tl/sf_ / lsg -sf/0f_ n] ;f6\g ;Sg] zAbx¿nfO{ ljm| ofofu] L elgG5 .

dflysf] kf7af6 tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L bO' { bO' c{ f6] f zAb l6Kgx' f];\ / c¿
b'O{ bO' c{ f]6f yKg'xf;] \ M

:yfgaf]ws ljm| = of=] ;doafw] s ljm| = of=] /Lltafw] s ljm| = of]= …sf/0faf]ws lj|m=

-sxfF <_ -slxn] <_ -s;/L <_ of]= -lsg <_

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f];\ . pSt cg'R5]bdf uf9f cIf/n] nl] vPsf,
/]vfª\sg ul/Psf, 58\s] kfl/Psf / uf9f cIf/;lxt /]vfª\sg
ul/Psf zAbx¿df Wofg lbgx' f;] \ . To;dl' gsf kf7 klg Wofgkj" s{ k9g\ x' f;] \ M

xfdL vt] tkm{ uof}F clg sfd ul//x]sf ls;fg;u“ ;fW] of}F eg] pxfFn] g} eGg'x'g] 5,

æcfx] f] Û df6f] dxŒjk"0f{ s/' f xf] t/ kfgL ePg eg] t df6fl;t sx] L afsF L /xbF g}
lg . wt\ Û olt hfaf] s'/f klg ltdLnfO{ eGgk' 5{ < kfgL ePkl5 dfq kf] df6fn]
xfdLnfO{ cGg, ;fukft / kmnkm" n ;a s'/f] lbG5 .Æ

-s_ dflysf] cg'R5]bdf uf9f cIf/n] n]lvPsf zAbx¿ gfdof]uL
xg' \ . gfdof]uLx¿ s'g} zAbsf kl5lNt/ uflF ;P/ cfpF5g\ .

-v_ dflysf] cg'R5]bdf 58\s] kfl/Psf zAbx¿ ;+of]hs x'g\ .
;o+ f]hsx¿n] zAbx¿, kbfjnLx¿ / jfSox¿ hf8] \5g\ .

-u_ dflysf] cg'R5b] df /]vfªs\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿ lj:doflbaf]ws
xg' \ . lj:doflbaf]wsx¿n] jStfsf dgsf xif,{ lj:dft, k|z;+ f,
30[ ff JoSt u5g{ \ .

250 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-3_ dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf uf9f cIf/;lxt /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿
lgkft x'g\ . lgkftx¿sf] cy{ :jtGq geP klg logLx¿n]
cleJolStnfO{ ;G' b/ kfb{5g\ .

#= cEof; @ sf] cg'R5]baf6 tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L zAbx¿ l6Kg'xf;] \ / c¿
bO' { bO' c{ f6] f zAb yKg'xf];\ M

-s_ gfdofu] L M ====================== ====================== ====================== ======================

-v_ ;+ofh] s M ====================== ====================== ====================== ======================

-u lj:doflbaf]ws M ====================== ====================== ======================

-3_ lgkft M ====================== ====================== ====================== ======================

$= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf ko| fu] ug{x' f;] \ M

k/f/, ;Dd, tfklg, 5o\ f, g,} ;/f;/, k6\l6, lsgeg,] cfTyf, /]

kg' /fj[lQ

xfdf| ] vfg]s'/fdf s] slt kfgL x'G5, tnsf] tflnsf Wofg lbg'xf;] \ M

vfg]s'/f kfgL kl| tzt vfg]s/' f kfgL k|ltzt

sfutL *^ ;G' tnf *&

ds}sf] lk7f ] !@ va'{hf (@

rfdn !@ :ofp ($

lrp/f #=% v';fg{ L *^

d/' } @=% d]jf **

gf:kftL *! eft $@

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 251

cfn'av8f *^ df5f ^)

ufn] e]8f ($ sv' /' fsf] df;' ^)

;fu *^ e6' ]sf] abfd @=%

:s'; *^ dx @

sfFj|mf ] (^ kz| f]lwt tn] )=@%

df};d *& jg:klt £o' )=@%

-…kfgLsf] syfÚ af6 ;fef/ ul/Psf]_

cEof;

!= dflysf] tflnsf Ps hgfn] k9g\ x' f];\ / c¿n] ;'Ggx' f];\ .

@= dflysf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f];\ M

-s_ ;a}eGbf a9L kfgL x'g] vfgs] '/f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ ;ae} Gbf sd kfgL xg' ] sg' } bO' { vfgs] /' f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ e6' s] f] abfd / d'/}df kfgLsf] dfqf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ *& kl| tzt kfgL xg' ] vfg]s/' f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ () kl| tzteGbf a9L kfgL xg' ] vfgs] /' fÖ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

#= dflysf] tflnsfsf] ;r" gfsf cfwf/df cgR' 5]b k"/f ug'x{ f;] \ M

xfdLn] vfg] kT| o]s vfgs] /' fdf kfgLsf] dfqf x'G5 . cGg / tn] xgeGbf
t/sf/L / kmnkm" ndf a9L kfgL xG' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ h:tf vfg]
s/' fdf () k|ltzteGbf a9L kfgL xG' 5 . *) kl| tzteGbf a9L kfgL

252 gk] fnL, sIff ^

xg' ] vfg]s'/fx¿ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x'g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ h:tf vfg]
s/' fdf %) kl| tzteGbf sd kfgL xG' 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ps
k|ltzt eGbf sd kfgL xg' vfg]s'/f xg' \ .

$= /v] fªl\ st kbx¿sf] kbju{ 56' o\ fpg'xf];\ M

lxhf] d, ufk] fn, nltsf, /fwf, xl/z / a'af hª\un 3'Dg uofF} .
hª\un5p] kU' gl] alQs} xl/zn] eGof], æcAaO' Û slt 3gf hª\un Û
hª\unL hgfj/n] kf] cfj|md0f unf{ ls <Æ

;fdl" xs ljm| ofsnfk

!= b'O{ bO' { hgfsf] ;dx" aGg'xf;] \ . ca k|To]s ;d"xn] lgb]{zgcg;' f/ tnsf]
tflnsf egx'{ f;] \ / lzIfsn] dN" ofª\sg ug{'xf];\ .

kmnk"mnsf gfd b]zsf gfd

@= sIffsf kT| os] ljBfyLn{ ] jm| d;ª\|Vofcg';f/ kfn}kfnf] / gbfx] f¥] ofOsg
Pp6f gbLsf gfd eGgx' f];\ . pSt gfd Ps hgfn] zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf
nV] b} hfgx' f;] \ . l;ªu\ f] sIffn] kGw ldg6] leqdf sltcf6] f gbLsf gfdx¿
nV] g ;Sof,] cjnf]sg ugx'{ f];\ .

