CLASS-6 NEPALI BOOK

-u_ ljBt' Lo pmhf{ -hn ljBt' \, ;fo} { -3_ ljBt' Lo ;fduL| x¿ -Nofk6k,
pmhf,{ OGwg ===_ df]afOn kmf]g, 6\ofan]6, cfOK{ of8 ===_

-ª_ pkrf/ ljlw -c:ktfn, 8fS6/L -5_ OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf
ljBf, cf}ifwLx¿ ===_

%= tkfOs{“ f] ljrf/df ;ae} Gbf dxfg\ JolSt sf] xfn] f, bz] ljsf;sf nflu
pgsf] of]ubfg s] s:tf] /xs] f] 5, atfpg'xf];\ .

eflifs ;+/rgf

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / uf9f cIf/sf zAbsf] agf6] df Wofg lbgx' f;] \ M

cfdfsf] dv' xg] {] lbg ca]nf gu/L kz| fGtn] cfdfnfO{ pkxf/ lbof] . cgdf]n

/Tg kfP h;/L cfdfn] k|zfGtsf] pkxf/kl| t cfsif{0f bv] fpge' of] . To;kl5
cTolws v;' L xF'b,} c¿sf] aj] f:tf ub}{ kz| fGtnfO{ dfq cfzLjfb{ lbg'eof] .

zAbsf] agf6]

ca]nf -c±a]nf_, k|zfGt -k±| zfGt_, pkxf/ -pk±xf/_­, cgdfn] -cg±
dfn] _, cfsif0{ f -cf±sif0{ f_, cTolws -clt±clws_, aj] f:tf -a±] jf:tf_

dflysf] pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} zAbsf clulNt/ uflF ;g] c, k|, pk,
cg, cf, clt, a] h:tf eflifs PsfOnfO{ …pk;u{Ú elgG5 . ca tnsf
pk;u{ nufO{ b'O{ b'Oc{ f6] f zAb agfpgx' f];\ M

c Ö cwd{ ==================== k| Ö ====================== ======================

pk Ö ================= ==================== cg Ö ====================== ======================

cf Ö ================= ==================== clt Ö cltl/St ========================

a] Ö ================= ==================== lj Ö ====================== ======================

k|lt Ö ================= ==================== ;' Ö ================= ====================

196 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= tnsf] tflnsfdf ePsf jfSox¿ k9\g'xf];\ / tLgcf]6} tflnsfsf

jfSox¿sf] t'ngf ugx'{ f];\ M

lgDg cfb/fyL{ dWod cfb/fyL{ pRr cfb/fyL{

tF eft vfG5;\ . ltdL eft vfG5f} . tkfOF{ eft vfgx' G' 5 .

pm 3/ hfG5 . pgL 3/ hfG5g\ . pxfF 3/ hfgx' G' 5 .

#= cEof; @ sf] tflnsf x/] L cfb/fyL{ ldNg] u/L tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jtg{
ug'x{ f];\ M

tF u[xsfo{ u5{;\ . =========================================== ==================================================

tF syf eG5;\ . ============================================== ===================================================

p;n] sfd u¥of] . =========================================== ===================================================

=================================================== pgL cf/fdn] a;] . ===================================================

tkfO{F ljBfno hfge' of] .=================================================== ==========================================

$= pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ s/0f eP cs/0fdf / cs/0f eP
s/0fdf kl/jt{g ug{x' f];\ M

-s_ efO eg]sf] dfG5 . efO egs] f] dfGbg} .

-v_ ltdL /fd|/L k9b\ g} f} . ======================================================

-u_ cfh kfgL knf{ . =======================================================

-3_ pgLx¿n] vn] lht5] g\ . =======================================================

-ª_ ;fyLn] wf]sf lbbF g} . =======================================================

-r_ pgLx¿ ahf/ ghfpmg\ . =======================================================

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 197

kg' /fjl[ Q

cn]ShG] 8/ u|fxd an]

cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd an] sf] hGd ;g\ !*$&
dfr{ # df :s6NofG8sf] Pl8gaud{ f ePsf]
xf] . pgsf aa' fsf] gfd cnS] hG] 8/ dn] efOn
a]n xf] eg] cfdfsf] gfd Plnhf u|];
;fOdG8\;\ xf] . pgn] ;'?df aa' faf6 3/d}
n]vk9 ug{ l;s] . To;kl5 :yfgLo
ljBfnoaf6} dfWolds txsf] lzIff k"/f
u/] . Pl8ga/f ljZjljBfno / nG8g
ljZjljBfnoaf6 pRr lzIff u|x0f u/] .

cnS] h]G8/ uf| xd a]n dV' otM 6]lnkmfg] sf] cfljisf/sf nflu rlrt{ 5g\ .
6l] nkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ uge{' Gbf klxn] pgn] sfg g;'Gg]x¿sf nflu pkofu] L
xg' ] pks/0f agfpg] k|ofu] x¿ u/] . o:tf] sfd pgL lsg ug{ rfxGy] eg]
pgsf cfdf / >LdtLdf sfg g;'Gg] ;d:of lyof] . cfjfhsf] lj1fg;uF
;DalGwt o:tf sfdn] pgnfO{ 6l] nkmfg] cfljisf/ ug{ kl|] /t u¥of] . cGttM
;g\ !(&^ dfr{ !) sf lbg pgn] bfx] f]/f] s'/fsfgL ug{ ldNg] 6]lnkmfg] sf]
cfljisf/ u/] . pSt cfljisf/df a]nsf] klxnf] cfjfh lyof], æjf6;g Û
otf cfpm . d ltdLnfO{ e6] g\ rfxG5' .Æ pgn] 6]lnkmfg] afx]s wft' kQf
nufpg] oGq -dfOg l86S] 6/_, kmf]6f]kmf]g, u|fkmf]kmf]g, kmfg] fu] f| kmnufotsf
w/] } j:t'x¿ cfljisf/ u/]sf lyP .

cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nsf] d[To' ;g\ !(@@ cu:6 @ df Sofg8fsf]
gf]ef :sl6of eGg] 7fpdF f eof] . pgsf] dT[ o'sf] an] f pgsf] ;Ddfgdf pQ/
cd]l/sfsf x/]s h;f] JolStn] kmf]g ubf{ kmf]g p7fP/ Psl5g zfGt /xGy] .

198 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 dfg} k7g ugx{' f;] \ / p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ vfh] /] l6Kgx' f;] \ M

lktf M ================================ yfngL M ================================

kl| ;4 M ================================ sfo{ M ================================

kTgL M ================================ lgwg M ================================

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ cn]ShG] 8/ u|fxd an] sf cfdfa'afsf] gfd atfpg'xf];\ .

-v_ cnS] hG] 8/ u|fxd an] n] sxfF sxfFaf6 lzIff k|fKt u/] <

-u_ cn]ShG] 8/ uf| xd a]nn] slxn] 6]lnkmf]g cfljisf/ u/] <

-3_ cn]ShG] 8/ uf| xd a]nsf] d[To' xFb' f s;/L ;Ddfg ks| 6 ul/of] <

#= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ pRr cfb/fyL{df jfSodf abNg'xf];\ M

-s_ pgn] ;'?df aa' faf6 3/d} n]vk9 ug{ l;s] .

-v_ tF ;fg}bl] v ldlxg]tL lyO;\ .

-u_ p;n] u[xsfo{ u/L .

$= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ cs/0fdf abNgx' f;] \ M

-s_ xfdL kf]v/f uPsf 5fF} .

-v_ pgLx¿ ef]ln kms{nfg\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 199

;fdl" xs ljm| ofsnfk

!= rf/kf“r hgfsf] ;d"x aGg'xf;] \ . ca x/]s ;d"xn] cfk;L 5nkmn u/L
s'g} Ps hgf ljZjk|l;4 -snfsf/, cfljisf/s, vn] f8L, ;flxTosf/,
ufos, ;ª\uLtsf/ cflb_ JolStsf] gfd 5gf6] ugx{' f;] \ . To;kl5 pSt
JolStsf af/d] f ;fd"lxs 5nkmnåf/f lgDg kIfx¿ l6kf]6 ugx{' f;] \ /
sIffdf k|:t't ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ gfd, hGdldlt / 7u] fgf, cfdfaa' f, lzIff
-v_ ;ª3\ if{ / dxŒjk0" f{ 36gfx¿, ofu] bfg jf ljZjkl| ;4 xg' ] sf/0f
-u_ dT[ o' -hLljt eP xfnsf] cj:yf_

@= cEof; ! s} nflu ag]sf] ;d"xsf ;a} JolSt eljiodf s'g} Pp6}
If]qdf sfd ug{'kg]{ eof] eg] tkfOx“{ ¿ s] aGg rfxg'xG5 < cfljisf/s,
snfsf/, ;/sf/L hflu/, vn] sb' , Jofkf/, ;dfh;j] f ls;fg cflb
s'g If]q /fH] gx' 'G5, lsg, 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

!= tnsf a“'bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL n]Vg'xf;] \ M

gfd M ul' UnPNdf] dfsf{]gL

hGdldlt M ;g\ !*&$ clk|n @%
hGd:yfg M afn] fU] gf, O6fnL
dftflktf M uO' l;Kk] dfsf{]gL, PGgL hd] ;g
lzIffbLIff M cgfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ljleGg lzIfsaf6 3/d} ;a} lsl;dsf] nv] k9
of]ubfg / k/' :sf/ M /l] 8of]sf] cfljisf/ === ;g\ !*(% lt/} t/ k6] ]G6 /fO6

eg] !*(& lt/ dfq lnPsf === ;g\ !()! df gf]a]n k/' :sf/ kfPsf
dT[ o' M ;g\ !(#& h'nfO{ @), /fd] , O6fnL

200 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= tkfO“{ s:tf JolStnfO{ ljZjf; ug{'x'G5, s:tf JolStnfO{ cljZjf;
ugx'{ G' 5 < 5f6] f 5f6] f bO' {cf6] f cgR' 5]bdf nV] g'xf;] \ .

