CLASS-6 NEPALI BOOK

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dn} ] kfPsfdf eGbf o;df d cem v;' L x'G5' .Æ

;fyLx¿n] To;} u/] . /d]z leqb} l] v v;' L lyof] . Tof] v;' L p;sf] cg'xf/df
emlNs/xs] f] lyof] . cfdfaa' fsf] t v;' Lsf] ;Ld} lyPg .

;a} hgf 3/ cfP . /d]z km'?ªu\ kb}{ sf7] fdf uof] . sf]7fsf pkxf/x¿
b]v]/ pm emg\ /dfof] . hGdlbgsf] pknIodf cfdfa'afn] zAbsf]z,
xh/' cfdfn] sfkL lslglbge' Psf] /x5] . kmk' n" ] kl] G;naS; / ;flgdfn] syfsf
lstfax¿ p;nfO{ pkxf/ lbO;Sge' Psf] lyof] .

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-3_ /d]znfO{ hGdlbgdf ss;n] s] s] pkxf/ lbg'eof] <
#= dflysf] kf7af6 d'Vo dV' o 36gf l6kf]6 u/L Ps cgR' 5]b n]Vgx' f;] \ .
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;fd"lxs lj|mofsnfk

!= …rlDsnf cgx' f/x¿Ú syfdf dflnsf / ul/df gldn]sf eP pgLx¿sf]
kl/jf/sf] emu8f Tolt ;lhn} 6'ª\lubg} Yof] . ca rf/kfr“ hgfsf]
;d"x agL dflnsf / ul/df gldn]sf eP syf s;/L 6ª' l\ uGYof] xfn] f,
cfcfÇgf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;dx" sf] lgisif{ sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

@= ;dx" df a;L kT| os] n] cfkm" nfO{ dg kg{] syf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ . ;dx" df ;g' fPsf]
;ae} Gbf /fdf| ] syf s;sf] /x\of] < ;dx" n] g} lg0f{o ug'{xf;] \ . ;d"xdf
pTsi[ 6 7xl/Psf] syf sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 97

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

@= cfÇgf] ufp“ jf 6f]ndf a;fa] f; ug{] s'g} tLg hgf l5ds] Lsf af/]df
l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug['x{ f;] \ .
;'gfO kf7 ^

ltgLx¿n] sf/vfgf t ;f/] t/ ===

Pp6f ;'Gb/ ufpF lyof] . To; ufpFdf Pp6f lu|n sf/vfgf lyof] . Tof] lu|n
sf/vfgfaf6 kmnfd lk6]sf] / sf6s] f] emsf{] nfUbf] cfjfh cfO/xGYof] . To;u} /L ToxfF
kmlg{r/ agfpg] sf/vfgf klg lyof] . To; sf/vfgfaf6 klg lbgel/ sf7 lr/]sf] /
vf]k]sf] lbSs nfUbf] cfjfh cfO/xGYof] . To;}n] ufpnF ] To; 7fpFaf6 sf/vfgf ;/f;] \
eGg] rfxGy] .
ufpnF s] f] rfxgfnfO{ tL sf/vfgf ;~rfnsx¿n] /fd|/L ae' m]sf lyP . Ps lbg lbpF;f]
lu|n sf/vfgfsf] ;~rfns pgLx¿sxfF cfof] / eGof], æd efl] n sf/vfgf ;fb}{ 5' .Æ
Psl} 5gkl5 kmlgr{ / sf/vfgfsf] ;~rfns klg cfof] / eGof], æ dn} ] klg ef]ln sf/
vfgf ;fg]{ lg0f{o u/F] .Æ
ufpnF ]x¿ cToGt v;' L eP t/ c;n l5ds] Lx¿ u'dfpFbf bM' v nfu]sf] s/' f atfP .
Tof] ;feF m ufpFn]n] pgLx¿nfO{ eJo ef]h klg vj' fP . t/ ef]lnkN6 kmnfd lk6s] f] /
sf7 lr/s] f] cfjfh cfPsf] cfP} eof] . ufpnF ] 5Ss kb{} Ps hgfnfO{ s'/f] a'‰g k7fP .
s]xL l5gdf pm cfP/ eGof], æxf,] pgLx¿n] sf/vfgf ;f/]sf] t ;xL /x5] t/ lu|n
sf/vfgf kmlgr{ / sf/vfgf ePsf] 7fpFdf ;/5] . kmlg{r/ sf/vfgf lu|n sf/vfgf
ePsf] 7fpdF f ;/5] .Æ ufpFn] lhNn k/] . ptf 3g 7fs] ]sf] / sf7 lr/]sf] cfjfh eg]
cfO/x\of] . s] o;/L a;fa] f; ePsf] 7fpFdf pBf]u ;~rfng ug'{ l7s xfn] f <

98 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cledv' Ls/0f

tnsf lrqx¿ xg] {x' f;] \ . oL ljBfnodf xg' ] ;x÷cltl/St lj|mofsnfksf lrq
xg' \ . s] tkfO“{sf] ljBfnodf tnsf ;a} ultljlwx¿ xG' 5g\ < oLdWo] tkfO{“nfO{
;ae} Gbf dg kg{] lj|mofsnfk s'g xf,] atfpg'xf];\ M

dflysf] lrqdf gePsf t/ tkfO“s{ f] ljBfnodf xg' ] cGo ;x÷cltl/St

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lgoldt cltl/St lj|mofsnfksf ¿kdf jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutf ;~rfng
xg' nflu/xs] f] 5 . pSt sfoj{ |md ;~rfns -pb\3f]ifs_ sIff ^ sL 5fqf
nlntfsd' f/L emf l5g\ .

>4o] u?' ju{ tyf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿ Û

cfh xg' nfu]sf] o; jfbljjfb sfo{jm| dsf] ;~rfns d nlntfs'df/L emfsf]
gd:sf/ . xfdf| ] ljBfnon] x/s] xKtf cfofh] gf xg' ] cltl/St ljm| ofsnfkcGtut{
cfh jfbljjfb sfo{j|mdsf] kfnf] /xs] f] 5 . cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfsf]
zLifs{ /x]sf] 5 – ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' f] . d cfhsf] o; sfo{j|mdsf]
;efWoIfsf] el" dsf lgjf{x ul/lbg'xg' ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofks >L ddtf
kf7snfO{ ;ljgo cg/' f]w ub{5' . o; k|ltof]lutfsf] lg0ff{ossf] e"ldsfdf
/lxlbgsf nflu u?' cfdf rGb|f gsdL{ / u'? sdn clwsf/LnfO{ cg/' f]w
ub5{ ' . o;u} /L ;dokfnssf ¿kdf sIff ^ sL 5fqf ?s' rfw} /L /xgx' G' 5 .

ca d jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfsf lgodx¿ eGg uO/x]sf] 5' . ;xefuL]
k|ltofu] Ln] oL lgodsf] k0" f{ kfngf ug{k' g]{ 5 M

!= s'g} l6kf]6 jf sfuh x]/]/ afN] g kfOg] 5g} .

@= sg' } JolSt, hflt, efiff, wd{, ;:+ sl[ tkl| t cf/f]k nufpg kfOg] 5g} .

#= jStfnfO{ kfrF ldg6] sf] ;do lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] 5 . kT| os] rf/ ldg6] df
hgfp 3G6L nfUg] 5 . kfrF ldg6] eGbf a9L afn] s] f s/' f dfGo xg' ] 5g} .

;ljgo – gd| ag/]

100 gk] fnL, sIff ^

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¿kdf ugk{' g{] 5 .

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ca d kIfsf tkma{ f6 cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg sIff ^ sL 5fqf s?0ff u?' ªnfO{
lgDTofp5F ' .

s?0ff u'?ª

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lgikIf lg0ffo{ s d08n, u?' hg / ;Dk0" f{ ;fyLx¿ Û xflb{s clejfbg Û

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cfˆgf s/' fx¿ /fVb} 5' .

dflg;x¿ ;DklQ eP ;a} yf]s k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]R5g\ .
;DklQn] 3/, hUuf, uf8L, hxfh, nQfsk8f, uxgf cflb lsGg ;lsG5
/ To:tf j:t'x¿n] v';L lbG5 eG7fG5g\ . To;}n] dflg;x¿ k};fs}
kl5 bf}8G5g\ . t/ cfk"m;Fu :j:y z/L/ 5}g eg] ;f/f j}ejsf] s]
sfd < jf:tjdf :j:y z/L/ hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] cfzLjf{b xf] .
tGb?' :t :jf:Yo ePsf] dfG5n] ] dfq hLjgsf] jf:tljs v';L kf| Kt ug{
;S5 . cfk"mn] rfx]sf] sfd ug{ ;S5 . cfk"mn] rfx]sf] s'/f vfg
;S5 . cfk"mn] rfx]sf] 7fpFdf hfg ;S5 . o;/L cfk"mn] rfx]sf
s'/fx¿ ug{ ;Sg] dfG5] dfq hLjgdf ;w}F v';L /xG5 . cfk"m;Fu
k|z:t wgbf}nt eP klg cfk"mn] rfx]sf s'/f ug{ g;Sg] /f]uu|:t
dflg;x¿ s;/L v';L / ;Gt'i6 /xg ;Snfg\ < pgLx¿nfO{ t d
z/0ffyL{ h:tf] dfq b]V5,' h;sf] hLjgdf :jtGqtf gfdsf] s'g} j:t'
5}g . v';L gfdsf] sg' } cfzLjf{b 5}g .

dofl{ bt – ;+oldt 101
g]kfnL, sIff ^

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:jf:Yo eg]sf] lg/f]uL /xgfsf] efj jf cj:yf xf,] tGb?' :tL xfÙ] dfgl;s
pbj\ ]u jf lrGtf/lxt cj:yf xf] . dflg;n] hDdf ug{] ;DklQ t s]jn
;fwg dfq xf] . ;fWo t :jf:Yo g} xf] . ;DklQ¿kL ;fwgsf] pkofu] u/]/
vfBfGg lsG5fF} . hf8f]udL{ 5Ng ntfsk8f lsG5f}F . :jf:Yos} ;/' Iffsf nflu
3/dxn agfpF5f}F . sf/0fjz :jf:Yodf u8a9L cfof] eg,] sg' } sf/0fn]
/fu] nfUof] eg] /fu] d'St x'g xfdL;Fu ePsf] ;a} ;DklQ vr{ u5f}F{ t/
s'g} klg ljjs] zLn dfG5n] ] o;sf] pN6f] ub}g{ . cyjf :jf:Yo lauf//] ,
cªu\ eªu\ eP/ ;DklQ hDdf ub{}g . dfG5]n] hDdf u/]sf] ;f/f ;DklQ
p;sf] :jf:Yos} nflu xf] . zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s tGb'?:tLsf nflu xf] .