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= …kfgLÚ zLif{sdf Pp6f cg'R5b] /rgf ug{x' f];\ .

@= s'g} klg cGg -wfg, ds,} sfb] f,] tf/] L cflb_ pAhfpg] j|mddf s] s]
ug'k{ 5{ . sg' } ls;fg jf v]tLkftL ug{ hfGg] dfG5]nfO{ ;fw] L jm| da4
ljj/0f agfpg'xf;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 253

;'gfO kf7 !%
kfgL lhGbufgL

k[YjLsf ;txsf rf/ v08sf] tLg v08 kfgLn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . afsF L Ps v08df
dfq kfgLsf] ;txeGbf dfly p7s] f] 5 . Tof] p7s] f] efu rflxF hldg xf] . Tof]
hldgsf] kfrF v08sf] Ps v08 hlxn] klg a/km / lxpFn] 9flsPsf] 5 .

xfdL ;'Gtnf vfG5fF} . ;G' tnf ld7f] xG' 5 . ;G' tnfsf] ld7f] o;leqsf] /;
xf] . /; gePsf] ;'Gtnf ld7f] xb'F }g . kmnk"mn, t/sf/L ;a} yf]sdf sx] L g
s]xL kfgL x'G5 . cfn' sf6b\ f To;leq kfgL b]lvG5 . Kofhdf klg /; x'G5 .
gl/jnleqsf] kfgL s:tf] ld7f] x'G5 . km]l/ va'h{ f x]g'x{ f];\ t Û of] t 3F6} f] h:t},
slt kfgL To;leq afa} Û kfgL t htftt} /x]5 .

dflg; cfˆgf] lhpleq /xs] f] kfgLsf e/df slt lbg;Dd afRF g ;S5g\ < kSs}
w]/} lbg afRF g ;Sbg} g\ . r/fx¿, ls/fx¿, ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf z/L/df klg
kfgL x'G5 . pgLx¿ klg kfgLlagf w/] } lbg afRF g ;Sb}gg\ . kf| 0fLdfq xfO] g
kfgLlagf ?vla?jf klg afFRg ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] kfgL ;a}sf] lhGbufgL xf] .

254 gk] fnL, sIff ^

cled'vLs/0f
sg' kf| 0fL sxf“ a:5g,\ gfd atfpg'xf;] \ M

dflysfdWo] tkfO“n{ ] sg' s'g k|f0fL cfÇgf] af;:yfgdf a;]sf] bV] ge' Psf]
5, gfd atfpgx' f];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 255

!^ Dffofsf] 3/

dfof 7s'/L

æAffa' Û P afa' Û b'w :jf66\ } kf/ t .Æ

æxQ]/L xh'/cfdf Û dnfO{ l8:6{a gug{" g . ljBfno a; cfpg} nfUof]
xf]nf . cfh d clns xtf/df 5' Sof, xh'/cfdf .Æ gs'n p;sL
xh/' cfdfnfO{ x/s] laxfg o:t} tsl{ jtsn{ ] cndNofpFYof] .

æd/] f] Kof/f] gfltn] /fd|f];Fu vfof] eg] kf] alnof] xG' 5 clg /fd|f;] uF k9g\
;S5 .Æ xh/' cfdfn] eGg'eof] .

æP gs'n Û ltdLn] xh'/cfdfnfO{ slt b'Mv lbPsf] xF < Ps lunf; t xf] lg
:jf6\6 kf/ afa' Û d]/f] 5f]/f] 1fgL 5 . x]/ t cfˆgL Kof/L xh'/cfdfn] slQ
dfof u//] lbg'ePsf] . n n n em6\6 lkOxfn .Æ gs'nsL cfdfn] eGg'eof] .

æcfx] f] Û xfdL| xh/' cfdfn] klg slt lh2L u/s] f] xfn] f .Æ gsn' n] xh/' cfdfsf]
xftaf6 b'wsf] lunf; lnof] / 3636L lkof] .

xh/' cfdfn] gfltnfO{ x]b{} d':s'/fpge' of] / …:ofaf; d/] f] gfltÚ, eGb} l/Qf]
lunf; lnP/ leq k:ge' of] . gs'n ljBfno hfg] tof/Ldf h'Qf nufpFb}
lyof] . xh'/cfdf xftdf :j6] / aG' b} cfP/ gsn' nfO{ eGge' of,] æd d]/f] Kof/f]
gfltnfO{ hf8f] xG' 5 eg/] :j6] / a'Gb} 5' . v} t of] :j]6/ gfkf}F . o;kflnsf]
hf8fd] f d/] f] gfltnfO{ gofF :j]6/, xf===xf==.Æ

æxh'/cfdf klg Û uf8L cfO;Sof] xfn] f, dnfO{ ca/] eO;Sof] . rflxbF }g of]

ts{ljts{ – ljleGg kZ| g ;f]Wg] sfd

256 gk] fnL, sIff ^

:j]6/ :j6] / . d t lx8F] x} .Æ gs'n emf]nf afs] /] 3/aflx/ lgl:sof] . ljBfno
k'Ugf;fy p;n] cfkm\gf] ldNg] ;fyL ldng;Fu s/' f ug{ yfNof] .

æcfh xfdL sxfF hfG5f}F xfn] f < sg' gofF 7fpF hfg] xf]nf x} < lgs} /dfOnf]
kf] xg' ] eof] t xf] ls gs'n ÛÆ ldngn] eGof] .

l7s To;} ;dodf sIff lzIfs 6'Kn'Ss sIffdf cfpg'eof] . æx]g'{xf];\
gfgLafax' ¿ Û x/s] dlxgf h:t} cfh klg xfdL z}lIfs cjnfs] g ed| 0fdf
hfbF } 5fF} . ed| 0fdf b]v]sf, ;g' s] f cg'ej u/s] f s'/f l6kf6] u/]/ ef]ln ;a}
n] sIffdf ;'gfpgk' 5{ . To;n} ] sfkLsnd af]SgrflxF gla;{g;' \ x} .Æ

æxG' 5 u'?cfdf, t/ cfh xfdL sxfF hfg] lg u?' cfdf <Æ gsn' n] pT;'s xb'F }
;fW] of] .

æcfh xfdL …dfofsf] 3/Ú eGg] kfsf cfdfaa' fx¿nfO{ /fVg] j[4f>ddf hfFb}
5f}F . ToxfF j4[ xh/' a'af xh'/cfdfx¿ a:gx' 'G5 .Æ u?' cfdfn] eGge' of] .