;'gfO kf7 !@

Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\un]

cfˆgf] sfd / of]ubfgn] ;+;f/df gfd rDsfpg] JolStsf] kª\lStdf kg{] dxfg\
gf/Lsf] gfd xf] – ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ªu\ ]n . ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ª\u]nsf] hGd ;g\ !*@)
d] !@ df O6fnLdf aa' f ljlnod P8jf8{ gfOl6ªu\ ]n / cfdf km]gL l:dy
gfOl6ª\un] sf] ;'k'qLsf ¿kdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] afNosfn O6fnLd} laTof] .
;fg} pd/] df pgn] afa;' Fu efiff, ul0ft, Oltxf; / bzg{ sf] cWoog ug{ kfOg\ .

gfOl6ªu\ ]n pbf/ xb[ o ePsL efj's :jefjsL dfgjLo ;bfrf/sL k|ltd"lt{
lyOg \ . To; ;dodf ;dfh / cfdfaa' fn] ;dt] dg gk/fPsf] k;] f g;{nfO{
dofl{ bt agfpg / la/fdLx¿sf] ;j] f ug]{ nIo k/" f ug{ pgL cfhLjg nflu/
lxg\ . o;sf nflu nG8gsf] Ps xl:k6ndf ;g\ !*%# df kd| v' kl/rfl/sfsf
¿kdf lgoS' t eOg\ . 8fS6/x¿sf] pkrf/eGbf pgsf] ;]jfaf6 la/fdLx¿ l56f]
lgsf] xg' yfn ] . pgn] ljm| ldofsf] o4' df 3fOt] l;kfxLx¿sf] cfbz{ ;]jf ul/g\ .
To;} a]nfb]lv …n]8L ljy b NofDkÚ sf pkgfdn] pgnfO{ lrlgg yflnof] . a9L
;]jfsf sf/0f cfˆgf] cfvF f u'dfpgk' /] klg cfhLjg ljjfx gu/L dfgj ;]jfdf
gfOl6ªu\ ]n nflu/lxg\ . æ;]jf g} 7'nf] wd{ xf]Æ eGg] efjgfn] k]|l/t gfOl6ªu\ ]n
an] fotsf dlxnfsf] dfq geP/ ;;+ f/s} dflg;sL k/|] 0ffsL ;f| t] xg' \ .

dflg; hGdn] xf]Og sd{n] lrlgg'k5{ . o;/L cfˆgf] sd{n] lrlgPsL
gfOl6ª\u]n ;g\ !(!) cu:t !) sf lbg () jif{sf] pd]/df ;;+ f/af6 labf
eOg\ . ljZje/sf dflg;x¿sf nflu pgL ;j] fdf nfUg] k|/] 0ff lbg] k]|/0ffsf]
;f| t] sf ¿kdf aflF r/x]sL l5g \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 201

cled'vLs/0f

tnsf lrqx¿ g]kfns} sg' } 7fps“ f xg' \ . tL sxfs“ f b[Zo xg' \, 5nkmn ug{'xf];\
/ eGgx' f];\ M

tkfO“{nfO{ ;'Gb/ nfUg] g]kfnsf s'g} cf7cf6] f 7fp“x¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f];\ M
====================================== =======================================
====================================== =======================================
====================================== =======================================
====================================== =======================================

202 g]kfnL, sIff ^

!# nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf]
/fi6s« lj dfwjk;| fb l3ld/]

nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf] d/] } kfvfkv/] f]
lxdfnr'nL dlGt/ kfgL eg{] k“w]/f] .

n]s} x]¿F nfnLu'/fF;, aF] ;L x¿] F KofpnL
lk/tL af:g] k/j] f, lj/x af]Ng] GofpnL .
lxdfn 5'G5 an] s' L ;Ktlifs{ f tfFtLn]
hg' ]nL /ft latfp5F g\ ufpFbfufpbF } ;fyLn] .

;DemG5' d lxdr'nL cfF;s' f] l9sf v;fnL
of] la/fg' dn' s' df a:bg} dfof a;fnL .
gf} 8fF8fsf] kf/df k|Lltsf] b]z 5 d]/f]
lbndf 3fd gnfu] hut} ;f/f cwF /] f] .

d/] f] sfnLn]sn} fO{ tfs/] hfg] afbn
xftn] dn} ] g5f]P klg 5 slt sfd] n .
bf8} fO nfG5 dnfO{ o} afbn' 5fofn]
kfb5{ hxfF OGbg]| L k/]nf leHg] dfofn] .

kfvf – le/fnf] hUuf
kv]/f ] – le/fnf] k/s] f] kfvf] hldg
kw“ ]/f ] – vfg]kfgL lng hfg] sj' f, wf/f]
a“];L – kxf8kj{tsf kmb] sf] hldg
KofpnL – kx“ ]nf] km" n km' Ng] emf/ k|hfltsf] ag:klt

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 203

lj/x – cfkmGt jf lko| hglar ePsf] la5f8] af6 xg' ] j]bgf
GofpnL – lgnf] 6fpsf,] xl/of] k'R5/ / /ftf] e“'8L x'g] Ps hftsf] r/f]
;Ktlif{ – w'j| tf/fnfO{ kl/j|mdf ug]{ ;ftcf]6f tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x
la/fg' – ckl/lrt
kf/ – 8f8“ f jf kxf8sf] kNnf] kf6f]
sfd] n – b]Vbf, ;G' bf jf 5'“bf Kof/f] nfUg]

zAbe08f/

!= cy;{ u“ ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8f8F f jf kxf8sf] kNnf] kf6f]
-v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ le/fnf] k/s] f] kxf8L hldg
-u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kxF]nf] km" n km' Ng] a6' f] jf To;s} km" n
-3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tnlt/
-ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kxf8 kjt{ sf km]bsf] le/fnf] hldg
-r_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vfg] kfgL lng hfg] sj' f jf wf/f]
@= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]Vg'xf;] \ M
g/dfOnf ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfl:t/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
aF];L Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= Pp6} cy{ cfpg] zAb n]Vgx' f];\ M
kg]/f ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfof Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
b]z Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;"o{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
rGbd| f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ljZj Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

204 g]kfnL, sIff ^

d]3 Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nx/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

sfd] n Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= ;dx" jfrL zAb nV] gx' f];\ M

sldnfsf ] Ö tftF L cª\u'/sf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

cGgsf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf;F sf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

dfG5]sf ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ufO{j:t'sf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

cfufsf ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ km" nsf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} ;u“ ;u“ } cfpg] zAb n]Vgx' f];\ M

kfvf – kfvfkv]/f ] vt] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ld7f ] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ bfn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ufpF – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;x/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

6f]n – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ af6f ] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= jfSodf k|of]u ugx'{ f];\ M

kfvfkv/] f,] kFw]/f,] ns] , h'gn] L, sf]dn

k7gafw] / n]vg cEof;
!= …nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf]Ú sljtf no xfn/] jfrg ug'{xf];\ / lbOPsf

pRrf/0f ug{x' f];\ M

kfvfkv]/f,] kFw/] f,] lk/tL, ;Ktlif,{ 8fF8f, OGb]g| L

@= 5'6]sf zAb e/L sljtf k"/f ug'{xf;] \ M

-s_ n]s} x]¿F ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ, aF];L x]¿F KofpnL 205

g]kfnL, sIff ^

lk/tL af:g] k/j] f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afNg] GofpnL
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x'G5 a]n'sL ;Ktlif{sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
h'gn] L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ latfpF5g,\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fyLn] .
#= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} u/L uBdf n]Vg'xf];\ M
pbfx/0f M nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf] d]/} kfvf kv]/f] .
dnfO{ d/] } kfvf kv]/f] /dfOnf] nfUb5 .
-s_ lxdfn 5G' 5, a]n'sL ;Ktlif{sf tfFtLn] .
-v_ h'gn] L /ft latfp5F g,\ ufpFbfufpbF } ;fyLn] .
-u_ ;DemG5' d lxdrn' L cfF;'sf] l9sf v;fnL .
-3_ gf} 8fF8fsf] kf/Ldf k|Lltsf] b]z 5 d]/f] .
-ª_ bf8} fO{ nfG5 dnfO{ o} afbn' 5fofn] .
$= dflysf] sljtfdf no lgdf0{ f ug]{ kT| os] kª\lStsf clGtdsf nofTds

zAbx¿ -pbfx/0f M kv/] f] – k“w]/f]_ n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
-s_ …nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf]Ú sljtfsf /rlotf sf] xg' \ <
-v_ sljnfO{ s'g 7fpF /dfOnf] nfUbf] /x5] <
-u_ ns] df s'g k"mn km' ns] f] 5 <
-3_ aF;] Ldf s'g km" n kmn' ]sf] 5 <
-ª_ s'g r/fn] lj/x afN] 5 <

-r_ kFw]/f] sxfF 5 <

206 gk] fnL, sIff ^

^= 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ ;fyLx¿n] ufpbF fufpFb} s:tf /ft latfp5F g\ <
-v_ slj cfF;s' f l9sf v;fn/] s] ;DemG5g\ <
-u_ slt an] f ;f/f hut\ cFWof/f] x'G5 <
-3_ k/j] f jf GofpnLn] s] atfpF5g\ <
-ª_ sljsf] dgnfO{ s]n] bf}8fO{ nfG5 <

&= efj lj:tf/ ugx'{ f];\ M
-s_ ;DemG5' d lxdr'nL cf;F 'sf] l9sf v;fnL
of] la/fg' d'ns' df a:b}g dfof a;fnL .
-v_ gf} 8fF8fsf] kf/Ldf k|Lltsf] bz] 5 d/] f]
lbndf 3fd gnfu] hut} ;f/f cFw]/f] .

*= nfdf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ sljnfO{ cfˆgf] kfvfkv/] f] lsg /dfOnf] nfu]sf] xfn] f, j0f{g
ugx'{ f];\ .

(= …nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnfÚ] sljtfdf JoSt ePsf dV' o d'Vo ljifoj:t'
cfÇg} efiffdf n]Vg'xf;] \ .

!)= tnsf] sljtfsf] cz+ no xfn]/ k9g\ x' f];\ . To;kl5 ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf]
pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
k|sl[ t xf] vn' f k':ts k|sl[ t g} u?'
u?' yfkL k|s[ltnfO{ k9g\ u5'{ ;?' .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 207

kfgL d/] f] 7'nf] u?' , kh" f u5{' kfgL
kfgL h:t} ;kmf /fV5' d]/f] cfgLafgL .
kfgL h:t} ;ªl\ nP/ afRF g l;Sgk' 5{
sfF8fleq km" n h:t} xfF:g l;Sg'k5{ .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ k|s[lt s:tf] k:' ts xf] <
-v_ xfd|f] cfgLafgLnfO{ s;/L ;kmf /fVgk' 5{ <
-u_ s] s:tf] sl7gfOdf k"mn xf:F g ;S5 <
!!= k|=g=+ !) sf] sljtf+z ;'g/] nV] gx' f];\ . To;kl5 lstfa x]//] cfkm}“
k/LIf0f ugx'{ f;] \ .
!@= k|=g= !) sf] sljtf+zdf kfgL / k"mnaf6 l;Sg] s'/f 5g\ . ca tkfO“{
klg 3fd, cfuf], lxdfn, gbL, xfjfdWo] s'g} Ps zLifs{ df sljtf n]vL
lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpgx' f];\ .

;g' fO / ljifo lj:tf/
!= ;g' fO kf7 !# ;G' gx' f;] \ . ca 5'6]sf zAb e/L Znf]s k/" f ug'{xf];\ M
x] d]/L ====== Û geg To;f,] ========df k'mns] L
kms{G5' ======== d rf8F } eGg,] lsg xf] ========== <
d la;} ========== a;nF' f Nxf;f =========== la;} lbg,

========== km]l/ cfpF5 p8L ============= s'g} lbg,
e]6sf ============== lbg .

