सामाजिक अध्ययन कक्षा ९

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ISBN :

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jf cGo /s] 8{ ug{ / kl| tlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g}  .

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kf7 !@ c:6«]lnof M cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdflhs hLjg !^(
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• ;dfhsf k|sf/x¿ atfpg / c;n ;dfh lgdf{0fdf
cfkmg\ f] el" dsf lgjf{x ug{

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kf7
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kf| lKtdf ljm| ofzLn /xG5 . dfgj ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsfn] p;df ;fdflhs rt] gf, ;fdl" xs
efjgf / ljjs] zLntf h:tf u'0f xG' 5g\ . dfgjn] PSn} a;]/ p;sf x/]s cfjZostfx¿sf] k"lt{
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cfˆgf cfjZstf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ jm| ddf ljleGg ;DaGw klg :yfkgf u5{ . oxL dfgjLo ;DaGwsf]
hfnfnfO{ g} ;dfh elgG5 .

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-ª_ ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿lar Pstf / cGt/lqmof x'G5 .
-r_ ;dfh ultzLn x'G5 .
-5_ ;dfhn] ;b:ox¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ .

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elgG5 . ;fdfGotof efiff, wd,{ hflt cflbsf] cfwf/df a;fa] f; ug]{ dfgj ;dx" ;d'bfo
xf] . ;d'bfodf lglZrt efu} f]lns If]qdf a;/] ;dfg lsl;dsf] hLjgk4lt ckgfOPsf] x'G5 .
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Ps ;fgf] ;dx" xf] t/ o;df ;fdflhs hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿ ;lDdlnt ePsf x'G5g\ .

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;dfgtf x'G5 .

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-p_ ;db' fonfO{ cge' l" t ug{ ;lsG5 .

$= JolSt / ;dfh

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cfPsf xg' \ . ;dfh dfgjLo ;DaGwsf] ;du|tf xf] eg] JolSt ;dfhsf] Ps PsfO xf] . ;dfhsf]
¿kfGt/0fdf JolStsf] :jefj, Ifdtf, ?lr, OR5fn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u/s] f xG' 5g\ . JolSt
JolSt ldn/] ;dfh ag]sf] x'G5 / ;dfhaf6 g} JolStn] cfˆgf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ u5{ . dfgjn]
cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg] tyf ;DaGw :yfkgf ub}{ hfg] jm| ddf ;dfhsf] ljsf;
ePsf] xf] . JolStsf] cl:tTj ;dfhdf /x]sf] x'G5 . JolStljgfsf] ;dfh kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g
eg] ;dfhljgfsf] JolStn] klg ;xh hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{ JolSt / ;dfh Pscsfs{ f
cleGg cª\u x'g\ .

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cflbdsfnLg dfgjsf cfˆgf efu] fO;uF ;uF } ;dfhsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . dfgj ;dfh ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf] lg/Gt/tfaf6 jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfOku' s] f] xf] . Kf/:kl/s ;rt] gf, cGt/lge/{ tf,
ljljwtfdf Pstf, ;dGjo, ;d´bf/Lkgf, ultzLntf cflb jt{dfg ;dfhsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . c;n
/ ;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ fsf lglDt xfdL ;an} ] ;dflhs cfr/0fcg¿' ksf] Jojxf/ b]vfpgk' 5{ .

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u|fdL0f Ifq] df b]vf k/s] f ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g

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ufpFsf dflg;n] Pscfk;df efOrf/f / aGwT' jsf] efjgf;lxt ;fdl" xstfsf] pbfx/0f
k:| t't u/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] ufpFsf] ljsf;df cfkm}F cu|;/ xg' 'k5{ eGg] efjgf ljsf; ePsf]
5 . ufpFdf ;fd"lxs¿kdf af6f3] f6f] lgdf0{ f ug,]{ u7' Ldf ljleGg sfod{ f ;xeflutf hgfpg]
sfd xFb' } cfPsf 5g\ . To:t} s'nk"hf, dbf{kbfs{ f] cj:yfdf ;/;xof]u ug{] k|rng ufpFdf
5 . ufpFdf df6] / af6f] Nofpg ;a} ufpnF n] ] >dbfg u/s] f], df6] / af6fsf] nflu ;DalGwt
7fpdF f s/' f ug{ uPsf] ;Gben{ ] ufpFdf c;n ;xsfo{ / ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] kb| zg{ ePsf]
5 . ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] ;d"xn] u/]sf] nufgL / ;fd"lxs sl[ if k|0ffnLn] hLjg:t/df ;w' f/
cfPsf] 5 . oxfFsf dflg;x¿df pBdzLntfsf] efjgf j|mlds ¿kdf a9\bf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 3

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;do ;dodf s]xL ljjfbx¿ gePsf xfO] gg\ t/ tL km/s lsl;dsf ljrf/ tyf sf/0fx¿n]
;dfhsf] ultzLntfdf plQs} ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf] 5 . dxŒjk0" f{ s/' f t cfly{s cj:yfdf
cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] JolStsf] ;f]rfO, ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf, k/Dk/f, ;:+ sf/, ;:+ sl[ tdf klg
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿df ;xof]u, ;xsfo{ / dn] ldnfksf] efjgfdf j[l4
ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs Pstf / ;b\efjdf klg a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 .
k|Zgx¿
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-v_ ljgf]bsf] ufpFsf sg' sg' ;sf/fTds kIfx¿nfO{ tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf klg cfTd;ft

ug{ ;lsG5 xfn] f < ;d'bfosf] cuj' f;Fu 5nkmn u/L kf| Kt lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't
ug{'xf];\ .
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¿kdf n]Vgx' f];\ .
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cEof;
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-s_ ;dfh egs] f] s] xf] <
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-ª_ ;dfh / ;db' folarsf s'g} rf/ leGgtf nV] g'xf;] \ .
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cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;dfh;j] LnfO{ e6] /] ;d'bfodf ljut !) jifd{ f ;fdflhs tyf ljsf;sf Ifq] df
ePsf kl/jt{gx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ugx'{ f];\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

4 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

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gkfPsf] klg nfdf] ;do eP5 . ltdLn] ljzi] f rf;f] /fVg] ljifo dfgjLo ;Eotf / ;dfhsf]
Jojl:yt ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf sx] L s'/f atfpF5' . ljZjf; 5, ltdLnfO{ dgdf nfu]sf s/' f
hjfkmdf k7fpg] g} 5f} .

dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;'?cftL cj:yfdf dflg;x¿ PSn} a:g] u/s] f] kfOG5 . kl5 ;'/Iff /
cfjZostf kl/kl" t{ ug{ kl/jf/df a:g yfn] . To; an] fpgLx¿ l;sf/Lsf] ¿kdf 3d' Gt] hLjg
k4lt cjnDag uy{] . cfjZostf kl/kl" t{ ug]{ j|mddf Pp6} k'vf{sf ;Gtfgx¿ Ps} 7fpdF f a:g
yfn] . oxL cj:yf g} ;dfh pTklQsf] kf| /lDes r/0f lyof] .

dfgj ;dfhsf] pTklQ ;DaGwdf ljleGg dt /xs] f 5g\ . cfWoflTds / ef}ltsjfbL bl[ i6sf0] fdf
dfgj ;dfhsf] pTklQ / ljsf;sf ;DaGw ljleGg cj:yf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cfWoflTds
bl[ i6sf0] fdf wfld{s ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df ;dfhsf] juL{s/0f ul/G5 . ef}ltsjfbL bl[i6sf]0fdf
dflg;n] cjnDag u/]sf] k];fsf] cfwf/df ;dfhsf] juLs{ /0f u/s] f] kfOG5 . ;dfh ljsf;
/ o;sf r/0fx¿ ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] cWoog u/s] f 5g\ . ;jk{ |yd j}1flgs
¿kn] ;dfhsf af/d] f cWoog ug{] sfd cu:6 sf]D6 (Auguste Comte) n] u/]sf xg' \ . pgnfO{
j1} flgs ;dfhzf:qsf lktf elgG5 . pgL dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf; k|fsl[ ts, cfWoflTds /
j1} flgs ¿kdf ePsf] wf/0ff /fV5g\ .

;dfh ljsf;sf r/0f ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] ljleGg ks| f/n] wf/0ff /fvs] f]
kfOG5 . sfn{ dfS;{n] ;dfhnfO{ cflbd ;fDojfbL ;dfh, bf; ;dfh, ;fdGtL ;dfh, kFh' LjfbL
;dfh, ;dfhjfbL ;dfh / ;fDojfbL ;dfh u/L 5 r/0fdf juLs{ /0f u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf
cg;' f/ JolStut ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; eOg;s]sf] k0" f¿{ kdf ;dfgtf cyjf ;fDojfbsf]
cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;dfh cflbd ;fDojfbL ;dfh lyof] . Dfflg;n] cfˆgf cfjZostf hªu\ naf6
kf| Kt xg' ] kmnkmn" , sGbd"n cflbaf6 kl" t{ uy{] . ;do;uF } JolStut ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf;
eof] . s[lif, Joj;fo / kzk' fngsf] ljsf;;Fu} lghL ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eof] . wgL
jun{ ] ul/ax¿nfO{ bf;sf] ¿kdf k|ofu] ug]{ tyf zf]if0f ug]{ uy{] . kl/0ffd:j¿k bf; ;dfhsf]
:yfkgf eof] . ;dfh bf; jf s[lif dhb'/sf] Pp6f ju{ / hldgbf/ tyf e"ldkltx¿sf] csf{]
ju{ u/L b'O{ ju{df ¿kfGtl/t eof] . o; ;dfhnfO{ ;fdGtL ;dfh elgGYof] . To;kZrft\

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 5

pTkfbgsf ;fwgdf khF' Lklt jus{ f] k0" f¿{ kdf :jfldTj /xo\ f] . cyt{ Gq gfkmf / 3f6fdf cfwfl/t
eof] . dfS;s{ f cg;' f/ o; k|s[ltsf] ;dfhnfO{ k'hF LjfbL ;dfh elgG5 . pTkfbgsf ;fwg el" d,
khF' L / >ddf ;fdl" xs :jfldTjsf] ljsf; xg' ] / pTkflbt j:t'sf] pkefu] df klg ;fdl" xstf
cjnDag ul/g] ;dfhnfO{ ;dfhjfbL ;dfh elgG5 . pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿df ;/sf/ jf /fHosf]
k0" f{ ¿kdf :jfldTj xg' ], k"0f¿{ kdf ljsl;t / hgtfsf ;Dk0" f{ cfjZostf ;/sf/n] g} k"lt{
ul/lbg] ;dfh ;fDojfbL ;dfh xf] . of] g} dfS;n{ ] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;dfhsf] clGtd r/0f xf] .

Kof/L 5f/] L, To;} u/L ;dfh / ;:+ s[lt lglZrt r/0fx kf/ u//] dfq ljsl;t cj:yf;Dd kU' 5
eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ;dfhzf:qL O= aL= 6fon/ x'g\ . x/]s ;dfh j|mlds ¿kdf Ps r/0faf6
csf{] r/0fdf kl/jtg{ xFb' } hfG5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ;dfhzf:qL nl] j; xg] /L dfu] {g x'g\ . oL
bO' {sf] ;dfh ljsf;sf r/0f ;DaGwdf ldNbf]h'Nbf] ljrf/ b]lvG5 . pgLx¿sf cg;' f/ dfgj
;dfh ;'?df hªu\ nL cj:yfsf] ¿kdf lyof] . of] ;dfh ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes r/0f lyof] .
To;kl5 dWosfnLg ;dfh / cfwl' gs ;dfhsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . 6]n/ / df]uf{gn] dWosfnLg
;dfhnfO{ aa{/ ;dfh / cfw'lgs ;dfhnfO{ ;Eo ;dfhsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ .

dfgljo hLjgsf] kf| /lDes cj:yf cToGt s7f/] / ;ª\3if{do lyof] . 9ª' u\ fn] ags] f e2f
lsl;dsf xltof/x¿sf] k|of]u u/L ;fd"lxs ¿kdf l;sf/ ug]{ ul/GYof] . o:tf] ;dfhnfO{
pgLx¿n] hª\unL ;dfhsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . ha dfgjn] wfts' f] cfljisf/ /
ko| f]usf] ;?' jft u¥of,] ta sl[ ifsfo{sf] yfngL x'g yfNof] . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] j|mlds ¿kdf
;fgf ;fgf ´'G8 agfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf a;fa] f; ug{ yfn] . cfˆgf] em'G8sf] zlSt / Ifdtfcg¿' k
csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ x]Kg] bafpg] uby{ ] . o; ;dfhnfO{ dWosfnLg ;dfhsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ul/G5 .
;dosf] kl/atg{ ;uF } dfgj hut\df rt] gfsf] ljsf; eof] . dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf] clGtd r/0f
cfw'lgs, j1} flgs / ;Eotfsf] ou' xf] . ;dfhdf 36s] f 36gfnfO{ tflss{ / j}1flgs cfwf/df
ljrf/ / ljdz{ ug]{ cj:yf egs] f] ;Eo ;dfhsf] ljz]iftf xf] .

cfzf 5, ltdLn] ;dfh ljsf;sf r/0f ;DaGwdf kSs} klg sx] L s'/f a'‰of} . afFsL csf]{ kqdf
;lj:tf/ nv] fnF} f .

pxL ltdf| ] a'af

/fh]z

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;dfh ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0f nl] vPsf] rf6{ tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \ .
@= dWosfnLg ;dfhsf ljz]iftfsf] ;DaGwdf ;fyL;Fu ug{] ;+jfbsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
#= tkfO{F a;f]af; ug{] ;dfhsf ljz]iftf ;fw] vfh] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

6 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

!= ;dfhsf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf] lyof] <

@= tn lbPsf ;dfhsf ljz]iftfx¿ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

;dfhsf] k|sf/ ljzi] ftf
bf; ;dfh
;fdGtL ;dfh
kF'hLjfbL ;dfh

#= plNnlvt ;dfhdWo] tkfO{FnfO{ s'g ;dfh a9L ;w' f/jfbL jf ku| ltzLn nfU5 < sf/0f;lxt
n]Vgx' f];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfO{F cfkm" a;]sf] ;dfh ljutb]lv clxns] f] cj:yf;Dd s;/L cfOkU' of,] ;fw] vf]h u/L kf| Kt
ljj/0f sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 7

kf7
# ;dfh juLs{ /0fsf cfwf/

-cfh ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] sIffdf ;dfh juLs{ /0f tyf hLjg k4ltsf cfwf/df ;dfhsf]
juLs{ /0f kf7df 5nkmn xFb' } 5 . ;f] ljifodf cfˆgf cd"No ljrf/ JoSt ugs{ f lglDt Ps
jl/i6 ;dfhzf:qLnfO{ ljBfnodf cfdGq0f ul/Psf] 5 . lzIfs, ljwfyL{ / ;dfhzf:qLlarsf]
cGt/lj|mofsf] c+z oxfF k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 ._

lzIfs M xfd|f] lgdGq0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L cfh ;dfhzf:qL cfpg'ePsf] 5 . tkfOxF{ ¿n]
kfnk} fnf] cfkmg\ f lh1f;f /fVg ;Sgx' 'G5 .