æs] xh/' aa' f xh/' cfdfx¿ a:g] klg 5'66\ } 3/ xG' 5 / u'?cfdf<Æ gs'nn]
pT;s' eP/ ;f]Wof] .

ldng s]xL afn] g] . lg?tf, sNkgf, zfGtf, ;z' Lnf, ¿ks, rd]nL, clvn;] ,
/ltof, ef]hdfgx¿ ld7f ld7f ukm ub{} uf8Ldf r9] . ldng ofqfel/ sx] L
gaf]nL rk' rfk a:of] .

æP ldng Û lsg rk' nfu]sf] < ;fyLx¿ s:tf] /dfPsf 5g\ . ltdL eg] lsg
PSn} w'dwd' tL a;]sf] <Æ gsn' n] ;fW] of] .

ædnfO{ cln ;Grf] ePg, To;} To;} l/uF 6f nfu] h:tf] eof] .Æ ldngn] eGof] .

sx] L a]/d} u'l8/xs] f] a; Pp6f u6] sf cufl8 £ofRr /f]lsof] . ;a} hgf

e|d0f – 3d' lkm/
j4[ f>d – a'9fa'9Lx¿ a:g agfPsf] cf>d

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 257

a;af6 x'?? tn cf]ln{P . u6] df 7n' f cIf/n] …dfofsf] 3/Ú n]lvPsf] lyof] .
;a} hgf u6] leq uP . ld;n] clejfbg u//] ;a} hgf;uF kl/ro cfbfgkb| fg
u/fpg'eof] . ToxfF w]/} hgf kfsf cfdfa'af x'g'x'GYof] . b'O{ b'O{ hgf
ljBfyLx{ ¿sf ;dx" agfP/ k|To]s xh'/a'af xh/' cfdf;uF cg'ej ;f6f;f6
ug{] sfoj{ m| d agfOof] . gsn' / ldngsf] ;dx" Ps hgf j4[ ;uF k¥of] .
tLg} hgf rp/df /xs] f 7n' f] ?vsf] km]bsf a;]/ s'/f ug{ yfn] .

ægd:t] xh'/aa' f Û d/] f] gfd gs'n clg d/] f] ;fyLsf] gfd ldng . xfdL
xh/' a'afnfO{ sx] L k|Zg ;f]Wg ;S5fF} <Æ gsn' n] rp/df a:b} eGof] .

ægd:t] afa'x¿ Û d]/f] gfd xs{lht xf] . oxfF tkfO{Fx¿ h:t} gfgLafa'x¿
cfpg'x'G5 . ljleGg lh1f;f /fVg'x'G5 . /dfOnf] u/]/ hfg'x'G5 . s;}
s;}n] t cfˆgf] hGdlbg klg oxLF dgfpgx' G' 5 .Æ r:df ldnfpbF } xh/' a'afn]
eGg'eof] .

ætkfOs{F f] 3/ sxfF xf] xh/' aa' f < lsg oxfF a:g cfpg'ePsf] <Æ gs'nn]
;fW] of] .

æd/] f] 3/ t sf7df8fF} g} xf] .Æ j4[ aa' fn] eGg'eof] .

ætkfOFs{ f] 3/df sf] sf] x'gx' G' 5 t < lsg oxfF PSn} a:g cfpge' Psf] < s]
tkfO{FnfO{ 3/sf] ofb cfpFb}g xh/' a'af <Æ gs'nn] lh1f;f /fVof] .

æd 5f/] f a'xf/L / gflt gfltgL;uF a:y]F . d/] L gfltgLn] dnfO{ w]/} dfof
uly{g\ . ;w}F rsn]6 af8F /] dfq vflGyg\ . 5f/] f ax' f/L bj' } hflu/] lyP .
gfltgL klg 7n' L eP/ la:tf/} ljBfno hfg yflng\ . d cfkm}F gfltgLnfO{
ljBfno nfg] Nofpg] uy]{F . gfltgL cToGt r~rn :jefjsL lyOg\ .
af6fdf dnfO{ ljleGg k|Zg ;f]lw/xlGyg\ . pgsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg kfpbF f

lh1f;f – hfGg] OR5f
ofb – ;Demgf

258 g]kfnL, sIff ^

dnfO{ klg cf}wL /dfOnf] nfUYof] . pgL d;' S' s xflF :yg\ . d]/f] ;f/f ysfO
dl] 6GYof] . ;do o;} u/L laTb} lyof] . Ps lbg d/] L a'xf/Ln] of] …dfofsf]
3/Ú sf af/d] f atfOg\ . ca t gfltgL klg PSn} ljBfno cfpg hfg ;Sg]
eOg\ . 5f/] f ax' f/L lbgel/ hflu/df hfg,] d PSn} wd' wd' tL 3/df a;]/
k6o\ f/ nfUbf] lhGbuL afFlr/xs] f] lyPF . a'xf/Ln] j[4f>dsf] s'/f u/k] l5
d]/f] dg Tot} tflgof] . 5f]/f / gfltgLn] 3/d} a:g c88\ L s;]sf lyP .
dnfO{ ax' f/Lsf] s/' f l7sh} :tf] nfUof] . d oxfF cfPF . cfPsf] klg Ps jif{
eO;Sof] . ;do ;dodf gfltgL cfpF5] . 3G6f}F;Dd d;Fu v]N5],
/dfp5F ] . clg 3/ hfg] a]nfdf cfFvfel/ cf;F ' kfb}{ dnfO{ 3/ kmls{g cg/' fw]
u5{] . d cfˆgf] d'6' bx|f] kf5{' . ;s];Dd cf;F ' n'sfpg] ko| f; u5{' . cgfof;}
a// cf;F ' em5{g\ . gfltgL cfpF5] / cfF;' kl' 5lbG5] . d gfltgL uPsf] af6f]
x]bfx{ b] }{ slxn]sfxLF oxL rft} f/Ldf 6f]nfP/ e';'Ss} lgbfp5F ' . oxfF d h:tf
w/] } kfsfx¿ a:5fF} . ;v' b'Mvsf s/' f u5f}F .Æ j4[ aa' fn] eGge' of] .

xh/' a'afsf s'/f ;'g/] ldng ;'FSs;SF' s ?g nfUof] . gsn' n] ldngnfO{
;fW] of], æs] eof] ltdLnfO{ ldng < lsg /f]Psf] o;/L < n n w/] } efjs'
gag . a? ltdf| ] dgdf s]xL nfu]sf] eP xfdLnfO{ eg . cfˆgf] dgsf] s'/f
eg]kl5 xns' f xG' 5 .Æ

ædnfO{ cfh d]/f] xh/' aa' fsf] emnemnL ofb cfof] . xh'/a'afn] dnfO{

c;fWo} dfof ug'{x'GYof] . dnfO{ eg] xh'/a'afsf] ugyg k6Ss} dg

kbg{} Yof] . xh/' aa' f sfg sd ;G' gx' G' Yof] . afN] bf klg 7n' f] :j/ lgsfNgx' G' Yof] .