208 g]kfnL, sIff ^

@= ;'gfO kf7 !# sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ …d'gfdbgÚ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] s:tf] s[lt xf] <

-v_ …dg' fdbgÚ sf /rlotf sf] x'g\ <

-u_ …d'gfdbgÚ s:tf] ljifodfly n]lvPsf] 5 <

-3_ dbgn] lsg Nxf;f hfg rfxs] f xfn] fg\ <

-ª_ d'gfn] dbgnfO{ s] elgg\ <

-r_ dg' f xf;F ] dbg s] ug{ ;S5g\ <

#= ;g' fO kf7 !# df k|of]u ePsf tnsf zAb / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf]8f
ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

zAb cy{

csn] L cnlug] jf 56' \l6g] sfd

lj/x cfFvf

nf]rg kf];fs

;ª\s6 PSnL

O/fbf ;ªs\ i6

jz] ;ªs\ Nk c7f]6

$= ;'gfO kf7 !# df ePsf] sljtf+zsf lbOPsf kª\lStx¿sf] cfzosf
af/d] f 5nkmn u/L sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ M

xftsf d}nf ;g' sf y}nf, s] ug{' wgn] <

;fu / l;:g' vfPsf] a;] cfgGbL dgn] Û

x] d/] f Kof/f Û cld/L dgn] 209

gk] fnL, sIff ^

%= cEof; ! df ePsf kªl\ Stx¿df ;g' fO kf7 !# ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . To;kl5
d'gf / dbglar s] s:tf ;+jfb eP xf]nfg,\ cg'dfg u/L atfpg'xf;] \ .

^= tkfOn{“ fO{ dg kg{] sg' } uLt jf sljtfsf] sDtLdf 5 x/km nv] L sIffdf
k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

eflifs ;+/rgf
!= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\ 'xf;] \ / uf9f cIf/sf zAbsf] agf]6df Wofg

lbgx' f];\ M

3fs] Gt] tl/sfsf] k9fO /fdf| ] xFb' g} . u[xsfo{ gu/L …u/F]Ú eGg] 9F6j' f rfnfn] klg

cWoogdf ku| lt xbF' }g . cWoog /fdf| ] agfpg' 5 eg] c;n ;fyL 5gf]6 ug{
/ :j:y /xg ;Sg'k5{ . :j:y /xgsf nflu ld7f]eGbf u'lgnf] vfgf vfg] afgL
a;fNgk' 5{ .

zAbsf] agf6]

3f]sGt] -3f]s\±cGt]_, k9fO -k9\±cfO_, 9F6'jf -9fF6\±pjf_­, agfpg'
-agfp±g' _, 5gf]6 -5fg±\ cf6] _, ug{ -u/\±g_, u'lgnf] -ug' ±Onf]_ /
vfg] -vf±g_]

dflysf] pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} wft' jf zAbsf kl5lNt/ ufFl;g]
cGt,] cfO, pjf, cf]6, Onf,] g, g], g' h:tf eflifs PsfOnfO{ …kT| ooÚ
elgG5 . ca tnsf zAbx¿sf] agf]6 bv] fpgx' f;] \ M

duGt] M dfu±\ cGt ] lx8F fO M =====================================

8n' 'jf M agf]6 ===================================== M =====================================

dlnnf] M a:g M ===================================== =======================================

lhTg ] M ===================================== nV] g' M ===================================== ^
u/]/ M =====================================
g]kfnL, sIff
210

@= tnsf kT| oo nufO{ Ps Pscf6] f zAb -cEof; ! df gcfPsf_ agfpgx' f;] \ M

cGt] Ö 3'dGt] g ' Ö =================================

cfn' Ö ================================= cfO Ö ==================================

g Ö ================================= Oof/ Ö =================================

================================== =================================
pjf Ö g] Ö

cfn} L Ö ================================= cf6] Ö ==================================
O { Ö ================================= Pn' Ö =================================

================================== =================================
Onf] Ö P Ö

Oof Ö =================================

#= stfs{ f] lnªu\ cg;' f/ l7s ljm| ofkb /fvL tnsf jfSox¿ k/" f ugx{' f;] \ M
-s_ efO 3/af6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -cfO, cfof_]
-v_ alxgL ahf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -uO,{ uof]_
-u_ d/] f] 5f/] L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -k95\ , k9\5_]
-3_ d]/f] 5f]/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -a:5, a:5_]
-ª_ d]/L cfdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -cfpge' of], cfpg'eOg\_

$= lj|mofsf] jrgcg';f/ vfnL 7fpd“ f pko'St ;j{gfd zAb /fvL jfSo
k"/f ug{x' f;] \ M

-s_ xfdL dfdf3/ hfG5fF} . -d, xfdL_

-v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v]Ng hfG5;\ . -ltdLx¿, t_F

-u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d]/f] 3/ cfP . -pm, pgLx¿_

-3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tF 3/ ku' ]5g\ . -ltgLx¿, Tof_]

-ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gk] fnL dfq k9\5' . -xfdL, d_

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 211

%= tnsf jfSox¿sf] stf{sf] lnª\u / jrgcg';f/ lj|mofsf] ;ª\ult
ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ xfdL t vN] g hfG5 . -v_ tF s] eG5f} <

-u_ ltgLx¿ d]/f] 3/ cfof] . -3_ Tof] s] s'/f u5g{ \ .

-ª_ s]6fx¿ vN] g uof] . -r_ s6] Lx¿ k9\g yfnL .

-5_ sfG5Ln] ;fdfg af]s]sf] lyof] . -h_ efGhf 3/ cfpFl5g\ .

k'g/fj[lQ

d]/f] afNosfn

afNosfn ;as} f nflu dxŒjk0" f{ xG' 5 . oxL sfnv08df xfdL hLjgsf
cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ l;S5fF} . hLjg afFRg] snf l;S5fF} . o; pd/] df xfdL
w/] } uNtLx¿ klg u5f}{F . slxn]sfxLF p6\k6o\ fª sfd s/' f u5f}{ . slxn]
/dfOnf] ubfu{ b{} b'Mvsi6 klg kfpF5f}F . h] h:tf] 36gf o; pd/] df 36] klg
To;af6 l;ls/x]s} x'G5f}F .

clxn] dnfO{ afNosfn Pp6f /dfOnf] vn] h:t} nfU5 . dn} ] afNosfndf
h]hlt ultljlwx¿ u/F,] tL ;a} v]n h:t} hfU5 . tL ultljlw ;DemFbfdfq
klg cfgGb cfp5F . xg' t Tolta]nf h]df klg vn] sf] /; x'GYof] . lstfasf
kfgf kN6fpFb} lrq uGg] v]n v]lnGYof] . lstfadf dfG5]sf] lrq sltcf6] f
5g\ eGg] kl| t:kwf{ g} x'GYof] . ds} e6df; vfFbf d7' Ldf /fv/] hf/] lahf/]
v]lnGYof] . Pp6f sf7sf] 6'j|mfnfO{ 8f]/Ldf afFw]/ s'bfpFbf klg v]n g}
xG' Yof] . l/ª u'8fpFbf va' dHhf cfpYof] . leQfdf cuF f/n] sf]//] sf/] L v]Nbf
3/sf] leQf, blng, e'OF{ kmf]xf]/ ePsf] kQ} xFb' }gYof] . sk8fsf ;fgf ;fgf
6'j|mf a6'n/] kt' nL agfP/ k'tnLsf] ljjfx /lrGYof] . kt' nLsf] laxd] f 5f]/L
labfO ubf{ h:t} ;fFRr} /fO] GYof] . h] ubf{ klg hLjg /l;nf] lyof] .

212 g]kfnL, sIff ^

d ;fwf/0f kl/jf/df hlGdPsf] dfG5] . d]/f] hLjgdf :jfefljs vfnsf
bM' vx¿ lyP . ;fg}b]lv 3fF;bfp/f ug{'kYof{] . cfk"meGbf uxf| F} wfgsf] ef/L
afs]/ wfg s'6fpg lxF8\g'kYof]{ . cfkm"eGbf ;fgf efOalxgLsf] x]/rfx
ug{'kYof{] . ljBfno klg 3/af6 w/] } 6f9f lyof] . kfgL, em/L, hf8f], udL{
gegL lx8F ]/ g} ljBfno hfg] cfpg] ugk{' Yof{] . o:tf cg]s bM' vsi6 eP
klg ;'vsf] ld7f] cg'e"lt 5f8] \b} d/] f] afNosfn laTof] .

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 ;:j/ jfrg ugx{' f;] \ .

@= lbOPsf cy{;u“ ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nV] gx' f];\ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö sg' } vf; ;dofjlw
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö geOgxg' ]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö rfnrng
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö xf]8afhL
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö sfO] nf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö dfgl;s cg'ej

#= pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ hLjgsf cfwf/e"t s/' fx¿ slxn] l;lsG5 <

-v_ n]vsnfO{ afNosfnsf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw s] h:tf] nfU5 <

-u_ nv] ssf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <

$= dflysf] kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5]b afGsL ldnfP/ ;fgx{' f];\ .

%= tnsf zAb s;/L ags] f 5g,\ bv] fpgx' f];\ M

h:t} M ug]{ Ö u/\ ± g] afRF g], uGg,] k9fO, labfO, /l;nf,] agf]6, lx8F \g'

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 213

^= tnsf jfSox¿ z'4 u/L nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ dn} ] afNosfndf h] hlt uljljlwx¿ u/] .
-v_ d]/f] hLjgdf :jfefljs vfnsf b'Mvx¿ lyof] .
-u_ d/] L alxgL klg ;fg} lyof] .
-3_ cfdfn] w/] } dfof ug'e{ Og\ .

;fdl" xs lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffdf rf/kf“r hgfsf] ;dx" aGgx' f;] \ . ca x/]sn] cluNnf sIffdf
k9s] f jf cGo sg' } Pp6f afnuLt jf afnsljtfsf ;Demgx' f;] \ . To;kl5
;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sg' } afnuLtsf sDtL b'O{ cGt/f jf afnsljtfsf
rf/ x/km nV] gx' f];\ . cfÇgf] ;d"xn] n]vs] f] afnuLt jf afnsljtf
sIffsf] cu|efudf uO{ noa4 9ªu\ n] ufpg'xf;] \ .