hgfp 306L aH5

;efWoIf dxf]bo

dfG5;] uF kz| :t ;DklQ eP klg pm :j:Yo g} /xg] eg] To:tf] ;DklQsf] sg' } sfd g}
xF'b}g . Tolt dfq xf]Og, dfG5] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] c:j:y jf /fu] L
5 eg] cfk"m;Fu hlt;'s} wgbfn} t eP klg pm v;' L x'g ;Sb}g . ;Gti' 6
xg' ;Sb}g . vf;df :jf:Yo eg]sf] hLjg xf] . hLjg 5}g eg] ;DklQsf]
sg' } sfd xFb' }g . To;}n] klg ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7'nf] xG' 5 eGb} d cfˆgf]
egfO cGTo ub{5' . wGojfb Û

sfo{j|md ;~rfns

cfhsf] jfbljjfbdf kIfaf6 cfˆgf ts{ /fVg] s?0ff u?' ªnfO{ wGojfb .
ca d ljkIfsf tkma{ f6 cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg sIff ^ sf 5fq ljsNk
clwsf/LnfO{ lgDTofp5F ' .

j}ej – wg;DklQ
z/0ffyL{ – z/0f rfxg] jf kfpg]
pbj\ u] – tLj| ju] jf ult
ljj]szLn – ljj]s ePsf]

102 gk] fnL, sIff ^

ljsNk clwsf/L

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lg0ff{ossf] uxg lhDd]jf/Ldf /xg'xg' ] u?' x¿ tyf o; ;efdf pkl:yt
cfb/0fLo u?' hg / d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿df clejfbg Û

cfhsf of] ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' f] eGg] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljkIfsf
tkm{af6 cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ug{] cgd' lt rfxG5' .

cfb/0fLo dxfg'efjx¿ Û

k"jj{ Stf ;fyLn] ;DklQnfO{ ;/fk / :jf:YonfO{ cfzLjf{bsf ¿kdf rrf{ ub{}
cfˆgf] dGtJo /fVge' of] . t/ d pxfnF fO{ k|Zg u5'{, lsg dflg;x¿ hflu/
vfG5g\ < lsg pBfu] vf]N5g\ < lsg Jofkf/ Joj;fo u5{g\ < s] oL ;a
sdx{ ¿ :jf:Yosf nflu x'g\ < lgZro g} xfO] g . hLljsf rnfpgsf nflu
xg' \ . wg sdfpgsf nflu x'g\ . ;DklQ hDdf ug{sf nflu xg' \ . :jf:Yosf
nflu t 3/df Jofofd u/]/ a;] eOxfNYof] lg Û lsg 6G6nfk'/ 3fddf dfG5]
kfl] ng' < lsg vt/gfs ;'?ªleq dfG5] k;]/ hfl] tg' < lsg csf{sf] cwLgdf
a;/] lbg/ft v6g\ ' < lsg ;ae} Gbf Kof/f kl/jf/hgnfO{ 5f8]/ k/bz]
efl;g' < oL ;a} sd{x¿ dfG5]n] ;DklQ sdfpgnfO{ ug]{ xf]Og < k};f
sdfpg ug]{ xfO] g < vf;df cfhsf] jo:s dfG5]n] ug{] clwsf+z ljm| ofsnfk
wgfhg{ sf nflu ul//x]sf] xG' 5 . o;af6 klg :jf:Yosf t'ngfdf wgsf]
dxŒj slt 7n' f] 5 eGg] s/' f 3fd h:t} 5nª{ u\ 5 .

cfb/0fLo >ft] fu0f Û

;DklQdf ;as} f] xfO{xfO{ eGg] pvfg To;} ag]sf] xf]Og . ;DklQ ePdf

;an} ] ;Ddfg lbG5g\ . ;DklQ eP cfk"mn] rfxs] f] ;a} s/' f kf| Kt ug{

k|tLs – lrxg\
Jofofd – s;/t
jo:s – pd]/ k'us] f] aflnu

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 103

;lsG5 . hxfF;Dd v';Lsf] s'/f 5, Tof] t ;DklQsf] and} cl8Psf]
5 eg] klg xG' 5 . lsgeg] ;DklQ eP cfkm" nfO{ dg nfus] f] s'/f lsg]/ vfg
;lsG5 . cfk"mn] rfxs] f] 7fpdF f hfg, 3'dlkm/ ug{ ;lsG5 . cfk"mnfO{ dg
kg{] n'uf lsg/] nufpg ;lsG5 . cfjZos k/]sf a]nfdf s'g} JolStnfO,{
;dfhnfO{ / b]znfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . bfgbftJo ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fsl[ ts
jf cGo ljklQsf an] f s] tkfOFn{ ] slxNo} sg' } :j:y, x6\6fs66\ f dfG5n] ]
olt ;xof]u u¥of] egs] f] ;'Gg'ePsf] 5 < cjZo 5}g . o:tf] ;xofu] h;;uF
;DklQ x'G5, p;n} ] dfq ug{ ;S5 . c¿nfO{ ;ªs\ 6 k/s] f a]nfdf ;DklQ
gePsfx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] s/' f sj] n ;xfg'e"ltsf zAbx¿ dfq a;f{pg] xf] .
:j:y z/L/af6 lg:ss] f ;xfge' l" tsf zAbx¿n] efs] n] t8l\ k/xs] f dfG5x] ¿sf]
k]6 eg{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] a]nfdf pgLx¿nfO{ efl} ts ;xofu] sf] vfFrf] x'G5 .
cflys{ ;xof]usf] vfrF f] xG' 5 / To:tf] ;xofu] cfkm" ;uF ;DklQ ePsfx¿n]
dfq ug{ ;S5 . cGTodf cefjn] 56\k6fO/x]sf dfG5]x¿nfO{ cfly{s
;xofu] ubf{ kfOg] ;Gt'li6 cnf}lss xG' 5 . o;/L cfkm" ;Fu ePsf] ;DklQsf
sf/0fn] cfkm" n] rfx]sf ;a} yf]s ug{ kfPkl5 dfG5] v;' L geP/ s] ?Fb} lx8F \5
t < To;}n] d :jf:yeGbf ;DklQ 7'nf] x'G5 eGb} cfˆgf egfO oxL cGTo
ub{5' . wGojfb Û

sfoj{ |md ;~rfns

ljsNk clwsf/LnfO{ cfsifs{ k|:tl' tsf nflu wGojfb . ca d km]l/ kIfaf6
cfˆgf ts{ /fVg sIff ^ sf 5fq d:' tkmf cfndnfO{ lgDTofpF5' .

d:' tkmf cfnd

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf, lgikIf lg0ffo{ s d08n, u?' ju{ / ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿df
xflbs{ gd:sf/ Û

cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljifosf] kIfaf6 af]Nb} 5' .

104 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] wgnfO{ xftsf] d}nf eg]sf 5g\ . o;n] klg
;DklQ dxŒjk0" f{ s'/f xfO] g eGg] s'/f k|:6 xG' 5 . Tolt dfq xfO] g, ;DklQ
Ifl0fs 5 / To;sf] kl5 nfu/] hLjg aafb{ ug{ gx'g] cfzo dxfslj
b]jsf6] fsf] /xs] f] 5 . kj" j{ Stf ;fyLn] c¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xofu] ubf{ kfOg]
v;' L cnf}lss xG' 5 eGg'eof] t/ d pxfsF f] o; ljrf/k|lt k"0f{ c;xdt
5' . vf;df Tof] v';L t bl' gofFsf cufl8 dn} ] olt ;xofu] ug{ ;s]F eGg]
3dG8sf] kb| z{gL dfq xf] . ;DklQn] dflg;nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbgk' g]{ xf] t/
o;sf] l7s pN6f] xG' 5 . egfO g} 5, ;DklQn] s;n} fO{ 8sf/ cfpFbg} .
;DklQn] dflg;nfO{ emge\ mg\ c;Gti' 6 agfp5F . w/] } wgbfn} t ePsfnfO{
cfˆgf] ;DklQ gfz xfn] f ls, s;n} ] rf/] Ln6' L nh} fnf eGg] lrGtf ylkG5 .
To;n} ] pm 9S' ssf] lgbf| ;T' g ;Sbg} . p;nfO{ slxns] fxLF t ;ae} Gbf glhssf
dfG5];Fu klg cljZjf; nfU5 . o:tf s'/fx¿n] p;df ljleGg lsl;dsf
zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s /fu] x¿ nfU5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt, :j:y z/L/df :j:y
ljrf/ knfp5F . :j:y dflg;n] cfkm" nfO{ rflxg] ;DklQ sdfpg sfd ug{
;S5 . Joj;fo ug{, pBf]u snsf/vfgf rnfpg tyf hflu/ vfg klg
:jf:Yo /fdf| ] xg' k' 5{ .

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf Û

d]/f] ljrf/df ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo oL sf/0fx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 – Ps,

;;+ f/sf] sg' } klg wgbfn} tn] slxNo} :jf:Yo lsGg ;lsbF }g . olb To;f]

xG' Yof] eg] wgf9o\ x¿nfO{ slxNo} sg' } /f]u nfUbg} Yof] . t/ lj8Dagf s]

5 eg] pRr /Strfk, dwd' ]xnufotsf w]/} /fu] x¿ wgf9o\ nfO{ g} a9L

xG' 5 . bO' ,{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kn] tGb?' :t JolStn] dfq kz| :t ;DklQ

sdfpg ;S5 . o;sf] cy{ ;DklQ :jf:Yosf] kl5kl5 bf8} g] s/' f xf] . tLg,

dfgj hLjgsf] v';Lsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk0" f{ ;|f]t eg]sf] :jf:Yo xf] . dfG5]

Tolt an] f ;ae} Gbf v;' L x'G5, hlt a]nf cfkm" n] rfxs] f] s'/f ug{ p;sf]

:jf:Yon] ;fy lbG5 . rf/, dfG5]n] rfx\of] eg] afNosfnbl] v a'9];sfn;Dd

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 105

cfˆgf] :jf:Yo tGb'?:t /fVg ;S5 t/ ;DklQ dfG5]sf] jzdf xF'b}g . ;DklQ
t afx\o kl/l:yltdfly lge{/ xG' 5 .

hgfp 3G6L aH5
;efWoIf dxf]bo
To;n} ] xfdLn] bl' gofdF f sx] L ;do;Dd cst' ;DklQsf] dflns /xs] f dfG5x] ¿
sx] L ;dokl5 6f6 kN6/] ;8s5fk ags] f] bv] s] f 5fF} . To:t} sltko ul/a 7flgPsf
dflg;x¿ sx] L lbgs} cGt/fndf wgL, pBfu] klt ags] f] bl] v/xs] } 5fF} . lgisifd{ f
:jf:Yo g} ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] ;DklQ xf] . o;y{ ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' f] eGb} cfˆgf
s/' fx¿ cGTo u5{' . wGojfb Û

sfoj{ m| d ;~rfns

d':tkmf cfndnfO{ a]hf8] ts{x¿sf nflu wGojfb . d ljkIfaf6 cfˆgf
ts{ /fVg sIff ^ sL 5fqf ;l/:df kh| fkltnfO{ lgDTofpF5' .