dnfO{ syf t ;g' fpgx' G' Yof] t/ dnfO{ k6Ss} dg kbg{} Yof] . d d/] f] xh/' aa' fnfO{

w/] } b'Mv lbGYoF] t/ pxfF d;' S' s xfF:g' dfq x'GYof] . 3/df cfdfaa' fn] klg

xh/' aa' fsf] afgL dg k/fpgx' G' gYof] . aa' fn] ns' fP/ lbPsf] vfgs] /' f nu' fkmf6f]

cfdfn] yfxf kfpbF f 3/} prfn/] s/fpgx' G' Yof] . d cfdfsf] kIf lnP/ s/' f

nufpyF F] . aa' f r'k nflu/xg'xG' Yof] . xh'/aa' f dg cldnf] kf/]/ cfFvfel/

cf;F ' af]s/] gafn] L a:gx' G' Yof] . ;do o;/L g} laTb} uof] . Ps lbg aa' fn]

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 259

xh/' aa' fnfO{ v} sxfsF f] j4[ f>ddf 5f8/] cfpge' P5 . tLg jif{ eof] dn} ]
xh'/a'afnfO{ ge]6s] f], xh'/aa' fsf] sfvdf ;'t]/ syf g;'g]sf], xh/' a'afsf]
cf}nF f ;dft]/ g3d' ]sf,] d d/] f] xh'/a'afnfO{ e6] /] dfkmL dfUg rfxG5' . ;Fu}
lnP/ 3/ hfg rfxG5' . cfh dnfO{ k5t' f] nfu]sf] 5 . dn} ] d/] f] xh/' a'afnfO{
lrGg} ;lsgF .Æ ldng ?g yfNof] .

æn gfgL g/fp] m, o;df ltd|f] sx] L uNtL 5}g . xfdL a'9fa9' Lx¿sf] cln
srsr] afgL x'G5, clg s]6fs6] Lx¿sf] rsrs] . ltdLn] cfˆgf dgsf s/' f
cfˆgf cfdfaa' fnfO{ eg . pxfxF ¿n] cjZo ltd|f] s/' f ;'Ggx' 'g]5 . ltd|f]
xh/' aa' f;Fu cjZo e]6 u/fpg'xg' 5] .Æ xsl{ htn] eGge' of] .

æpxfxF ¿n] dfGg'xfn] f t <Æ ldngn] lh1f;f /fVof] .

æcjZo dfGgx' 'g] 5 . ltdL lrGtf gu/ . 9S' s k/ .Æ xsl{ htn] wfk
dfb{} eGg'eof] .

ldngn] cf;F ' k'5]/ kn' 'Ss xb] {} eGof,] æ;fFRr} xf] xh/' a'af <Æ

ældng Û xh/' aa' fn] eg]sf] ;fFRr} xf] . d]/f] t xh/' cfdf 3/d} x'gx' 'G5 .
dnfO{ t xh'/cfdfsf] clQ g} dfof nfU5 . xh/' cfdfsf] sfvdf ;'t]/ syf
g;g' L lgb|} nfUb}g ÛÆ gsn' n] eGof] .

u'?cfdf / c¿ ;fyLx¿ rft} f/Lsf] jl/kl/ en] f eP . cfcfˆgf] vfhf
vfP . /dfOnf uLt ufP, gfr,] /dfP . xh/' aa' f xh'/cfdfsf cg'ejsf
syf ;g' ], ;'gfP . cfvF fsf gfgL h:tf afnaflnsfx¿ cge' jsf vfgL
kfsf cleefjsx¿sf] ;Ddfgdf /dfP, tfnL ahfP . tLg ahk] l5 …dfofsf]
3/Ú af6 labf lnP/ ljBfno kmsL{ cfcfˆgf 3/ uP . 3/df k'Ugf;fy
u6] af6} …xh/' cfdfÚ eGb} gs'n bf}l8of] . ;w}F emF} xh'/cfdf d';d' ;' ' xfF;/]
pleO/xg'ePsf] lyof] .

;Ddfg – cfb/, ;Tsf/
k5t' f] – kZrfQfk

260 gk] fnL, sIff ^

ænf} d/] f] gflt cfP5 . em6\6 n'uf km]/ . d}n] gfltnfO{ dg kg{] vfhf lv/
agfPsL 5' . skfsk vfpm clg 3D' g klg hfcfnF} f .Æ xh'/cfdfn] eGge' of] .

gsn' n] v;' L x'Fb} eGof,] æklxnf xh'/cfdfn] dnfO{ al' glbge' Psf] :j6] /
x/] f}F g . sn/ rflxF dnfO{ dg kg]{ xg' 'k5{ x} .Æ

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf cgs' /0ffTds zAb;“u ldNg] ljm| ofd"nsf] hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
3636L ?g'

£ofRr xg] '{

;FS' s;'SF s lkpg'

d;' 'd;' ' /f]lsg'

kn' S' s ofb cfpg'

emnemnL xfF:g'

@= dflysf] kf7af6 tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAb;u“ ldNg] ljm| ofd"n vfh] L
nV] gx' f;] \ M

:jf6\6 } kfg '{ e;' S' s ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

wd' w'dtL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x'?? ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

a// ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ skfsk ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 261

#= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] af6 cg's/0ffTds zAb klxrfg u/L /]vfª\sg ugx{' f;] \
/ sfkLdf ;fg'x{ f];\ M

;fgf] efO ;/f;/ kfv] /L5p] kU' of] . kfv] /Ldf /ªu\ Lrªu\ L df5fx¿ lyP . df5fx¿

kmQ' km' Q plk|mGy] . ;'nn' ' kf8} Gy] . kfgLdfly k'ns' k'ns x]y]{ . 7'nf df5fn] ;fgf
df5f SjfKk vfGy] . kfv] /Lsf] kfgL 5p] af6 snsn u/L aUb} lyof] . ?vdf
r/fx¿ lr/la/ lr/la/ lr/la/fpbF } lyP . csf{] 5p] df dflg;x¿sf] sNofªaNofª
xNnf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . ;fgf] efO oL ;a} s/' f 6'n'6n' ' xl] //x]sf] lyof] .

$= lbOPsf ldNg] zAb nv] L vfnL 7fp“ egx{' f];\ M

-emndn, dndn, uNof{Dd, b//, 3'Dd, 7':;, l;l/ªu_

-s_ ?v ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 9Nof] .
-v_ kfgL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k¥of]
-u_ alxgL l/;fP/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k/L
-3_ cfh ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3fd nfUof] .
-ª_ v'6\6faf6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /ut aUof] .
-r_ /ut b]v/] d/] f] lhp ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eof] .
-5_ cfsfz ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ePsf] 5 .

%= tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAb k|ofu] u/L jfSo agfpg'xf];\ M

emNemnL, Kof66\ , km' Q, ;'nn' ,' e'n'Ss, :jfQ, SjfKk

^= tnsf zAbhf]8Ln] lbg] cy{ klg k9g\ 'xf];\ / ltgnfO{ 56' \6f5'66\ } jfSodf
k|of]u ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ dft] L – Ps ax'd"No /Tg -3_ bª\u – dSv

df6] L – df]6f] z/L/ ePsL 9ªu\ – l;k

262 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-v_ tfs] s] f – lgbz]{ u/s] f -ª_ b]vL – b]v]/

6f]ss] f – h7' f] kf/s] f b]lv – af6

-u_ km]l/ – csf]{ k6sÙ k'gM -r_ ;ª\nf] – ;kmf

km]/L – kl/jt{g u//] ;fªn\ f ] – kmnfdsf] 8f/] L

k7gaf]w / nv] g cEof;

!= tnsf zAb pRrf/0f ug{x' f;] \ M

ts{ljts{, e|d0f, lh1f;f, j[4f>d, cjZo, xQ]/L, cndNofpFYof],
:j]6/, ofqfel/, w'dw'dtL, £ofRr, ;'FSs;'FSs, emnemnL, k6Ss},
k6o\ f/, k'nS' s, ;Ddfg

@= …dfofsf] 3/Ú syfsf kT| os] cgR' 5b] sIffdf kfnk} fnf] ;:j/jfrg ugx{' f;] \ .

#= lbOPsf jfSosf cfwf/ k|Zg agfpg'xf];\ M

-s_ d/] f] 5f]/f] 1fgL 5 .

-v_ gs'nn] xh/' cfdfsf] xftaf6 b'wsf] lunf; lnof] .

-u_ gsn' ljBfno hfg] tof/Ldf hQ' f nufpbF } lyof] .

-3_ gsn' emf]nf af]s/] 3/aflx/ lgl:sof] .

-ª_ ;a} hgf a;af6 x?' ? tn cfl] n{P .

$= pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ xh'/cfdfn] gfltnfO{ slxn]sf nflu :j6] / a'lglbg nfUge' Psf]
xf] <

-v_ ldngn] gs'nnfO{ s] ;fW] of] < 263

g]kfnL, sIff ^

-u_ gs'n ljBfnoaf6 x/s] dlxgf sxfF hfG5 <

-3_ …dfofsf] 3/Ú eGg] 7fpF s:tf] /x]5 <

%= nfdf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ dfofsf] 3/df s] s:tf dflg;x¿ a:bf /x5] g\, kf7sf cfwf/df
nV] gx' f;] \ .

-v_ …dfofsf] 3/Ú syfn] s] s:tf] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5, ;Gbz] lj:tf/
ugx{' f];\ .

^= dfofsf] 3/af6 kms]{kl5 ldngn] s;/L xh'/a'afnfO{ e]6\of] xf]nf,
cg'dfgsf cfwf/df Ps cg'R5b] nV] gx' f;] \ .

&= xsl{ ht pxfn“ ] ege] Gbf cln leGg sf/0fn] …dfofsf] 3/Ú eGg] j4[ f>ddf
kU' g'ePsf] xg' ;S5 . ca To:tf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ < cfkm\gf
ts{ lbP/ Ps cgR' 5]b n]Vgx' f];\ .

*= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b dgdg} k9\g'xf;] \ / ;f/f+z nV] gx' f];\ M

ed| 0fnfO{ ofqf klg elgG5 . sG' f} 7fpFdf uP/ kT| oIf cjnf]sg ug'n{ fO{
ed| 0f elgG5 . ed| 0f u/]/ kf| Kt u/s] f] 1fg :yfoL ks| [ltsf] xG' 5 .
e|d0fn] dfgjnfO{ 1fg / rt] gfsf ;fy} dgf/] ~hg kb| fg ub{5 . 1fg
lng, dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug,{ dl:tis / z/L/ b'j} tGb?' :t /fVg e|d0fsf]
7'nf] dxŒj 5 . e|d0f ljleGg p2Z] osf nflu ul/G5 . pd/] , cj:yf,
sfdsf] k|sl[ t, ;dx" cg;' f/ e|d0f km/s km/s x'G5 . ljBfyL{ ju{n] ug{]
e|d0f zl} Ifs ks| [ltsf] xG' 5 . lstfaL 1fgn] dfq ljBfYfL{nfO{ kU' b}g .
kT| oIf cjnfs] g e|d0f u/]/ k|fKt ePsf] 1fg lr/:yfoL xG' 5 . To:f}n]
pgLx¿ Pl] txfl;s, k'/ftflŒjs, k|fs[lts Pjd\ ;f:+ s[lts dxŒjsf
:ynx¿sf] ed| 0f ;d"xdf ug{] ub5{ g\ .

264 g]kfnL, sIff ^

!)= tn Pp6f syfsf ljleGg 36gfx¿sf ab'“ f 5g\ . pSt a“'bfx¿nfO{ !,
@, #=== n]vL syfsf] 36gfjm| d ldnfpgx' f];\ M

- _ ;a} df5fx¿ Pp6f 7'nf] ;d'b|df kU' g'

- _ kfv] /Lsf df5f ;db' |sf] jftfj/0f;uF ldNg g;Sg' / dg{ yfNg'

- _ Pp6f ;fgf] kf]v/Ldf df5fx¿ /dfOnf;] Fu a:g'

- _ ;db|sf df5f;Fu ldqtf a9fpFb} cfˆgf aGw'afGwjx¿nfO{
xK] g,' OVofpg'

- _ w]/} df5fx¿ dg'{ / afFr]sf df5fx¿ klg kfv] /Laf6 ;db' |df
cfPsfdf k5t' f] dfGg'

- _ pgLx¿sf] OR5f Ps lbgsf] 7'nf] jiff{sf] sf/0f cfPsf] e]nn]
k'¥ofpg'

- _ /xbF f a:bf df5fx¿lar dn] ldnfk gxg' '

- _ kf]v/Lsf df5fsf] o:tf] Jojxf/ b]v/] ;d'bs| f df5fx¿ 5Ss
kg'{

- _ ;a} df5fx¿n] cfˆgf] 7fpF / cfkmGt g} sfd nfUg] s'/f l9nf]
eP klg a'‰g'

- _ ;db' |sf df5fn] kf]v/Lsf df5fx¿nfO{ x]Kg', bM' v lbg,' 3fOt]
agfpg'