@= tkfO{n“ fO{ s:tf] 7fp“ dg k5{ / lsg < 5p] sf] ;fyLnfO{ atfpg'xf;] \ .
;fyLnfO{ dg kg]{ 7fps“ f] j0fg{ klg tkfO“{ ;G' g'xf;] \ .

l;hg{ f÷kl/ofh] gf

!= lbOPsf ljifoj:t' cfwf/df tkfO“{ 3/ jf ljBfnodf s] s:tf s/' fx¿sf]
x]/rfx ug{x' G' 5 < s;/L / lsg x/] rfx ugx{' 'G5 < Ps cgR' 5]bdf j0fg{
ugx{' f;] \ M

-efO, alxgL, xh/' cfdf, xh'/aa' f, la/fdL cfkmGt, s's/' , ufO,{ e;}F L,
afv|f, kf7f, k"mn, la?jf, au}Frf, 3/cfFug, vt] LkftL, cGo hgfj/
cflb_

214 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= tkfO{“sf a'af, cfdf, xh'/a'af jf xh'/cfdfdWo] s;}nfO{ pxf“x¿sf]
afNosfnsf af/d] f ;fW] g'xf];\ . To;kl5 pxfx“ ¿n] atfPsf] s/' f l;nl;nf
ldnfP/ …d]/f] afNosfnÚ /fvL n]Vg'xf;] \ .

g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cToGt rlr{t sl[ t xf] – dg' fdbg . d'gfdbgsf] /rgf dxfslj

nIdLk|;fb bj] sf6] fn] u/s] f xg' \ . o; v08sfJodf dxfslj bj] sf]6fn] d'gf /
dbgsf] dd:{ kzL{ syfnfO{ sljtfdf ptf/s] f 5g\ . pSt v08sfJodf Ps lbg
dbg wg sdfpg egL cfˆgL a'9L cfdf / kf| 0fKof/L kTgL d'gfnfO{ 5f8]/ Nxf;f
hfg] s/' f u5g{ \ . To:td} f d'gf elG5g\ M

g5f8L hfgf];\, x] d]/f kf| 0f, cs]nL dnfO{
dgsf] jgdf glgEg] u/L lj/x hnfO{ .

glgEg] u/L lj/x hnfO{ .
nf]rgsf tf/f Û x] d/] f Kof/f, of] Hof]lt lanfP
s] eg"F < eGg] d sx] L lyOgF ljif g} lknfP .

Kof/f Û ljif g} lknfP .

o;/L cgs] lanfg} f ub{} dg' f dbgnfO{ k/bz] ghfg cfux| ul5g{ \ t/ dbg eG5g\ M

x] d/] L d'gf Û geg To;f,] h"gdf k'mns] L

kms{G5' km]l/ d rf8F } eGg,] lsg xf] en' s] L .

d la;} lbg a;nF' f Nxf;f kmsnF{' f la;} lbg

rv]jf km]l/ cfpF5 p8L laxfg s'g} lbg .

e]6sf a8f lbg .

Nxf;f guO{ g5f]8\g] ePsf dbgnfO{ dg' fn] clGtd k6s o;f] elG5g\ M

kmn' ]sf] sz] uns] f] lhp cfdfsf] dfofn]

afwF ]g x/] Û xh'/sf] kfp Û dfofsf] 5fofn]

xh/' Û cfdfsf] dfofn] .

hª\unL bz] a]kf/L jz] ;ª\s6 ;x]/

s] ldN5 x/] Û ltGnfO{ 5f8L Nxf;fdf uP/ <

xftsf dn} f ;g' sf y}nf, s] ug'{ wgn] <

;fu / l;:g' vfPsf] a;] cfgGbL dgn] Û

x] d/] f Kof/f Û cld/L dgn]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 215

cled'vLs/0f
tnsf lrqsf af/]df ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ M

216 gk] fnL, sIff ^

!$ jgef]h

cz]if dNn

-d~rdf sIff ^ df k9g\ ] cf7bz hgf afnaflnsfx¿ vl] n/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿
jgef]h cfPsf x'g\ To;n} ] gfRb}, uLt ufp“b} /dfOnf] ub}{ 5g\ . lzIfs klg 5]pdf
pgLx¿sf] gfrufg x]b{} /dfO/xge' Psf] 5 ._

kfgL k¥of]{ em//
xfjf rNof] ;//
gfrf}F g ;fyL xf] gfrfF} g
cfpm g ;fyL gfrfF} g
dfbn} aHof]
l3Gtfª l3Gtfª
d/' nL aHof] ltl//L
xfjf g} rNof] l;l//L

-gfRbf gfRbf yfs]kl5 5l/P/ e'Od{F f a:5g\ ._

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 217

xl/ M dHhfn] gfRof}F xlu <
/fdljnf; M cfh t d klg /fOemd' f uLtdf gfr]F .
n'dGtL M ef]hk'/L uLt ufpm g /fdljnf; .
/fdljnf; M k}nf g]jf/L uLt t ufpm g ltdL .
n'dGtL M ;a}n] cfcfˆgf] efiffsf] uLt ufpg] x} t .
km'af { M k}nf vfhf vfg] xf]Og < dnfO{ t ef]s nfUof] .
;a} M xf] xf] kn} f vfcf}F .
uf/} L M ;/ Û xh'/ klg cfpg;' \ g .
lzIfs M n d klg ltdLx¿;Fu} vfhf vfG5' .
-;an} ] vfhf af8F b\ } vfPsf] efjdf clego u5g{ \ . glhss} f] wf/faf6

kfgL lkP em}F, xft d'v wfP] sf] h:tf] efj lgsfN5g\ ._

uf/} L M ca s] ug{] <
em'df M o;kfln jgef]hdf gf6s ug{] egs] f] x}g <
nd' GtL M xf] t .
xl/ M xf] . oxL gf6s ljBfnodf klg b]vfpgk' 5{ .
/fdljnf; M s'g gf6s <
emd' f M xfdLn] agfpg] lg .
n'dGtL M cf]xf], s;/L agfpg] <
xl/ M cfh Ps lbg cfdfaa' f ag]/ x]/f},F s:tf] xb' f]/5} .

218 gk] fnL, sIff ^

nd' GtL M dn} ] t a'lemgF, s] egs] f] <
xl/ M kn} f o;f] u/fF}, s]6f hlt cfcfˆgf] aa' f agf}F clg s6] L hltn]

rflxF cfcfˆgL cfdf .
kma' f { M s;/L aGg] lg <
/fdljnf; M o;f] u/f}F xfd|f] a'afn] lbgel/ h] h] ug'x{ G' 5 To} To} ug{] . clg

ltdLx¿n] cfcfˆgf cfdfn] h:t} ug]{ .
uf}/L M cfxf Û slt /fdf| ] ljrf/ Û
n'dGtL M xg} o;f] u/f}F . xfdL aa' fklg agf}F, cfdf klg agfF} .
/fdljnf; M ltd|f] s'/f l7s} xf] . ;/nfO{ dg k¥of] xfdf| ] cfOl8of <
lzIfs M Psbd} /fd|f] .
kma' f { M To;f] eP o;f] u/fF} . ;a}n] cfcfˆgf cfdfaa' fnfO{ ;Demf}F .

d]/f aa' f lbgel/ sfofn{ odf sfd ug{x' 'G5 . cfdf rflxF j8f
sfofn{ olt/ hfg'x'G5 .
xl/ M d]/L cfdfsf] t ;fgf] lrofk;n 5 .
n'dGtL M d/] L cfdf t lbgel/ vt] df sfd ug'{xG' 5 .
/fdljnf; M d/] f aa' f klg .
uf/} L M d/] f cfdfaa' f t dhb/' L ug'{xG' 5 .
xl/ M n p7f}F, ;a} cfcfˆgf cfdfaa' f agfF} .
n'dGtL M k}nf ltdL g} ;?' u/ .
kma' f { M d ;ae} Gbf kl5 u5'{ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 219

/fdljnf; M cfx] f] Û slt af7f] Û

uf}/L M hNn] ;?' u/] klg xG' 5 lg

km'af { M n n d} ;'? u5{' . ;'? u5{' x} t . -Psl5g ;f]r] h:tf] u5{
clg dlxnfsf] cfjfhdf _

kma' fs{ f] cfKkf Û P cfKkf Û d ufpF;efdf hfg nfus] f] .
-Ps l5g ;fr] ]/_ c,F 5f]/f5f/] L kmnkmn" vfg] s'/f ub}{ lyP .
kmsFb{ f t/sf/L / kmnkmn" klg Nofpg" x} . -k?' ifsf] cfjfh_
d;Fu k};f 5g} . dlxgf d/]sf] 5}g . -dlxnfsf] cfjfh_ o;f]
;/;fk6 u/] eOxfN5 lg, hxfF OR5f ToxfF pkfo eG5g\ .
cfh d]/f] ufp;F efsf] a}7s cln nfdf] xG' 5 . To;}n] kmsg{
clns l9nf xG' 5 xf]nf . a]n}df 3/ cfP/ vfgf agfpgx' f;] \
x} . -k'?if_ clkm;df klg 6';'Ss a:g gkfO{ Psf]xf]/f]
hfl] tg'k5{ . cfh 3/wGbf klg d/] } yfKnfdf -v'Oo ;':s/] f
xfN5 ._ dl/g] g} ef] -dlxnfsf] cfjfh_ dfG5] /fu] n,] efs] n] dfG5]
d5{ t/ sfdn] slxNo} dbg{} . To;df klg cfˆgf] 3/sf] sfd, ldn/] }
ugk{' 5{ . -k?' if cfjfh_ eu} f] lg t, efif0f gbp] m g . ul/xfN5' lg,
a¿ ltdL rflxF ef]sfp5F o\ f,} rf8F } 3/ cfpg' lg . n d clkm;
lx8F] . -clkm; hfG5 . af6f]df a; r9] em},F a;sf] le8df
sfr] fsf]r, a;af6 cfn{s] f,] clkm;df sfd u/s] f] / ;fFemdf
yfs/] 3/ kmss{] f] clego u5_{ Po} f Û afa} s:tf] ysfO nfus] f] Û

;a} M -yk8L df5{g\ ._

xl/ M cfx] f] Û slt /fdf| ] clego u/s] f] .

lzIfs M dnfO{ klg /fd|f] nfUof] . c¿n] klg ug{'kof{] lg Û

kma' f { M xG' 5 ;/ . n ca s;sf] kfnf] < n'dGtL n ca ltd|f] kfnf] .

220 gk] fnL, sIff ^

n'dGtL M v,} dnfO{ t gcfP klg sfl] ;; u5'{ x} t Û -vt] df sfb] fnL lnP/
vGb} u/] em}F clego u5]{ . s]xL a/] df yfs] emF} ub{}, kl;gf
k':5] ._ kn} f h:tf] sfF xf] / Û ca t a'9L ePF, clnslt sfd
ubf{ klg Hofg bv' /] cfp5F . sfd gu/L s] vfg] < nd' GtLsf]
aa' f lat]sf] klg tLg jif{ e};Sof], pm 5pGhn] h;ft] ;f]
p;n] vt] sf] sfd uYof{,] ca t v]tsf] sfd klg cfkmF},
3/sf] klg cfkm}F . -la/fdL eP emF}_ Hofg ;a} s6s6L
vfG5 . d PSnn} ] kl/jf/ kfNg'k5{ .