;l/:df k|hfklt

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf, lg0ff{ossf] e"ldsf /xgx' 'g] u'?hg, cfb/0fLo lzIfs ju{
tyf k|ltofu] L / cGo ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿df xflbs{ clejfbg Û

;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7'nf] eGg] cfhsf] jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf d ljifosf]
ljkIf cyft{ \ ;DklQ 7'nf] eGg] kIfaf6 afN] b} 5' .

;DklQ egs] f] s;s} f] lghL clwsf/df /xs] f] wg jf bf}nt xf] . PZ] jo{
jf je} j xf] . o:tf] ;DklQjfnf dflg;x¿ h'g bz] df w/] } x'G5g,\ Tof] b]z
;Eotfsf] lzv/df ku' ]sf] xfdL bl] v/xs] f 5f}F . lsgls To:tf wgf9o\ x¿n]
cfˆgf] b]z jf ljb]zdf pBf]u, snsf/vfgf vf]N5g\ / w]/} dflg;nfO{
/f]huf/ lbG5g\ . Jofkf/ Joj;fo u5g{ \ / /fHonfO{ ljleGg /fh:j tyf

/fh:j – ljleGg s/ jf z'Nsaf6 /fHonfO{ kf| Kt xg' ] /sd gk] fnL, sIff ^

106

cfos/ lt5g{ \ clg bz] nfO{ emg\ ;DkGg agfp5F g\ . bz] df cfktsfn cfPsf
a]nfdf d :j:y 5', d]/f] :jf:Yo k|of]u u/ eg]/ dfq cfktsfn
6bg}{ . Toltan] f cfjZos kg{] j:t'x¿, vfBfGgx¿, cfh} f/ tyf xltof/x¿,
cfi} fwLx¿ vl/b ug{ khF' L geO{ xbF' g} . :jf:Yo /fdf| ] eP ;ayfs] xG' 5 eg/] uj{
ug]{ k"jj{ Stf ;fyLnfO{ k|Zg ug{ rfxG5' – sg' } b3' {6gf jf ljklQsf sf/0f
:jf:Yodf u8a8L eof] jf laluo| f] eg] s] x'G5 < d :j:y 5,' dnfO{ l7s
eOxfN5 eg/] laus|] f] :jf:Yo lkmtf{ x'G5 < o:tf] an] fdf c:ktfn hfgk' 5{ .
cfi} fwL ug{k' 5{ . 8fS6/ / c:ktfnsf] dxFuf] z'Ns ltgk' 5{ . clg dfq cfˆgf]
lau]s| f] :jf:Yo lkmtf{ cfpF5 . o;sf nflu klg ;DklQ cfjZos x'G5 .
cyf{t\ u'ds] f] :jf:YonfO;{ dt] lkmtf{ Nofpg ;DklQ rflxG5 .

cfb/0fLo >f]tfu0f Û

:jf:YoeGbf ;DklQ dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] cg]s sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . klxnf] sf/0f,

tGb?' :t :jf:Yosf nflu :jf:Yos/ cfxf/f rflxG5 . xfdL ;an} fO{ yfxf

5, ahf/df cgs] lsl;dsf cfxf/x¿ 5g\ . tGb?' :tLsf nflu cfjZos

kg]{ :jf:Yos/ cfxf/f eg] cGo c:j:ys/ jf ljleGg s/' fsf] ld;fj6

ePsf] cfxf/feGbf dxuF f 5g\ . To:tf vfgs] '/fx¿ lsGg c:jf:Yos/ vfg]

s/' feGbf w/] } k};f rflxG5 . o;af6 s] k|:6 x'G5 eg] xfd|f] dg / dl:tis

:j:y /fVgsf nflu klg ;DklQ g} rflxG5 . bf];|f] sf/0f, hLjgdf cgs]

;ª\s6x¿ cfOk5{g\ . slt v/] sg' b'3{6gfdf kg{ ;lsG5, s'g k|fs[lts jf

dfgjLo ljklQdf kml;G5 eGg] s'/fsf] 7]ufg xF'b}g . xfdLn] ev/{ } e"sDksf]

;fdgf u¥ofF} . To;sf] nuQ} gfsfaGbL klg ax] f¥] of}F . sf]le8 –!( sf]

dxfdf/L klg ;xo\ fF} . o:tf k|fsl[ ts jf cGo ;ª\s6x¿sf] an] fdf xfdLn]

zf/Ll/s ¿kdf tGb'?:t eP klg ;DklQ gePsfx¿sf] lahf]u bV] ofF} .

ef]sef]s} ePsf] ;dfrf/x¿ ;'Gof}F / x]¥of}F . ;DkGgx¿nfO{ o:tf

ljklQx¿n] vf;} ke| fj gkf/]sf] xfdLn] b]vs] } 5fF} . To;n} ] ek} l/cfpg] cgs]

;ª\s6x¿af6 xfdLnfO{ ;DklQn] g} arfp5F g ls :jf:Yon] . t];f| ] sf/0f,

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 107

;j] f g} wd{ xf] eGg] s/' f ;anfO{ yfxf 5 . hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s kfg{ rfxg]
x/s] JolSt ;dfh;j] f ug{ rfxG5 . ;dfhdf /xs] f dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug{
rfxG5 . ;dfhsf] pGgltsf nflu of]ubfg ug{ rfxG5 . cK7]/fdf
k/]sfx¿nfO{ p2f/ ug{ rfxG5 . o:tf sfo{x¿ ug{ p;;Fu ;DklQ x'g'k5{ .
hgfp 3G6L aH5
;efWoIf dxf]bo
To;f] t ;DklQ geP klg :j:y z/L/ ePsf] dfG5n] ] ;dfh;j] f ug{ ;S5 t/ To:tf]
;]jf ;Lldt x'G5 . p;n] Psk6sdf ;Lldt dflg;x¿nfO{ dfq ;xofu] ug{
;S5 t/ Pp6f ;DkGg JolStn] cfkm" ;uF ePsf] ;DklQsf] ;bk' ofu] u/]/
Ps} ;dodf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 . ;DklQsf] dfWodaf6
kz| :t ;|ft] / ;+;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;S5 . To;}n] d :jf:YoeGbf
;DklQ 7n' f] eGb} cfˆgf] s'/f cGTo ub5{ ' . wGojfb Û
o;kl5 sfoj{ m| d ;~rfnsn] jStfnfO{ wGojfb lbbF } lg0ff{os d08nnfO{
lg0f{o ;g' fpg cfu|x ugx{' G' 5 . lg0ffo{ sx¿dWoa] f6 ddtf kf7s u?' cfdfn]
lg0ff{os d08nsf] lg0f{o ;'gfpg'x'G5 . cGTodf, ;efsf] cWoIftf
ul//xg'ePsf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksn] jfbljjfb / ;x÷cltl/St
lj|mofsnfksf] dxŒj atfpgx' G' 5 . ljh]tf / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ awfO{ tyf
wGojfb lbbF } sfo{j|md ;dfkg ugx'{ G' 5 .

108 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

cf}hf/ ljj]s ePsfÙ] ljj]sL :jefjsf]
dGtJo vflnÙ ToxL dfq
ljjs] zLn dgsf] ljrf/, s'g} ;efdf JoSt ug{] cfˆgf] s'/f
sa] n wg;DklQ
;Eotf xftxltof/Ù Hofjn
bfn} t ;Eo xg' 'sf] efj, lzi6tf

@= lzIff Ifq] df ko| fu] xg' ] …kf7o\ jm| dÚ, …k/LIffÚ, …dN" ofªs\ gÚ, …;do tflnsfÚ,
…kZ| gkqÚ h:tf kfl/eflifs zAb Pjd\ ltgsf cy{ k9g\ x' f;] \ / ae' mg\ x' f;] \ M

kZ| gfjnL M sg' } s/' fsf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf nflu lgldt{
k|Zgx¿sf ;"rL -lzIff_

;Dkfbs M ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbg ug]{ JolSt -;~rf/_
P]nfgL M ;/sf/L hUuf, s;}sf] gfddf btf{ gePsf] hUuf -e"ld

Joj:yf_
cfz'slj M t?' Gt} sljtf /rgf ug{ ;Sg] slj -;flxTo_
lznfn]v M 9'ª\ufdf n]lvPsf] nv] -k'/ftŒj_
lgIfk] M lglZrt Aofh kfOg] u/L a}ª\sdf hDdf u/]sf] wg

-cy{zf:q_
hdfgt M s;}n] cfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f gu/]df cfk"mn] k"/f ug]{

s/f/gfdf -sfg'g_

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 109

si' ff]if0f M :jf:YonfO{ lxt gug{] lsl;dsf vfg]s'/f -:jf:Yo_
IfK] of:q M x'TofP/ kx| f/ ul/g] xltof/ -k|ljlw_
hLjsfz] M cfkm}Fdf kl/k"0f{ ePsf ;"Id hLjf0f' -hLjlj1fg_
cltl/St lj|mofsnfk M ljBfnodf x'g] n]vk9afx]ssf v]ns'b,

gfrufg cflb cGo ultljlw -lzIff_

#= ldNg] kfl/eflifs zAb /fvL jfSox¿ k/" f ug'{xf;] \ M

-5Gb, lgMzN' s, kbf]Gglt, ;s' 'Daf;L, clwjStf_

-s_ gk] fndf sIff !) ;Dd ===================== k9fOg] Joj:yf 5 .

-v_ ;/sf/n] tLg jifl{ eq ============= ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ePsf] 5 .

-u_ =================== ldnfP/ sljtf n]Vg' lgs} sl7g x'G5 .

-3_ oxL jif{ gf=;'= /fdaxfb/' sf] clwst[ df ================== ePsf] 5 .

-ª_ /lZd Gofkfg] ;/sf/L =========================== ag]sL l5g\ .

$= jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ M
-s_ b"/;~rf/ -6f9f;Dd ;dfrf/ k¥' ofpg] sfo_{
-v_ lgs'~h -jGohGts' f ;/' Iffsf nflu cf/lIft hªu\ n_
-u_ /v] flrq -/]vf g} /v] fåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] lrq_
-3_ hLjf0f' -gfªu\ f] cfvF fn] b]Vg g;lsg] ;I" d hLj_
-ª_ dxfdf/L -xh} f, Knu] , zLtnf, sfl] e8 – !( cflb ;ªj\ m| fds /fu] _
-r_ lznfGof; -3/, dlGb/ cflb agfpbF f hudf ljlwkj" s{ ky| d 9ª' u\ f
xfNg] sfd_
-5_ tf/fk~' h -/flt cfsfzdf emNsg] k|sfzlk08sf] ;dx" _

110 gk] fnL, sIff ^

k7gafw] / n]vg cEof;

!= 5 hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;L jfbljjfb kf7 tfl] sPcg';f/ k9g\ 'xf];\ M
-s_ ;dx" sf] klxnf] ljBfyLn{ ] kf7sf] ki[ 7e"ld / ;dfkg cgR' 5b] k9\g]
-v_ ;dx" sf] bf];f| ] ljBfyLn{ ] sfo{j|md ;~rfnssf] kf7 k9\g]
-u_ ;d"xsf] t;] |f] ljBfyLn{ ] kIf cyft{ \ s?0ff u?' ªsf] dGtJo k9g\ ]
-3_ ;dx" sf] rfy} f] ljBfyLn{ ] ljkIf cyft{ \ ljsNk clwsf/Lsf] dGtJo k9g\ ]
-ª_ ;d"xsf] kfrF fF} ljBfyL{n] kIf cyf{t\ d:' tkmf cfndsf] dGtJo k9g\ ]
-r_ ;dx" sf] 56} fF} ljBfyLn{ ] ljkIf cyft{ \ ;l/:df kh| fkltsf] dGtJo k9g\ ]
@= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ jfbljjfb sfoj{ m| d sxfF eO/xs] f] 5 <
-v_ jfbljjfb sfoj{ |mdsf] pb3\ f]ifssf] gfd s] xf] <
-u_ lg0ff{os d08ndf sf] sf] /xge' Psf] 5 <
-3_ ?s' rfw} /L sg' e"ldsfdf l5g\ <
-ª_ jStfx¿nfO{ af]Ng slt ;do lbOPsf] 5 <
-r_ klxnf] jStf sf] xf] <
-5_ ljkIfdf af]Ng] jStfx¿sf] gfd eGgx' f;] \ .
-h_ sfoj{ m| dsf] ;dfkg s;/L eof] <
#= kf7sf cfwf/df jStf klxNofpg'xf;] \ M
-s_ cfkm" ;Fu :j:y z/L/ 5g} eg] ;f/f je} jsf] s] sfd <

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 111

-v_ ;dokfnssf ¿kdf sIff ^ sL 5fqf ?s' rfw} /L /x]sL l5g\ .

-u_ bz] df cfktsfn cfPsf an] fdf d :j:y 5', d]/f] :jf:Yo ko| fu]
u/ eg]/ dfq cfktsfn 6b{g} .

-3_ lsg 6G6nfk'/ 3fddf dfG5] kfl] ng' < lsg vt/gfs ;'?ªleq
dfG5] k;/] hfl] tg' <

-ª_ egfO g} 5, ;DklQn] s;n} fO{ 8sf/ cfpbF g} .

-r_ cfhsf] jfbljjfbdf kIfaf6 cfˆgf ts{ /fVg] s?0ff u?' ªnfO{
wGojfb .

#= pRrf/0f u/L sfkLdf ;fgx{' f;] \ M

lgikIf, lg0ff{os d08n, :jf:Yo, k|ltof]lutf, tGb'?:t, :jtGqtf,
dxŒjk0" f{, ;Gt'li6, lj|mofsnfk, wgf9\o, /fh:j, vfBfGgx¿, ljklQ

$= >'ltnv] g ugx{' f;] \ M

;DklQn] dflg;nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbgk' g]{ xf] t/ o;sf] l7s pN6f] x'G5 .
egfO g} 5, ;DklQn] s;n} fO{ 8sf/ cfpbF g} . ;DklQn] dflg;nfO{
emge\ mg\ c;Gt'i6 agfpF5 . w]/} wgbfn} t ePsfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;DklQ
gfz xfn] f ls, s;n} ] rf/] Ln6' L n}hfnfsf eGg] lrGtf ylkG5 . To;}n]
pm 9'Sssf] lgbf| ;T' g ;Sbg} . p;nfO{ slxns] fxLF t ;ae} Gbf glhssf
dfG5];uF klg cljZjf; nfU5 .

%= s?0ff u?' ªsf] ;Dafw] gkl5sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] k9L 5f6] f] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ dflg;n] ;DklQaf6 s] s] s'/f k|fKt ug{ ;S5 <

-v_ hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] cfzLjfb{ s] xf] <

-u_ dflg;nfO{ jf:tljs ;'v kf| Kt ug{ s] rflxG5 <

112 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-3_ cfkm"n] rfx]h:tf] hLjg lhpg s] rflxG5 xfn] f <

-ª_ …jfbljjfbÚ / …:jtGqtfÚ zAbsf] cy{ eGg'xf];\ .

^= kf7sf cfwf/df kIf / ljkIf bj' }sf] dGtJoaf6 kf“r kfr“ cf]6f a'b“ f
l6Kgx' f;] \ .

&= 5f]6f] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g] jStfn] kfng ug'{kg]{
lgodx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-v_ …:j:y z/L/ hLjgsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] cfzLjf{b xf]Ú, s;/L <

-u_ b]jsf]6fn] wgnfO{ lsg xftsf] dn} f egs] f xfn] fg\ <

-3_ dflg;n] lsg ;DklQ sdfpg rfx]sf xf]nfg\ <

-ª_ ;DklQn] s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

*= cgR' 5b] kfnk} fnf] k9\gx' f;] \ / ;f/fz+ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

dfG5] 9ª' u\ ] ou' bl] v cfh;Dd cfOkU' bf p;n] u/s] f sfd j0fg{ ul/;fWo
5g}  . cfh dfG5] lj1fgs} sf/0fn] r/f h:t} cfsfzdf p8g\ , df5f
h:t} kfgLdf tl} /g, hldgdf l56f]eGbf l56f] bu'g{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
of] ljZjdf dfG5] hxfF klg ed| 0f ug{ ;S5 . lx8F /] dlxgf,F} jiff}{F nfUg]
7fpdF f lj1fgsf] ;xfotfn] Ps} l5gdf k'Ug ;S5 . ;+;f/df ePsf
bl} gs 36gfx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ ;'Gg / xg] { ;S5 . ;+;f/sf hg' ;s' }
sg' fsf dflg;;Fu rfxs] f] v08df s'/fsfgL ug{ ;S5 . xhf/fF} dfG5n] ]
jiffF{} nufP/ ug]{ sfd If0fe/df ug{ ;S5 . oL ofjt\ sfd ug{ dflg;
lj1fgsf] rdTsf/sf] sf/0fn] ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 113

(= cg'R5]b k9L uf9f zAbx¿nfO{ ldNg] tflnsfdf l6Kgx' f];\ . To;kl5 To:t}
c¿ tLg tLgcf6] f zAb n]Vg'xf;] \ M

k~rdfgn] ;ªs\ 6sf] an] f b}lgs c7f/ 306f;Dd sfd u/L ;DklQ ;~ro

u/s] f 5g\ . pgL tGb?' :t /xG' h]n pgsf ;Gtfgn] bM' v kfpFb}gg\ . pgsf]
:jf:Yodf tndfly ePsf] v08df eg] pgLx¿n] w]/} b'Mv kfpF5g\ lsgls
pgLx¿sf] g af]Ng] 9ªu\ 5, g t sfd ug{] g} . ;+of]un] cfh;Dd pgLx¿
;n+ Ug s'g} sfd lau|s] f] 5}g . pgLx¿larsf] ;DaGw klg /fd|} 5 .
…ªÚ j0f{ nfus] f zAb ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================
…`Ú j0f{ nfus] f zAb ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================
…0fÚ j0f{ nfus] f zAb ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================
…gÚ j0f{ nfu]sf zAb ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================
…dÚ j0f{ nfus] f zAb ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================
lz/laGb' -+_ nfu]sf zAb ==================== ==================== ==================== ====================

;'gfO / afw]

!= ;'gfO kf7 & ;'Ggx' f];\ / To;sf cfwf/df jfSo k/" f ugx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ s;n} ] ;'g, rfFbL, lx/f, dft] LnfO{ =================== 7fG5g \ .
-v_ :jf:Yo dflg;sf nflu ==================;DklQ xf] .
-u_ :j:y z/L/df :j:y ================sf] af; x'G5 .
-3_ cfˆgf] :jf:Yo ============================ /fVg] sfod{ f xfdL x/kn

;r]t /xg'k5{ .
-ª_ xfdf| ] ================== g} xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ xflg ug{] d'Vo sf/0f xf] .

114 g]kfnL, sIff ^

@= ;g' fO kf7 & sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ dflg;sf nflu ;a}eGbf d"Nojfg\ s] s] xf]nfg\ <
-v_ xfdf| ] :jf:Yo /fdf| ] eof] eg] s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ :j:y z/L/df :j:y ljrf/sf] af; x'G5, s;/L <
-3_ :jf:YonfO{ c;/ ug{] dV' o sf/0f s] xf] <

#= ;g' fO kf7 & sf cfwf/df ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ d"NoxLg ================================ -v_ k/fO{ ===============================
-u_ c:j:y =============================== -3_ ljklQ ===============================
-ª_ nfe =============================== -r_ ljkGg ===============================

$= lbOPsf] lrqsf cfwf/df tkfO{“n] s] af]w ug'e{ of] < lrqsf af/d] f
cfkm" n] ae' ms] f ljifoj:t' sIffdf atfpg'xf;] \ M

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 115

eflifs ;+/rgf

!= k9g\ 'xf;] \ / uf9f cIf/sf zAbdf ufn] f] 3]/f nufpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ -v_ -u_

p v]n v]N5 . pm /fd/| L pm v]n v]Nb} 5 . p p;n] v]n v]n]sf] 5 . p;n]

k95\ . pm ku| lt u5{ . /fd|/L k9b\ } 5 . pm ku| lt /fd/| L k9s] f] 5 . p;n] ku| lt

p;n] cj;/ kfpF5 . ub}{ 5 . p;n] cj;/ u/]sf] 5 . p;n] cj;/

p;n] cfÇgf] klxrfg kfFpb} 5 . pm cfÇgf] kfPsf] 5 . p;n] cfÇgf]

agfp5F . klxrfg agfpbF } 5 . klxrfg agfPsf] 5 .

dflysf tLgcf6] } tflnsfdf ePsf uf9f cIf/sf ljm| ofx¿n] clxns] f] ;donfO{
ae' mfPsf 5g\ . clxns] f] ;donfO{ ae' mfpg] lj|mofsf sfnnfO{ jt{dfg sfn
elgG5 . jtd{ fg sfnsf klg tLgcf]6f kIf x'G5g\ – ;fdfGo, ck"0f{ / k0" f{ .

@ pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} tnsf ;fdfGo jtd{ fg sfnsf lj|mofnfO{ ck0" f{
jtd{ fg sfn / k0" f{ jtd{ fg sfndf kl/jt{g ug'x{ f;] \ M

;fdfGo jtd{ fg sfn ck0" f{ jtd{ fg sfn k"0f{ jtd{ fg sfn

afN] 5' afN] b} 5' afn] s] f] 5'
n]V5g\ ===================== =====================
cfp5F f} ===================== =====================
xg] '{xG' 5 ===================== =====================
elG5g\ ===================== =====================
8/fpF5] ===================== =====================

#= lbOPsf] lgb{]zcg';f/ jfSo k/" f ugx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ d ljBfno ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -hfM ck"0f{ jt{dfg\_

116 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-v_ tF}n] lstfa ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -k9\ M k0" f{ jt{dfg_
-u_ kfn] bfO 3G6L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ahfpM ;fdfGo jtd{ fg_
-3_ 5f]/fn] k};f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -dfu\ M ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
-ª_ ;fgL n'uf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -w' M k0" f{ jtd{ fg_

kg' /fj[lQ

:jf:Yo

dflg; :j:y ePg eg] p;n] cfˆgf b}lgs sfdsfh ug{ ;Sbg} . cfˆgf
bl} gs sfdsfh ug{ ;sg] eg] p;sf] b}lgs cfodf :jtM c;/ k5{ .
Tolt dfq xfO] g dflg;sf] :jf:Yo laluP| kl5 p;sf] ePe/sf] ;DklQ ;a}
p;s} cf}ifwf]krf/df nfu]sf pbfx/0f xfdf| ] ;dfhdf k|z:t dfqfdf b]Vg
/ ;G' g kfOG5 . dfG5]sf] Pp6f ldufn}{ f km]g{'k¥of] eg,] Pp6f d'6'sf] eNa
km]g'{k¥of] cyjf dfgj z/L/sf ljleGg cªu\ a]sfd] eO{ cf}ifwL pkrf/
ug{' kbfs{ f] vr{ ;fdfGo sdfOn] wfGb}g . olb s'g} :j:y dflg;n] oL ;a}
cfi} fwf]krf/df vr{ gubf{ k|:6} bl] vg] ;DklQsf] art x'G5 . :j:y z/L/df
/x]sf] dfgl;s Pjd\ af}l4s ;DklQ vr{ u//] p;sf] hLjg ;'vdo aGg
;S5 . To;}n] xfdLn] ;wF} :j:y /xg ckgfpg'kg]{ s/' fx¿nfO{ ;dod} ljrf/
k¥' ofpgk' 5{ . lgoldt :jf:Yos/ efh] g, ;Gtl' nt cfxf/, cfjZos Jofofd,
lgoldt hLjgzn} L, ofu] , cfjZos zf/Ll/s kl/>d, jftfj/0f cgs' "lnt
klx/g / ;sf/fTds ;fr] fO cflb c;n :jf:Yo sfod /fVg] /x:ox¿ xg' \ .
oL s/' fx¿sf] cltl/St lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0fn] klg xfdf| ] :jf:Yo tGb?' :t
/fVg ;xofu] k¥' ofp5F .

cEof;x¿

!= dflysf] kf7 dfg} k7g ug{'xf];\ / tnsf zAb / ltgsf cy{ ;fg'{xf;] \ M

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 117

:jtM M cfkmFc} fkmÙ :jod\Ù cfkm}F
;Gtl' nt cfxf/ M :jf:YonfO{ tGb?' :t /fVg plrt dfqfdf sfaf]{xfO68«] ,

le6fldg, k|f]l6g, vlgh cflb ePsf] vfgs] /' f
of]u M od, lgod, cf;g xb'F } Wofg / ;dflwsf] ci6fª\u of]u

#= dflysf] cgR' 5]bsf cfwf/df pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ s:tf] an] fsf] vr{ ;fdfGo sdfOn] gwfGg] xG' 5 <

-v_ :j:y z/L/ xF'bf s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

-u_ :j:y hLjgsf /x:ox¿ s] s] xg' \ <
$= …;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7'nf]Ú eGg] jfbljjfbdf …;DklQdf ;a}sf] xfOx{ fO{Ú

eGg] pvfg k|ofu] ePsf] 5 . ca tkfO{“ klg cGo b'Oc{ f6] f pvfg
;ª\sng ug'x{ f];\ / sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \ .
%= …vn] Ú\ , …hfÚ / …?Ú wfta' f6 Ps Pscf6] f ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfn, ck0" f{
jt{dfg sfn / k0" f{ jt{dfg sfnsf jfSox¿ agfpg'xf;] \ .

;fd"lxs ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffdf tnsfdWo] s'g} Ps jf bj' } zLif{sdf jfbljjfb sfo{j|mdsf]
cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ . pSt jfbljjfb sfo{j|mddf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fKt
u/s] f] el" dsfx¿ lgjf{x ug'{xf;] \ . el" dsf gkfpg] ljBfyL{x¿ c;n
;|f]tfsf ¿kdf /xgx' f;] \ M
jfbljjfbsf zLif{sx¿ M
-s_ ;x/Lof hLjgeGbf ufpFn] hLjg /fdf| ]
-v_ aneGbf a'l4 7n' f]

118 g]kfnL, sIff ^

ljBfyLn{ ] lgjf{x ugk'{ g{] e"ldsfx¿
-s_ sfoj{ m| d ;~rfns -pb3\ fi] fs_ M Ps hgf ljBfyL{
-v_ ;efWoIf M Ps hgf ljBfyL{
-u_ lg0ff{os d08n M tLg hgf ljBfyL{
-3_ ;dokfns M Ps hgf ljBfyL{
-ª_ kIfaf6 af]Ng] k|ltof]uLx¿ M bO' { hgf ljBfyL{
-r_ ljkIfaf6 af]Ng] k|ltof]uLx¿ M bO' { hgf ljBfyL{

@= sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{n] …dflg;eGbf k|sl[ t alnof]Ú eGg] zLifs{ df kIf
/ ljkIfdf ts{ k|:t't ugx{' f];\ .

l;hg{ f÷kl/of]hgf

!= lbOPsf ljifosf] kIf jf ljkIfdf jfbljjfb nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ t/af/eGbf snd alnof ] -v_ lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf] .

@= sIffdf ufp;“ ef jf gu/;efsf] h:t} u/L ;ef cfof]hgf ugx'{ f];\ .
ljBfyLn{ ] g} hgk|ltlglw / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] el" dsf lgjf{x u/L
sg' } ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t eO{ kIf / ljkIfdf ts{ /fVg'xf];\ .

;g' fO kf7 &

;a}eGbf dN" ojfg\ s'/f

>4]o >ft] fu0f Û dflg;sf nflu ;ae} Gbf dN" ojfg\ s] xfn] f <

o; k|Zgsf] pQ/x¿ w/] } xg' ;S5g \ . s;n} ] ;g' , rfbF L, lx/f, dft] LnfO{ dN" ojfg\
7fG5g\ . s;}n] hUufhldg, ?lkofF k;} fnfO{ d"Nojfg\ 7fG5g \ . sf]xLsfx] L ljBfnfO{
d"Nojfg\ 7fG5g\ eg] sfx] L cfkmGt, ;fyL;uF LnfO{ dN" ojfg\ 7fG5g \ . o:t} pQ/x¿dWo]
:jf:YonfO{ dN" ojfg\ 7fGgx] ¿ klg w/] } 5g\ . Odfgbfl/tf, gl} tstf / ;bfrf/ dflg;sf
d"Nojfg\ kIf xg' \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 119

;fFlRrs} :jf:Yo dflg;sf nflu cdN" o ;DklQ xf] . xfd|f] z/L/ :j:y 5 eg] xfdL
h] klg ug{ ;S5f F} . /fd|/L sfd ug{, /fd/| L v]nsb' df ;xefuL xg' , /fd|/L n]vk9
ug{ z/L/ :j:y xg' k' 5{ . olt dfq xf]Og, /fdf| ] s'/f ;f]Rg klg :j:y z/L/ x'g'k5{ .
To;}n] elgPsf] 5, æ:j:y z/L/df :j:y ljrf/sf] af; xG' 5 .Æ
Pp6f egfO 5– …ltdLn] ;DklQ ud' fof} eg] sx] L klg u'dfPgf}, ;do u'dfof} eg]
s]xL lrh ud' fof} t/ :jf:Yo ud' fof} eg] ;a} lrh ud' fof} .Ú o; egfOaf6 klg
:jf:Yosf] ul/df k:| 6 xG' 5 . To;n} ] cfˆgf] :jf:Yo tGb?' :t /fVg] sfod{ f xfdL
x/kn ;rt] /xgk' 5{ .
dflg;sf nflu olt d"Nojfg\ :jf:YonfO{ c;/ kfg]{ w/] } sf/0fx¿ x'G5g \ . o:tf
sf/0fx¿dWo] dV' o rflxF xfdL cfkm}F xf}F . cyf{t\, xfd|f] nfk/afxL g} xfdf| ] :jf:YonfO{
xflg ug]{ d'Vo sf/0f xf] . o;y{ o:tf] nfk/afxLaf6 ar]/ cl3 a9\g] JolSt g}
;ae} Gbf ;DkGg JolSt aG5 . wGojfb Û

120 gk] fnL, sIff ^

cled'vLs/0f

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 121

* d/] f /x/x¿

ætkfO{F eljiodf s] aGgx' G' 5 <Æ

tkfOxF{ ¿n] w/] k} N6 o; kZ| gsf] ;fdgf u/s] f] xg' k' 5{ . clg hjfkm s] lbgx' G' 5 t <

d}n] klg tkfOF{x¿n] h:t} o; k|Zgsf] k6s k6s ;fdgf u/s] f] 5' . slxn]
kfxg' faf6, slxn] lzIfsaf6, slxn] cleefjsaf6 / slxn] t ;fyLaf6
klg . d slxn] slj, ;flxTosf/ aG5' eG5' . slxn] vn] f8L t slxn] 8fS6/
aG5' eG5' . slxn] OlGhlgo/, slxn] l;kfxLF F jf kx| /L aGg dg k5{ / ToxL
elglbG5' . slxn] lrqsf/ jf jlsn aGg] /x/ u5'{ . slxn] ls;fg, lzIfs
jf Jofkf/L aGg] aGg] /x/ nfU5 / ToxL hjfkm lbG5' . slxn] kqsf/ cyjf
sdr{ f/L agF" h:tf] nfU5 . slxn] snfsf/ jf /fhgLlt1 ag/] bz] sf]
;]jf ug]{ OR5f hfU5 / ToxL elglbG5' . o;/L s'g} k|:6 cfsf/
lnOg;s]sf,] l5gl5gdf abln/xg] cfsfzsf] afbn h:tf] 5 d/] f] hjfkm .

dnfO{ /fd|f uLt ;'Gbf, gf6s x]bf{, sljtf, syf, pkGof; / lgaGw
k9\bf ;flxTosf/ aGg dg k5{ . clg ;flxTosf/ ag]/ dfG5s] f, ;dfhsf,
bz] / ljbz] sf s'/fx¿ nv] ]/ c¿nfO{ cfgGb / r]tgf af8F "F h:tf] nfU5 .
l;g]df xb] f{ snfsf/ ag]/ ;a}sf dgdf a;"F / ;an} fO{ dgf/] ~hg;uF } pT;fx
ykF" h:tf] nfU5 . d slxns] fxLF ljleGg lsl;dsf vn] x¿ v]N5' / slt

;fdgf – cfdg];fdg] x'g] sfd gk] fnL, sIff ^
slj – sljtf nV] g]
;flxTosf/ – ;flxTo l;hg{ f ug{] JolSt
/fhgLlt1 – /fhgLlt ug]{ dflg;
rt] gf – /fdf| ] ljrf/, 1fg
pT;fx – sx] L /fdf| ] u/f“} eGg] efj, sfo{ ug{] pT;s' tf