!!= dfly !) sf a'“bfnfO{ lbOPsf] j|mdcg';f/ ;dflksf lj|mof nufO{
n]Vg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP sx] L zAb jf jfSo lar lardf yKg'xf;] \ .
cGTodf zLifs{ klg lbgx' f;] \ . ca tkfO{n“ ] nv] s] f] syf ;fyLnfO{ k9]/
;'gfpgx' f];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 265

!@= tnsf lrqx¿ xg] x{' f;] \ / To;sf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f6] f] syf n]Vgx' f;] \ .
syfsf] zLif{s …v/fof] / s5'jfsf] bf8} Ú /fVgx' f];\ M

!= ;'gfO kf7 !^ ;'g]/ l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
-s_ uNtLjz /fhfsf] xftaf6 t/af/ v':Sof] / pgsf] bflxg] v6' \6fsf]
a'9L cfF}nf Rjf6\6} kf¥of] . Ò
-v_ l;sf/sf jm| dsf Pp6f af3nfO{ nv]6t\ } l;sf/ 6fn] L hª\unleq
bu'g{ yfNof] . ÒÒÒÒ
-u_ hªu\ nL dflg;x¿sf] 3/kh" fsf] w'dwfd tof/ eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ k|f0f ar]kl5 /fhf b/af/ cfP . ÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ /fhf;Fu} jL/annfO{ klg hª\unL dflg;n] e]6]sf] eP pgLx¿n]
cfˆgf] s'nk"hfdf jL/annfO{ aln r9fpFy] . ÒÒÒÒ

266 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;g' fO / ;d:of ;dfwfg

@= ;g' fO kf7 !^ ;g' /] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ /fhfn] cfkm" nfO{ l/; p7]kl5 dflg;s} aln lbGy] .

-v_ hªu\ nL dflg;x¿n] s'nkh" fdf aln r9fOPg .

-u_ hª\unL dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] s'nk"hfdf jL/annfO{ hn] xflnlbP .

-3_ /fhfsf] cªu\ eªu\ ePsfn] pgnfO{ csa/nfO{ dl' vof sxfF nu] .
#= pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ jL/an s:tf :jefj lyP <
-v_ hªu\ nL dflg;x¿ /fhfnfO{ ;dftk] l5 lsg v;' L ePsf /x5] g\ <
-u_ ;g' fO kf7 !^ sf] dV' o ;Gbz] s] xf] <

$= hª\unsf] 5]pdf Pp6f vf]nf 5 . vf]nfdf ;fgf] emfn] ª' \u] k'n 5 .
k'nsf] jfl/ Ps hgf dflg;, afvf| ,] lrtj' f / Ps ef/L 3f;“ 5g\ . To;
k'ndf dflg;, afv|f], lrt'jf / 3f;“ dWo] s'g} bO' { dfq Psk6sdf tg{
;S5g\ . Toxf“ dflg; gx'g] xf] eg] lrtj' fn] afvf| nfO{ vfOxfN5 / afv|fn]
3f“; vfG5 . t/ To; dflg;n] pSt lrtj' f, afv|f] / 3f;“ tLgcf6] }
s/' fnfO{ ;/' lIft 9ª\un] kn' kfl/ n}hfG5 . Tof] s;/L ;Dej eof] <
cfkm" nfO{ nfus] f] s'/f sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ . o;;u“ ;DalGwt lrq klg
agfpg'xf];\ .

%= tkfO{“sf] 3/, jf ;dfhdf ePsf] s'g} Pp6f ;fdflhs ;d:of
eGgx' f;] \ . pSt ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg xfn] f < tkfOs“{ f] ljrf/ jf pkfo
sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 267

^= tn lbOPsf lgb]{zg, lgod, cf1f jf cfbz] x¿ xfdLn] lsg kfngf
ug'k{ 5{ < kT| o]sn] kfn}kfnf] sg' } Pp6f lgb{]zg, lgod, cf1f jf cfbz] sf]
kfngf ug{k' g{] sf/0f atfpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ux[ sfo{ ug{'kg]{
-v_ ljBfno kf;] fs nufpg'kg]{
-u_ sIffdf xft p7fP/ lzIfsn] cgd' lt lbPkl5 dfq afN] gk' g]{
-3_ lgoldt ljBfno pkl:yt xg' k' g]{
-ª_ lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf] ;/;kmfO ug'{kg{]
-r_ cfdfa'afn] cf1f dfGgk' g{]
-5_ ;fjh{ lgs 7fpdF f xf]xNnf ug{ gkfOg]
-h_ ;8s kf/ ubf{ h]af| j|ml;ª jf cfsfz] k'n ko| f]u ug'k{ g]{
-em_ /fHon] tfs] s] f] s/ ;dod} ltg'{kg]{
-`_ ;a;} uF gd|tfk"js{ afN] g'kg{]

eflifs ;+/rgf

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] Wofgkj" s{ k9\g'xf];\ M
ljBfnodf k|fy{gf ;ef ;dfKt eof] . ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ ;/f;/ sIffsf]7fdf

uP . Ps l5gkl5 pkdf u?' cfdf sIffdf kj| z] uge{' of] . To;kl5 ljBfyLx{ ¿sf]
xflh/L lnge' of] / zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf cfhsf] kf7sf] zLifs{ …dfofsf] 3/Ú nV] ge' of] .

æefOalxgL xf] Û ;ae} Gbf klxn] lstfasf] ki[ 7;ªV\ of @%^ kN6fpgx' f;] \ . To;kl5
…dfofsf] 3/Ú syf dgdg} k9gx' f;] \ . syf k9b\ f gae' ms] f zAbx¿df l;;fsndn]
/v] fªs\ g ugx{' f;] \ . cGTodf tL zAbx¿nfO{ sfkLdf ;fgx{' f];\ .Æ u?' cfdfn]
lgb]{zg lbg'eof] .

268 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dflysf] cg'R5]bdf uf9f cIf/n] n]lvPsf ljm| ofx¿n] s'g} s/' f eof] jf
ePg -xG' 5 jf xb'“ }g_ eGg] ;fdfGo ;"rgf lbG5g\ . o:tf ;fdfGo ;"rgf lbg]
ljm| ofx¿nfO{ ;fdfGofy{ lj|mof elgG5 . To:t} /]vfª\sg ul/Psf lj|mofx¿n]
cf1f jf cfbz] lbG5g\ . o:tf cf1f jf cfb]z hgfpg] lj|mofnfO{ cf1fy{
ljm| of elgG5 .