:dl[ t M gd:sf/ Û ;dfh juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ ;DaGwdf k|:6 kfl/lbgx' 'G5 ls <

;dfhzf:qL M gd:t], ;fGbl{ es kZ| g /fVge' of] . ultzLNftf dfgjLo ;dfhsf] :jfefljs u0' f
xf] . To;sf/0f cflbdsfnLg hLjg k4ltaf6 ;?' cft ePsf] dfgj ;dfh ljleGg
:j¿kx¿df jmlds ¿kdf bv] f kb{} cfof] . ;dfhnfO{ ljsf;sf] :t/, c;dfgtf,
;x/Ls/0f / /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;afxs]
;dfh juLs{ /0fsf kd| 'v cfwf/x¿ efiff, wd{, a;fa] f;, ;do, cy{Joj:yf,
hLjg k4lt cflb xg' \ .

lg:tf M ;dfh juLs{ /0fsf cfwf/ w/] } x'Fbf /x5] g\ . ;dfhnfO{ cfly{s cfwf/df k'FhLjfbL
;dfh, ;dfhjfbL ;dfh / ldl>t ;dfh u/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . efiff
/ wds{ f] cfwf/df ul/Psf] juL{s/0f ;DaGwdf s]xL atfOlbgx' G' 5 ls <

;dfhzf:qL M ;dfhnfO{ PsefifL, låefifL / ax'efifL ;dfh u/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . efiff
ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ kd| v' dfWod xf] . Ps hfltsf] dfq a;fa] f; ePsf]
7fpFdf Pp6f dfq efiffsf] dfWodaf6 ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg xg' ;S5 . tLj| ¿kdf
a;fO;F /fOsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / cfw'lgstftkm{ pGd'v ;dfhdf Pp6f dfq efiff
k|of]u xFb' g} . o:tf ;dfh låefifL / ax'efifL ;dfh x'g ;S5g\ .

/fd;j] s M wds{ f] cfwf/df klg ;dfhnfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / < o; af/]df klg oxfnF ]
s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <

;dfhzf:qL M xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg wd{df cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVg] dflg;x¿ xG' 5g\ . To;sf/0f
xfdL hg' ;s' } wdd{ f ljZjf; u/] klg xfdf| ] d'Vo p2]Zo c;n ;dfhsf] :yfkgf
cyjf ;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ g} xf] . xfd|f cf:yf / ljZjf;cg;' f/ xfdL leGg
leGg wdd{ f ljZjf; /fV5fF} . km/s km/s cf:yf / ljZjf;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ lxGb'

8 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

dfh, af4} ;dfh, d'l:nd ;dfh jf cGo s'g} lglZrt wd{df cfwfl/t ;dfh
egL juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

l5l/ª M ;a} ;dfh ljsf;sf] bl[ i6sf0] fn] Pp6} cj:yfdf /x]sf xb'F g} g\ . xfdL ufpdF f
a:5fF} . sfx] L ;x/df a:5g\ . o; cj:yfdf s;/L ;dfhsf] juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

;dfhzf:qL M xf], ljsf;sf] b[li6sf0] fn] klg ;dfhnfO{ ;x/L ;dfh / u|fdL0f ;dfh u/L
juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof dfgjnfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;Dk"0f{ cfjZostfsf]
;xh ¿kdf cfkl" t{ x'g] ;dfh ;x/L ;dfh xf] . o;nfO{ ljsl;t ;dfh klg
elgG5 . u|fdL0f ;dfhdf ;a} cfjZostf ;lhn} kl/k"lt{ ug{ sl7g x'G5 .

8fN] df M ;dfhnfO{ ;dosf] cfwf/df s;/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 t ;/ < o;af/]df klg
sx] L atfOlbgx' 'G5 ls <

;dfhzf:qL M ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu;Fu} ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿ klg kl/jt{g xbF' } hfG5g\ .
To;sf/0f ;dosf] cfwf/df ;dfhnfO{ k|frLg ;dfh, dWosfnLg ;dfh /
cfw'lgs ;dfh u/L juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 .

lzIfs M oxfFn] cfˆgf] cd"No ;do xfdLnfO{ lbg'ePsfdf w/] } w/] } wGojfb . oxfsF f]
pkl:yltn] cfhsf] sIff lgs} ke| fjsf/L /x\of] .

;dfhzf:qL M d]/f ljrf/ /fVg] cj;/ lbge' Psfdf w]/} w/] } wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffnfO{ kfrF ;d"xdf juLs{ /0f ug{'xf];\ / ;dfh juL{s/0fsf ljleGg cfwf/ ;DaGwdf
5nkmn u/L ;fd"lxs lgisif{ sIffdf 6f:F gx' f];\ .

@= ;dfhnfO{ juLs{ /0f ug]{ ;ae} Gbf j1} flgs cfwf/ s] x'g ;Snf < sIffdf ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn
u/L nV] gx' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;dfh juL{s/0fsf s'g} bO' { cfwf/ pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .
-v_ tkfOsF{ f] ljrf/df jtd{ fg ;dfh juLs{ /0fsf kd| v' cfwf/ s] s] xg' ;S5g\ < nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ ;dosf] cfwf/df ;dfhnfO{ lsg juL{s/0f ul/Psf] xf]nf < cfˆgf] ts{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ tkfO{F a;]sf] ;dfh s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;dfh xf] < sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 9

kf7
$ hLjg k4ltsf] cfwf/df ;dfhsf] juLs{ /0f

gf} sIffdf cWog/t ljBfyLs{ f lglDt ;fdflhs cWoog ljifocGtut{ hLjg k4ltsf] cfwf/df
;dfhsf] juL{s/0f zLif{sdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbOPsf] lyof] . ;fx] L sIffdf cWog/t ljBfyLx{ ¿sf]
Pp6f ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] kl/of]hgf sfos{ f] gd'gf k|ltjb] g oxfF k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 .

zLif{sM hLjg k4ltsf] cfwf/df ;dfhsf] juLs{ /0f

!= kl/ro

dfgjn] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] jm| ddf canDag u/]sf ;du| ultljlwnfO{ hLjg k4lt elgG5 .
dfgjn] cfˆgf cfjZostf kl/kl" ts{ f lglDt ;fdl" xs hLjg k4lt canDag u¥of] . of] cj:yf g}
;dfh ljsf;sf] ;?' jftL r/0f lyof] . cflbdsfnbl] v g} kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df dfgjLo
;dfhsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . dflg;n] cjnDag u/]sf k;] f, ;:+ sl[ t / hLjgk4ltsf] cfwf/df
ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf] ;dfhnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ bv] fpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ l;sf/L tyf sGbd"n ;ªs\ ng ug{] ;dfh
-v_ sl[ if tyf kmnkmn" vt] L ug{] ;dfh
-u_ kzk' fns ;dfh
-3_ cf}Bf]lus ;dfh
-ª_ cfw'lgs ;dfh

@= p2]Zo

lgDglnlvt p2]Zodf cfwfl/t /x/] of] cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] M
-s_ ljleGg sfnv08df ljsl;t ;dfhsf] ;DaGwdf dxŒjk"0f{ tYox¿ kQf nufpg]
-v_ hLjg k4ltsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf ;dfhsf ljz]iftf klxrfg ug{]

#= cWoog ljlw

-s_ cjnf]sg
-v_ cGtjft{ f{
-u_ k':tsfno cWoog
-3_ OG6/g]6af6 cWoog
k|fKt tYofªs\ / ;"rgfx¿nfO{ JofVof / ljZni] f0f u//] oxfF k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 .

10 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

$= kQf nfu]sf s/' f

o; cWoogkZrft\ hLjg k4ltsf] cfwf/df ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf] ;dfh, ;dfhsf] cj:yf
/ ljzi] ftfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ l;sf/L tyf sGbdn" ;ªs\ ng ug{] ;dfh
-c_ o; ;dfhnfO{ k|f/lDes cj:yfsf]
;dfhsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
-cf_ o;ks| f/sf] ;dfhdf dfgjsf] :yfoL
/ lglZrt a;f]af; lyPg .
-O_ hLljsfk] fh{gsf] dfWod hªu\ nL
hgfj/ / sGbd"n lyP .
-p_ ljleGg vfnsf 9ª' u\ fsf xltof/ /
cfh} f/x¿sf] ko| f]u u/L l;sf/ ub{y]
-pm_ ;dfhdf s'g} lsl;dsf juL{s/0f lyPg .

-v_ sl[ if tyf kmnkm"n v]tL ug{] ;dfh
-c_ l;sf/ / sGbd"n ;ªs\ ngn] dfq cfˆgf cfjZostf k/" f gePkl5 of] ;dfhsf]
ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
-cf_ sl[ if tyf kmnkmn" hLljsf] kfh{gsf] kd| 'v dfWodsf] ¿kdf /xs] f lyP .
-O_ ;dfhnfO{ hldgbf/ / s[ifs u/L b'O{ ju{df juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
-p_ lglZrt 7fpdF f :YffoL¿kdf a;f]jf; ug{ ;?' cft eof] .

-u_ kz'kfns ;dfh
-c_ of] kz'sf] ;ªV\ ofsf] cfwf/df ;dfhdf ju{ lgwf/{ 0f ul/g] ;dfh xf] .
-cf_ o; ;dfhdf hLljsfk] fh{gsf] kd| v' dfWod kz'kfngnfO{ dflgPsf] lyof] .
-O_ o; cj:yfaf6 g} dfgjn] s's/' , e8] f, ;ª' u/' h:tf hgfj/ kfNg ;'? u/s] f lyP .
-O_{ kzk' fns ;dfh / sl[ if tyf kmnkmn" v]tL ug{] ;dfh ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf ljsf;
ePsf lyP .

-3_ cfB} fl] us ;dfh
-c_ o; lsl;dsf] ;dfhdf hLljsfk] fhg{ sf kd| 'v dfWodx¿ pBf]u / Jofkf/ lyP\ .
-cf_ o; ;dfhnfO{ kh'F Lklt ju{ / pBfu] df sfd u/L hLljsfk] fh{g lgjf{x ug]{ ;jx{ f/f
ju{ u/L juL{s/0f ul/G5 .
-O_ gk] fnsf] ;x/L Ifq] df o; lsl;dsf] ;dfh /x]sf] 5 .
-O{_ o; ;dfhsf] k|dv' ljzi] ftf egs] f] ;fdflhs / ;+f:s[lts ljljwtf x'g' xf] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 11

-ª_ cfwl' gs ;dfh
-c_ of] ;dfh ljsf;sf] r/0fsf]
;j}eGbf kl/ist[ cj:yf xf] .
-cf_ lj1fg / kl| jlwo'St ;dfh xf] .
-O_ kf/:kl/s / cGt/lge/{ cy{Joj:yf
5.
-p_ of] ;dfh ax';f:+ sl[ ts xG' 5 .
-pm_ of] ultzLn ;dfh xf]

%= lgisif{

JolStsf] cfjZostf kl/jt{g eO/xg] x'gfn] ;dfh klg kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . rt] gfsf] ljsf; g}
dfgj hLjg k4ltdf Jofks kl/jt{g Nofpg] cfwf/ xf] . ljutsf] ;fwf/0f / kf| s[lts lsl;dsf]
hLjg k4ltaf6 j|mlds ¿kdf pTkfbgsf ultljlwdf kl/jtg{ cfof] . xfn dfgj ;dfhsf]
:j¿kdf Jofks ¿kdf kl/jtg{ ePsf] 5 . 3d' Gt] hLjg k4lt cjnDag ug]{ / sGbd"n
;ªs\ ng u/]/ uh' f/f ug{] cflbd dfgj kz'kfns, ls;fg, pBfu] L xbF' } jt{dfgsf] cfwl' gs
dfgjdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= kf7df plNnlvt ;dfhdWo] tkfOF{ a:g] ;dfh s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;dfh xf] / lsg < sIffdf
5nkmn u/L sf/0f k|:t't ug{x' f];\ .

@= dflg;n] vt] LkftLeGbf kz'kfng sfo{ klxnf u/s] f] kfOG5 . sIffdf 5nkmn u/L o;sf]
sf/0f kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

@= hLjg k4ltsf cfwf/df ;dfhsf k|sf/x¿sf ;DaGwdf lrq;lxtsf] kf]:6/ tof/ u/L
sIffsf7] fdf 6fF:g'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ kmnkmn" vt] L ug]{ ;dfh / kzk' fng ug{] ;dfhlarsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfsf] ;r" L
agfpgx' f];\ .

-v_ sl[ if ;dfhaf6 cfB} fl] us ;dfhdf ¿kfGt/0f xbF' f cfjZos kg]{ l;kx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ <
-u_ ;dfh jm| lds ¿kdf kl/jtg{ xg' s' f dV' o sf/0f s] s] xg' ;S5g\ < 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f;] \ .

12 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
% ;dfhsf cfwf/et" tŒj

Jojl:yt ;dfh :yfkgfsf] lglDt ;dfhdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ JolStn] lglZrt d"No dfGotfsf]
cg;' /0f ugk{' 5{ . ljBfno klg Pp6f ;dfhsf] gdg' f xf] . ljBfnodf ljleGg efu} fl] ns,
;f:+ sl[ ts, cfly{s tyf hftLo k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{ /xs] f xG' 5g\ . ljBfnodf lglZrt gLlt lgod
xG' 5g\ . ljBfyL{, lzIfs tyf ljBfno k|zf;gaf6 tL gLltlgodsf] k|efjsf/L 9ªu\ n] cg';/0f
u//] dfq Jojl:yt ljBfnosf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfnodf h:t} ;dfhdf klg ljljw
kIf, dfGotf tyf km/s lsl;dsf wf/0ff xg' ;S5g\ .

!= ;dfh lgdf{0fsf tŒj

;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu ljleGg tŒjsf] cfjZostf k5{

-s_ cfˆgfk] gf

x/s] JolStn] ;dfh d]/f nflu / d ;dfhsf nflu eGg] efjgfn] dfq ;dfhdf cfˆgf]kgfsf]
efjgf a9fp5F . o;n] ;dfhdf JolStsf] :jtM :km" t{ ¿kdf ;ljm| otf a9fp5F . ;dfhaf6
g} xfdf| cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ x'g] x'Fbf ;dfh lgdf{0fsf lglDt xfd|f] ;f]rfO ;s/fTds x'g'k5{ .
;dfhsf x/s] JolStn] ;dfhnfO{ ckgTjsf] efjgfn] x/] ] dfq ;dfhn] ultzLntf k|fKt u5{ .

-v_ zflGt ;'/Iff

zflGt ;'/Iff ;dfhsf] Ps cfwf/e"t tŒj xf] . o;sf] cefjdf sg' } klg JolStsf] ;du| ljsf;
;Dej xbF' g} . ljgf;ª\sfr] cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg] / cfocfhg{ sf lglDt sfg'g;Ddt ultljlwx¿df
;n+ Ug xg' ] clwsf/ x/s] JolStn] kfpgk' 5{ . JolStnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] ;l' glZrttf xg' k' 5{ . x/s]
JolStn] To;sf] dx;;' ug{] jftfj/0f xg' k' {5 .