-n'dGtL clego ubf{ ub{} ?G5] . nd' GtLsf] Tof] ?jfOnfO{ ;'?df
t ;a}n] clego g} xfn] f eG5g\ ;a} t/ ?bF f?Fb} a;]kl5 dfq
pgL ;flF Rrs} /f]P eGg] yfxf x'G5, ;a} kmsfpg yfN5g\ ._

/fdljnf; M -?Fb_} nd' GtL, ltdLn] t xfdL ;an} fO{ ?nfOlbof} . n, ca d
x;fpF5' -ss' '/sf] clego ub{_} £jfª, £jfª === xfdf| ] 3/df
lg 7n' f] s's/' 5 xlu, /ftL rf]/ cfof] eg] rf/] t 8/fP/
efU5 . oL o;/L eS' 5 – £jfª £jfª £jfª . s's/' xfd|f]
/fdf| ] £jfª £jfª u5{ ;wF}, xfdLnfO{ bV] bf eg] kR' 5/ xNnfpF5
;wF} . -;a} tfnL lk6\5g\ ._

xfdf| ] t hUuf klg w/] } 5g} . a'af t/sf/L v]tL ugx{' 'G5 .
df;} dcg;' f/sf t/sf/L pTkfbg u5fF{} . d klg aa' fnfO{ sfddf
;3fpF5' . xfdL ;a} ldnL t/sf/L vt] Ls} sfd u5fF} . -;a}
xf;Lv';L /dfp5F g\ ._ d a'af aG5' x} .

-clego ub}{_ P /fdlanfl;of, k9\g' 5}g slt v]ln/fÚ,
o;kfln klg k9fOdf /fd|f] ul/g;\ eg] lg ljBfnoaf6

sfl] ;; – ko| f; 221
g]kfnL, sIff ^

lgsflNbG5' . tF t lalu;| \ lalu|;,\ efOag} LnfO{ klg laufl/;\ .
-cfˆg} :j/df_ xG' 5 a'af, cab]lv k9\5' -aa' fsf] :j/df_ dnfO{
b'Mv gb] g afa' . ca slt jif{ g} afRF 5' / Û /f]u nfu]sf] yfx}
5 . d d/]kl5 s] xfn] f ltdLx¿sf] < oxL lrGtfn] lg›f klg
nfUbg} . -?G5 . ?bF f?bF } xf:F g] ko| Tg u5{ ._ eof] ca .

uf/} L M a; /fdljnf; .

lzIfs M dnfO{ klg ?jfOlbof} .

xl/ M /dfOnf] ug{ cfPsf] t ?g kf] yfNofF} .

km'af{ M n ca ltdf| ] kfnf] xl/ .

xl/ M dnfO{ t cfpbF }g . ;lSbgF xfn] f

uf/} L M ;S5f} sf]l;; u/ t .

/fdljnf; M p7 xl/, s]xL t b]vfpg} k5{ .

xl/ M -xl/ cfˆgL cfdfsf] gSsn ub{} clego u5{ ._ xl/ Û P xl/ Û
clnslt kfgL ttfP/ n] t . p7]/ efG;fdf hfg] klg tfst
5}g . lrof k;n vf]Ng g;s]sf] klg rf/ lbg e;} Sof] . d5{'
ls s] xf] .

uf}/L M -uf/} L klg cfˆgL cfdfsf] gSsn u5{] ._ P gfgL, cfh t]/f]
ljBfno labf x}g, cfOh d;Fu} lu66\ L s'6\g hfcf}F . t]/f] afsf]
cQf]kQf] 5}g d/] afrF ]sf] sx] L yf 5}g .

xl/ M v} t tftf] kfgL <

/dfOnf ] – dgf/] ~hg
222 g]kfnL, sIff ^

uf/} L M lxF8\ g P gfgL slt vN] g k/]sf] Û -;a} p\75\ g,\ cfcfˆgf
cfdfaa' fsf gSsn ug{ yfN5g\ ._

n'dGtL M vt] df sfd ug{ guP s;/L vfG5f} t ltdLx¿ <

-;a} tfnL lk65\ g\ ._

/fdljnf; M n ca k'Uof] . P em'df Û ltdLn] t sx] L klg b]vfOgf} Û

emd' f M ltdLx¿sf cfdfa'af h:t} t xg' \ lg d/] f cfdfa'af klg . aa' f
nu' f l;pgx' G' 5 . cfdf afn ljsf; sG] bd| f k9fpgxG' 5 . pxfxF ¿
/ftlbg gegL sfd ug{'xG' 5 . ca /dfOnf] u/fF} .

;a} M xf] /dfOnf] u/f}F .

-;a} tfnL lk6\5g_\

km'af { M ca uLt ufP/ gfRg] x} t Û

;a } M n x'G5 .

-uLt ufpFb} gfR5g\ ._

s's/' e'S5 £jfª £jfª

r/f u5{ lr/ lr/

vf]nf aU5 ;nnn

atf; rN5 ;// .

uf}/L M ;feF m klg k¥of] . 3/ hfgk' 5{ ca . cfh ;a}n] cfdfaa' fsf]
b'v b]vfof}F .

/fdljnf; M xfd|f cfdfa'af xfd|} nflu /ftlbg bM' v gegL sfd ug'{xG' 5 .

xfdL eg] ===

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 223

nd' GtL M xf] t lg, xfdLn] /fd|/L kl9lbpmg\ eGg'x'G5 pxfxF ¿ .

xl/ M cfdfaa' fnfO{ t slxNo} la;{gx' 'Gg .

kma' f { M cfdfaa' f egs] f t eujfg\ xg' \ afa} . xfdLn] cfh cfdfaa' fsf]
gSsn t u¥ofF} t/ cfdfaa' fn] xfdf| nflu slt w/] } bv' M ugx{' bF' f]
/x5] . Tof] klg a'‰ofF} xlu Û

uf}/L M cabl] v cfdfaa' fnfO{ slxNo} bMv' glbg] x} .

emd' f M cfhsf] jgef]h la;g{ } g;lsg] jgef]h eof] .

kma' f{ M cfdfa'afsf] b'Mvsf] af/] t xfdLn] ;fr] ]s} /xg] 5fF}

/fdljnf; M cfh Ps l5g cfdfa'afsf] el" dsfdf clego ubf{ t xfdLnfO{
slt ufxf| ] eof] . lar/f cfdfaa' fn] s;/L ;lx/xs] f xfn] fg\ .

uf/} L M 5f/] f5f]/L xg' t ;lhnf] /x]5 . cfdfaa' f xg' t slt ufxf| ] xFb' f]
/x]5 . cfh yfxf eof] .

kma' f { M cfhsf] lbg t xfdL slxNo} la;g{ ] 5g} fF} .

;a } M xf] t lg .

em'df M d Pp6f s/' f eG5' x} .

;a} M s] <

emd' f M o:t} gf6s o;kfln ljBfnodf b]vfpg] x} . ;/ t sx] L
afN] ge' Psf] 5}g .

lzIfs M ltdLx¿sf] kl| tef b]v/] bª\u kl//f5' . :ofaf; Û

k|ltef – ljzi] f lsl;dsf] Ifdtf

bª\u – dSv

224 gk] fnL, sIff ^

km' af{ M of] gf6s ljBfnodf klg bv] fpbF f xG' g / ;/ <
lzIfs M lsg gxg' ' . klxnf sIffsf7] fdf c¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{ b]vfpg] clg

;as} f nflu b]vfpg] .
;a } M x'G5 ;/ .
/fdljnf; M clg xfdf| cfdfa'afx¿nfO{ klg afn] fpg] .
;a } M xf] Û c¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg bv] fpg] .
-uLt ufp5F g\ _
kfgL k¥of]{ em//
xfjf rNof] ;// ===
-;dfKt_

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 225

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf zAb ;:+ st[ efiffaf6 cfPsf xg' \ . ltgLx¿nfO{ h:tfsf] To:t}
;f//] pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \ M

jif,{ eujfg,\ pbf;, afn, gf6s, uLt, efj, k?' if, dv' , ;dfKt, clego,
efiff

@= lbOPsf ;:+ st[ zAb / ltgaf6 ¿k kl/jtg{ eP/ cfPsf gk] fnL zAbx¿
lbOPsf 5g\ . tL zAbx¿sf] z4' pRrf/0f ugx{' f;] \ M

;+:s[t g]kfnL ;:+ st[ gk] fnL

x:t xft :yn" 7'nf]

sd { sfd kq kft

Ifq] vt] k"0f{ k/" f

sfi7 sf7 gj gofF

e|ft[ efO

#= zAb k9g\ x' f;] \ / sg' efiffaf6 cfPsf x'g\, klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M

cfOl8of -cª\u]|hL_ clkm; -cªu\ h|] L_ tna -c/aL_

8Dkm' -tfdfª_ dhb'/L -kmf/;L_ k/j] f -lnDa_"

sf]l;; -kmf/;L_ Rofª\u|f -z]kf{_ ljBfno -;:+ st[ _

cfjfh -kmf/;L_ /S;L -du/_ k;n -g]kfn efiff_

$= k9/] a‰' g'xf];\ M

;f| t] eg]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] dx' fg jf cfwf/ xf] . zAb;|ft] eg]sf] sg' }

226 g]kfnL, sIff ^

klg efiffdf zAbx¿ cfpg] d'xfg jf cfwf/ xf] . gk] fnL efiffdf tLg
lsl;dn] zAbx¿ cfPsf 5g\ –

-s_ ;+:st[ af6 h:tfsf] t:t} M kq, cfiff9, >fj0f, sfi7, ljBfno
===

-v_ ;:+ s[taf6 s]xL kl/jtg{ eP/ M xft, sfg, sf7, ;fpg, c;f/,
kft, ldt ===

-u_ c¿ efiffaf6 M ljBfno, clkm;, cfjfh, ‰ofn, kg} L, k6s' f,
k/j] f ===

g]kfnLdf ;:+ st[ af6 h:tfsf] To:t} cfPsf / ;:+ st[ af6 gk] fnLdf
cfpbF f cln cln ¿k km]l/P/ cfPsf zAbx¿nfO{ df}lns zAb elgG5 .
;:+ st[ afxs] c¿ ;a} efiffaf6 gk] fnLdf cfPsf ;a} zAbnfO{ cfuGts'
zAb elgG5 .

%= bz bzcf6] f dfl} ns / cfuGt's zAbx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .

k7gaf]w / n]vg cEof;

!= lbOPsf zAb ;'g]/ pRrf/0f ug{x' f];\ M

eujfg,\ ljrf/, xf6] ]n, ljBfno, dhb'/L, cfjfh, :jfaf;, clego,
k?' if

@= …jgefh] n3'gf6sÚ sIffdf clego u/]/ b]vfpgx' f;] \ . o;sf nflu
lzIfs, xl/, n'dGtL, /fdljnf;, k'maf{, uf}/L, em'df sf] sf] aGg] eg/]
klxnf g} e"ldsf af8“ \g'xf];\ . sIffdf ePsf ;an} fO{ el" dsf lbg'xf];\ .
Ps hgfn] gf6s ;~rfng ugx'{ f];\ .