122

v]nx¿ /ª\uzfnf jf l6eL sDKo'6/df x]5{' . Tolt an] f dnfO{ vn] f8L
ag/] } hLjg latfpg] /x/ nfU5 . cfx] f] Û /fdf| ] v]nf8L aGg ;s] t b]zsf]
gfd;dt] ;;+ f/e/ kmn} fpg ;lsGYof] . dnfO{ /fdf| lrqx¿ xb] f{ / lrq agfpg
a:tf cToGt /dfOnf] nfU5 . To:tf] an] f dnfO{ lrqsf/ ag]/ dg / cfFvfn]
bv] ]sf ;G' b/ s/' fx¿sf] lrq agfP/} hLjg latfpmF h:tf] nfU5 .

si[ fs v]taf/Ldf sfd u/s] f] bV] bf ;fRr} /x/ nfU5 . s[lif k|wfg b]zsf]

;kmn si[ fs agF" h:tf] nfU5 . /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ lgsf]

agfPsf] bV] bf 8fS6/ jf g;{ aGg dg k5{ . d}n] w]/} :jf:YosdLx{ ¿

sf/] f]gf efO/;sf] dxfdf/Ldf cfˆg} hLjgsf] hf]lvd dfn] /] /fu] Lsf ;]jfdf

h'6]sf] ;dfrf/ ;g' ]sf] 5' . To:tf :jf:YosdLn{ fO{ ;nfd ub{} ToxL af6fd] f

cfk"m klg lx8F F" h:tf] nfU5 . ;'Gb/ / km/flsnf af6f,] kn' , gx/, cfsif{s

ejg, /n] , uf8L xjfO{hxfh cflbsf] l8hfOg / cfljisf/ t OlGhlgo/x¿n]

ubf{ /x]5g\ . To;n} ] dnfO{ OlGhlgo/, cfljisf/s jf j1} flgs ag/] w/] } gofF

s/' fx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ /x/ hfU5 . ljsf; / lgdf0{ fn] bz] df ;Eotfsf] gofF

prfO yKg dg nfU5 . bz] ljsf;sf] s'/f ubf{ dnfO{ Jofkf/L, pBfu] klt

aGg ;s] x'GYof] h:tf] nfU5 . cfˆgf bz] sf pTkfbgx¿nfO{ ljbz] df a]r/]

bz] nfO{ wgL agfpg] OR5f hfU5 . ljbz] sf /fd|f s/' fx¿nfO{ bz] df NofP/

To;sf] pkof]u ug{u/fpg Joj;foL agF" h:tf] nfU5 .

/ªu\ zfnf – v]ns'b, gf6s, gfrufg cflb sfos{ f] kb| z{g ul/g] 7fp“

dxfdf/L – sf]/fg] f, Kn]u, x}“hf h:tf Psaf6 csf{d] f t'?Gt} ;g{] /fu]

sf]/fg] f – 8/nfUbf] ;?jf /f]u

efO/n – ?ufvfs] Laf6 ;g]{ dxfdf/L

hf]lvd – vt/f

:jf:YosdL { – :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfd ug]{

;nfd ug' { – ;Ddfg k|s6 ug{'

cfljisf/ – gof“ j:t' kQf nufpg'

;Eotf – k/fkj" {snbl] v rlncfPsf] rng

pBfu] klt – pBf]u ;~rfns

Joj;foL – Joj;fo ug]{

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 123

af6fdf ;fgf7n' f ;jf/Lx¿ u8' \5g\ . cfsfzdf xjfO{hxfh, x]lnsK6/ jf
/s6] x¿ p8\5g\ . ;d'b|df kfgLhxfh rN5g\ . dnfO{ To:tf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf]
rfns ag/] bz] ljbz] 8'Ng dg k5{ . cfkm";Fu} c¿nfO{ klg bz] bz] fj/
bv] fpg dg k5{ . o;/L 8'Nb} bv] fpbF } hfbF f cGgafnLn] ;lhPsf ;G' b/
vt] af/L klg bl] vG5g\ . tL cGgx¿, tL af]6la?jfx¿ ;'Gb/tfsf kt| Ls dfq
xfO] gg\, ltgLx¿ t xfd|f] hLjgsf cd[tx¿ xg' \ . To:tf cGgafnL geP
xfdf| ] hLjg /xFbg} . clg tL cd[t¿kL cGgafnLx¿ ls;fgsf] kl;gfsf
pkh x'g\ . To;n} ] dnfO{ hLjgbflogL cd[t pkfhg{ ug]{ ls;fg aGg dg
k5{ . cfk"m afrF /] c¿nfO{ arfpg] cleofgdf lxF8\g dg k5{ . olt ;G' b/
cleofgdf lx8F \g l;sfpg] sfd lzIfsn] ug'{x'G5 . lzIfsx¿ cfk"m dg} aQL
h:t} hln/xgx' G' 5 t/ c¿sf] hLjgsf] cGwsf/ x6fpg'xG' 5 . cfkm" gfljs
aGg'xG' 5 / k/' fgf] 8ª' \uf lnP/ gbL ?lF 3/fVgx' 'G5 t/ c¿nfO{ hLjgsf] gbL
tf/]/ ;kmntfsf] gofF ofqfdf k7fpgx' 'G5 . cfˆgf ljBfyL{sf] ;kmntfdf
v';L xF'b} ToxL v;' L c¿x¿nfO{ afFl8/xgx' G' 5 . To;n} ] dnfO{ lzIfs aGg
dg k5{ .

xfd|f] bz] jL/ ufv] f{x¿sf] b]z xf] . To;n} ] xfd|f] Oltxf;el/ xfdf| k'vfx{ ¿sf]
jL/tfsf] ufyf kfOG5 . o:tf axfb/' Lsf] syf k9\bf dnfO{ ;g] f jf k|x/L
ag]/ bz] sf] ;]jfdf vl6g] /x/ hfU5 . jL/tfsf] Oltxf;n] /ª\luPsf] xfd|f]

bz] bz] fj/ – bz] ljbz]
kt| Ls – lrx\g
cd[t – vfFbf cd/ x'g] kbfy{
pkh – v]taf/Laf6 afnL, la?jf, kmn cflbsf ¿kdf pTkfbg x'g] vfBj:t'
hLjgbflogL – hLjg lbg] lsl;dsf]
pkfhg{ – cfDbfgL
cleofg – sg' } lglZrt p2]Zo kf| Kt ug{ kf| oM ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ul/g] k|of;
gfljs – 8ª' \uf rnfpg] dflg;
ufyf – s;s} f] k|z+;f jf :t'lt

124 gk] fnL, sIff ^

bz] df cem} klg sltko cGwljZjf; 5g\ . cGofo, cTofrf/ / ei| 6frf/ klg
5g\ . To;n} ] o:tf] cGwljZjf;, cTofrf/ / ei| 6frf/ lgdn{" ug{sf nflu
dnfO{ ;dfh;]jf ug{ dg nfU5 . /fhgLltdf nfUg dg 5 / ;do ;x' fpF bf]
lgod, sfgg' agfP/ bz] df ;'zf;g sfod ug{ dg 5 . ljsf;sf] d"n
km'6fP/ Pp6f ljsl;t b]zsf ¿kdf ;u/dfyfsf] b]z gk] fnnfO{ ljZje/
lrgfpg dg 5 . ;z' f;gsf] s/' f ubf{ sdr{ f/Lsf] el" dsf dxŒjk0" f{ eP/
cfp5F . To;}n] dnfO{ sd{rf/L ag/] hgtfsf] ;j] f ug]{ /x/ 5 .

xf], d]/f cg]s /x/x¿ 5g\ . hLjgdf dnfO{ w]/} s'/fx¿ ug{ dg
5 . t/ dnfO{ yfxf 5, d}n] ;fr] ]sf ;a} s/' f ug{ d ;lSbgF . d]/f ;a}
/x/x¿ k/" f x'g klg ;Sbg} g\ . clxn] g} d o;} u5{' eg/] ls6\g] an] f klg
xfO] g . dnfO{ yfxf 5, d/] f cufl8 /x/sf w/] } af6fx¿ 5g\ . d hg' ;s' } Ifq] df
/Dg ;S5' . hg' ;s' } k;] f jf Joj;fo cuF fNg ;S5' . d h'g If]qdf uP klg,
hg' k];f jf Joj;fo cFufn] klg Pp6f c;n dflg; ag]/ lhpg] /x/ 5 .
cfˆgf] 7fpF, cfˆgf] bz] / ;;+ f/s} dflg;x¿sf] enf] xg' ] sfd ug{] /x/ 5 .

ei| 6frf/ – lgod lj?4 g}lts ktg x'g] u/L sfd u/L 3'; vfO{ kIfkftk"0f{ lg0fo{ jf
Jojxf/ ug]{ sfd
lgd{"n ug'{
;'zf;g – cGTo ug'{

– c;n zf;g

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 125

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf cg]sfy{s zAbx¿;u“ ldNg] cyd{ f hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

cy{ – ! cg]sfyL{ zAb cy{ – @

/fh:j /x/ Ps lbzf

afns pQ/ u}F8fsf] aRrf

rfxgf ;frF f] ;x/ s/ rfaL

hafkm s]6f] …u/Ú sf] cs/0faf]ws ljm| of

;To gu/ Ps lsl;dsf] bfn

l9kL

@= km/s km/s cy{ cfpg] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ugx'{ f];\ M
-s_ v/L
!= Ps lsl;dsf] jg:klt
@= dfbnsf] tfndf x'g] sfnf] efu
-v_ tfn -!= kfv] /L, @= 9ªu\ _
-u_ kq -!= lr7L, @= tx_
-3_ ;fn -!= jif,{ @= ;vj' fÙ cuf| v_
-ª_ xf/ -! k/fho, @= dfnf_

#= tnsf zAb tyf cy{ k9]/ jfSodf k|of]u ug['x{ f;] \ M gk] fnL, sIff ^

126

-s_ -c_ jL/ -axfb'/_ -3_ -c_ vfln -dfqÙ s]an_
-cf_ la/ -;'uF /' sf] efn]_ -cf_ vfnL -l/Qf_]
-v_ -c_ k/' f -k'/fgf]_ -ª_ -c_ ljif -hx/_
-cf_ k"/f -;Dk"0f_{ -cf_ la; -pGgfO;kl5sf] cªs\ _
-u_ -c_ k'mn -cG8f_ -r_ -c_ hflt -hft_
-cf_ km" n -ki' kÙ s;' d' _ -cf_ hftL -lgsf]Ù c;n_
k7gafw] / n]vg cEof;
!= dflysf] kf7 bt'| k7g ugx{' f;] \ / k9fO ;xL eP gePsf] ;fyLnfO{ ;'Gg

nufpgx' f];\ .
@= z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/]/ sfkLdf ;fgx{' f];\ M
;flxTosf/, dgf]/~hg, /ª\uzfnf, :jf:YosdL{, sf]/f]gf efO/;,

OlGhlgo/, pBf]uklt, pTkfbg, Joj;foL, x]lnsf]K6/, cGgafnL,
dg} aQL, e|i6frf/, cGofo, cTofrf/
#= l7s a]l7s 5'6o\ fpg'xf];\ M
-s_ cd[t¿kL cGgafnL ls;fgsf] kl;gfsf pkh x'g\ .
-v_ lzIfs d}gaQL h:t} lg/Gt/ cfkm" hn]/ c¿nfO{ 1fg lbG5g\ .
-u_ k|x/Ln] la/fdLsf] x/] rfx u5g{ \ .
-3_ ei| 6frf/ ug{ ;dfh;j] f ug{k' 5{ .
-ª_ /fhgLltdf nfUg] ;a} dflg; ei| 6frf/L xF'b}gg\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 127

$= l7s zAbdf -√_ lrx\g nufpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ dfG5s] f, ;dfhsf, bz] ljbz] sf s/' fx¿ nv] ]/ c¿nfO{ cfgGb /
r]tgf afF8\g] sfd ==== u5g{ \ .