-u_ kf/:kl/s ;DaGw

dfgjn] cfˆgf ;Dk0" f{ cfjZostf JolStut ko| f;af6 dfq kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;Dej xbF' }g . To;sf
nflu Ps csfl{ ar kf/:kl/s ;DaGw / ;xofu] sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo g}
JolStsf] hLjgnfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfpg' xf] h'g kf/:kfl/s ;DaGwlagf ;Dej xF'bg} . ;dfhdf
n]gbg] , kf/:kl/stf, ;xsfo{, ;f´b] f/Lkgf xg' k' 5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 13

-3_ ;b\efj / Pstf
;be\ fj / Pstfn] ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ fdf 6j] f k'¥ofpF5 . JolSt JolStlar Pstf ;xsfo,{
dn] ldnfksf] efjgf / lgodsf] kfngf xFb' f dfq c;n ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . åGå,
c;d´bf/L, ad] n] h:tf tŒj ;dfh ljv08gsf sf/s kIf xg' \ .
-ª_ lhDdj] f/L jxg
;dfh lgdf0{ fsf lglDt ;d"xsf kT| o]s ;b:on] cfcfˆgf] lhDdj] f/L jxg ug'k{ 5{ . ;dx" df cfˆgf]
of]Uotf, Ifdtf / cge' jsf] cfwf/df lhDdj] f/Lsf] kfngf ePdf ;fd"lxs nIo kf| lKtdf dbt
k'Ub5 . o;sf ;fy} lhDdj] f/L jxgn] JolStn] kl/l:yltcgs' n" sf] Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{ /
k|efjsf/L 9ªu\ n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] l;kx¿sf] klg ljsf; x'G5 .
-r_ ;dfg'e"lt
Dffgj hLjgdf ;w}F ;xh / ;/n cj:yf dfq geP/ rg' f}tLsf] klg ;fdgf ug{k' 5{ . o;/L c?sf]
dd{ / efjgf a'´L ;fx] Lcg'¿k cg'sn" x'g] u/L ul/g] Jojxf/ ;dfge' "lt xf] . o;/L c¿kl| t
ul/g] ljj]s k"0f{ Jojxf/sf] dfWodaf6 klg ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;s/fTds 6j] f kU' b5 .

@= c;n ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf JolStsf] e"ldsf

;dfhljgf dfgjhLjg cyx{ Lg xG' 5 . ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ ;dfhdf cGt/lj|mof, ;xof]u, ;xsfo{
ub}{ hfFbf k|fKt x'g] u'0fx¿ xg' \ . dfgj hLjgdf ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ kf/:kl/s ;xofu] cfjZos
k5{ . ;dfhsf] ofU] o gful/s xg' sf nflu p;n] ;fdflhs dN" o / cfbz{ l;Sgk' 5{ . To;sf lglDt
;dfhdf sg' } klg JolStn] lgDglnlvt e"ldsf lgjfx{ ug{ ;Sgk' 5{ M

-s_ ;dfhdf Pstf, ;xsfo,{ d]nldnfksf] efjgf / lgodsf] kfngf ug{'k5{ .
-v_ Pstfaf6} ;fdl" xs sfo{ ug]{ / ;fdYo{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;fy

ub{} ;dfhsf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg ;f]xLcg¿' k Jojxf/ ug'{ k5{ .
-u_ ;xsfo{ ;femf nIo k|fKt ug]{ k|dv' dfWod xf], o;af6 g} ldqtf, ;xof]u, ;DaGw

/ g]tT[ j Ifdtf a9fpg ;lsG5 .
-3_ ;dfhdf ;fdl" xs efjgf xg' k' 5{ . ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] Pscsf{sf ;v' bM' vdf rf;f]

/fVg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfcg;' f/ Jojxf/ ug{' k5{ .
-ª_ x/s] JolStx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] 7fpFaf6 ;fdflhs cfr/0fo'Qm Jojxf/ k|bzg{ ug'{k5{ .
-r_ ;fdl" xs lxtsf lglDt x/s] Jolstn] cfcfˆgf] 7fpjF f6 cyk{ 0" f{ pkl:ylt hgfpgk' 5{ .

14 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lj|mofsnfk

!= s;/L ljBfno Pp6f ;dfh xf] < o; ;Gbed{ f ;fyL ;fyLdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ / kQf
nfus] f lgisif{ sIffdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

@= ;dfhsf tTjx¿dWo] s'g} tLgcf6] f 5fGgk' bf{ tkfOF{ s'g sg' 5fGgx' G' 5 / lsg < cfkm"nfO{
nfus] f dxŒjk0" f{ tŒjx¿ l6Kgx' f];\ / cfˆgf aF'bfx¿ sIffsf cGo ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn
ug'{xf;] \ .

#= c;n ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf ljBfyL{sf] el" dsf ;DaGwdf ;DkfbsLosf] gdg' f tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;dfhsf cfwf/et" tŒj s] s] x'g\ < s'g} bO' {cf]6f tTjx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug{x' f];\ .
-v_ ;fdflhs lgod lsg kfngf ugk{' 5{ <
-u_ tkfO+{ a;fa] f; ug{] ;dfhdf c;n ;dfhsf tTjx¿dWo] sg' s'g /xs] f 5g\ < vfh] L u/L

pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f];\ .
-3_ lsg lhDd]jf/L jxgnfO{ ;dfhsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ tŒjsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 < cfkm\gf ljrf/

k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 15

PsfO

b'O{ ljsf; / ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/

l;sfO pknlAw

• ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] kl/ro lbg / ;|ft] ;fwg tyf
kj" ;{ tx{ ¿sf] vfsf k:| t't ug{

• ljsf;sf] kj" fw{ f/x¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ;Defjgf / rg' f}
tLx¿sf] vfh] L ug{

• k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] dxŒj atfpg tyf
ltgsf] l;hg{ zLn ko| fu] ug{

• :yfgLo :t/df ljsf; k|:tfj th'{df ug{ / sfof{Gjog
k|ljm| of pNnv] ug{

16 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
! ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / kj" ;{ t{

!= ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff

zlgaf/sf] lbg xfd|f] ufpFdf ufpFkflnsfsf kd| 'v kz| f;sLo clwst[ cfP/ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
/ ljsf;sf lglDt cfjZos k"j;{ ts{ f] af/]df cledv' Ls/0f ug'{eof] . pxfFn] cfˆgf ljrf/ o;/L
/fVge' of] M

eO/xs] f] cj:yfdf b]vf kg{] ;s/fTds kl/jt{g ljsf; xf] . ljsf; sg' } Ps kIfsf] dfq geO{
;du| kIfx¿df b]vf kg{] ckl] Ift kl/jt{g xf] . o;n] ;dfhsf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts,
j}1flgs kIfnfO{ ;d6] ]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf b'O{ kIf ;dfjz] xG' 5g\ . Pp6f u0' ffTds
kl/jt{g xf] eg] csf{] kl/df0ffTds jl[ 4 xf] . ljsf;nfO{ ljleGGf tl/sfn] kl/efiff ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] kl| jm| of ljsf; xf] . ;fdflhs tyf ef}lts kIfdf bv] f k/s] f] ;sf/fTds
kl/jtg{ / ;fdflhs ;/+ rgfsf] kl/jtg{ ljsf; xf] . ;fdhsf] ;sf/fTds ¿kfGt/0f, ;fdflhs
ultzLntf cflb ljsf;sf cjwf/0fut kIfcGtu{t k5{g\ . kd| 'v kz| f;sLo clwst[ n] olt eGb}
ubf{ dnfO{ dgdf nflu;ss] f] lyof] ls ljsf; egs] f] ;du| cj:yfdf cfPsf] ku| ltzLn tyf
;s/fTds cj:yf xf] . o;n] dfgj hLjgdf ;'vLkgf / ;xhtfsf] dx;'; u/fpF5 .

ljsf;sf k"j{;tx{ ¿ ;DaGwdf pxfnF ] eGg'eof] M jtd{ fg ;do ljsf; / k|ljlwsf] ;do xf] .
xfdLn] ckI] ff u/]sf] kl/jtg{ sf lglDt lglZrt cfwf/x¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ h;nfO{ xfdL
ljsf;sf k"j{;t{sf] ¿kdf lng ;S5f}F . b/" bl[ i6, ;fIf/tf, ;|f]t;fwg, hg;xeflutf, pBdzLntf
zflGt, kl| jlw cflb ljsf;sf kj" { ;t{ xg' \ . xfdLn] eljiosf] k':tfsf] cfjZstfnfO{ ;d]t
;dl] 6g] u/L ljsf;sf ofh] gf thd{' f ug'k{ 5{ . ljsf;sf ultljlw lbuf] xg' ;S5g\ . b/" b[li6 /fv]/
ul/Psf] sfo{n] sfofG{ jogsf nflu ;xL lbzf / uGTfJo lng ;S5 . b"/bl[ i6 k/" f ug{ Jofjxfl/s
nIo, /0flglt / ofh] gf rflxG5 . b/" bl[ i6 eg]sf] ljsf;sf nflu b]lvg] ;kgf xf] . of] ljsf;sf
nflu clgjfo{ ;t{ klg xf] . th'd{ f ul/Psf] sfoj{ |mdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf lglDt JolStdf
;fIf/tfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;fIf/tfn] ofU] o / ;Ifd hgzlSt ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/ kf5{ .
;|ft] ;fwgsf] cefjdf ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej xb'F }g . ;|ft] ;fwgsf] pknAwtf
/ To;sf] ke| fjsf/L kl/rfng u/]/ ljZjsf w/] } b]z clxn] ljsf;sf] lzv/df k'us] f 5g\ .

PSnf] ko| f;af6 ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej x'bF g} . o;sf lglDt hg;d'bfosf]
;xeflutf dxŒjk0" f{ /xG5 . k|efjsf/L ¿kn] hg;xeflutf /x\of] eg] ljsf;sf sfo{jm| d
;dod} ;DkGg x'G5g\ . hg;xeflutf jl[ 4 xb'F f nfut sd xg' ] / :yfgLo ;db' fo :jt:kmt" ¿{ kdf
;xeflutfsf nflu clek]|l/t xG' 5g\ . :yfgLo hgtfdf nufgL ug{] / r'gft} Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 17

Ifdtf a95\ . ;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug,{] cj;/sf] ;bk' of]u ug]{ h:tf pBdzLn u0' fsf] ljsf;
eO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ sf lglDt 6j] f k'U5 . pBdzLntf JolStn] hfl] vd p7fP/ pTkfbgsf
kl| jm| ofdf ;n+ Ug /xg] ultljlw xf] . b]z / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu gful/sdf pBdzLntfsf]
efjgf j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;n] /fli6«o cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;dt] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ .

cfhsf] kl| jlwsf] ou' df o;sf] k|ofu] / cfjZostf ;DaGwdf oxfxF ¿nfO{ cjut g} 5 . k|ljlwn]
g} clxns] f] ljsf;nfO{ dfu{lgbz]{ ul//x]sf] 5 . x/]s Ifq] sf] ljsf;df kl| jlwsf] ;xof]u ckl/xfo{
jGb} uPsf] 5 . oL ;a} ljsf;sf k"j{;t{nfO{ k/" f ugs{ f lglDt zflGt cyjf åGå/lxt cj:yf
dxŒjk"0f{ ;t{ xf] . zflGtkj" s{ cj:yfdf dfq /fHon] o ;a} k"j{;t{ k"/f ug]{ cj:yf /xG5 .
ljsf;df åGå/lxt cj:yf xF'bfdfq ljsf;n] ult lng], ;dodf sfd ;lsg], nfut sd nfUg]
x'G5 . To;n} ] ljsf;sf nflu zflGtsf] cf}lrTonfO{ xfdL ;a}n] :jLsf/ u/f}F / ;f]cg'¿k Jojxf/
k:| t't u/fF} . wGojfb .

ljifoj:t'sf] ts{;ª\ut k|:t'tLs/0fn] ubf{ dn} ] lgs} Wofg lbP/ ;l' g/xs] f] lyPF t/ dnfO{ c´
ljsf;;DjGwL sx] L kf| ljlws kIfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df a'‰g] pT;'stf al9/x]sf] lyof] .

pxfsF f cg';f/ ljZjsf hlt klg ljsl;t d'ns' x¿ 5g\ tL ljsf;sf k"j;{ t{
;a} olQs} ljsl;t ePsf xf]Ogg\ . o;sf] k5fl8 pgLx¿n]
k'hF L, ;fdu|L, d]l;g, hgzlSt / ahf/ (Money, Materials, — b"/b[li6
Machine, Manpower and Market: ) kl/l:yltcg'¿k — ;fIf/tf

ljsf; u/] / To;sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg u/] . oL ;fwgx¿nfO{ — ;|ft] ;fwg

cfjZostfcg';f/ k|of]udf NofP . xfdL;uF plNnlvt ;a} — hg;xeflutf

kIfx¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug{ rg' f}tL — pBdzLntf

5g\ . o;sf] sf/0f xfd|f] bz] df ljsf;n] ;fr] ] h:tf] ult lng — zflGt / k|ljlw
;ss] f] 5g} . ljsf;zLn b]zdf ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng

ug{ kofK{ t k'FhL x'bF }g . ePsf ;f| t] ;fwgx¿ k|of]udf Nofpgsf

lglDt bIf hgzlStsf] cefj plQs} xG' 5 . bIf hgzlSt knfogsf] ;d:of klg tLj| /xG5 .

oL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ofh] gfj4 k|of; ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

cfhsf] sfo{qmd d]/f] lglDt k|efjsf/L /xo\ f] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= t/sf/L vt] L, Jofkf/, afvf| kfng, bU' w kbfy{sf] pTkfbg tyf laj|mLljt/0f h:tf :yfgLo
pBdzLntfn] cfocfhg{ / :j/fh] uf/ a9fpF5 . ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf lgisif{
k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .

18 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

@= k|ljlwsf] pkofu] g} bz] ljsf;sf] dV' o cfwf/ xf] eGg] zLif{sdf jSt[Tjsnfsf] of]hgf
ug{'xf;] \ .

#= jtd{ fg ;dodf ljsf;sf ljleGg kj" fw{ f/dWo] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk"0f{ k"jfw{ f/ s'g xfn] f /
lsg < sIffdf hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| t't ugx'{ f];\ .

$= s] tkfO{sF f] :yfgLo txdf ;fr] ]sf] h:tf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 < olb ePsf] 5g} eg] s] s]
k"j;{ ts{ f] cefj 5 <

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] 5f6] f] JofVof ugx{' f];\ .
-v_ ljsf;sf kj" ;{ t{ s] s] x'g\ <
-u_ pBdzLntfn] JolSt / ;dfhdf kfg]{ ;sf/fTds k|efjx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-3_ ;fIf/tfn] s;/L ljsf;df ;xofu] u5{ <
-ª_ ljsf; / ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljrdf s:tf] ;DaGw x'G5 <
-r_ ljsf;df hg;xeflutfsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 19

kf7
@ ljsf;sf] k"jfw{ f/ M lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;~rf/

;sf/fTds / ku| ltzLn kl/jtg{ ljsf;
xf] eg] tL kl/jtg{ Nofpgsf lglDt
/fHon] k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/et" ;j] f tyf
;l' jwf ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/ x'g\ . sg' } klg
bz] sf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf ToxfF pknAw
kj" fw{ f/x¿df e/ k5{ . bz] sf] ;du|
ljsf;sf lglDt ljleGg lsl;dsf
kj" f{wf/x¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ .

!= lzIff

lzIff dofl{ bt Pjd\ ;Eo hLjg ljsf;sf] Ps dxŒjk0" f{ cfwf/ xf] . 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf]
dfWodaf6 ;dfh ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 g} JolStdf ;s/fTds lrGtgsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . lglb{i6 ul/Psf ofh] gfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfofG{ jog ug{ ;Dej xG' 5 .
t;y{ lzIffnfO{ ljsf;sf] dxŒjk0" f{ k"jfw{ f/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

;fIf/tf bz] ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . ljsf;sf lglDt rflxg] dfgjLo ;f| t] sf] cfkl" t{
lzlIft hgzlStaf6 xG' 5 . ljleGg Ifq] df rflxg] bIf hgzlSt ljsf; lzIffaf6 dfq ;Dej
x'G5 . lzIffn] JolStsf] Ifdtf klxrfg u/L To;sf] l;h{ghgzLn ko| fu] df hf]8 lbG5 . jt{dfg
;dfhdf ;fIf/tfsf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 . klxn] k9\g], nV] g] / cªs\ ul0ftsf
;fdfGo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] JolStnfO{ ;fIf/ elgGYof] . jt{dfg ;Gbed{ f k9fO, n]vfO,
cªs\ ul0ft, clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj, cfk;L ;DaGw,;fdfGo l8lh6n ;fIf/tf tyf dgf/] ~hg
h:tf u'0f ePsf] JolStnfO{ ;fIf/ JolSt elgG5 . ;fIf/tfnfO{ ;zStLs/0fsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf
klg lng ;lsG5 . ;fIf/tf egs] f] k9fO, n]vfOsf l;k dfq geP/ gful/ssf] bl} gs hLjg /
Jojxf/sf] k4lt klg ePsfn] o;df ;fdflhs, cflys{ , ;f+:sl[ ts tyf /fhgLlts kIfx¿ ;d]t
hfl] 8P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu;uF } lzIffsf ljleGg dfWodx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf
5g\ . k|ljlwd}qL lzIff clxns] f] dxŒjk"0f{ zl} Ifs cfwf/ ag]sf] 5 .

lzlIft JolStn] dfq /fi6«n] cjnDag u/]sf] ljsf;sf ofh] gfx¿ ;kmn sfofG{ jog ug{
;S5 . ;DalGwt lgsfodf /rgfTds ;e' mfj lbg ;S5 . o;sf ;fy} r]tgf hfu/0f, ;fdflhs
d"Nok|ltsf] ;rt] gf, ljsf;df hg;xeflutf, ;fdflhs ;be\ fj / ;xof]u a9fpF5 . ljsf;fTds
sfo{ klg lzlIft JolStaf6 g} ;Dej xG' 5 .

20 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

@= :jf:Yo

:jf:Yo ljsf;sf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{
k"jf{wf/ xf] . WHO n] :j:y z/L/
eg]sf] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf dfq tGb'/:t
geP/ dfgl;s ¿kdf tgfjd'St tyf
;fdflhs ¿kdf ;dfof]hg xg' ;Sg]
cj:yf xf] eg/] :jf:YonfO{ kl/eflift
u/s] f] 5 . :j:y hgzlStn] dfq
bz] ljsf;sf lglDt cfjZostfcg';f/
el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{ ;S5 . :j:y hgzlStn] >d / ldlxg]t kofK{ t ug{ ;S5g\ . ljsf;sf
cGo ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf lglDTf :j:y hgzlSt cfjZos k5{ . To;sf/0f :j:y
hgzlStnfO{ ljsf;sf] k"af{wf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

gk] fndf :jf:Yo Ifq] df j|mlds ¿kdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yo rt] gf j|mlds ¿kdf a9\bf] 5 .
cfo'jl]{ bs lrlsT;f, csk' Gr/, k|fsl[ ts pkrf/, xf]df]Koflys pkrf/, ofu] cflb k|of]udf cfPsf]
kfOG5 .

gk] fndf :jf:Yo Ifq] sf ;d:of klg plQs} 5g\ . w]/} e"efu u|fdL0f tyf lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf
/xs] f] 5 . tL 7fpdF f JofKt ul/aL, clzIff / hgr]tgfsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ gful/ssf]
:jf:Yodf ckI] ffst[ ;w' f/ xg' ;s]sf] 5g} . g]kfndf pknAw :jf:YosdL{x¿ hg;ª\Vofsf]
cg'kftdf Go"g /x]sf 5g\ . pks/0f / cfi} fwLsf] cefj xfd|f :jf:Yo Ifq] sf kd| 'v ;d:of xg' \ .
clzIffsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfwl' gs :jf:Yo ;j] fdf eGbf ¿l9jfbL k/Dk/fsf] wfdL ´fjF m| Ldf a9L
ljZjf; ug{] rng 5 . cGo k"jfw{ f/sf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ u|fdL0f eu] df bIf :jfYosdLx{ ¿
hfg rfxFbg} g\ . pknAw :jf:Yo ;j] fx¿ klg ;x/df dfq sl] Gbt| 5g\ . o:tf kIfx¿ gk] fnsf]
:jf:Yo If]qsf kd| v' ;d:of x'g\ .

kGwf| }F k~rjifLo{ of]hgfdf k|ltsf/fTds, k|jwg{ fTds, pkrf/fTds, k'g:yf{kgfTds tyf
k|zfdsnufotsf cfwf/e"tb]lv ljlzi6Ls[t / u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a} gful/ssf] kxF'r
;l' glZrt ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 .

:jf:Yo If]q ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePsfn gful/ssf] ;dtfdn" s kx'Fr x'gk' 5{ . cfwf/et"
:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;j{;n' e agfpg', :jf:Yo;DaGwL k/Dk/fut ;fr] fO lg/fs/0f ug{sf lglDt
hgrt] gfd"ns sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug'{ jtd{ fgsf cfjZostf x'g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 21

#= ;~rf/

cyk{ 0" f{ 9ªu\ n] ljrf/sf] cfbfgkb| fg ug{]
k|ljm| of ;~rf/ xf] . jtd{ fg ljZjdf ;r" gf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df bv] f k/s] f] tLj| kl/jtg{
;uF ;uF } ;~rf/ If]qn] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 .
h'g /fi6n« ] ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ku| lt u/s] f
5g\ pgLx¿ g} ljsf;sf] bl[ i6sf0] fn] cufl8
/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;~rf/ ljsf;sf lglDt Ps
dxŒjk0" f{ kj" f{wf/sf] ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 .

;~rf/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs Pjd\
pTk/]| s xf] . ;~rf/ lnlvt, dfl} vs, ;fª\sl] ts u/L leGg leGg lsl;daf6 ug{ ;lsG5 o;sf]
p2Z] o cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ / c?sf] ljrf/ ux| 0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg' xf] . jtd{ fg ;dodf
;~rf/sf ljleGg dfWood ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . ;~rf/sf lglDt k|ofu] ePsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf]
dfWod x'nfs ;]jf xf] . jt{dfg ;dodf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;uF ;Fu} cGo dfWod ljsf; ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf k|rlnt ;~rf/sf k|dv' dfWod /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmfg] , df]afOn, kqklqsf, Od]n,
OG6/g]6, xn' fs ;]jf xg' \ .

;~rf/df ;a} gful/ssf] kxr'F k'Ug g;Sg', OG6/g]6 / ;fOa/ ;/' Iffsf nflu ;+/rgfut Joj:yf
gx'g,' x'nfs ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;Sg,' ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] Ifq] df ckl] Ift ljsf; xg' g;Sg'
cflb g]kfnsf ;~rf/ If]qsf kd| 'v ;d:of x'g\ . o; lsl;dsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon]
g]kfnsf] kGwf| }F ofh] gfn] ;a} gful/sdf ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf kl| jlwsf] ;xh kxFr' tyf pkof]u
lj:tf/ ug{], ;~rf/ / ;r" gf kl| jlwsf] ;]jfnfO{ ;j;{ n' e, e/k bf{] / u0' f:t/Lo agfpg,] ;~rf/
/ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBfu] sf] ljsf; u/L /f]huf/L j[l4 ug]{ h:tf p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tnsf] c+z l9/] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

g]kfndf ckl] Ift tj/n] zl} Ifs If]qsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfndf ljBfno lzIffsf]
;j;{ 'netf, pkoS' t kj" fw{ f/sf] ljsf;, ;dGoflostf, ljBfyL{ cgk' ftdf lzIfs b/aG\ bL,
z}lIfs ;z' f;g cflb z}lIfs Ifq] sf k|d'v ;d:ofx¿ x'g eg] o;sf ;w' f/sf lglDt ;/sf/n]
kGwf| }F k~r jifLo{ ofh] gf -@)&^÷&&- @)*)÷*!_ dfkmt{ clgjfo{ tyf lgMzN' s lzIffsf]
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ;dtfdn" s kxFr' ;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/sf ;a} txnfO{ Ifdtfjfg\ /
hjfkmb]xL agfpg] /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 .

22 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kZ| gx¿
-s_ tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfodf /xs] f ljBfnox¿df pknAw k7g kf7gsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{

;fduL| x¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

-v_ :yfgLo :t/df ePsf lzIff ;uF ;DalGwt ;Defjgf tyf r'gft} L nv] L sIffdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

@= cfkmg\ f] ;db' fodf ePsf ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
#= dxfdf/Lsfsf] ;dodf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] dxaj j9L x'G5 . cfkm\gf] cge' j / :yfgLo

cEof;nfO{ hf8] /] cfkmg\ f ljrf/ k|:t't ug[x' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ lzIffn] ljsf;df s;/L ;xofu] u5{ <
-u_ g]kfnsf] zl} Ifs Ifq] df bv] f k/]sf k|dv' ;d:ofsf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .
-3_ ;?' sf] cj:yfdf wfdLemfjF m| Laf6 pkrf/ u/fpg] / clGtd ;dodf c:ktfn hfFbf la/fdL

d/]df 8fS6/nfO{ bf]if lbg] JolStnfO{ tkfO{F s;/L ;Demfpg'x'G5 < rf/ aF'b+ fdf nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ gk] fndf ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf lglDt s] s] ugk'{ nf{ < tkfOFs{ f] ljrf/ n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOFs{ f] ;db' fosf] ed| 0f u/L ToxfF ePsf ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/sf] cWoog u/L lgDglnlvt zLif{sdf
kl| tjb] g tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M

-s_ zLifs{
-v_ p2Z] o
-u_ cWoog ljlw
-3_ kQf nfu]sf s/' f
-ª_ lgisif{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 23

kf7 ljsf;sf] k"jfw{ f/ M ljB't,\ vfg]kfgL,
# oftfoft / hgzlSt

!= ljB't\

ljBt' \ pmhfs{ f] Ps k|d'v ;|ft] xf] . cfwl' gs ;dodf ljBt' Lo pmhf{sf] k|ofu] af6 g} ljsf;sf
clwstd ultljlw ;~rflnt 5g\ . To;sf/0f ljBt' Lo pmhfn{ fO{ ljsf;sf] dxŒjk0" f{ kj" f{wf/sf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . d]l;g/L cf}hf/x¿sf] ;~rfngb]lv xfdf| bl} gs 3/fo;L k|ofh] gsf lglDt klg
ljB'tLo pmhfs{ f] e"ldsf dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . ljBt' \s} dfWodåf/f ljleGg snsf/vfgf ;~rfng u/L
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;hg{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfw'lgs ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿ klg ljB'tLo pmhf{df
lge/{ /xs] f 5g\ .

kfgL, xfjf, sf]Onf, hl} js Uof;, ;o" s{ f] k|sfz cflb ljBt' Lo pmhfs{ f k|d'v ;|ft] x'g\ . gk] fndf
ljB't\ pTkfbgdf ljzi] f u/L kfgLsf] k|of]u a9L ul/G5 . lxdfnL Ifq] df xfjfåf/f kª\vf 3'dfP/
ljBt' \ pTkfbg ul/G5 . o;/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] ljBt' \ c:ktfn, sf/vfgfx¿ tyf 3/fo;L
k|ofh] gsf nflu ko| f]u ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} jt{dfg ;dodf ljBt' l\ jgf hLjg ;xh gx'g] cj:yf
cf;s]sf] 5 . ljBt' n\ fO{ ljsf;sf] dxŒjk0" f{ kj" fw{ f/sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] xf] .

g]kfndf efu} fl] ns ¿kn] kofK{ t le/fnf] ee" fu;lxtsf] pRr lxdfnL e]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ . pRr
lxdfnaf6 lxpF kUn/] pTklQ ePsf gbLx¿ :yfoL k|s[ltsf 5g\ . o;ks| f/sf gbLx¿af6
hnljBt' \ pTkfbgsf] kof{Kt ;Defjgf /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf kf| ljlws ¿kn] $@))) du] fjf6
hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ xfdLn] plrt dfqfdf
;bk' ofu] ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5g} . rGb|;d;/] sf] kfnfdf lgld{t kmlkª{ df cjl:yt %)) lsnfj] f6
Ifdtfsf] kmlk{ª hnljB't\ cfofh] gf g]kfnsf] klxnf] hnljBt' \ cfofh] gf xf] . xfn b]zsf ljleGg
efudf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf :yfkgf x'g] jm| ddf /xs] f 5g\ .

@= vfg]kfgL

hLljt kf| 0fLsf] cl:tTj :jR5, ;kmf / lkpgofU] o kfgLdf lge/{ /xG5 . z4' lkpg] kfgL dfgjLo
hLjgsf] clt dxŒjk"0f{ cfjZostf xf] . :j:y lkpg] kfgLsf] cefjdf dfgj hLjgdf k|lts"n
c;/ k5{ . c:j:y JolSt / kb| l" ift jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf ljsf;sf ultljlw k|efjsf/L 9ª\un]
;~rfng ug{ ;lsbF }g . To;sf/0f vfgk] fgLnfO{ klg Ps dxŒjk0" f{ ljsf;sf] kj" fw{ f/sf] ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 .

kf| s[lts tyf dfgjhGo sf/0fn] kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿df cfPsf] x|f;sf sf/0f kfgLsf] pknAwtfdf
sdL cfPsf] 5 . ck]Iffcg¿' k vfg]kfgL ;]jfnfO{ ;/' lIft, e/kbf]{ / lbuf] agfpg ;lsPsf]

24 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

5}g . dfgj a:tLsf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;;Fu} dfgj ultljlwaf6 pTkfbg ePsf kmf]xf/] sf] plrt
JoJf:yfkgsf] cefj bl] vG5 . a:tL, gbLgfnf, hnfzo tyf jftfj/0f kb| "lift xF'b} uPsf 5g\ .
oL vfg]kfgL If]q;uF ;DalGwt kd| v' ;d:of xg' \ .

hn;|ft] sf] b[li6sf0] fn] efu} f]lns cfsf/sf cfwf/df gk] fn ljZjsf] bf];|f] wgL bz] xf] . lxdfnL
tyf kxf8L e]udf kfgLsf kofK{ t ;f| ]t /xs] f 5g\ eg] t/fO{ e]u tyf pkTosfdf hldg dl' gsf]
kfgL klg lkpgsf nflu tyf cGo 3/of;L k|of]hgsf lglDt ko| f]u ug{ ofU] o /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf
pknAw ;f| t] x¿sf] ke| fjsf/L ;+/If0fsf] cefjn] ubf{ lkpg] kfgLsf] ;d:of lbg k|ltlbg a9b\ f]
cj:yfdf /xs] f] kfOG5 .

#= oftfoft

s'g} Ps 7fpsF f] JolSt, j:tn' fO{ ljleGg
;fwgsf] dfWodaf6 csf]{ 7fpdF f cf;] f/k;f/
ug]{ sfo{ oftfoft xf] . o;sf] dfWodaf6
hLljsfk] fhg{ sf nflu rflxg] cTofjZos
;fdu|Lsf ;fy;fy} pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf
lglDt cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{ klg cf;] f/
k;f/ ul/G5 . oftfoftnfO{ ljsf;sf lglDt
Ps dxŒjk0" f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

cf}Bf]lus Ifq] , Jofkf/, ko{6g Ifq] cflbsf]
;du| ljsf;sf lglDt oftfoftn] dxŒjk"0f{
el" dsf vn] ]sf] x'G5 . oftfoftsf] Jojl:yt ;~hfn / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;af6 dfq ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s pGglt / k|fb]lzs ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg ;Dej xG' 5 .