@= dfly cEof; ! sf] kf7af6 sfi] 7sdf atfPcg;' f/sf lj|mof l6Kgx' f];\ M

uf9f cIf/n] nl] vPsf zAbx¿ /v] fª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿ -cf1fy{

-;fdfGofy{ lj|mof_ ljm| of_

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#= tnsf ljm| ofkbaf6 ;fdfGofy{ / cf1fy{ klxrfg u/L ;fg{'xf;] \ M
hfpm a:5 a; vf x/] \ x]5{ eGof] k9L vfG5 eg]g

cfpm F hfcf]
;fdfGofy{ lj|mof M
==================== ==================== ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================
cf1fy{ ljm| of M =

==================== ==================== ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================

$= tnsf jfSon] sg' cy{ -;fdfGofy{ jf cf1fy_{ nfO{ ae' mfp5“ g,\ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ pgLx¿ k9\g yfn] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ ltdL cfh w]/} gvn] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 269

-u_ ltdL klg w/] } vN] b}gf} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ tF 3/leq} a;\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ tF 3/leq} a:5];\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-r_ xfdL ahf/ uofF} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-5_ pgLx¿ syf n]V5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-h_ ltdLx¿ eft vfcf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf vfnL 7fpd“ f cf1f jf cfbz] ae' mfpg] ljm| ofkb 5fg/] nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ ltdL 3/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -hfpm, hfG5f_}
-v_ ltdLx¿ otf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -cfpF5f}, cfcf]_
-u_ tF /fd|f] sljtf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -nv] \, nV] 5;\_
-3_ ltdL sfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -u5f},{ u/_
-ª_ ltdL Tof] ;fdfg 3/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -Nofpm, Nofp5F f_}

9ª' u\ f / df6f]

w/] } klxnfsf] s'/f xf] . Tolt a]nf hLjhGt' / 9'ªu\ f, df6f] h:tf kbfy{x¿
klg dfG5] h:t} af]Ng ;Sy] /] . To;} ;dodf Ps 7fpdF f 9ª' \uf / df6fsf]
/fdf| ] d]n lyof] . pgLx¿sf] ldqtf bv] ]/ c¿nfO{ O{iof{ g} nfUYof] .
pgLx¿ Psn] csf{nfO{ ;xofu] uy]{ . Pp6fsf] ;xf/f csf{nfO{ ldns] f]
lyof] . Ps /ft 7n' f] jiff{ eof] . 9ª' u\ fn] df6fnfO{ lyr/] arfof] . df6fn]
klg 9ª' \ufnfO{ ;dft/] /fVof] . /xbF f a:bf 9ª' \ufnfO{ df6f]eGbf cfk"m alnof]

270 gk] fnL, sIff ^

k'g/fj[lQ

ePsf] 3dG8 k}bf eof] . df6fnfO{ klg cfk"m 9ª' u\ feGbf 7'nf] xF' eGg]
3dG8 hfUof] . pgLx¿ emu8f ug{ yfn] . Psn] csfn{ fO{ c;xofu] ug{
yfn] . pgLx¿ Psn] egs] f] csfn{ ] dfGg klg 5f8] . bj' }lar af]nrfn /
;fy ;xofu] aGb eof] .
csf]{ lbg 3g3f]/ kfgL k¥of] . kfgLn] df6fnfO{ aufP/ nUof] . 9'ªu\ f] klN6P/
6j' |mf 6j' |mf eof] . Pstf / ;xof]usf] cefjdf b'j}sf] ;j{gfz eof] .

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 df}gjfrg ugx{' f;] \ .
@= lbOPsf cy{sf nflu pkoS' t zAb kf7df 5g\ . pSt zAb vfh] ]/ nv] L

zAb / cy{ agfpg'xf;] \ M
-s_ ldnfk, Pstf
-v_ l/;, cfl/;
-u_ cf8 e/f];f
-3_ d} 7'nf] xF' eGg] efj
-ª_ Hofb} 7'nf,] pTkft dRrfpg] afSnf]

#= dflysf] kf7af6 rf/cf]6f k|Zg agfpg'xf;] \ .
$= dflysf] syfaf6 tnsf h:t} ;ftcf7cf6] f dV' o 36gfx¿ a'b“ fut ¿kdf

nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ w/] } klxn] hgfj/x¿ / 9ª' u\ f, df6f] cflb klg dflg; h:t} afN] g'
%= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] af6 sg' } kfr“ cf6] f cg's/0ffTds zAbx¿ l6Kg'xf;] \ /

ltgnfO{ cfÇg} jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f;] \ M

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 271

Ps/ft cfsfz u8o\ fªu'8ª' ug{ yfNof] . lahn' L rdSs rlDsof] .
cfsfz wD' d k/s] f] lyof] . r/fx¿ lr/la/ ug{ yfn] . b/// kfgL k¥of] .
u8\ª8ª af9L cfof] . 9'ª\uf] kN' 6'ªkN' 6ª' klN6of] . df6f] ;n' n' ' aUof] .

^= pkoS' t lj|mof /fv]/ tnsf] df6f] / 9'ªu\ fsf] ;+jfb k"/f ug{x' f;] \ M

9ª' \uf ] M df6f] Û d 9'ªu\ f] x'F . d ux|fF} 5' . ltdLnfO{ dn} ] cfkt kbf{
lyr]/ arfPsf] 5' . ltdLn] dn} ] eg]sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
-dfg\M cf1fy_{

df6f] M cf]xf] Û dn} ] ;dft/] g/fv]sf] eP ltd|f] s] ult x'GYof] Û
To;}n] ltdL d}n] egs] f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -;g' M\ cf1fy{_

bj' }n] Pscsf{sf] s'/f dfg]gg\ . bj' }sf] ;j{gfz ÒÒÒÒÒ .
-x'gM' ;fdfGofy{_

;fd"lxs lj|mofsnfk

!= tn ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . ca sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{x¿ 5
;dx" aGgx' f];\ . To;kl5 uf]nf ky| f jf cfk;L ;xdltdf tnsfdWo] s'g}
Ps ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfgsf
a'b“ fx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \ / ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfn] sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf];\ M

-s_ snd eflF rlbPsf] lgx'dF f b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿lar ePsf] emu8f

-v_ afvf| n] tf/] L vfOlbPsf] lgxdF' f b'O{ l5ds] Llar ePsf] emu8f

-u_ 6f]ndf hyfefjL kmf]xf/] ˆofFSgfn] 6f]n b'u{lGwt ePsf] ;d:of

-3_ dfbs kbfy{ ;j] g u/L xfx] Nnf ugf{n] ePsf] ;d:of
l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= tkfOn{“ ] ;G' g'ePsf] jf k9\ge' Psf] sg' } Pp6f syf k'gnv{] g u/L sIffdf
;'gfpg'xf;] \ .