-c_ v]nf8Ln] -cf_ gT[ osf/n ] -O_ ;flxTosf/n]

-v_ v]nsf dfWodaf6 bz] sf] OHht a9fpg] dflg;nfO{ =================
elgG5 .

-c_ ukmf8L -cf_ vn] f8L -O_ hj' f8L

-u_ /f]uLsf] pkrf/df lg/Gt/ v6\g] dflg;nfO{ ============== elgG5 .

-c_ kx| /L -cf_ jlsn -O_ 8fS6/

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-c_ jlsn -cf_ g;{ -O_ lzIfs

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================ xf] .

-c_ kqsf/ -cf_ v]nf8L -O_ j}1flgs

%= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ lzIfsn] s;/L c¿nfO{ 1fg af8F 5\ g\ <

-v_ s:tf JolStnfO{ snfsf/ elgG5 <

-u_ Jofkf/L / pBf]ukltn] s:tf] sfd u5g{ \ <
-3_ sdr{ f/Lsf] d'Vo sfd s] xf] <

-ª_ ;dfh;j] Ln] s] u5g{ \ <

128 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-r_ kx| /Ln] s;/L ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfp5F g\ <

^= Ps cgR' 5b] df pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ eljiodf ltdL s] aG5f} eGg] k|Zgdf nv] s s] hjfkm lbG5g\ <

-v_ n]vsnfO{ lsg slj, ;flxTosf/ aGg dg nfU5 <

-u_ ls;fg lsg dxŒjk0" f{ JolSt xf] <

-3_ s:tf] JolStnfO{ c;n JolSt elgG5 <

&= k9\gx' f];\ / pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

lg/Gt/sf] k|of;n] dflg;n] cfˆgf] klxrfg agfp5F . ;'ulGwt k"mn
k'mNg xfjfx/' L, 3fdkfgL, v/]8L, lxp,F sf8F f ;a;} uF s7f/] ;ª3\ if{ u/]
emF} Pp6f JolStn] cfkm" s] xf] eg/] lrgfpg hLjgdf cgs] sl7gfO;uF
n8\gk' 5,{ le8g\ k' 5{ . rsf]{ 3fd / bs]{ kfgLdf ls;fgn] wtLd{ f >d
gu/,] kl;gf gaufP ;f/f ljZjn] efs] efs] } dgk{' 5{ . ls;fg cfkm" afrF /]
c¿nfO{ arfpF5 . cfkm" efs] } a;/] c¿nfO{ xF;fp5F . ls;fgn] st{Jo
lal;P{ w/tLdf s] xfn] f < /f]uJofwLsf] /fs] yfd ub{} Pp6f :jf:YosdL{
lbg/ft c¿sf] pkrf/df vl6/xs] f] x'G5 . pgLx¿n] pkrf/ ug{ 5f]8]
s] xfn] f < ;dfhdf zflGt ;/' Iff sfod /fVg, hgtfsf] lhpwgsf]
/Iff ug{ /ftlbg ;/' IffsdL{ vl6Psf xG' 5g\ . cfbz{ ;dfh :yfkgf
ug{ k/f]ksf/L dgx¿ lg/Gt/ ;dfh;]jfdf vl6Psf x'G5g\ . To:t}
lzIfs, kfOn6, 8«fOe/, jlsn, OlGhlgo/, j}1flgs cflbn] cfˆgf]
sfd h:tf];'s} rg' f}tLk0" f{ eP klg lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . xfjf
lg/Gt/ axG5 . ;o" {n] lg/Gt/ k|sfz lbG5 . To:t} xfdLn] klg hLjgdf
cfOkg{] x/s] ;d:ofnfO{ cj;/sf ¿kdf abn/] lg/Gt/ /rgfTds
sfd ug{ ;Sof}F eg] xfdf| ] hLjg ;kmn xG' 5 .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 129

kZ| gx¿

-s_ dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/cf6] f k|Zg agfpg'xf];\ .

-v_ cfkm" n] agfPsf kZ| gx¿sf] cfkm} F pQ/ lbgx' f];\ .

*= cgR' 5]b k9]/ kbofu] tyf kbljof]u ldnfO{ ;fgx{' f;] \ M

dn} ] klg tkfO{F x¿n] h:t} o; kZ| gsf] k6s k6s ;fdgf u/]sf] 5' . slxn]

kfx'gf af6, slxn] lzIfsaf6, slxn] cleefjsaf6 / slxn] t ;fyLaf6
klg . d slxn] slj, ;flxTo sf/ aG5' eG5' . slxn] v]nf8L t slxn] 8fS6/
aG5' eG5' . slxn] OlGh lgo/, slxn] l;kfxLF F jf k|x/L aGg dg k5{ / ToxL
elg lbG5' . slxn] lrq sf/ jf jlsn aGg] /x/ u5'{ . slxn] ls ;fg, lzIfs
jf Jofkf/L aGg] aGg] /x/ nfU5 / ToxL hafkm lbG5' . slxn] kqsf/ cyjf
sd{ rf/L agF" h:tf] nfU5 . slxn] snf sf/ jf /fhgLlt1 ag/] b]zsf]
;]jf ug]{ OR5f hfU5 / ToxL elglbG5' . o;/L lunf] df6f] jf cfsfz sf] afbn
h:tf] 5 abln /xg] d/] f] hjfkm .

;'gfO / cGo efiffsf] ke| fj klxrfg

!= ;g' fO kf7 * ;G' gx' f;] \ . ca jStfsf cfwf/df tnsf efiff / ltgsf
j|mdlar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ yf¿ afx|fF}

-v_ du/ rfy} f]

-u_ at} 8n] L 5}6f}F

-3_ tfdfª cf7fF }

-ª_ lnDa " kfrF fF}

-r_ g]jf/L rf}wfF}

130 g]kfnL, sIff ^

@= ;'gfO kf7 * sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f;] \ M

-s_ gk] fnL efiff dfte[ fiffsf ¿kdf sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] =======================
hgtfn] afN] 5g\ .

-v_ gk] fnsf] bf;] |f] w]/} dfte[ fifL jStf ePsf] efiff ================ xf] .
-u_ gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ª\Vofsf] ================================== hgtfn]

ef]hk'/L efiff af]N5g\ .
-3_ gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ª\Vofsf]============================hgtfn] alHhsf

efiff af]N5g\ .
-ª_ ;a}eGbf yf]/} jStf ePsf] efiff ============================= xf] .

#= ;'gfO kf7 * kg' M ;'Ggx' f;] \ / tnsf efiffx¿nfO{ w/] }b]lv yf]/}sf] j|mddf
k'gn{v] g ugx{' f;] \ M

tfdfª, du/, /fO{, a}t8n] L, gj] f/L, lnDa', gk] fnL, yf¿, alHhsf,
efh] k'/L, 8f6] n] L, d}lynL, u?' ª, cjwL / pb'{

$= sIffdf gk] fnLafx]s cGo s'g s'g efiff af]Ng] ljBfyL{ 5g,\ l6kf6] u/L
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

eflifs ;+/rgf

!= cg' R5]b k9g\ 'xf];\ / ;d:t zAbx¿df /v] fªs\ g ug{x' f];\ / tL ;d:t
zAbx¿ sg' s'g zAb ldnL ags] f xg' \ -h:t} M lbg/ft Ö lbg ± /ft_,
b]vfpgx' f;] \ M

dflg; lbg/ft ldlxg]t u5{ . slxn] bfh'efO, Oi6ldqsf nflu sfd u5{ .

slxn] 3fdkfgL, ef]sltvf{ ;xFb} wds{ d{ u5{ . slxn] 5f/] f5f/] Lsf lzIffsf nflu
bf8} w'k u5{ . o;/L ;'vb'Mv ;xFb} hLjg/y cl3 a9fpF5 .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 131

@= …/x/Ú lgaGwaf6 bzcf]6f ;d:t zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ .

#= lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ePsf jfSox¿ k9]/ uf9f cIf/n] n]lvPsf lj|mofdf
ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \ M

sv u

pd]z laxfg} p7\g] pd]z laxfg} p7\b} xg' ] pd]z laxfg} p7s] f] x'g]

5 . pm vfgf vfg] 5 . pm vfgf gf} ah] 5 . pm vfgf gf} ah]

5 . To;kl5 sfddf vfbF } x'g] 5 . To;kl5 vfPsf] xg' ] 5 . To;kl5

hfg] 5 . a]n'sL kfFr sfddf hfbF } xg' ] 5 . sfddf uPsf] x'g] 5 .

ah] kmsg{ ] 5 . an] 'sL kfFr ah] kmsb{F } a]ns' L kfFr ah] kms]s{ f]

x'g] 5 . xg' ] 5 .

dflysf tLgcf]6} tflnsfdf ePsf uf9f cIf/sf ljm| ofx¿n] kl5sf] ;donfO{
a'emfPsf 5g\ . kl5sf] ;donfO{ a'emfpg] ljm| ofsf sfnnfO{ eljiot\ sfn
elgG5 . eljiot\ sfnsf klg tLgcf6] f kIf xG' 5g\ – ;fdfGo, ck0" f{ / k0" f{ .