;8s oftfoft, /n] dfu,{ xjfO{dfu{, hndfu,{ ljB'tLodfu{ cflb oftfoftsf dfWo x'g\ . gk] fndf
ef}uf]lns cj:yf, cflys{ cj:yf, ek" l/jl] i6t cjl:ylt cflb sf/0fn] ;8s oftfoft a9L
k|rlnt oftfoftsf] dfWod xf] . ;8s oftfoftafx]s gk] fndf cGo dfWod klg jm| lds¿kdf
ljsf; eO/xs] f 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljBt' Lo oftfoft -s]jnsf/_ sf] ljsf; klg ePsf]
kfOG5 . gk] fnsf lxdfnL Ifq] xjfO{ oftfoftaf6 hf]l8Psf 5g\ . t/fO{ If]qdf /]n oftfoftsf]
;DefJotf /xs] f] / o;sf] kxr'F sf] bfo/f a9b\ } uPsf] 5 .

dfkb08lagf cfof]hgf klxrfg tyf 5gf6] x'g,' cfjZos k"j{tof/ lagf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf
n}hfg' gk] fnsf] oftfoft If]qsf ;d:of x'g\ . bIf hgzlStsf] pknAwtfsf] sdL, ;8skl| t
;j{;fw/0fsf] sdhf]/ ckgTj cflb ;8s Ifq] sf cGo ;d:of x'g\ . o:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf
lglDt nfs] dfu,{ s[lif ;8s, e"ldut dfu,{ ;8s l8hfOg, lgdf{0f, ddt{ ;Def/ tyf ;8s
;'/Iffsf nflu cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] pkof]u tyf ofGqLs/0fdf hf8] lbg] /0fgLlt canDag ug'k{ 5{ { .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 25

$= hgzlSt

cfjZostfcg'¿ksf ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ klg bIf hgzlSt rflxG5 . hgzlSt
ljsf;sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k"jfw{ f/ xf] .
/fi6s« f] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ;DklQ ToxfF pknAw hgzlSt xf] . bIf, cw{ bIf / cbIf u/L
hgzlStnfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pknAw hgzlStnfO{ Ifdtfcg¿' ksf] ljsf;sf
ultljlwx¿df kl/rfng ug{ ;Sgk' 5{ . o;sf lglDt cGo ljsf;sf sfoj{ m| dx¿klg ;~rfng
ul/gk' 5{ . g]kfndf afl} 4s hgzlSt knfog xg' ] ;d:of lbg k|ltlbg a9b\ f] jm| ddf /x]sf] 5 .
x/]s dflg;n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg;' f/sf] cj;/ vfl] h/x]sf] x'G5 . ul/a b]zx¿ tL cj;/ k|bfg
ug{ c;dy{ /xG5g\ . To;sf/0f af}l4s hgzlSt knfog xG' 5 . ul/a bz] sf hgzlSt pd/] ,
Ifdtf /x'Ghn] jb} l] zs ee" fudf >d / kl;gf vr{ ul//xs] f x'G5g\ eg] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
¿kdf sdhf/] eO;sk] l5 dfq cfˆgf] b]zdf kmlsg{ ] kr| ng kfOG5 . To;sf/0f ljZjsf ul/a
b]zx¿ ljsf;sf ultljlwdf klg lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf /xs] f x'G5g\ . xfdLn] ;a} sfd ;/sf/n]
dfq ug{] xf] eGg] dfq ;f]rfO /fVg' x'Fb}g . :j/f]huf/ xg' ' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . b]zsf]
cfjZostfcg';f/sf ljsf;sf ultljlw Jojl:yt 9ª\un] ;~rfng u/L pknAw hgzlStnfO{
b]zd} kl/rfng ug{ ;s] bz] n] ljsf;sf] lbzf kl/jt{g u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk
!= ;d"xdf ljefhg eO{ k|Tos] ;dx" n] ljsf;sf Ps Ps k"jfw{ f/ /fh] L ltgsf ;DaGwdf

gk] fnsf] ;Defjgf, rg' f}tL / lg/fs/0fsf pkfo vf]hL sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf];\ .
@= cfkm\gf] :fd'bfodf oftfoftsf] dxŒj ;DaGwdf b'O{ ;fyLlarsf] ;+jfb tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ jt{dfg ;dodf ljBt' \ / dfgj ;dfhlarsf] cGt/;DaGw pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \ .
-v_ gk] fn hn;f| t] sf] b[li6sf0] fn] ljZjsf] bf;] |f] wgL b]z eP tfklg lsg clwsfz+ 7fpdF f z'4

lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj ePsf] xf]nf < rrf{ ugx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ z'4 vfg]kfgL / ljsf;sf] ;DaGw s:tf] xG' 5 <
-3_ bIf hgzlStljgf bz] ljsf; ;Dej 5g} . tkfO{F o; egfOdf ;xdt x'g'xG' 5, lsg <

26 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
$ k/Dk/fut 1fg l;k / kl| jlw

->L hghful[ t dfWolds ljBfnosf gf} sIffdf cWog/t
ljBfyLn{ fO{ cfˆgf] ;db' fodf ePsf, bv] s] f jf cge' j u/s] f]
cfwf/df k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf af/d] f cWoog
u/L sIffdf kfnk} fnf] k:| tt' Ls/0fsf nflu ux[ sfo{ lbOPsf]
lyof] . pgLx¿n] JoSt u/s] f ljrf/sf] cWoog u/fF} .

xf/] fgfy M gd:sf/ Û d k/Dk/fut kl| jlw l9sLsf]
;DaGwdf cge' jdf cfwfl/t eO{ cfkmg\ f ljrf/ JoSt
u5{' . xfd|f] ufpFdf kf| oM ;a}sf] 3/df l9sL x'G5 . l9sL sf7af6 ag]sf] k/Dk/fut l;kdf
cfwfl/t k|ljlw xf] . bO' {cf]6f sf7sf] vfFafsf] lardf t;] f{] sf7nfO{ c8\sfO{ l9sLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u
ul/G5 . l9sLsf] Ps efudf cGg s6' \gsf lglDt d';n hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . ;fx] L d;' nn] 9ª' \uf jf
sf7n] agfOPsf] cfv] ndf /flvPsf] cGgnfO{ sl' 6G5 . cGg
s'6g\ sf lglDt l9sLsf] csf{] efudf v'6\6fn] bafP/ an
ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;/L an ko| fu] u/L bafPkl5 l9sL tn
dfly x'G5 / cGg s6' \g ;lhnf] x'G5 . o:tf kl| jlw clxn]
ufp3F /af6 nfk] xg' ] cj:yfdf ku' ]sf 5g\ . logsf] ;/+ If0f /
k|jw{g x'g ;s] o;sf] pkofu] nfO{ cem Jofks / k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;lsG5 .

tf/fbj] L M gd:sf/ Û d klg xfd|f] ufpF3/lt/ lgs} k|rlnt /x]sf] k/Dk/fut l;kdf cfwfl/t
hftF fsf af/d] f cfˆgf] cge' j JoSt ug{] cg'dlt rfxG5' . hftF f] cGg lkFWgsf lglDt b'O{cf]6f
uf]nf 9ª' u\ faf6 jgfOPsf] Ps k/Dk/fut
k|ljlw xf] . o;df tnsf] efu grNn]
u/L hf]l8Psf] x'G5 / o;sf] lardf dfgL
hfl] 8Psf] x'G5 . dflyNnf] efusf] lardf
Kjfn /x]sf] x'G5 . o; KjfnnfO{ lk:g]
jm| ddf cGg xfNg ko| f]u ul/G5 . hfFtfsf]
dflyNnf] efunfO{ xftfsf] d2tn] 3d' fO{ cGg lkFWg ;lsG5 .

dfntL M d]/f] 3/ ufpsF f] a];Ldf k5{ . cGGf lkFWgsf lglDt xfdL kfgL 366\ ko| f]u u5f}F{ . kfgL
36\6df k|of]u ul/Psf] sf7sf] dbfgLsf] dflyNnf] efu / 366\ sf] dflyNnf] efu hf]l8Psf] xG' 5
eg] dbfgLsf] tNnf] efunfO{ sf7sf] 8F8' af6 cfPsf] kfgLn] 3'dfOG5 . sf7sf] dbfgLnfO{ kfgLsf]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 27

dbtaf6 3d' fpbF f 366\ sf] dflyNnf] efu 3'Db5
eg] tNnf] efu l:y/ /xG5 / cGg lkWF g dbt
k'U5 . 36\6sf] dflyNnf] efudf ;f]nL agfOPsf]
xG' 5 h;af6 cGg lk:g] jm| ddf cfjZostfcg;' f/
366\ df cGg v;flnG5 .

hols;g M gd:sf/ Û clxn];Dd ;fyLx¿n] vfBfGg
s'6g,] lkFWg] k/Dk/fut l;kdf cfwfl/t kl| jlwsf] af/d] f atfpg'eof] . d sl[ if sfod{ f ko| fu] ul/g]
k/Dk/fut cf}hf/ xnfs] f] af/]df cfˆgf] cg'ej af8F g\ rfxG5' . xnfdf 78] L / km];f]sf] ;xotfdf
xl/; hfl] 8Psf] x'G5 . xnfsf] 6'Kkfdf kmnfdsf] s?jfn] kmnfds} kmfnL hfl] 8Psf] x'G5 h;n]
ubf{ v]taf/L hf]Tg ;lhnf] x'G5 . To:t} xnf] hfT] g] j|mddf ;dfpgsf lglDt cgf} hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 .

xnfnfO{ xNn'8f] -gf/f_ sf] dbtn] hj' f ;Fu hfl] 8G5 . h'jfdf ;f]Onf / hf]tf/fsf] dfWodn]
uf]?nfO{ aflF wG5 / v]taf/L hfl] tG5 . t/fO{ e]udf hfT] gsf lglDt /fuF fsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 eg]
lxdfnL e]ult/ ofssf] klg k|ofu] ul/G5 .

bzgfy M gd:sf/ Û ;fyLx¿n] eg] afx]s csf]{ dxŒjk0" f{ k/Dk/fut l;kdf cfwfl/t k|ljlw cf/g
xf] . cf/gdf cfufsf] ko| f]u u/L kmnfdnfO{ ufn/] s[lif sfos{ f lglDt cfjZos kg]{ cf}hf/x¿
agfpg ;lsG5 . cf/gdf :yfgLo :t/df g} tof/ kfl/Psf] 5fnfaf6 ags] f] vnftL / sf7 k|of]u
u/L xfjf lgsflnG5 / sfO] nf tyf bfp/fnfO{ pmhfs{ f] ¿kdf ko| fu] u/L zlSt pTkfbg ul/G5 .
cfhefl] n ufn] f] kfª\uf| nfO{ 3d' fP/ xfjf lgsfnL
bfp/f hnfP/ pmhf{ lgsfn]sf] klg kfOG5 .
o;af6 aGr/f,] sf]bfnf], xlF ;of cflb agfpg
;lsG5 .

z"/jL/ M gd:sf/ Û k/Dk/fut l;k /
k|ljlwcGtu{t df6fsf efF8f agfpg] snf klg
Ps dxŒjk0" f{ l;k xf] . o; l;kcGtu{t sfF rf]
df6fnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf cfsl[ tdf df]8]/
e66\ fdf kfl] nG5 / ef8F fx¿ tof/ ul/G5 . Pp6f
7'nf] sf7sf] kfªu\ f| sf] lardf tof/L df6f] /flvG5 / kmnfdsf] 8G8Ln] kfªu\ |fnfO{ 3'dfOG5 . o;/L
3'd]sf] df6faf6 b'O{ xft ko| fu] u/L cfjZostfcg;' f/sf] cfs[lt agfOG5 . cfkmn" ] rfx] h:tf]
a6' 6\ f agfpgsf lglDt sf7 tyf kmnfdsf 6j' |mf ko| f]u ul/G5 . cfsl[ t alg;sk] l5 kfªu\ f| af6
56' \ofpg Ps ljz]if lsl;dsf] wfuf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .

lzIfs M wGojfb Û tkfOxF{ ¿n] cfˆgf :yfgLo kl| jlw;Fu ;DalGwt cfkm\gf l;sfO / cge' j
cfbfgk|bfg uge'{ of] . tL ;a} dxŒjk0" f{ k|ljlw x'g\ . To:t} :yfgLo l;k / 1fg klg 5g\ . :yfgLo

28 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

h8La6' Laf6 cfi} fwL agfpg] xfdf| cfkm\g} :yfgLo l;k / 1fg 5g\ . /f8L kfvL aG' g,] uG' bL| agfpg]
cfkmg\ } l;k / 1fg 5g\ . jt{dfg ;dodf cfwl' gsLs/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj :j¿k o:tf
k/Dk/fut / /}yfg] k|ljlw lbg kl| tlbg nf]k xFb' } uO/x]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f o:tf kl| jlwsf] ;/+ If0f
u/L xfdf| dfl} ns k/Dk/fnfO{ hfu] fpg' xfdL ;as} f] bfloTj xf] . k/Dk/fut kl| jlwsf] dfWodaf6
cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut klxrfg sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf k|ljlw :yfgLo ;fwg, ;|f]t / l;kdf
cfwfl/t xg' ], jftfj/0fd}qL xg' ] xb'F f o:tf l;k / k|ljlw xfdf| lglDt clt dxŒjk0" f{ 5g\ .

o:tf l;k / k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jwg{ ug{sf lglDt xfdL ;an} ] cfcfˆgf] 7fpFaf6 ;s/fTds
el" dsf lgjf{x ug{'k5{ . oL df}lns ljz]iftfoS' t kl| jlwsf] klxrfgn] xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf] klxrfg
lbG5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ugk{' 5{ . ljBfno :t/df k7gkf7gsf ;fy;fy} ;docg;' f/
kl/dfhg{ u/L o;sf] k|of]udf hf8] lbgk' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= cfkmg\ f 3/ / l5d]sdf ePsf k/Dk/fut k|ljlw tyf l;kx¿ ;DaGwdf ;f]wvf]h u/L
l6kf]6 tof/ ug{'xf;] \ / sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

@= :yfgLo / k/Dk/fut kl| jlwsf] dxTj / ;/+ If0f ug{] pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ;dx" df 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

#= :yfgLo / k/Dk/fut kl| jlwsf] dxŒj ´Nsg] kf]:6/ tof/ u/L sIffdf kb| z{g ug{'xf;] \ .
$= tkfOF{sf] ;db' fodf ko| fu] xg' ] :yfgLo / k/Dk/fut kl| jlw;Fu ;DjlGwt sg' } kl| jlwsf] lrq

tof/ u/L sIffdf kb| z{g ugx{' f;] \ .
%= :yfgLo l;k / 1fgsf] dxŒj ;DaGWfdf ;fYfLx¿lar ;+jfb ug'x{ f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ k/:k/fut kl| jlw eg]sf] s] xf] < s'g} bO' { pbfx/0f lbgx' f];\ .
-v_ xfdLn] cfkm\gf :yfgLo 1fg / l;knfO{ lsg ;/+ If0f ugk{' 5{ <
-u_ :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfo n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-3_ :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / kl| jlw xfd|f cdN" o ;DklQ x'g\ . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6

ug{'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{
v'jf, 5'kL{ agfpg], dxL kfg{,] l3p, rs' agfpg], 3/fo;L pks/0f agfpg] :yfgLo kl| jlw
cjnf]sg u//] tLdWo] sg' } Ps j:t' tof/ kfg]{ lj:tt[ k|lj|mof ;d6] L Ps k|ltjb] g tof/
kfgx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 29

kf7
% :yfgLo :t/df ljsf; k:| tfj thd'{ f

lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf lglDt ;du| kl| j|mofx¿nfO{ ;d6] L Jojl:yt ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] vfsf
g} of]hgf xf] . sg' } klg sfo{ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ke| fjsf/L 9ª\un] ;DkGg ug{sf lglDt of]hgfsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xG5 . of]hgfn] g} nIo xfl;n ugs{ f lglDt dful{ gb]z{ u5{ . of]hgfsf] th{'df
ubf{ jtd{ fg tyf b"/ufdL ¿kdf kg{ ;Sg] k|efjx¿sf] cfsng ug'{k5{ .