#= jfSo agfpg'xf;] \ M

gf6s, ;dfKt, v]t, 7'nf], ljrf/, sf]l;; 227

g]kfnL, sIff ^

$= pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ of] gf6s s;n] n]vs] f xg' \ <
-v_ of] gf6s sxfF v]lnPsf] 5 <
-u_ /fdljnf;n] klg s'g uLtdf gfRof] <
-3_ kma' fs{ f] cfˆgf] efiff s'g xf]nf <
-ª_ nd' GtLsf] cfˆgf] efiff sg' xfn] f <

%= s;n] eg]sf] xf,] kfqsf] gfd nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ ;an} ] cfcfˆgf] efiffsf] uLt ufpg] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ dnfO{ t ef]s nfUof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ;/ Û xh/' klg cfpg';\ g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ cfh Ps lbg cfdfaa' f ag]/ x/] fF}, s:tf] xFb' f] /x]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ cfxf Û slt /fdf| ] ljrf/ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ xf] t lg, xfdLn] /fd|/L kl9lbpg\ eGgx' 'G5 pxfxF ¿ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-5_ a'af t/sf/L v]tL ugx{' 'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-h_ d]/L cfdf dhb'/L ugx'{ 'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

^= 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ zfGtfn] cfˆgf >Ldfgn\ fO{ 3/ cfpFbf s] Nofpg' elG5g\ <
-v_ n'dGtL cfdfsf] clego ubf{ lsg ;fRr} /fO] { <
-u_ /fdljnf;sf aa' fnfO{ lsg /fd/| L lgbf| nfUb}g <
-3_ uf}/Lsf a'af s:tf] :jefjsf] x'g'xG' 5 <
-ª_ lzIfs lsg bªu\ kg{e' Psf] 5 <
&= jgef]h afngf6ssf cfwf/df tnsf 36gfj|md ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

- _ nd' GtLkl5 /fdljnf;n] cfˆgf] aa' fsf] clego ug'{

228 gk] fnL, sIff ^

- _ vfhf vfPkl5 gf6s ug{] ;Nnfx x'g'
- _ ;a}eGbf klxn] xl/n] cfˆgf] aa' fsf] clego ug'{
- _ jgefh] df pgLx¿ gfRb} ufpbF } /dfOnf] ug'{
- _ xl/kl5 n'dGtLn] cfˆgL cfdfsf] clego ug{'
- _ gf6sdf ;an} ] cfcfˆgf cfdfaa' fsf] clego ug{ ;xdlt x'g'
- _ k'maf{ / uf/} Lsf] clegokl5 ;a} hgf uLt ufpbF } gfRg yfNg'
- _ jgefh] sf] cGTodf ;a}nfO{ cfcfˆgf cfdfaa' fsf] dxŒj yfxf

x'g'
- _ sIff 5sf afnaflnsfx¿ jgef]h hfg'
- _ ca ljBfnodf klg oxL jgefh] s} gf6s b]vfpg] ;Nnfx xg' '

/ gf6s ;lsg'
- _ n'dGtL t cfdfsf] /fP] sf] clego ubfu{ b{} ;fFlRrs} ?g yfNg'
- _ /fdljnf;kl5 kma' f{ / uf/} Ln] cfcfˆgf cfdfx¿sf] clego ug'{

*= nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ …jgefh] Ú afngf6ssf kfqdWo] s;sf] el" dsf tkfOnF{ fO{ dg k¥of]
/ lsg, sf/0f;lxt nV] g'xf];\ .

(= JofVof ug'x{ f];\ M

-s_ cfdfaa' f eg]sf t ;fIfft\ eujfg\ g} xg' \ .

-v_ 5f/] f5f/] L xg' t ;lhnf] /x5] , cfdfaa' f xg' t slt ufxf| ] xbF' f] /x5] .

!)= ;j+ fb k/" f ug'{xf;] \ M

lzIffsf] dxŒj

-wgaxfb'/ / dgaxfb'/ rf}tf/fdf a;]/ s'/fsfgL ul//x]sf 5g\ .
j}zfvsf] ;do 5 . ljBfnon] ljBfyL{ egf{ cleofg rnfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 229

pgLx¿sf] ;j+ fb o;} ljifodf sl] Gb|t 5 ._

wgaxfb/' – dgaxfb'/ efO Û ltd|f] 3/lt/sf] ljBfnosf
kw| fgfWofks cfpge' Pg < d/] fd] f t cfP/ h;/L klg
7n' L 5f]/L ;/:jtLnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg'k5{ eGgx' 'G5
af Û d]/L 5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpmF ls gk7fpmF
pxfnF fO{ s] 6fpsf] bv' fO <

dgaxfb'/ – wgaxfb/' bfO klg Û s] o:tf] s'/f u/s] f] < p;nfO{
rflxF lsg ljBfno gk7fpg' clg <

wgaxfb/' – ===================================================================

dgaxfb/' – wgaxfb'/ bfO Û s'/f To;f] xfO] g . dflg;nfO{ rnfv
/ af7f] agfpg] g} lzIff xf] . lzIffsf nflu pd]/
rflxFb}g . d]/L >LdtLn] !% jif{sf] pd]/df sv
k9s] L / ] . x]g'x{ f];\ t, d]/L >LdtL k9]sL eP/ hLjg
;xh ePsf] 5 . 3/sf] sfd t tkfOF{ xfdLn] o;f]
;3fP eOuof] lg . ;/:jtLsf efOalxgLnfO{ ljBfno
k7fP/ p;nfO{ gk7fpg' rflxF cGofo g} xf] x} bfO Û

wgaxfb/' – ===================================================================
dgaxfb'/ – ===================================================================
wgaxfb'/ – ===================================================================
dgaxfb/' – ===================================================================
wgaxfb'/ – ===================================================================
dgaxfb/' – ===================================================================

wgaxfb/' – x'G5 . efOn] klg d]/f] cfFvf vfl] nlbof} . ltdLnfO{
w/] } w/] } wGojfb .

-bj' } cfcfˆgf] 3/lt/ nfU5g\ ._

230 gk] fnL, sIff ^

;'gfO / ;r+ f/

!= ;'gfO kf7 !$ ;'g]/ l7s al] 7s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M

-s_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf cGwljZjf; cem klg 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf cGwljZjf; klxnf klxnf lyPg . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ cGwljZjf;n] j1} flgs ts{ dfGbg} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ cGwljZjf;n] ;dfhdf d]nldnfk Nofp5F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ cGwljZjf; xfdf| ] /fd|f] k/Dk/f xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ;g' fO kf7 !$ ;G' g'xf];\ . s'g jfSo kf7df 5g} g\ < gePsf] jfSodf ×
lrx\g / kf7df ePsf jfSodf l7s -√_ lrx\g lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ xfdf| ] ;dfh ljsl;t / ;'ljwf ;DkGg 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ o:tf s'/fn] ;dfh emg\ k5fl8 kl//xs] f] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf la/fdL xbF' f 8fS6/sxfF nh} fg] rng 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ xfdL xfdf| ] /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fdf wgL 5f}F . ÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ;'gfO kf7 !$ sf cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ cGwljZjf; v/fa rng
-v_ j}1flgs ;To klxnfsf] hdfgfdf ePsf] sfos{ f] kmn
-u_ s'/Llt ;fgf7] n' f,] /fdf| g] /fdf| ] eGg] eb] sf] l;hg{ f
-3_ kj" {hGdsf] kmn t[i0ff gePsf]
-ª_ ljeb] l;hg{ f ts{ gu/L ljZjf; ug{] sfo{
-r_ ljt[i0ff tflss{ ;To

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 231

$= ;g' fO kf7 !$ ;G' gx' f;] \ / tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ cGwljZjf; slxn]bl] v rlncfPsf] 5 <
-v_ cGwljZjf; egs] f] s] xf] <
-u_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf / tkfOF{nfO{ nfus] f sg' } b'O{ cGwljZjf;
atfpgx' f;] \ .
-3_ cGwljZjf;n] s:tf] ;TonfO{ dfGb}g .
-ª_ cGwljZjf;nfO{ s;/L x6fpg ;lsG5 <

%= dfly ;~rf/ dfWod tyf sfo{jm| ddf af]Nb} u/s] f] bZ[ o 5 . ca To;/L g}
tkfO“{ klg tnsfdWo] s'g} Ps ljifo 5fGg'xf];\ . To;kl5 /fd|/L tof/L
u/L sIffsf] cu| efudf uO{ k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

232 g]kfnL, sIff ^

k|:t'ltsf ljifox¿ M

-s_ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ -v_ vn] s'b ;dfrf/

-u_ sljtf, syf, lgaGw jfrg -3_ s'g} ljifosf] ljZni] f0f
-/]l8of÷] l6eLdf h:t_}

-ª_ s'g} wflds{ k|jrg -r_ syf syg

-5_ s'g} 36gf j0fg{ -h_ ofqf j0f{g

-em_ s'g} sfo{jm| dsf] df}lvs j0f{g
eflifs ;/+ rgf
!= tnsf ;j{gfdcg;' f/ l7s lj|mofkb 5fGgx' f];\ M

-s_ d ;dod} ljBfno ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -k'U5, kU' 5'_

-v_ ltdL /fd|/L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -gfRof}, gfR5f}F_

-u_ pm ;an} ] eg]sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -;'G5, ;G' 5_'

-3_ pgLx¿ v]Ng ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -hfG5, hfG5g_\
-ª_ xfdL klg vfhf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -vfG5, vfG5f_}F

@= hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

jStf -s'/fsfgLdf afN] g] JolSt÷x¿_ pm, Tof,] pgLx¿, ltgLx¿

>f]tf -s'/fsfgLdf ;'Gg] JolSt÷x¿_ d, xfdL
ljifo -s'/fsfgLdf h;sf] s'/f ul/G5_ tF, ltdL, tkfO{F

$= cfb/fyLs{ f tx / ;jg{ fdsf] hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

lgDg cfb/fyL{÷cgfb/fyL { tkfOF,{ pxfF

dWod cfb/fyL { tF, Tof,] pm
pRr cfb/fyL{ ltdL, ltgL, pgL

%= tnsf cfb/ ae' mfpg] ;j{gfd;“u ldNg] lj|mof 5fg/] n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ tF s] ub}{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ < -5;\, 5f}, xg' x' G' 5_

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 233

-v_ ltdL slxn] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ < -hfG5, hfG5f,} hfg'xG' 5_
-u_ tkfOF{ slxn] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ < -cfp5F , cfp5F g,\ cfpgx' G' 5_
-3_ pgL dnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -lrG5, lrG5g\, lrGgx' G' 5_