$= cEof; # sf] tflnsfdf uf9f cIf/n] n]v]sf zAbx¿nfO{ tnsf]
tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{x' f];\ M

;fdfGo eljiot\ sfn ck0" f{ eljiot\ sfn k"0f{ eljiot\ sfn

p7\g] 5 p7\b} x'g] 5 p7s] f] xg' ] 5
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================

132 g]kfnL, sIff ^

# pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} tnsf ;fdfGo eljiot\ sfnsf ljm| ofnfO{ ck"0f{
eljiot\ sfn / k"0f{ eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g ug{x' f;] \ M

;fdfGo eljiot\ sfn ck"0f{ eljiot\ sfn k0" f{ eljiot\ sfn
vN] g] 5' vN] b} xg' ] 5' v]ns] f] x'g] 5'
a:g] 5g\ =====================
cfpg] 5f} ===================== =====================
afS] g] l5g\ ===================== =====================
=====================

$= lbOPsf] lgb{z] gcg;' f/ jfSo k"/f ug'{xf;] \ M

-s_ xfdL uLt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -ufpM ck0" f{ eljiot\_
-v_ t}nF ] 7n' f] 3/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -lsg\ M k0" f{ eljiot_\
-u_ sfG5L lxdfn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r9\M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
-3_ d/] f sfsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -hfM ck0" f{ eljiot\_
-ª_ pxfF w/fgdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -x/fp M k0" f{ eljiot\_

k'g/fj[lQ

c;n dfG5] aGg] /x/

cfdf eGg'x'G5 dnfO{ ;j] s aGg'k5{ .
/f]uL, b'MvL, ul/asf] ;]jf ugk{' 5{ ..
aa' f eGgx' 'G5 dnfO{ rfns aGg'k5{ .
cfsfzdf hxfh p8fO{ ljZj x]gk'{ 5{ ..

sfsfsfsL eGgx' 'G5 lzIfs aGgk' 5{ . 133
c1fgtfnfO{ gfz u/L lzIff 5g'{k5{ ..

g]kfnL, sIff ^

dfdfdfOh" eGgx' 'G5 jlsn aGg'k5{ .
cGofodf k/s] fnfO{ Gofo lbg'k5{ ..

xh'/aa' f eGg'xG' 5, vfh] lbJo 1fg .

bfgL u0' fL, ;dfh ;]jL pksf/L ag ..

;a} u5{g\ /fd|} s'/f ce}m s] s] aGg] .

/x/ 5 d]/f] ;w}F c;n dfG5] aGg] ..

cEof;

!= dflysf] sljtf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no xfn/] k9\g'xf;] \ .

@= gftf a'emfpg] zAb / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

km' kfh' >Ldfgs\ L lbbL

;fnf] bfhs' L 5f/] L

b]j/ >LdtLsL lbbL

;;/' f a'afsf xh'/aa' fÙ sk' L| xh'/aa' f

cfdfh" k'mk"sf >Ldfg\

elthL bj] /sL >LdtL

h7] fgL >Ldfgs\ f efO

bj] /fgL >LdtLsf efO

h]7L ;f; " >Ldfg\sL efph"

lhHo " >Ldfg\ jf >LdtLsf a'af

134 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ cfdfa'af s] s] ag eGg'x'G5 <
-v_ lzIfs aGg s;n] ;'emfj lbgx' 'G5 <

-u_ cGofodf k/s] fnfO{ Gofo s;n] lbG5 <
-3_ xh/' aa' fsf] OR5f s] 5 <
$= lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] agf6] b]vfpgx' f];\ M
bfgLu0' fL, efl] nkl;{, 7'Nofdf, ;flgdf, /fhb/af/

;fd"lxs lj|mofsnfk

!= ;fyLsf] ;d"xdf a;L ljleGg JolStsf af/d] f ljleGg >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
jf dl' b|t ;fdu|L cWoog ug'{xf];\ / pgLx¿sf OR5f jf /x/ l6kf6] u/L
sIffdf k:| tt' ugx[{' f;] \ .

@= 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o;u“ cfcfÇgf OR5f jf /x/sf af/d] f 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \
/ leGg leGg OR5f jf /x/sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= …d]/f] hLjgsf] nIoÚ zLif{sdf !@) zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw tof/ kf/L
lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf;] \ .

@= tkfO{“sf] ufp“ jf 6f]ndf ljleGg k];f jf Joj;fo ug]{ dflg;x¿
x'gx' G' 5 . To:tf dflg;dWo] s'g} tLg hgf km/s km/s k];f jf Joj;fo
ePsf l5ds] nfO{ e]6g\ x' f];\ / lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ;f]Wg'xf;] \ M

-s_ pxfnF ] hLjgdf ToxL k];f÷Joj;fo lsg /fH] ge' of] < 135

gk] fnL, sIff ^

-v_ pxfFn] Tof] k];f÷Joj;fo slxnb] ]lv ckgfpg'ePsf] xf] <

-u_ pxfFnfO{ cfˆgf] k;] f÷Joj;fo s:tf] nfU5 <

dflysf kZ| gx¿sf cfwf/df k|To]ssf af/]df Ps Ps cg'R5]b n]vL
lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f];\ .

;g' fO kf7 *

g]kfnsf efiffx¿

gk] fndf w/] } hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] a;fa] f; 5 . To:tf dflg;x¿n] afN] g] efiff klg
km/s km/s 5g\ . hgu0fgf @)^* cg;' f/ gk] fndf !@# cf6] f efiffx¿ afl] nG5g\ .

g]kfnleq af]lng] efiffx¿dWo] g]kfnL efiff ;a}eGbf w]/} jStf ePsf] efiff xf] . of]
efiff gk] fnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] $$=^$ k|ltztn] dfte[ fiffsf ¿kdf afN] 5g\ .
g]kfnL efiff cGo ;a} h;f] dfte[ fiff ePsf JolStx¿sf] dfWod efiff klg xf] .
gk] fnL efiffkl5 bf;] f| ] :yfgdf dl} ynL efiff cfp5F . of] efiff gk] fnsf] dWo t/fOs{ f
e"efux¿df a9L afl] nG5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ªV\ ofsf] !!=^& kl| tztn] dft[efiffsf
¿kdf d}lynL efiff af]N5g\ . t];|f] :yfgdf %=(* k|ltzt dfte[ fifL jStf /x]sf]
efh] k/' L efiff /x]sf] 5 . rf}yf] w]/} jStf ePsf] efiff eg] yf¿ efiff xf] . g]
kfnsf] s'n hg;ªV\ ofsf] %=&& kl| tzt dflg;x¿n] of] efif dft[efiffsf ¿kdf
af]N5g\ . kfrF fF} :yfgdf eg] tfdfª efiff cfpF5 . b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] %=!!
k|ltzt dflg;sf] dfte[ fiff tfdfª efiff xf] . 56} fd}F f gj] f/L efiff -#=@) Ü_,
;ftf}Fdf alHhsf efiff -@=(( Ü_ / cf7fd}F f du/ efiff -@=(* Ü_ /xs] f 5g\ . To;}
u/L gjf}F :yfgdf 8f]6]nL efiff -@=(& Ü_ / b;f}F :yfgdf pb{' efiff -@=^& Ü_ x/s] f
5g\ . cjwL, lnDa," u?' ª, at} 8n] L / /fO{ efiff j|mdzM P3f/f}Fbl] v kGw|fF} :yfgdf k5g{ \ .

g]kfnleq af]lng] ;a}eGbf yf]/} jStf ePsf] efiff sg' xf] < yfxf 5 < hgu0fgf
@)^* sfcg';f/ Tof] efiff c/aL efiff xf] . pSt efiffsf hDdf cf7 hgf jStf
/x]sf 5g\ .

136 gk] fnL, sIff ^

cledv' Ls/0f
vhfgf;Dd kU' g] tLgcf6] f af6fx¿ klxNofpgx' f];\ . To;kl5 ;a}eGbf 5f6] f]
af6fd] f xl/of] /ª nufpg'xf;] \ . ;a}eGbf nfdf] af6fdf /ftf] /ª nufpgx' f;] \
/ dWod af6fdf kxn“] f] /ª nufpg'xf;] \ .

-lrqsf/ ;fyL, o:t} ks| f/sf] t/ pSt vhfgfdf k'Ug] tLgcf6] f af6fx¿ agfpg'xf;] \ . To;kl5
To;sf] s'gfsfKrf cflbdf sDtLdf la;cf6] f ljleGg kf| 0fLsf cfs[ltx¿ klg /fVgx' f;] \ ._

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 137

( Hffu hfu w/0fLw/ sfO] /fnf

Hffu hfu ca hfu g hfu .
Nffu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..
3f]/ gLFb ca tf kl/Tofu .
Eff] eof] clt ;T' of} ca hfu .. !

b]zaGw'x¿ xf], p7 hfu . @
nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..
wfp] m wfp] m dgsf] ca d}nf] .
kmflnbp] m 8/sf] ca y}nf] ..

hfu hfu ca hfu g hfu . #
nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..
x]/ nf} c¿x¿ ;a hfu] .
b]z pGgltljif] ca nfu] ..

xfdLx¿] klg nf} ca hfufF} .
bz] pGgltljif] ;a nfuf}F ..
3f/] gLbF ca tf kl/TofufF} .
Eff] eof] clt ;T' of}F ca hfufF} .. $

pGgltljif] – pGgltsf nflu ljsf;sf lglDt
3f/] – w]/}, ulx/f]
kl/Tofu – k"0f{ ¿kdf TofUg] sfd
b]zaGw' – b]zaf;L

138 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cGo b]zx¿sf ca bfh“ f . %
nfug] ;do ef] a'em tfhf ..
bfh'efOx¿ xf], p7 hfu .
hfu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..

h] eP klg eof] ca eu} f] .
laTg' xf] hlt lyof] laltuu} f] ..
vfn] nf} gog vf]n g vf]n .
kmfn5f} lsg < g kmfng sfn .. ^

bfh“ f ] – tn' gf u/]/ xg] {] sfd
tfhf – af;L gePsf]

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

gog ;do

sfn pufg'{

vf]n Hofb}

clt cGg jf ;fdfg /fVg sk8f l;nfP/ agfPsf]

yn} f] cfvF f

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] gx' f];\ M

w]/ } Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ljsf; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

qf; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgbf| Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 139

;fhL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfvF f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;do Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d'ns' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

xb[ o Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kmf]xf/] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ;fgf] ¿k hgfpg] zAb nV] gx' f;] \ M

y}nf] Ö yn} L lrD6f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

8fnf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ yfn Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ufu|f] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ srf/} f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

emfn] f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k:' ts Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= lbOPsf zAbsf] b'O{ b'Oc{ f6] f cy{ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

sfn, kj,{ ;f/, tfn, xf/, sn, t/, s/

%= jfSodf ko| fu] ug'{xf];\ M

pGglt, d}nf,] 3f]/, kl/Tofu, gog

^= pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf zAb bf]xf]¥ofP/ gof“ zAb agfpgx' f;] \ M

hfu Ö hfu hfu ;fgf] Ö ;;fgf ]

k;} f Ö k};f;};f nfu Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

cfˆgf ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kfgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 7'nf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

140 g]kfnL, sIff ^

k7gafw] / nv] g cEof;

!= zAbx¿ pRrf/0f u/L ;fgx'{ f];\ M
pGgltljif,] bz] aGwx' ¿, yn} f], xfdLx¿, bfFhf,] gLbF , laltuof], gog,

w/0fLw/
@= …hfu hfuÚ sljtf no ldnfP/ k9g\ 'xf;] \ .
#= Znfs] k"/f ug'{xf;] \ M

b]zaGwx' ¿ xf,] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfu .
nfu ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ca nfu ..
wfp] m wfp] m ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ca ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8/sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ yn} f] ..

$= sljtfsf kª\lStsf cGTodf p:t} p:t} ;l' gg] kb tyf kbfjnLx¿ ;u“ }

nV] gx' f;] \ M

h:t}

hfu — nfu ==================================================

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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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