of]hgfsf] th'd{ f ubf{ k:| tfj tof/L tyf 5gf6] , nufgLsf] ;f| t] sf] nv] fhfv] f h:tf sfos{ f lglDt
cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/x¿ ;DaGwdf :ki6 dful{ gb]z{ ul/Psf] xg' k' 5{ . ljsf; th'{df cfofh] gfn]
s] ug,]{ lsg ug{,] s;n] ug,]{ s;/L ug,]{ sxfF ug]{ eGg] ljifosf] clud| lg0fo{ xf] . /fd|f] ljsf;
ofh] gf k:| tfj th{'df xg' ' eg]sf] cfof]hgfsf] cfwf sfo{ xg' ' xf] .

ljsf;sf ofh] gf th'{df ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 .
ha;Dd :yfgLo hgtfn] cfjZostfsf] dx;;' u/s] f xbF' g} g ta;Dd To:tf of]hgfdf pgLx¿sf]
;lj|mo ;xeflutf ;Dej x'Fb}g . lgwf{l/t p2]Zo kl/k"l{t{ ug{ ;lsbF g} . tfl] sPs} ;dodf nIo
xfl;n ug{ tyf nfutdf Gog" Ls/0f ug{ :yfgLo :t/sf] ;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ /xG5 . :yfgLo
txsf JolSt cfkmg\ f] jf:tljs ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿;uF kl/lrt x'g] xbF' f ofh] gf a9L
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf;
ug{ / pknAw ;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf lglDt klg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf cTofjZos
/xG5 .

pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng u/L lglZrt ;do l;dfleq lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n
ugs{ f nflu ul/g] tof/Lsf] k|lj|mof of]hgf thd'{ f xf] . ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;ljm| o ;xeflutf
/ ;f| ]t;fwgsf] pknAwtfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ljsf; ofh] gf thd{' f ul/G5 . xfnsf] ;ª\3Lo
;/+ rgfcg';f/ ufpkF flnsf / gu/kflnsf :yfgLo txdf ljsf; k|:tfj th{'df ug{] cflwsfl/s
lgsfo xg' \ .

!= :yfgLo :t/df ljsf; k:| tfj th'{df

:yfgLo :t/df ljsf; k|:tfj th'{df ubf{ jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, cfGtl/s ;dembf/Lsf]
:yfkgf, ljsf; of]hgf k:| tfj tof/L tyf cfof]hgf 5gf]6 h:tf kIfnfO{ Wofg lbgk' 5{ . To:t}
cfjZos nufgLsf] ;f| ]tsf] n]vfhf]vf, ofh] gf sfof{Gjog, ;~rfng tyf ;Def/, cgu' dg tyf
dN" ofªs\ g cflb kIfnfO{ klg ljsf; k|:tfj th'd{ f ubf{ Wofg lbgk' 5{ .

30 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

:yfgLo :t/df pknAw >d, l;k / ;fwg tyf cj;/nfO{ clwstd kl/rfng ug]{ u/L of]hgf
thd{' f ugk'{ 5{ . ufp,F gu/sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s Joj:yfnfO{ Pscsfs{ f] kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf
ljsl;t ugk'{ 5{ . o;n] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f k|of;df 7f]; of]ubfg k¥' ofp5F . :yfgLo :t/df ljsf;
ofh] gf k|:tfjgf th'd{ fn] ;xeflutfdn" of]hgf th{d' f / cfkm\gf] 7fpsF f] ;du| ljsf; jftfj/0f
tof/ ug{ dbt u5{ .

-s_ ljsf; ofh] gf k:| tfjgfsf cfwf/et" tŒj
-c_ kl/ofh] gfsf] kl/ro -cf_ kl/ofh] gfsf] dxTj
-O_ kl/of]hgfsf] p2Z] o -p_ nlIft Ifq] tyf hg;ª\Vof
-pm_ cgd' flgt nfut tyf ;|f]t -C_ ;do l;df
-P_ sfo{Gjog k|lj|mof / lhDdj] f/L -P]_ ck]lIft pknlAw / ljt/0f
-cf]_ cgu' dg / dN" ofª\sg

-v_ :yfgLo :t/df ljsf; k:| tfj thd'{ fsf r/0f

6fn] ljsf; ;:+ yf ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&# cg';f/ x/]s :yfgLo :t/sf] ;du| ljsf;sf
lglDt 6f]n ljsf; ;:+ yf :yfkgf u/L ljsf;sf] k:| tfj ;DalGwt :ylgo txdf k]; ug{k' 5{ .
;f] k|:tfjdfly 5nkmn u/L ljsf; k:| tfj thd{' f ul/G5 . o; jm| ddf lgDglnlvt r/0fx¿
cjnDag ul/G5 M

-c_ jtd{ fg cj:yfsf] ljZni] f0f tyf cfjZostfsf] klxrfg
-cf_ ;ae} Gbf a9L dxŒjsf] ljifosf] 5gf6]
-O_ k:| tfjgfsf] tof/L tyf ;DalGwt :yfgLo txdf k];
-O{_ cgd' flgt jh]6 tyf ;f| t] sf] lgSof{]n
-p_ pkef]Stf ;ldlt / :yfgLo txsf kl| tlglwlar ;Demf}tf
-pm_ kl/ofh] gfsf] sfofG{ jog 9fFrf
-C_ cg'udg tyf d"Nofªs\ g
-u_ :yfgLo :t/df ljsf; ofh] gf sfof{Gjog k|ljm| of
-c_ ;DaGw :yfkgf
ofh] gf lgdf0f;{ uF ;DalGwt JolSt, :yfgLo pkef]Stf ;dx" jf ;/fs] f/jfnf ;d"xlar

5nkmn cGt/lj|mof ul/G5 .
-cf_ cj:yf cWoog M
of]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] If]q jf ;d"xsf] hLljsfk] fh{g, k|fs[lts ;f| ]t Joj:yfkg,

jftfj/0fLo cj:yf cflbsf] cWoog ul/G5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 31

-O_ ;d:ofsf] k|fyldsLs/0f
pkoS{' t nfut, kl| tkmn, ;f| ]t ;fwg, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] rf;f] / cledt tyf

;dfwfgsf] pkfo cflbnfO{ Wofg lbO{ ;d:ofsf] kf| yldstf lgwf/{ 0f ul/G5 .
-O{_ ;Demft} f / s/f/
of]hgfsf] ;d'bfo;uF sf] :jfldTj, of]ubfg, ;femb] f/L ,pQ/bfloTj, sfo{

of]hgfnufotsf kIfx¿ pNn]v u/L ;Demft} f / s/f/ ul/G5 .
-p_ clenv] Ls/0f
of]hgf thd{' f kl| jm| of, pknlAwsf] cgd' fg, cgu' dg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; cflb pNnv]

u/L sfo{qmdsf] clGtd :jLs[lt;dt] nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L of]hgfsf] clen]vLs/0f
ul/G5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= sIffdf ;d"x lgdf0{ f u/L of]hgf, o;sf] cfjZostf / th'{df k|lj|mof ;DjGwdf 5nkmn

u/L cfˆgf] ;dx" sf] sfo{ k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .
@= sIffdf ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljsf; kl/of]hgf 5gf]6 u/L lzIfssf] ;xof]udf pkef]Stf

;ldltsf] a7} ssf] clego k:| t't ug{'xf;] \ .
#= ;d"xdf ofh] gf th{d' f / sfof{Gjog kl| j|mof;DaGwL rf6{ lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf kb| zg{

ug'{xf;] \ .
$= tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnodf km"naf/L lgdf{0fsf lglDt Ps ;fdl" xs k|:tfj tof/ kf/L k|wfgfWofks

;dIf k;] ugx{' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ of]hgf th'd{ f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ :yfgLo txdf ljsf; of]hgf lsg cfjZos x'G5g\ <
-u_ :yfgLo :t/df ljsf; of]hgf k:| tfj th'{dfsf r/0f pNnv] ug{x' f;] \ .
-3_ :yfgLo :t/df ljsf; ofh] gf k|:tfj sfof{Gojgsf r/0f pNnv] ug'{xf;] \ .

32 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

PsfO xfdf| ;fdflhs dN" o dfGotf

tLg

l;sfO pknlAw

 xfd|f k/Dk/f Pjd\ ;fdflhs dN" o dfGotfsf] vf]hL ub}{
To;n] ;dfhdf kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds c;/sf] atfpg

 xfdf| ] k/Dk/fut snfsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
 wfld{s ;lxi0ft' f / wd{ lg/kI] ftfsf] dxŒj atfpg /

Jofjxfl/s cEof; ug{
 ;dfg'el" t, ;xof]u / zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] dxŒj af]w /

cEof; ug{
 /fli6«o JolStTj tyf ljel" tsf] ofu] bfg pNn]v ug{ /

k]/| 0ff lng

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 33

kf7
! g]kfndf k|rlnt wd{

;fdflhs cWoogsf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gk] fndf kr| lnt wd{ ;DaGwdf kl{/ofh] gf sfo{ ug{
nufpg'eof] . ;fs] f nflu ljBfyLn{ fO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/of] . ljBfyL{x¿n] cfcfˆgf]
;d"xsf] lhDdfdf k/]sf] wd{sf] ;DaGwdf ;fw] vf]h / ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cWoog u/L tof/
kf/]sf] k:| tt' Ls/0f 6f]nL gt] fn] o;/L k|:t't u/] .

;d"x s

;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ Û xfdf| ] ;d"xn] lxGb' wds{ f] ;DaGwdf ;fw] vf]h / cWoog u/L l6kf6] u/]sf s'/f
o;k|sf/ 5g\ . lxGb' wd{ ;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf] wd{ xf] . jb] , k'/f0f, dxfef/t, uLtf, /fdfo0f
cflb lxGb' wd{sf wd{u|y x'g\ . lxGbx' ¿ eujfg\sf ljleGg ¿k / cjtf/ xG' 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf
ljZjf; u5g{ \ . lxGbx' ¿ d'Vo u/L ax| d\ f, lji0f' dxZ] j/, /fd / s[i0fnfO{ dfG5g\ . lzj dfGg]nfO{
z}j, lji0f' dfGg]nfO{ ji} 0fj / si[ 0f dfGgn] fO{ si[ 0f k|0ffdL elgG5 . lxGbx' ¿ k"hfkf7 ug{sf nflu
ljleGg dlGb/ jf zlStkL7df hfG5g\ . kzk' ltgfy, dgsfdgf, xn];L, hfgsL dlGb/, :ju{bf/L,
rGbggfy z}n]Zj/L, d'lStgfy, kfyLe/f cflbnfO{ lxGb'x¿ kljq lty{:ynsf ¿kdf lnG5g\ .
lxGb' wd{sf d'Vo kjx{ ¿ b;F,} ltxf/, lth, hg} k"l0f{ df, 57, xfn] L cflb xg' \ . lj=;+= @)^* sf]
hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf lxGb' wd{ dfGg] dflg; *!=#$ kl| tzt /x]sf 5g\ . lxGb' wds{ f dV' o
pkbz] rf/] L gug,'{ ;Tosf] kIf lng,' c;n / cg'zfl;t x'g,' w}o{zLn xg' ,' c¿nfO{ b'Mv glbg',
c¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug,'{ ;lxi0f' x'g', k|s[lt / kf| 0fLsf] ;/+ If0f ug{', cltlysf] ;]jf ;Tsf/ ug{', ;frF f]
af]Ng', dfgj sNof0f ug,'{ xTof lx;+ f gug'{ cflb xg' \ . wdn{ ] l;sfPsf] ;xL af6fdf lxF8f}F / c;n
/ cg'zfl;t eP/ afrF f}F . wGojfb .

;dx" v

;an} fO{ gd:sf/ Û xfd|f] ;dx" n] tof/ kf/s] f] af4} wd{sf] k|:tl' t o;ks| f/ /xs] f] 5 M

af}4 wd{ a4' sf] 1fg / pkbz] af6 ;?' ePsf] xf] . pgsf] hGd ^@# O=k=" df g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf
ePsf] lyof] . a'4 hGd :yn ePsfn] oxfF ljZje/sf af4} dfuLx{ ¿ cfp5F g\ . xfn of] 7fpF ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;r" Ls[t 5 .

af4} wd{sf wdu{ G| y hfts / lqlk6s x'g\ . af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿ kf| y{gf ugs{ f nflu uD' af jf
ljxf/df hfG5g\ . af}4 wds{ f dV' o rf8kj{x¿ j}zfv k"l0{fdf, Nxf];f/ cflb x'g\ . gk] fndf a'4
wds{ f lxgofg, dxfofg / ah|ofg u//] tLg ;Dk|bfosf cg'ofoL 5g\ . lxgofg a4' sf] lzIffdf
s]lGbt| 5 eg] dxfofg b]jtfx¿sf] kh" f ug{] / 1fg kf| Kt ug{] s'/fdf s]lGb|t 5 . ah|ofg tGq

34 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

ljBf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf af}4 wd{ dfGg] dflg; (=)$
kl| tzt /x]sf 5g\ . lx;+ f gug{,' rf/] L gug'{, v/fa cfr/0f gug,'{ dfbs kbfy{ ;j] g gug{,' l/;
lgoGq0f ug{,' ;Gtf]if lng', zfGt /xg', em'6f] gjf]Ng' cflb a4' n] lbPsf pkb]z x'g\ . a'4n] lbPsf
pkb]zx¿sf] kfngf u/f}F / c;n JolSt agf}F . wGojfb .

;d"x u

;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ Û O:nfd wd{sf] af/]df xfdLn] l6kf6] u/]sf s/' f o;k|sf/ 5g\ . O:nfd wds{ f
clGtd ;Gb]zjfxs xh/t df]xDdb x'g\ . o; wd{sf] wdu{ |Gy s'/fg xf] . pgLx¿ dl:hb hfG5g\ .
pgLx¿ cNnfx dfG5g\ . pgLx¿ gdfh k9\5g\ . dSsf, dlbgf / h?] ;]nd O:nfd wds{ f tLg
kljq wfld{s lty{:yn dflgG5g\ . O:nfd wd{sf d'Vo rf8kj{ Ob, as/Ob, /dhfg cflb xg' \ .
lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ g]kfndf O:nfd wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ $=#( kl| tzt /x]sf
5g\ . xh/t df]xDdbn] ljZjsf dflg;x¿nfO{ bM' vaf6 dS' t ug{ lbPsf d'Vo ;Gb]z bfg ug{,'
c;n cfr/0f ug{', ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ cflb xg' \ . To:t} ;Tosf] kIfdf nfUg, bM' vLsf] ;j] f ug{,
gd| af]nL jrg afN] g, k/f]ksf/L x'g klg pgn] ;Gbz] lbPsf 5g\ . cGTodf lbg bM' vLx¿sf] ;j] f
u/f}F / k/f]ksf/L agfF} eGb} d]/f] ;dx" sf] k|:t'lt oxL 6'ªU\ ofpF5' . wGojfb .