^= tnsf jfSon] s'g cfb/nfO{ ae' mfp“5g\ vfnL 7fpd“ f n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ tF /fd|/L k9\5;\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ tkfO{F syf eGg'xG' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ltdL egs] f] ;G' 5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ Tof] /fd|/L k95\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= tnsf jfSox¿sf] k'?if;ª\ult ldnfpg'xf];\ M
-s_ d klg ltdL;uF } hfG5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ltdL dnfO{ af]nfp5F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ tkfOF{ ahf/ hfG5;\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ tF egs] f] dfGg'xG' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= tnsf jfSonfO{ kb;ª\ult ldnfP/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ d~rdf kfrF ;ft hgf afnaflnsfx¿ v]ln/xs] f] 5 .
-v_ aa' f lbgel/ clkm;df sfd u5{ .
-u_ d/] f] cfdf t lu6\6L s'6\5 .
-3_ d klg t lbgel/ sfd u5{ lg .
-ª_ pxfFnfO{ l6aL /f]u nfUg'ePsf] 5 .
kg' /fj[lQ

cfdfaa' fsf s'/f

-u?' cfdf sIffdf kj| z] ugx{' G' 5 . pxfn“ ] zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf …d/] f cfdfaa' fsf s/' fÚ nV] gx' G' 5 ._

u'?cfdf M cfh xfdL xfdf| cfdfa'afsf ljifodf s'/f u5f{}F . /fwf Û tkfO{FnfO{

234 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cfˆgf a'afsf] sg' s'/f dg k5{ <

/fwf M d/] f a'af s;;} Fu emu8f ug'{x'Gg . xfdLnfO{ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ klg
xKsfpg'x'Gg . xfdLnfO{ slxNo} tF eGg'xG' g . dnfO{ of] afgL ;a}
eGbf dgk5{ .

u'?cfdf M clg cfdfsf] lg <

/fwf M pxfF xfdf| ] va' Vofn ug'x{ 'G5 . sg' } klg s/' f k|:6 /fVgx' 'G5 . xG' 5
eg] x'G5 eGgx' G' 5 . xF'bg} eg] xFb' }g eGg'x'G5 . cfdfsf oL s'/fx¿
dnfO{ clt dgk5{ .

u?' cfdf M ldª\dfsf] a'afsf] lg Û

ldª\df M d]/f a'af w]/} ldlxg]tL x'g'x'G5 . pxfF laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Dd
sfd ug'{x'G5 . pxfnF fO{ x:tsnfsf /fdf| /fd|f s'/fx¿ agfpg
cfpF5 . afF;sf] 9'ª\u|faf6 dnfO{ /fdf| ] v'q's] agfOlbge' Psf] 5 .
pxfsF f o:tf] l;k dnfO{ klg ;/] x'GYof] h:tf] nfU5 .

u'?cfdf M ldªd\ f, clg cfdfsf] lg <

ldªd\ f M d]/L cfdf yf]/} k;} fn] klg 3/vr{ k'¥ofpg'xG' 5 . ;a} vrs{ f]
lx;falstfa /fVg'x'G5 . pxfF cToGt lg8/ x'g'x'G5 . pxfF
kj{tf/fx] L xg' 'x'G5 . pxfsF f oL afgLx¿ dnfO{ c;fWo} dg k5{ .

o:t} u/L sIffsf ;a} ljBfyLn{ ] cfˆgf cfdfa'afsf] dg kg]{ / dg
gkg{] afgL atfp5F g\ .

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 sIffdf cfjfh lgsfn]/ kfn}kfnf] k9g\ x' f];\ .

@= ldª\dfsL cfdfsf] afgL lzIfsn] k9\g'xG' 5 . tkfO“{ ;g' /] n]Vgx' f];\ .
To;kl5 lstfa x]//] cfkm}“ k/LIf0f ug'{xf;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 235

#= tn cy{ lbOPsf 5g\ . cy{sf nflu ldNg] zAb kf7df 5g\ . vfh] /]
n]Vgx' f];\ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö aflx/af6 leq hfg] sfd
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö xftn] ;fdfg agfpg] snf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö 3/df xg' ] ;Dk"0f{ vr{
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ö g8/fpg]

$= dfG5s] f s:tf afgL tkfO{n“ fO{ /fd|f] nfU5 . s:tf afgL /fd|f] nfUbg} <
kfr“ cf6] f /fdf| afgL / kfr“ cf6] f g/fd|f afgL nV] gx' f;] \ .

%= dflysf] kf7af6 lgDglnlvt zAb vfh] ]/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ z, if, ;, ko| fu] ePsf Ps Ps zAbÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ
-v_ rGb|laGb' nfus] f tLg zAb ÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ
-u_ /k] m nfu]sf tLg zAb ÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ
-3_ cfwf cIf/ k|ofu] ePsf tLg zAb ÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ

^= tkfO“{ cfÇgf a'af / cfdfsf af/d] f sIffdf atfpg'xf];\ .

;fd"lxs ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffdf tLgrf/ hgfsf] ;dx" aGgx' f;] \ . ca x/s] ;dx" n] tnsfdWo] sg' } Ps
ljifo 5fGgx' f;] \ . ljifo 5fGbf ufn] f ky| f klg ug{ ;Sgx' G' 5 . cfÇgf] ;dx" df
k/s] f] ljifo;u“ ;DalGwt s/' fsfgL -;j+ fb_ tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ / pSt tof/L
s/' fsfgLnfO{ xfpefp;lxt sIffsf] cu| efudf uO{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ M

ljifox¿
-s_ w'dkfgn] lnG5 Hofg
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-u_ ljBfno kf];fssf] dxŒj
-3_ km;' {bsf] ;dosf] pkof]u

236 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-ª_ lstfa k9\g] afgL a;fnf}F .
-r_ dflg; ;a} ;dfg x'g\ .

l;hg{ f÷kl/of]hgf

!= lgDglnlvt kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ cfpg] u/L Ps cgR' 5]bdf cfÇgf] kl| t1f
n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ tkfOF{ s;/L cfdfa'afsf] c;n ;Gtfg aGgx' G' 5 <
-v_ cfˆgf] s'g v/fa afgL TofUg'x'G5 <
-u_ s:tf c;n afgLx¿ ckgfpg'xG' 5 <

@= cleefjsx¿sf] cfÇgf] ;Gtfgkl| t ljzi] f ckI] ff xG' 5 ;S5 . tkfOk“{ l| t klg
tkfO{s“ f cfdfa'afsf] sx] L ck]Iff xfn] fg\ . cfh 3/df uP/ cfdfaa' fnfO{
tkfO“k{ l| tsf] ck]Iff ;fW] g'xf];\ . pSt ck]Iffx¿ ;d6] L Ps cgR' 5]bdf
n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;g' fO kf7 !$

cGwljZjf;

;dfhdf klxnfbl] v rlncfPsf sltko s/' LltnfO{ ljgfts{ :jLsf/ ugn{' fO{ cGwljZjf;
elgG5 . ljrf/ gk¥' ofO{ ul/g] o:tf ljZjf;n] ;dfhdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;d:of
lgDTofp5F g\ .

cGwljZjf;n] ;dfh k5fl8 k5{ . ;dfhdf af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufP/ xg' ] lx+;f o;sf]
pbfx/0f xf] . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf cem klg sltko JolStx¿ la/fdL xb'F f wfdLemfjF |mL
nufp5F g\ . e"t, k|]t, lkzfrdf ljZjf; u5g{ \ . dfG5] dfG5]df 5j' f5't u5{g\ . s'g} /fu]
/ czSttfnfO{ k"jh{ Gdsf] kmn dfG5g\ . oL ;a} cGwljZjf;sf sf/0fn] ePsf x'g\ .

o:tf] cGwljZjf;n] dflg; dflg;df lje]b l;h{gf ub{5 . tfls{s ;TonfO{
dfGbg} . dflg;df ljt[i0ff lgDTofpF5 . kmntM ;dfh emg\ k5fl8 ws]lnG5 . xfd|f]
;dfhn] j1} flgs ;Totf gePsf sltko o:tf s'/fnfO{ sd ub{} nu]sf] 5 . To;}n]

o:tf] cGwljZjf;nfO{ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ x6fpg'k5{ . 237

gk] fnL, sIff ^

cled'vLs/0f
lbOPsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] gfd eGg'xf;] \ / kfgLsf cGo ;f| t] x¿ s] s]
xfn] fg,\ sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

tkfO{s“ f ljrf/df dflysf kfgLsf ;|ft] dWo] ;ae} Gbf a9L kfgL lbg] ;f| t] x¿
s'g xg' \ < ;a}eGbf sd lbg] ;|ft] x¿ s] x'g\ < a9Lbl] v sdsf j|mddf !, @,
#, $, %, ^ nV] gx' f;] \ .

238 g]kfnL, sIff ^

!% kfgLsf] syf

zfGtbf; dfgGw/

lhpgsf nflu xfjfhlQs} kfgL klg rflxG5 . of] s/' f xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . xfdf| ]
cfˆg} 3/df PskN6 x/] fF,} kfgL xfdLnfO{ s] s] s'/fdf rflxG5 t < o;af/]
xfdLn] cfdf;Fu ;f]WofF} eg] pxfnF ] s] eGgx' f]nf t <

cfdfn] eGgx' 'G5 xf]nf, ænf,} x/] gfgL, laxfg ;a/] } p7g\ ]lalQs} xfdL dv'
w'G5f,F} xftuf]8f w'G5f},F To;kl5 Psb'O{ lunf; kfgL lkp5F fF} . km] l/ efG5fs}
s'/f u/fF–} rfdn lehfpgk' ¥of] clg ksfpgnfO{ rflxPhlt kfgL xfNgk' ¥of,]
t/sf/L ;kmf ug}{ k¥of], ef8F fsF'8f df‰bf wf]OkvfNgk} ¥of] . oL ;a sfd kfgL
ePg eg] s;/L ug]{ < olt dfq xf] /, rkL{ ;kmf ug{ klg kfgL rflxof] .
clg gx' fpg / nu' f w'g klg kfgL g} rflxof] . xfdLnfO{ kfgL t geO{ xbF' }
g gfgL .Æ

cxf] Û kfgL geO{ vfgf klg aGb}g, of] t ;fx}| cfjZos /x5] . Tolt dfq
sxfF xf] / ;as} f] 3/df Psb'O6f udnfx¿ t xG' 5g\, x'G5g\ . udnfdf klg
kfgL xfNgk' 5{ lg . udnfdf km" n k'mnk] l5 t cfuF gs} ;dt] zf]ef a9\5,
x}g t <

vt] df sfd ul//xs] f ls;fg;Fu ;f]Wof}F eg] pxfFn] klg eGgx' g' ] 5, ægfgL,
kfgL ePg eg] t vt] afFem} /xG5, df6fn] dfq s]xL lbg ;Sbg} . kfgL
ePkl5 dfq df6fn] xfdLnfO{ cGg, ;fukft, kmnkm" n ;a s'/f] lbG5 . kfgL
t df6fsf] Hofg xf] . clg xfd|f] klg Hofg} ePg t <Æ

zfe] f – sfoj{ m| ddf x'g] ;fG} bo{ 239
gk] fnL, sIff ^

xf,] x]gf;{] \ t 6G6nfk/' 3fddf s'nf] vlg/x]5 Tof] ls;fg, slt ltvfP{ sf]
xfn] f . vt] sf] ltvf{ d]6fpg dl/d6] b\ } 5 ls;fg Û

sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ bfh' / lbbLx¿;Fu ;fW] of}F eg] klg ækfgL geO{ s]xL
x'bF g} gfgL Û kfgL ePg eg] tfltPsf] dl] ;g g} lrl;bF }g . nf} tkfO{Fx¿nfO{
rflxg] sfuts} s/' f u/f},F sfut sf/vfgfdf Ps 6g sfut agfpg emG8}
b'O{ nfv ln6/ kfgL rflxG5, clg kfgL geO{ xG' 5 t gfgL <Æ eGg'xg' ] 5 .

cl:t xfdL jgefh] uPsf lyof}F . hª\un lyof,] 8fF8f lyof] ToxfF, gofF 7fpF,
va' /dfOnf] eof] . k'Ugl] alQs} va' 8N' of}F, vN] of,F} dHhf u¥ofF} t/ glhs}
s'jf, wf/f, vf]N;f geP/ ;fx}| x/} fgL eof] . jgefh] t /dfOnf] xG' 5 g} t/
;fRF rs} f] /dfOnf] t kfgLsf] aGbfa] :t ePsf] eP x'GYof] .

Ps} l5gcl3 v';L eP/ xflF ;/x]sf, vl] n/xs] f xfdL ltvf{P/ cfs'nJofs'n
eof}F . kfgL xg' ' / kfgL gxg' n' ] slt km/s kfbf{] /x]5 .

jf:tjdf kfgLn] sxfF s] u/s] f] 5}g < o;n] pkTosfx¿ agfPsf] 5g}

ls < gofF tfnx¿nfO{ hGd lbPsf] 5g} ls < nf} xg] x'{ f;] ,\ hªu\ nsf] Ps

sg' fdf ;fgf] d"n lyof,] cln cln kfgL lgl:s/x]sf] lyof] . o;n] df6f]

vGg] / kG5fpg] u¥of] . Tof] e'ne'n] h:t} lyof] / ptf hªu\ n eg] ljzfn

lyof] . t/ klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf d"naf6 lgl:s/x]sf] Tof] ;fgf] wf/f] To;

hªu\ ndf hDbf hDbf ;fgf] bx h:tf] bl] vof] . kl5 ;do laTb} hfbF f To;n]

7n' f] tfnsf] ¿k lnof] . sfnfGt/df To; tfnaf6 gbL lg:Sof] / c¿

vfn] fgfnfx¿l;t ldl;P/ aUg yfNof] . aUb} hfbF f Ps 7fpdF f o;nfO{ kxf8n]

5]Sof] t/ Tof] gbL eg] æ5f8, d]/f] af6f] Û g5]s dnfO{ ÛÆ eGb} l/;n] dd' '{l/bF }

kxf8nfO{ xfGg yfNof] cfˆgf 5fnx¿n] . lehs] f r6\6fgnfO{ rlsg{ nfpg

vf]N;f – ;fgf] vfn] f]
cfsn' Jofsn' – cflQPsf]
en' e'n ] – e'ne'n u/L pd|s] f] kfgL
sfnfGt/df – w]/} klxns] f] ;do

240 gk] fnL, sIff ^

To; an] f 3fdn,] xfjfn] / Ct' kl/jtg{ n] klg Tolts} sfd u/] . cflv/df
gbLn] cl3 a9g\ ] af6f] agfO5f8\of] / To;kl5 klg o;n] cfˆgf] af6fnfO{
km/flsnf] kfg{] sfd ub{} /xo\ f] .

kfv] /f pkTosf / sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] pTklQdf kfgLn] w]/} 7'nf] sfd
u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . kf]v/f ;]tL u08sLsf] pkTosf x'gk' 5{ / sf7df8fF} pkTosf
oxfFsf jfudtL, lji0fd' tL cflb gbLx¿n] agfPsf] pkTosf xf] . dflg;x¿
eG5g,\ æsf7df8fF} vfN8f] plxn] Pp6f tfn lyof] / kl5 oxfsF f] kfgL rfe] f/sf]
uN5L sf6]/ aufOPsf] lyof] . o;/L sf7df8fF} ;x/ a;flnPsf] lyof] .Æ

xf], kfgLn] k[YjLsf] cgx' f/ kmg] ]{ sfd u/s] f] lyof] / o;n] of] sfd gyfsLsg
lg/Gt/ ul//x]sf] 5 .

Ps hgf sljn] gbLsf af/d] f o;f] nv] s] f 5g\ –

ædflg;x¿ cfpg\ ls hfpg,\ lx;fa /flVtgF .

d eg] cfˆgf] af6fdf lxF85\ ', kms/{] xl] bg{ F ..Æ

of] uLt xf] gbLsf] . of] ;w}F alu/xG5 cfˆg} ultdf tn tn, cfˆg}
tfnn] ub{} snsn . t/ dflg;x¿ eg] kfgLsf] lx;fa /fV5g\ . xfdLx¿
b]V5fF} – hxfF wf/f,] kg]/f,] sj' f, gbLgfnf / dn" x¿ xG' 5g,\ ToxfF a:tL xg' ]
u5{ . hxfF kfgLsf] 5n] fv] n] f] xG' 5, Toxf a;fj] f; klg afSn} xG' 5 .

a:tLx¿sf] Oltxf;n] eG5–kfgL ;lhn} dgUu] kfOg] 7fpdF f g} 7'N7n' f
;x/x¿ ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . ef/tdf uª\uf gbLsf lsgf/df Onfxfjfb,

5fn – jfo'sf] ke| fjn] gbL, tnfp, ;d'b| cflbsf] kfgL j]un] axFbf p7]sf] nx/Ù t/ªu\
r66\ fg – Pp6} 7n' f] 9'ªu\ fsf] kxf8 jf l9:sf]
pkTosf – rf/l} t/ kxf8n] 3l] /Psf] ;dy/ hldg
pTklQ – lg:sg] sfd
uN5L – bO' { kxf8sf] lardf vfF] r jf ;ft] f] k/]sf] 7fp“
5]nfv] ]nf] – rflxge] Gbf a9L

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 241

agf/;, k6gf, snsQf h:tf ;x/x¿ 5g\ . rLgdf ofª\T;] gbLsf
lsgf/df gfglsª, ;fª3\ fO{ h:tf ;x/x¿ /xs] f 5g\ eg] x\jfªxf] gbLsf
lsgf/df l;ofg ;x/ 5 . ld>sf] sflx/fn] fO{ gfOn gbLsf] sf;] n] L g} eG5g\ .
ljZjs} k/' fgf] d'ns' dflgg] aubfb ;x/ o'km| 6] ; / 6fOlu;| gbLsf lardf 5
. o:t} cdl] /sfsf] ldl;l;kL / ?;sf] efN] uf gbLsf lsgf/df 7N' 7n' f ;x/x¿
5g\ . an] fotsf] nG8g ;x/ yD] ; gbLsf lsgf/df 5 . o;f] lsg ePsf] xfn] f <
gbLn] kfgL t lbG5 lbG5, kfgLsf ;fy} o;n] cGo ;l' jwfx¿ klg lbG5 .

xfd|f] cfˆg} d'n'sdf x]/f}F sltko ;x/ahf/x¿ gbLs} lsgf/df 5g\ .

7'N7'nf gbLsf bf]efgx¿df 3f6x¿ x'G5g\, hxfF gbL tg{] Joj:yf x'G5 .

bfe] fg bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L gbLx¿ ldNg] 7fpF xf] . bfe] fgdf h;/L bO' {

km/s lbzfx¿af6 aUb} cfOk'us] f b'O{ gbLx¿ ldN5g\, To;/L g} bfe] fgsf

jfl/ / kfl/sf eu] sf dflg;x¿ ToxfF cfP/ en] f xG' 5g\ . ltgLx¿ Psn]

csfs{ f] nfe / lxtnfO{ x/] ]/ cfˆgf cg'ejx¿ ;'Gg] ;'gfpg] cyft{ \ ;f6km]/

u5{g\ . la:tf/} Tof] bf]efg ltgLx¿larsf] Jofkf/sf] bf]efgdf km]l/g

yfN5 . Tof] bfe] fg 1fg, l;k, ku| lt / ljsf;sf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsl;t

xG' 5 . cflv/ oL ;a gbLsf] syf xf], kfgLsf] syf xf] . b'O{ dn' 'slar kfgL

afS] b} alu/x]sf] s'g} gbLn] jfl/ / kfl/sf tL b'O{ dn' 'snfO{ jz] / efiffbl] v

/Lltl/jfh / ;fdflhs dfGotfdf;d]t a]Un} bl] vg] u/L cnUofOlbG5 .

;Ldf/v] fsf ¿kdf gfpF /flvPsf] To:t} csf{] gbLn] eg] gbLjfl/ / kfl/sf

b'O{ d'ns' nfO{ uf:F g] ldt/] L ufF7fs] f] sfd klg ul//xs] f] xG' 5 .

bfe] fg – b'O{ jf bO' {eGbf a9L gbLx¿ ldNg] 7fp“
3f6 – gbLsf] bfofa“ fofs“ f] lsgf/

nfe – sg' } j:t' kfpg] sfd, gfkmf, d'gfkmf

;f6km]/ – dfg;fdfg ;f6f;f6 ug]{ sfd

j]z – nufPsf] nu' fsk8f

/Lltl/jfh – klxnb] l] v rlncfPsf] lgod
cnUofpg ' – 56' 6\ } kfg'{

242 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf kbfjnL / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

v]tsf] ltvf{ w]/} l/;fP/ leqleq} afN] g'
kfgLsf] aGbfa] :t x8a\ 8fpg'
cfs'nJofs'n xg' ' vt] nfO{ rflxg] kfgL
l/;n] d'd'{l/g' kfgLsf] Joj:yf

@= tnsf 6'Ssf / ltgsf cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

6'Ssf cy{

cgx' f/ km]g{' lk6g\ '
lx;fa /fVg ' cfF6 ug{'
xft xfNg' :j¿k abNg'
3F8' f 6]Sg ' r]Tg'
sDd/ s:g ' s'g} 36gf jf sfdsf] nv] fhf]vf /fVg'
gfs sf6g\ ' dg{'
sfg ;dfTg ' xfg'{
df; 5g{ hfg ' aO] Hht ug{'

#= dfly cEof; @ sf 6S' sfx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ .

$= p:t} cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] n]Vg'xf];\ M

kjg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dftf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

jg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ :yfg Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

/fi6« Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kjt{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

gfd Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kfv] /L Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 243

%= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ cfpg] zAb n]Vg'xf];\ M

dg{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfjZos Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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