272 g]kfnL, sIff ^

@= …d]/f xh'/a'afÚ jf …d]/L xh/' cfdfÚ zLifs{ df Pp6f 5f]6f] /rgf tof/
kfg'{xf];\ . o;sf nflu cfÇgf cfdfa'afsf] ;xof]u lngx' f;] \ . pSt
lgaGwdf pxfs“ f] gfd, hGdldlt, hGd:yfg, lzIff, k;] f jf Joj;fo,
pxf“sf ;Gtfgx¿ cflb vn' :t kfg'x{ f;] \ .

;g' fO kf7 !^

;sf/fTds ;fr] f“}

w/] } ;do cufl8sf] s/' f xf] . ef/tdf csa/ gfd u/s] f /fhf lyP . pgsf b/af/df w/] }
dGqLx¿ lyP . ltgdf Ps lyP jL/an . jL/an cToGt ;sf/fTds ;fr] sf JolSt
lyP . pgL hlxn] klg …/fd|f]Ú, …l7s efÚ] …c;nÚ, …a]; ef] Ú h:tf ;sf/fTds l6Kk0fL
dfq uy{] .

Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf] . /fhf jL/an;Fu s/' f ub{} cfˆgf] t/af/ ;kmf ul//x]sf lyP
t/ uNtLjz /fhfsf] xftaf6 t/af/ v:' Sof] / pgsf] bflxg] v'66\ fsf] a9' L cf}Fnf
Rjf6\6} kf¥of] . /fhf …Po] fÚ eGb} s/fpg yfn] . Tof] ;a bl] v/x]sf jL/an rflxF
…/fdf| Ú] …xg' k} g{] eofÚ] eGg yfn] . cfˆgf] v6' 6\ fsf] a9' L cfnF} f sfl6P/ kL8fdf 56k6fO/xs] f
/fhfnfO{ jL/anbl] v Psbd w]/} l/; p7o\ f] / pgn] jL/annfO{ cfhLjg h]n ;hfo
tfl] slbP . l;kfxLFx¿n] kjm| ]/ pgnfO{ h]n nUg yfn] . Tolt an] f klg jL/an t
…/fdf| ]Ú, …pQd efÚ] , …l7s efÚ] eGb} h]nlt/ xf;F L xf;F L nfu] .

lbgx¿ lalt/x] . /fhfsf] cfnF} f sfl6Psf] 3fp klg lgsf] eof] . Ps lbg pgL cfˆgf
dGqLx¿, ;g] fklt / l;kfxLx¿;Fu l;sf/ v]Ng uP . l;sf/sf jm| dsf Pp6f d[unfO{
nv6] b\ } l;sf/ 6f]nL hª\unleq bug' { yfNof] . /fhf cl3 cl3, dGqL, ;]gfklt /
l;kfxLx¿ kl5 kl5 d[unfO{ nv]6\b} 3gf hª\unleq k;] . s]xL ;dokl5 l;kfxL,
;]gfklt / dGqLx¿ ;a} w]/}kl5 5f]l8P . cGTodf /fhf dfq PSn} 3gf3f]/
hª\unsf lardf k/] . To;kl5 pgL hª\unaf6 aflx/ lg:sg af6f] vf]Hb}
eft} fl/bF f ToxfsF f hªu\ nL dflg;x¿sf] kmGbfdf k/] . hªu\ nL dflg;x¿n] pgnfO{

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 273

kjm| ] / cfˆgf dl' vofsxfF lhDdf nufP . o;/L crfgs dfG5] kmn] f kbf{ pgLx¿ v'a
v;' L eP . v;' L xg' ] sf/0f s] lyof] eg] pgLx¿sf] sn' kh" f ugk{' g{] lyof] / To;sf nflu
dfG5]s} aln lbg'kg]{ lyof] .

hª\unL dflg;x¿sf] s'nk"hfsf] w'dwfd tof/L eof] . pgLx¿ gfRg, ufpg,
lhª\ufnfnf ug{ yfn] . cGTodf aln r9fpgk' g]{ ;do eof] / /fhfnfO{ alnsf nflu
tof/ ug{k' g]{ ;do eof] . Toltsd} f Ps hgf pgLx¿s} efiffdf x'Gg xG' g, o;nfO{
aln lbgx' G' g eGb} lrRofof] .

ePsf] s] /x]5 eg] pgLx¿sf] sn' kh" fdf aln lbg'kg]{ dflg; cªu\ eª\u gePsf]
xg' 'kg]{ /x5] t/ /fhfsf] h'Qf kms' fNbf t pgsf] Pp6f cfn}F } /xg] 5 . o:tf] cª\ueªu\
ePsf] dfG5s] f] aln lbP pgLx¿sf] s'nb]jtf l/;fpg] /x]5 . To;}n] pgLx¿n]
/fhfnfO{ 5f]l8lbP .

k|f0f ar]kl5 /fhf b/af/ cfP . pgnfO{ cfˆgf] cf}Fnf sfl6bF f …/fdf| ] eofÚ] , …l7s
eof]Ú eGg] jL/ansf] s'/fsf] ofb cfof] . To;kl5 pgn] jL/annfO{ t?' Gt h]naf6
d'St ug{ cfb]z lbP . jL/an k'gM …/fd|fÚ] , …l7s efÚ] eGb} /fhfsf ;fd' cfP .

cfˆgf;fd' plePsf jL/annfO{ /fhfn] pT;'stfkj" {s ;fw] ,] æjL/an, Pp6f s'/f
eg t . d/] f] cf}Fnf sfl6bF f ltdL …/fdf| ]Ú, …l7sÚ eGb} lyof} . clxn] hn] af6 lgl:sof} /
ToxL eGb} 5f} . of] ;a t l7s 5 t/ ltdLnfO{ cfhLjg h]n ;hfo tf]Stf klg ltdL
…/fd|f]Ú, …j]z efÚ] eGb} hn] uof} . of] s'/f rflxF d}n] a'lemgF lg .Æ

æ;/sf/ Û d h]n guPsf] eP l;sf/ v]Nbf xh'/ / d ;Fu} x'GYof}F . clg tL
hª\unL dflg;x¿n] xfdL b'j}nfO{ ;dfTy] . aln r9fpg] a]nfdf xh'/nfO{ t
5fl] 8lbGy] lsgeg] xh/' sf] t cªu\ eªu\ ePsf] 5 . d t clxn;] Dd} ;Unf] 5' . To;kl5
t k|:6} 5, aln d]/f] r9\Yof] . d]/f] lhªu\ fnfnf xG' Yof] . xf]Og t <Æ jL/ansf] s'/f
;'g/] ;a} hgf 5Ss k/] .

274 gk] fnL, sIff ^