;d"x 3

;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ . d xfd|f] ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] ls/ft wds{ f] k|:tl' tnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg uO/x]sf]
5' . ls/ft wds{ f wd{ u?' kmfNu'gGb lnª\bg] xg' \ . dG' wd' o; wd{sf] wd{u|Gy xf] . o; wd{df
kf?xfª / ;l' DgdfnfO{ d'Vo bj] tfsf] ¿kdf k"hf ul/G5 . ls/ftLnfO{ lxGb' wdd{ f eujfg\ lzjsf]
eStx¿sf] ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; wd{df cfuf], ?v, kxf8, hª\un, gbL cflbsf] k"hf
ul/G5 . o; wdd{ f ks| l[ t kh" fnfO{ ljzi] f dxŒj lbOG5 . pwF fn} L peF f}nL o; wds{ f d'Vo rf8kj{
xg' \ . lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg;' f/ g]kfndf ls/ft wd{ dfGg] dflg; #=)% kl| tzt /x]sf
5g\ . o; wds{ f pkb]zx¿ ;To af]Ng,' lx;+ f gug,'{ c?sf] se' nf] glrtfpg,' k|s[ltsf] kh" f ug',{
sd{df ljZjf; ug'{ cflb xg' \ . cGTodf ;ak} |lt ;dfg Jojxf/ u/f}F wGojfb .

;dx" ª

;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ Û xfdLn] O;fO{ wds{ f] af/d] f l6kf]6 u/s] f s/' fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ . O;fO{ wds{ f
;:+ yfks lh;; s|fO:6 -lo;' lv|:6_ xg' \ . O;fO{ wdf{jnDaLx¿ Ps OZ{ j/df ljZjf; u5{g\ .

o; wd{sf] wdu{ |Gy afOan xf] . O;fO{ wd{sf] k|fyg{ f ug]{ 7fpFnfO{ rr{ elgG5 . O;fO{ wdn{ fO{
tLg k|sf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5, Sofyfl] ns, cyf8{] S; / k|f]6:] 6]G6 . g]kfndf kf| ]6]:6G] 6 O;fO{
a9L 5g\ . O;fO{ wds{ f dV' o rf8kj{ lj|m:d;, O:6/ cflb xg' \ . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/
gk] fndf O;fO{ wd{ dfGg] dflg; !=$@ kl| tzt /xs] f 5g\ . o; wd{sf pkb]z kd]| ug'{, ;as} f]
sNof0f ug'{, c;n cfr/0f ug,{' nf]e gug{,' gd| eO{ af]Ng', bfg ug',{ Ifdf lbg' cflb xg' \ . cGTodf
b'MvLx¿sf] ;]jf u/f},F c;n sfd u/fF} . wGojfb .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 35

;dx" r

;an} fO{ gd:sf/ Û l;v wd{ ;DaGwdf xfdf| ] ;dx" sf] k:| t'lt o;k|sf/ /xs] f] 5 . l;v wd{sf
d'Vo k|rf/s u'? gfgs x'g\ . o; wds{ f] wd{ uG| y u'? u|Gy ;flxa xf] . o; wd{sf] ehg /
k|fy{gf ug]{ :yfgnfO{ u?' åf/f elgG5 . u?' gfgsåf/f sf7df8fF}sf] afnfhd' f Wofg u/]/ Ps jif{
latfPkl5 gk] fndf l;v wd{ kml} nPsf] dflgG5 . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ gk] fndf l;v
wd{ dfGg] dflg; )=)! k|ltzt /xs] f 5g\ . l;v wd{sf dV' o pkbz] u'?jf0fLsf] kfngf ug',{ k|]d
ug,'{ ;as} f] sNof0f ug{,' lx+;f gug',{ c;n Jojxf/ kb| z{g ug{,' hLjgnfO{ kljq agfpg' cflb
xg' \ . ;as} f] sNof0f u/f,}F ;a} ;Fu ldlnhn' L a;fF} . wGojfb .

cGTodf lzIfsn] ;a} ;dx" nfO{ /fdf| ] k:| t'ltsf nflu wGojfb lbge' of] . xfdLn] h'g;s' } wd{ dfg]
tfklg ;a} wds{ f] ;Ddfg ug'k{ 5{ . ;a} wd{sf] dV' o pkbz] jf ;f/ Pp6} xG' 5 eGb} lzIfsn]
wd{sf ;femf ;f/ n]lvPsf] jI[ f rf6{ sIffdf k|bzg{ ug'e{ of] .

;dfg Jojxf/

;bfrf/ clx+;f cltly c;n
;be\ fj ;]jf Jojxf/
;Tsd{ g}ltstf zflGt
rl/q dn] ldnfk
k/f]ksf/f/ sNof0f
Dffgj ;]jf
kf| 0fL lxt Gofo

em6' f] gafN] g' Rff] /L gug{'

lxGb' wd{sf ;f/ O;fO{

Aff} 4 ;fsf;femf O:nfd
;f/x?

h}g axfO{
Aff] g
ls/ft
l;v

36 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lj|mofsnfk

!= tn lbOPsf] ljj/0f cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

g]kfndf hg} , axfO,{ kf| s[t, afg] cflb wd{ dfGg] dflg; klg 5g\ . hg} wd{sf kj| t{s dxfjL/
hg} xg' \ . o; wd{sf] wfld{s :yn clUg dlGb/ xf] . o; wds{ f] wfld{s u|Gy jrgfdt[
xf] . sf7df8f}Fsf] sdn kf]v/Ldf Ps dfq clUg dlGb/ /x]sf] 5 . kljqtf, ;Rrl/qtf /
clx+;fnfO{ o; wd{n] ljzi] f hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ gk] fndf
#,@!$ hgf h}g wdf{jnDaL /xs] f 5g\ .

afg] wd{sf k|jts{ n'8fSkf 6f;L UofN5g] x'g\ . of] wd{ gk] fnsf] 8fN] kf lhNnfaf6 k|f/De
ePsf] dflgG5 . o; wds{ f cg'ofoLnfO{ afD] kf] elgG5 . o; wd{sf] wflds{ :yn uD' af
xf] . ;a}eGbf 7n' f] wfld{s :yn d:' tfªsf] n'a|fs u'Daf xf] . o; wds{ f] wflds{ u|GynfO{
afg] sfªu\ '/ t]ªu\ /' elgG5 . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf !#))& hgf af]g
wdfj{ nDaL /xs] f 5g\ .

Kf|Zgx¿
-s_ g]kfndf kr| lnt afg] wds{ f] ;DaGwdf 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ h}g wds{ f kj| ts{ sf] xg' \ .

@= tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfodf dflgg] s'g} Ps wd;{ DaGwL wfld{s lqmofsnfk ;fw] vf]h u/L nV] g'xf];\ .
#= plNnlvt ;a} wds{ f ;femf ;f/ pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .
$= ;d"x ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ gk] fnsf] gS;fdf d'Vo d'Vo wflds{ :yn b]vfpgx' f];\ .
%= g]kfndf k|rlnt wd{x¿sf] ;DaGwdf tnsf] tflnsf k/" f ug'x{ f];\ M

wd{sf] gfd ;+:yfks wdu{ G| y Wfflds{ :yn wd{sf dV' o pkb]z

cEof; 37
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

!= g]kfndf dflgg] d'Vo wd{sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= cfkmn" ] dfGg] wds{ f d'Vo dV' o ljzi] ftf pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \ .
$= wd{ / hghLjglarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
@ dfgj dN" o / o;sf] dxŒj

8fN] df / zflGt Pp6} sIffdf k9\g] ;fyLx¿ x'g\ . ljBfnosf] jflifs{ f]T;jsf] pknIodf lgaGw
k|ltof]lutf x'g nfus] f] 5 . lgaGwsf] zLifs{ dfgj dN" o / o;sf] dxŒj /xs] f] 5 . b'a} hgf
lgaGw k|ltof]lutfdf efu lngsf nflu tof/L ul//xs] f 5g\ . dfgj d"No / o;sf] dxŒjsf]
af/d] f 8f]Ndf / lbgz] ljBfnosf] rf}/df u?' cfdf;Fu 5nkmn ul//x]sf 5g\ .
8f]Ndf M gd:sf/ u'?cfdf Û
u?' cfdf M gd:sf/ Û . sx] L sfd lyof] < lbg]z klg ot} x'gx' 'Fbf] /x5] .
lbgz] M u?' cfdf, xfdL jflifs{ fT] ;jdf lgaGw kl| tof]lutfdf efu lngsf nflu tof/L ub{} 5fF} .

xh'/nfO{ oxfF a;s] f] b]v]/ dfgj d"Nosf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ cfPsf xf}F .
u'?cfdf M eOxfN5 lg Û dfgj eg]sf] dflg; / dN" o eg]sf] p;df ePsf u'0f jf ljz]iftf xg' \ .

o;/L dflg;nfO{ ;[li6sf] c;n JolSt agfpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ u'0f g} dfgj
d"No x'g\ .
8f]Ndf M u?' cfdf, clg dfgj dN" osf] klxrfg u/fpg] s'/f s] s] x'g\ lg <
u'?cfdf M Psbd /fdf| ] kZ| g ug{'eof] . n ;G' g'xf;] \ x} t . dfgjdf ePsf] OdfGbf/L, k|]d, bof,
;b\efj, ljZjf;, ;G' b/tf, lgikIftf, afl} 4stf, ;xof]uLkg, ;To cflbn] dfgj
dN" osf] klxrfg lbG5g\ . oL u'0fn] dfgjnfO{ ;xL dfu{df 8f¥] ofpg dbt u5g{ \ .
lbgz] M u'?cfdf xfdLn] oL ;a} u0' fnfO{ cfˆgf] Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ ;Sof}F eg] dfq xfdL
dfgj ePsf] 7xl/G5 h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ t .
u?' cfdf M xf] lbgz] , tkfOnF{ ] l7s eGg'eof] . Jojxf/ tyf cfr/0f /fd|f] agfpg ;SofF} eg] dfq
xfdL c;n gful/s aGg ;S5fF} . xfdLdf ;sf/fTds ;fr] xg' 'k5{ . c¿k|lt bof,
dfof, s?0ff / k/f]ksf/sf] efjgf x'g'k5{ . c¿sf] s'enf] lrtfpg], l/;, 8fxf ug{]
ug{'xF'b}g . xfdLn] af]nL arg / Jojxf/n] c¿sf] lrQ b'vfpg' xb'F }g . ;ak} l| t ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ . ;w}F ;Tosf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpgk' 5{ . o:tf c;n Jojxf/åf/f g}
xfdLdf ePsf] dfgj dN" osf] k|ltlaDjg ug{ ;S5f}F .
8f]Ndf M dfgj hLjgdf dfgj d"Nosf] s] s:tf] dxŒj x'G5 < To;sf] af/]df atfOlbg'xf];\ g
u'?cfdf .

38 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

u'?cfdf M dfgj hLjgdf dfgj d"No Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 . dfgj dN" on] xfdLnfO{ s] l7s s]
a]l7s cyjf s'g sfd ug]{ sg' sfd gug{] eGg] s'/f l;sfp5F . xfd|f] lg0fo{ nfO{ ;lx
dful{ gbz]{ u5{ h;af6 xfdL nIodf k'Ug ;kmn xG' 5fF} . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] dfgj
d"NonfO{ dfgjsf] ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ dflgG5 .

lbgz] M u'?cfdf dfgj dN" osf] lgwf{/0fdf 3/kl/jf/sf] jftfj/0fsf] k|efj k5{ ls kb}g{ <

u?' cfdf M JolStn] ckgfpg] dN" o dfGotfsf] ljsf;df kl/jf/sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 . kl/jf/
sg' } klg JolStsf] gl} ts d"No dfGotf l;Sg] klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] . kl/jf/sf] ;b:on]
ug]{ Jojxf/, xfpefp tyf pgLx¿sf] hLjgzn} L / ;+:sf/af6 g} JolStsf] cfr/0fsf]
ljsf; xG' 5 . To;}n] JolStsf] dfgljo dN" o dfGotfsf] ljsf; ug{ kl/jf/sf]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/df c;n Jojxf/ / c;n rl/q lgdf{0f
ug{] vfnsf] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf0{ f ul/gk' 5{ . ;dfhsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf / rl/qaf/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . ;dfhdf /x]sf sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ;dfhdf ljBdfg
c;dfgtfsf] Jojxf/nfO{ unt xf] eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpgk' 5{ . ;a}nfO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/sf] k|bzg{ ug]{ ;+:sf/ l;sfpg] sfo{df kl/jf/sf] lhDd]jf/L x'gk' 5{ .

8fN] df M u'?cfdf ;dfhsf] jftfj/0fn] dfgj dN" osf] lgwf/{ 0fdf s:tf] ke| fj kf5{ lg <

u?' cfdf M h;/L dfgj d"Nosf] ljsf;df kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 To;/L g} ;dfhsf]
el" dsf klg dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . ;dfhdf a:g] dflg;sf] cfgLafgL, /xg;xg,
cfxf/ljxf/, lzIffsf] cj:yf, ljutsf rfnrng cflbåf/f g} To; ;dfhdf a:g]
dflg;sf] hLjgzn} L ke| fljt ePsf] xG' 5 . dflg;df ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/sf] ljsf;
To; ;dfhdf a:g] dflg;sf] g}lts Pjd\ ;fdflhs dN" o dfGotfcg';f/sf] g}
xG' 5 . ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{ ;fdflhs lxtcg's"n sfo{ ug{ pTkl|] /t ul/g'k5{ .
hgrt] gfd"ns sfoj{ |mdx¿sf] ;~rfng ug'k{ 5{ . afnafnLsfnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf
l;kx¿ l;sfpg'k5{ . o;n] dfgj dN" osf] ljsf;df dbt u5{ .

lbg]z M u?' cfdf lzIffn] dfgj dN" o lgwf{/0fdf s:tf] ke| fj kf5{ lg <

u?' cfdf M dfgj dN" o lgwf/{ 0fdf lzIffn] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ u/]sf] x'G5 . cfk} rfl/s /
cgf}krfl/s ba' } lsl;dsf] lzIffaf6 dfgj d"No lzIff kb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfnodf
l;sfOg] lzIffaf6 g} JolStsf] dN" o dfGotf tyf sfoz{ n} L lgwf/{ 0f x'G5 . To;sf/0f
lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, l;kd"ns tyf ;:+ sf/ oS' t agfOg'k5{ . lzIffn] dfgj dN" o
dfGotfnfO{ kj| w{g ug{] vfnsf] xg' 'k5{ . lzIffn] xfd|f] k/Dk/f dN" o dfGotf, /Lltl/jfh
/ ;:+ s[ltsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ df ;xofu] k¥' ofpg'k5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 39

8fN] df÷lbgz] M u'?cfdf xh/' nfO{ w]/} w/] } wGojfb Û dfgj dN" o lzIffsf] af/]df w/] } /fdf| ];Fu a'‰g]
cj;/ kb| fg ug'e{ Psfdf .

u?' cfdf M tkfOnF{ fO{ klg wGojfb Û a8f] pT;s' tfsf ;fy rfv lnP/ l;sfOdf ;xefuL ePsfdf .
-olQsd} f vfhfvfg] ;do ;lsPsf] 306L aH5 . ;a} hgf sIff sf7] flt/ nfU5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= tn lbOPsf] sljtf cWoog u/L tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

Dffgj dN" o

lhDdj] f/ agL dfgj ;Ddfg sfdsf] u/
dofb{ f cleef/f xf] stJ{ o c¿ s] 5 / Û
cuh| k|lt ;Ddfg dfGohg lz/f]k/
;+:sf/ d"No hfg]/ agfcfF} u0' fsf] 3/

;'sd{ /Llt xf] wd{ cfgLjfgL ;j' fl;t
/ut / kl;gf kfv] L lhGbuL aG5 ;'Gb/
ag] gful/s ;Rrf aGg] 5 bz] pGgt
;d' fu{ kl5 nfu/] ;Eotf aG5 pHHjn
s_ dfly lbOPsf] sljtfdf dfgj dN" osf] s'g s'g kIfx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ < ;r" L

agfpgx' f;] \ .
v_ bz] pGgt aGg s] s] rflxPnf <

@= kf7df lbOPsf] ;+jfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt k9g\ ] cEof; ug'{xf;] \ .
#= dfgj d"Nosf] dxŒj ;DaGwdf uLt jf syf jf sljtf jf ;DkfbsLo tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .
$= tkfO{F ljBfnoaf6 3/ kmsF{b} ubf{ af6fdf Ps hgf dfgl;s ;Gt'ng u'dfPsf] h:tf] bl] vg]

JolStnfO{ afnaflnsfn] lh:sfO/xs] f] b]Vge' of] . To:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{F s] ug{'x'G5 <
cfˆgf] ljrf/ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

40 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

%= tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf dfgj dN" osf u'0faf6 cfˆgf] d"Nofª\sg cfkm}F ugx{' f;] \ M

Dffgj dN" osf u'0f 5 5}g

-s_ c?sf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] ;Ddfg ug{] u/s] f]

-v_ ;Tosf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg] u/s] f]

-u_ Hi] 7 gful/s, czSt / c;xfonfO{ ;]jf / ;xofu] ug{] u/s] f]

-3_ 3/df cfPsf kfxg' fnfO{ cfb/ / ;Tsf/ ug{] u/s] f]

-ª_ cfkme" Gbf 7'nfnfO{ ;Ddfg / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{] u/]sf]

-r_ ;fdflhs sfod{ f ;lj|mo ;xeflutf hgfpg] u/s] f]

-5_ u?' / cu|hsf] cf1f kfngf ug]{ u/]sf]

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ dfgj dN" o eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ dfgj d"Nosf] klxrfg u/fpg] u0' f s] s] x'g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-u_ dfgj dN" osf] dxŒj pNnv] ug'x[ f;] \ .
-3_ dfgj d"Nosf] ljsf;df 3/ kl/jf/, ;dfh / lzIffsf] e"ldsfsf] ;DaGwdf 56' 6\ f56' 6\ }

;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ M

3/kl/jf/ ;dfh lzIff

!= != !=

@= @= @=

#= #= #=

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 41

kf7
# gk] fnL k/Dk/fut snf M lrqsnf

dfgjsf] l;hg{ zLntf, efjgf tyf dl:tissf] sNkgfzLntfnfO{ cleJoSt ug]{ dfWoddWo]
snf klg Ps xf] . of] cfkm}Fdf dfgjLo ;[hgf klg xf] . gk] fnL snfdf xfdf| k/Dk/f /Lltl/jfh,
hLjgk4lt / ;+:sf/ kl| tlalDat ePsf 5g\ . wfld{s, ;f+:sl[ ts tyf ;fdflhs bl[ i6n] gk] fnL
k/Dk/fut snfsf] ljlzi6 :yfg /xs] f] 5 . g]kfnL k/Dk/fut snfn] ljutsf] ;fdflhs,
cflys{ , /fhgLlts tyf wfld{s kl/j]znfO{ a'‰g ;xh agfPsf] 5 . snfn] ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf]
cj:yfnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{ . o;n] df}lns klxrfg / ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ hLjGt agfpg] sfd u/s] f] 5 .
o;n] ;dfh kl/jtg{ / ljsf;df dxŒjk0" f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . g]kfnL snfsf] dfl} nstf / z}nL
ljbz] Lsf nflu ;d]t cfsif0{ f ags] f] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfnL k/Dk/fut snfn] /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ ;dt] ;h[ gf u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«sf] wflds{ , ;f:+ s[lts / ;fdflhs klxrfg sfod /fVg dbt
ku' ]sf] 5 . g]kfnL k/Dk/fut snf cGtu{t lrqsnf, jf:t'snf / dl" ts{ nf k5{g\ . oxfF gk] fnL
lrqsnfsf] af/]df ;ª\Ifk] df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

lrqsf] dfWodaf6 sg' } klg s'/f cleJoSt ug{] snfnfO{ lrqsnf elgG5 . lrq agfpg] sfddf
;fwf/0ftof sf7, sk8f, tf8kq, sfuh / 3/ jf dlGb/sf leQf cflbsf] k|ofu] ul/G5g\ . 9'ªu\ f,
df6f] / wfta' f6 ags] f] dl" t{sf] tn' gfdf lrqsnfsf] cfo' sd x'G5 . Tolt a]nf j}1flgs 9ªu\ n]
lrqsnfsf] ;+/If0f ug{] kl| jlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . To;}n] kf| rLg lrqsnfsf gdg' f gi6
ePsf xg' ;S5g\ . lrqsnf ;+;f/sf] ;ae} Gbf kf| rLg snf xf] . g]kfnL lrqsnfsf] Oltxf;
bj] L b]jtfsf] lrq / wfld{s cf:yf;uF hfl] 8Psf] bl] vG5 . gf} ;o jif{ cl3;Dd k'/fgf kf| rLg af}4
uG| ydf lrlqt af}4 lrqx¿ g} g]kfnsf lrqsnfsf k|frLg gd'gf xg' \ . xfdf| ] k/Dk/f /Lltl/jfh /
;:+ sl[ tsf] emns lrqsnfdf kfpg ;lsG5 . oxfFsf] lrqsnfdf tGqn] dxŒjk0" f{ :yfg cfu] 6]sf]
kfOG5 . lrqsnfsf] p2]Zo snfsf/sf] :jtGq cleJolStsf nflu geO{sg wflds{ p2Z] o
k|flKtsf nflu lyof] eGg] a‰' g ;lsG5 . g]kfndf lnR5lj zf;gsfnaf6 lrqsnfsf] ljsf;
ePsf] k|df0f kfOG5 . lnR5ljsfnLg b/af/x¿ lrqsnfn] ;lhPsf xG' y] .

g]kfnL lrqsnf uG| y lrq, kf}ef lrq / leQ] lrq u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

!= uG| y lrq

wfld{s syf jf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lrqnfO{ uG| y lrq elgG5 . uG| y lrqdf snfsf/n]
ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df /ª tyf sk8f, u/uxgf / dv' sf] xfpefp ldnfP/ lrq sf]5{g\ . sfuhsf]
cfljisf/ xg' e' Gbf klxn] tf8kq / ef]hkqdf u|Gy lrq sf]l/Gy] . tf8 gfdsf] ¿vsf kftx¿
tyf efh] kqsf af]j|mfx¿nfO{ ;s' fP/ lrq agfpg of]Uo ePkl5 To;}df lrqx¿ sfl] /GYf] .

42 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

To:tf] u|Gydf nV] g afF;sf] snd k|ofu]
ul/GYof] . lrqdf /ª nufpg r/fsf]
KjfFv tyf snfsf/ cfkmFn} ] agfPsf]
/f}sF f] a;| ko| f]u ul/GYof] . u|Gy n]Vg
/ /v] flrq sfg] { s6;' , cfkF / cdnfsf]
kftnfO{ ksfP/ agfPsf] d;L ko| fu]
ul/GYof] . g]kfndf kfOPsf] ;a}eGbf
k'/fgf] k1| fkf/ldtf lrq uG| y lrq xf] . k|frLgsfndf gk] fnsf af4} ljxf/df wd{u|Gy nV] g] /
kl| tlnlk ptf/ ug{] sfd ul/GYof] . ;a}eGbf a9L ;fl/Psf uG| yx¿df ci6;xl;|sf, k1| fkf/ldtf /
k~r/Iff x'g\ . k~r/Iff u|Gy lrq eStk'/sf] lrq ;ªu\ |xfnodf /x]sf] 5 . of] lrq klg tf8kqdf
nl] vPsf] 5 . g]kfndf P3f/f}F ztfAbLeGbf cufl8sf uG| y lrqx¿ kfOPsf 5g} g\ . To; a]nf
;;fgf tf8kqdfly u|Gy lrq nl] vGYof] . oL uG| y !@ OGrb]lv !* OGr nfdf / # OGrb]lv
$ OGr rf}8f xG' y] . kT| o]s tf8kqsf] b'a}k6l\ 6 cIf/ n]lvGYof] eg] dWo efudf ljleGg lrq
tyf a'66\ f n]lvGYof] . uG| ysf] ljifoj:t'l;t ldNg] syfnfO{ g} lrqsf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug'{
uG| ylrqsf] dV' o ljz]iftf xf] . lrqsf] ki[ 7e"ld uf9f /ftf] /ªsf] agfOPsf] x'G5 . kmn" / kft
agfP/ st} klg 7fpF 5fl8Psf] x'Fb}g . cGo /ªdf kxnF] f,] ;]tf] lgnf], sfnf,] xl/of,] KofhL cflb
/ªsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

@= kfe} f lrq

sk8fdf agfOg] lrqnfO{ kf}ef lrq elgG5 . o:tf]
lrqnfO{ yfª\sf klg elgG5 . kf}ef lrq k6 / d08nf
u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . k6 lrqdf dV' o b]jLb]jtfsf
lrqnfO{ lardf /fvL cGo ;xfos b]jLbj] tfnfO{
jl/kl/ /flvG5 eg] d08nf lrqdf lardf d08nf
/ rf/}lt/af6 bj] Lb]jtfsf lrqn] 3l] /Psf x'G5g\ .
sk8fdf bj] Lbj] tfsf lrq cyjf s'g} wflds{ syf;Fu
;DalGwt u/]/ kf}ef lrq agfpg] ul/G5 . wflds{
k:' tsdf pNn]v ePsf pkbz] / syfsf] cfwf/df
ljleGg d'bf| , cf;g tyf kl| tdf ldnfO{ ptfl/G5 .

;fx] |f}F ztfAbLbl] v g]kfnL kf}ef lrqdf tflGqs
z}nLsf] kj| z] ePsf] dflgG5 . To;kl5 b]jLbj] tfsf
lrqx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ kr| ng a;]sf] b]lvG5 . wfld{s
;lxi0ft' fdf cfwfl/t x'g,' lxGb' / af4} b'a} wd{df
k|rlnt xg' ' kf}ef lrqsf ljzi] ftf xg' \ . To:t} lar

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 43

efudf dV' o bj] Lbj] tfsf] lrq / jl/kl/ ;xfos bj] Lbj] tfsf] ;fy} vf]nfgfnf, kxf8, j[If, km"n
nx/f cflbsf lrq x'g' o;sf yk ljz]iftf xg' \ .

Aff4} wds{ f] wfld{s sfo{ ubf{ kfe} f lrq n]Vg nufpg] rng 5 . g]jf/ ;d'bfodf led /yf/fx] 0f
;:+ sf/df kfe} f lrq nV] g nufpg] ul/G5 . af}4dfuL{ ;dfhdf JolStsf] dT[ o' ;:+ sf/df klg
kf}ef lrq ptfg]{ ul/G5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq ljleGg jxfnx¿df jifs{ f] Psk6s efb| si[ 0f
k|ltkbfb]lv ci6dL;Dd kf}ef lrq k|bzg{ ug{] rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . gk] fnL kf}ef lrqsf gd'gf
ljleGg ;ªu\ |xfnodf klg b]Vg kfOG5 .

#= leQ] lrq

3/, d7, dlGb/, b/af/, u'Daf, ljxf/ cflbsf] leQfdf ags] f lrqx¿nfO{ leQ] lrq elgG5 .
leQ] lrqx¿ kf| oM k/' fgf b/af/, dlGb/, lj>fd u[x, d7x¿ / cGo ;fjh{ lgs 7fpFdf kfOG5g\ .
gk] fndf ljleGg ;db' fox¿df leQfdf ljleGg bj] Lbj] tf / hgfj/sf lrq lrq0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
g/fdf| ;ª\s]taf6 hfl] ug leQ] lrqx¿ /fVg] k|rng /xs] f] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf leQ] lrqsf] ;?' jft
lnR5ljsfnaf6 ePsf] dflgP tfklg dNnsfneGbf cufl8sf leQ] lrqsf gdg' f kf| Kt ePsf
5}gg\ . gk] fndf kfOPsf ;a}eGbf k|frLg leQ] lrqsf] ¿kdf kGw|fF} ztflAblt/ ags] f] eStk'/sf]
krkGg ‰ofn] b/af/df ePsf lrq dflgG5g\ . tnh] ' ejfgLsf] dlGb/leq /xs] f] /fwf / s[i0fsf]
lrq clt dxŒjk0" f{ lrq dflgG5g\ . To:t} u/L c7f/f}F ztfAbLlt/sf] hoks| fz dNnåf/f lgldt{
s'df/L 3/df /x]sf] /ftf] / ;t] f] dlR5Gb|gfysf] lrq, krnL e}/j, eLd;g] , lx/0osZok,'
dxfª\sfn, aho| f]lugL, u0fz] cflbsf lrq klg pNn]vgLo 5g\ . leQ] lrqdf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf]
u0' f / tflGqs z}nLsf] a9b\ f] k|efj /xs] f] kfOG5 . d'un z}nLsf] ko| fu] tyf cg'z/0f / ljleGg
lsl;dsf /ª/f]ugsf] ko| fu] c leQ] lrqsf d'Vo ljz]iftf xg' \ . lxGb' ;:+ s[ltcg';f/ x/]s jif{
gfu k~rdLsf] lbgdf 9fs] fdf gfusf] lrq 6fF:g] / 7n' f] PsfbzLdf tn' ;Lsf] df]7df ljleGg
bj] Lb]jtfsf lrqx¿ agfpg] / l;ª\ufg{] k|rng /xs] f] 5 . yf? Hffltdf klg 3/sf leQfx¿df
lrq n]Vg] k/Dk/f /xs] f] 5 . To:t} u/L t/fO{ Ifq] df dl} ynL gf/Lx¿n] :yfgLo j:ts' f] ko| f]u
u/L 3/sf] leQf, rfs] , a/G8f cflbdf lrq sf]g]{ u5{g\ . o;df wfld{s ufyf, hgfj/, kmn"
cflbsf ;'Gb/ lrq sfg] {] ul/G5 . xfn cfwl' gs lrqsnfsf] ¿kdf 3/sf leQfx¿, ljBfnosf
kvf{nnufot xf6] n /]:6/' G] 6x¿ cflbsf letfx¿df lrq (Wall Art) sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]Vg
;lsG5 .

gk] fnL lrqsnfsf] dfu cGt/f{li6o« ahf/df ;d]t lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L g]kfndf
lrqsnf Joj;foLs/0f x'Fb} uPsf] a'‰g ;lsG5 . lrqsnfsf] ljsf;sf nflu xfn g]kfndf
nlntsnf SofDk;df ljBfjfl/lw tx;Dd k9fO x'g] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} u/L lghL Ifq] af6 klg
y'k}| SofDk;x¿df o;sf] cWofkg xg' ] u/]sf] 5 . l;kdn" s tflnd, kr| f/k|;f/, kl| tof]lutf
cfof]hgf ul/Psf lrqsnfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u kU' 5 . To:t} snfsf/nfO{ k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg ug{
;sd] f g]kfnL snfsf] >Ljl[ 4df dbt kU' 5 . Joj;foLs/0fn] o;sf] ljsf;df yk 6j] f lbG5 .

44 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (