सामाजिक अध्ययन कक्षा ९

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eLd;]g yfkf zlStdf cfpgf;fy ;l} gs ;b' 9[ Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbP . kmfh} nfO{ 5fpgLdf /fVg],
kf;] fssf] Joj:yf, ;l} gs tflndsf nflu k|mflG;;L ljz]if1 lemsfP . ;]gftkm{ o/' f]kLo kbx¿sf]
l;h{gf, ljtfx{ /0f u/L ;l} gs ;'b[9Ls/0f, xftxltof/ agfpg] sfo{df tLj|tf NofP . b]zsf
ljleGg efudf gofF lsNnfsf] lgdf0{ f / dd{t ul/of] .

-r_ lj:tf/jfbL gLlt

g]kfn pQ/lt/ ;ªl\ 7t xFb' } blIf0fL ee" fult/ a9g\ yfNof] eg] sDkgL ;/sf/ blIf0faf6 pQ/L
e"efutkm{ a9g\ yfNof] . Psn] csf{nfO{ afws 7fGg yfn] . gk] fnsf] zlSt a9\b} uPdf lxGb':yfgdf
cª\u]|hsf] cl:tTj /xg g;Sg] kl/sNkgf cª\u]h| n] ug{ yfn] . eLd;]g yfkfn] g]kfnsf] eljio
;/' lIft u/fpg cª\uh]| ;uF o'4 clgjfo{ 7fg] .

-5_ tTsfnLg sf/0f

a6' an / :o/' fh ;Ldfsf] ljjfb g} o4' sf] tTsfnLg sf/0f aGg k'Uof] . a6' jn kfNkf /fHocGtut{
kbY{ of] . cd/l;x+ yfkf a8fxflsd eO{ To; If]q lyP . cªu\ h]| ;/sf/n] pSt Ifq] cfkm\gf]
ePsf] bfaL u¥of] . eLd;g] yfkf o4' sf] kIfdf ePsfn] s;s} f] s]xL nfu]g . g]kfnn] o'4 ug]{
lg0fo{ u¥of] . kfNkfdf t}gfy cd/l;x+ yfkfn] a6' jn If]qdf kmf}h k7fP . g]kfnL kmfh} n] sDkgL
;/sf/sf] kmfh} dfly wfaf af]Nof] . la|l6; ue{g/ dfSo';{ ckm xfl:6ª\;n] gk] fnLn] kfNkf ljho
u/L kf| Kt u/]sf] a'6jn / :o'/fh Ifq] 5f8g\ lbPsf] bafa gdfgs] fn] lj= ;=+ !*&! sflQs !%
-! gf] eD] a/ !*!$_ df gk] fn lj?4 o4' sf] 3fi] f0ff u/L o4' sf] k|f/De ePsf] lyof] .

@= ;dx" v M g]kfn cª\uh]| o'4sf] k|efj

gk] fn cªu\ ]|h o4' sf] ;'?jft ! gf]e]Da/ !*!$ df eO{ k|f/lDes r/0fdf gk] fnL ;]gfnfO{ o'4df
;kmntf ldn] klg cGTodf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] xf/ eof] . @* d] !*!% df gk] fnL kl| tlglw / cª\uh]|
kl| tlglwlar ;u' f}nLdf jftf{;DaGwL 5nkmn eof] . lj= ;=+ !*&@ kmfug' @) -# dfr{ !*!^_ df
zflGt / ldqtf ;lGw eof] . pSt ;lGwdf gf}cf]6f wf/fdf x:tfIf/ u/L o4' sf] cGTo eof] . gk] fn
cu|+h] o'4sf k|efjx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\M

-s_ g]kfnn] e"efu ud' fpg'

g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgb]lv gk] fn cªu\ |]ho4' x'g'eGbf cufl8;Dd gk] fnn] klZrd ;tnhb]lv
kj" {df l6:6f;Dd u/L &)) dfOn nfdf] Ifq] cfˆgf] cwLgdf lnPsf] lyof] . oL If]qx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]
sAhfdf lng g]kfnn] w/] } nufgL u/s] f] lyof] . g]kfn cªu\ h|] o'4kl5 ePsf] ;'ufn} L ;lGwcg;' f/
g]kfnn] ;tnhbl] v l6:6f;Dd u/L g]kfnsf] 7n' f] ee" fu u'dfpgk' ¥of] . of] ee" fu ;Dk"0f{ gk] fnsf]
Ps ltxfO efu lyof] . oL e"efu ud' fpbF f g]kfnn] kz| :t k|fs[lts ;|f]t u'dfpgk' ¥of] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 195

-v_ g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s / k//fi6« gLltdf cªu\ h]| x¿sf] x:tIf]k
;u' f}nL ;lGwcg';f/ lal6«; ;/sf/sf] cg'dltlagf g]kfnn] s'g} lal6;« , o'/fk] Lo jf cdl] /sLnfO{
cfˆgf] ;j] fdf /fVg gkfpg] eof] . cª\u]h| x¿sf] :jLsl[ tlagf ljbz] L ljzi] f1x¿nfO{ gk] fndf
lgo'St ug{ gkfpg] ;t{n] gk] fnsf] cfGtl/s :jtGqtfdf cª\u|]hsf] x:tIf]k ;?' eof] .
-u_ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f /fl] sg' / b/af/L if8\oGqsf] ljsf;
gk] fndf &) jif{ cufl8bl] v ;?' ePsf] gk] fn PsLs/0f sfo{ gk] fn cª\u]h| o'4kl5 k0" f{ ¿kdf
/fl] sg kU' of] . yfkf / kf08l] ar jd} g:o eO{ b/afl/of if8o\ Gq x'g yfn] .
-3_ gk] fnLx¿ cªu\ h|] ;]gfdf etL{ xg' ] k/Dk/f
gk] fn cªu\ |]ho4' sf] ;dflKtkl5 g]kfnL l;kfxLnfO{ OR5fcg';f/ cª\uh]| ;g] fdf etL{ x'g] cg'dlt
eof] . of] k/Dk/f ljleGg ;lGw ;Demf}tf ub}{ clxn;] Dd klg sfod /lx/fvs] f] 5 .
-ª_ gk] fndf cª\u]|h /]lh8]G6 /xg] k|fjwfg
b'a} b]zsf] zflGt / ;/' Iffsf lgldQ Ps csfs{ f] bz] df /fhb"t /fVg] Joj:yf eof] . g]kfndf
cª\u]h| /]lh8]G6 /xg yfnk] l5 la:tf/} pgLx¿n] gk] fnsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf rf;f] /fVg yfn] .

lj|mofsnfk
!= cªu\ ]h| x¿n] g]kfnnfO{ cfkmg\ f] cwLgdf /fVg rfxgs' f p2Z] o ;d]6L Ps /fli6o« klqsfsf

nflu ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .
# gk] fn cªu\ h|] gk] fnsf] cflys{ cj:yfaf/] Pp6f tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L sIff sf7] fdf

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;|ft] ;fdu|L cWoog u//] k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ g]kfn cª\uh|] o'4sf kf| s[lts cflys{ tyf /fhgLlts sf/0f pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-v_ a6' jn / :o/' fhsf] ljjfbnfO{ gk] fncªu\ ]h| o'4sf] tTsflns sf/0f lsg dflgG5 <
-u_ gk] fn cª\u|]h o4' sf kl/0ffd pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ gk] fn cªu\ |]h o'4sf x'g'sf d'Vo dV' o sf/0f l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .

196 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
^ gk] fn cªu\ |h] o'4df jL/jL/ªu\ fgfx¿sf] ofu] bfg

gf} sIffsf ljBfyLn{ fO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L x/s] ;d"xnfO{ gk] fn cªu\ |]h o4' df
jL/jL/ªu\ gfn] u/]sf] of]ubfgnfO{ jSt[Tjsnfsf ¿kdf k|:tt' ug{ nufPsf] lyof] . ;xefuL
ljBfyL{x¿n] jL/jL/ªu\ fgsf] of]ubfgnfO{ o;/L k:| t't u/]M
dfl] tk|;fb Hjf/rgn] jL/ aneb| sj'F /n] u/]sf] of]ubfgaf/] o;/L k:| t't u/] M

g]kfn cªu\ ]h| o'4 bO' { jif;{ Dd rNof] . aneb| s'aF /n] gfnfkfgLsf] o'4df b]vfPsf] axfb'/L, cd/
l;+x yfkfn] dnfpFsf] o'4df bv] fPsf] axfb/' L tyf elSt yfkfn] b]pynsf] o'4df bv] fPsf] axfb'/L
clj:d/0fLo 5 . aneb| saF' / o'4sf] a]nfdf bx] /fb'gb]lv nueu kfFr ldn 6f9f gfnfkfgL eGg]
7fpFdf ags] f] vnªu\ f lsNnfsf] ;'/Iff u/L a;]sf lyP . To; lsNnfdf Ps tfk] sf cltl/St
pgsf ;fydf l;kfxL, dlxnf / s6] fs6] L u//] nueu ^)) hltsf] ;dx" tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .
logs} f] ;xofu] df aneb|n] lsNnfsf] åf/ aGb u/L To; cufl8 9ª' \ud'9fsf] Pp6f alnof] kvf{n
tof/ kfg{ nufPsf lyP . To;tkm{ o'4 ;~rfng ug{] cª\uh]| ;g] fgfos lhn]:kLn] ;j{k|yd
aneb|nfO{ cfTd;dk{ 0f ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf lyP . t/ pgn] b"ts} cufl8 lr7L Roft/] hjfkm oxL
xf] eg]/ ;'gfOlbP . kmn:j¿k o'4 ;'? eof] . lsNnfleq /xs] f dlxnf / s6] fs]6Lx¿n] ;d]t
aneb|nfO{ 7'nf] ;xofu] u/] . o; o'4df cª\u]|h nl] ˆ6g]G6 Pln; tyf :jod\ hg/n lhn:] kLn]
;dt] Hofg u'dfpg'k¥of] . To;kl5 lbNnLaf6 cfPsf] zlStzfnL kmfh} ;uF klg g]kfnn] ds' flanf
ul/ g} /x\of] . cª\u|h] ;/sf/n] o'4af6 g]kfnLnfO{ k/flht ug{ g;s]/ lsNnfleq au]sf] kfgLsf]
gfnf aGb ul/lbP . kfgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ pgLx¿ efs] / Kof;n] 56kl6P .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 197

of] b]v]/ anebn| ] xftdf gfªu\ f] v's/' L afs] ]/ PsfPs lsNnfsf] 9fs] f vfn] ] . cªu\ ]|hx¿s}
cufl8af6 pgL vf]nflt/ nfu] . pgsf] o:tf] cbDo ;fx; b]v/] cªu\ |]hx¿ ds' bzs{ eP .
pgLx¿n] aneb| sF'j/ / pgsf ;fydf ePsf dlxnfx¿ / s6] fs6] Lx¿k|lt s]xL ug{] lxDdt ug{
;sg] g\ . o;/L clGtd r/0f;Dd klg g]kfnL jL/n] cfTd;dk{0f u/]gg\ . bO' { bO' { hgf cªu\ ]|h
clkm;/nfO{ df//] cfkm\gf] ;'/Iffdf /xs] f hgtfnfO{ arfP/ axfb/' L aneb| sa' /n] b]vfP .
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df pgL Hofb} cd/ ag]sf 5g\ .

;"o{k|;fb u'?ªn] cd/l;+x yfkfn] u/s] f] ofu] bfgnfO{ o;/L k:| tt' u/]M

gk] fnsf] ;'b"/klZrd If]qsf] /Iffsf] ef/ sfhL cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ ;l' DkPsf] lyof] . To; If]qdf
cª\uh]| ;g] fsf] gt] T[ j hg/n cS6/nf]gLn] u/s] f lyP . cS6/nfg] Ln] cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ …xfdL;Fu
ldNg cfpm, ltdLnfO{ 7'nf] k/' :sf/ lbpnF fÚ eGg] kq k7fPsf lyP . t/ cd/l;+x yfkf cª\u]|hsf]
nfe] df gkml;sg dfte[ "ldsf] /Iffsf] lglDt 86]/ n8] . /fdu9sf] o'4df hg/n cS6/nf]gLsf]
;]gf;Fu g]kfnL ;g] fn] k5fl8 x6\g afWo x'g'k¥of] . xftxltof/sf] sdL / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;ªV\ ofsf]
sdL g} of] xf/sf] sf/0f lyof] . c¿ w/] } 7fpFdf klg g]kfnLx¿n] xf/ a]xfg] {k' ¥of] . cGTodf s]xL
gnfuL !% d] !*!% df cS6/nf]gL;Fu cfTd;dk0{ f u/] .

cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ The living Lion of Nepal
eg/] klg lrlgG5 . ;g\ !*!^ df oxL xf/sf]
dgf]jf} lgs c;/ j¿k uf];fOFs0' 8lt/ nfu] /
ToxLF g} pgsf] dT[ o' eof] . cd/l;x+ yfkfsf]
gfd gk] fnsf jL/dWo] cu|kªl\ Stdf 5 .
pgn] dfte[ "ldsf] :jtGqtf /Iffsf nflu hg'
jL/tfsf] kb| z{g u/] Tof] gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df
lr/:d/0fLo /xg] 5 .

;/nf ofbjn] elSt yfkfn] u/]sf] of]ubfgnfO{
o;/L k|:t't ul/g\ M

g]kfn cª\u|]h o'4sf] ;dodf elSt yfkfnfO{
bp] yn lsNnfsf] ef/ ;l' DkPsf] lyof] .
dnfpdF f cªu\ h]| ;]gfn] cfj|md0f u/s] f] yfxf
kfPkl5 cd/l;+x yfkfn] elSt yfkfnfO{
pgsf] dftxtdf /xs] f ;g] f lnO{ b]pyn
lsNnf sAhf ug{ k7fP . b]pyndf ku' ]kl5
&) jif{] a'9f elSt yfkfn] cªu\ |h] ;g] fdfly
cl/ªu\ fn vlgbf emF} vlgP . bp] yndf cª\u]h|
;]gfklt uf8g{ /n] gt] [Tj u/]sf lyP . pgn]

198 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

elSt yfkfnfO{ pgLx¿;Fu ldNg cfpg] va/ k7fP t/ elSt yfkfn] Tof] s/' fnfO{ :jLsf/ gu/L
tTsfn} bO' { rf/ hgfnfO{ 5KsfOxfn] . /0fdb} fgdf gfªu\ f] tnaf/ lnO{ pgn] n8s] f] b]Vbf cª\uh]|
klg bª\u k/] . pgnfO{ ufn] L nfUof] / pgL e'OFdf 9Ng k'u] . To;kl5 3fOt] elSt yfkfsf] jL/tf
/ ;fx;nfO{ bv] /] pgsf] nfznfO{ ax'dN" o sk8fn] 9fsL ;Ddfg ck{0f u/] . o; o4' df gk] fnn]
k/fho a]xf]/] klg of] gk] fnL jL/x¿sf] el" d xf] eGg] s/' f k|dfl0ft eof] .

a'l4dfg tfdfªn] ad zfxsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ o;/L k:| tt' u/] M

ad zfx sd' fpFsf zf;s lyP . lognfO{ eLd;]g yfkfn] To;tkm{ v6fPsf lyP . logn]
k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] b]v]/ cªu\ h|] klg 5Ss k/s] f lyP . gk] fn cªu\ |h] o'4sf] ;dodf
logn] klZrdL If]qdf s'znftfkj" s{ o4' ;~rfng u/s] f lyP t/ g]kfnn] htf;s' } xf/ vfg'k/s] f]
xNnf cª\u|h] n] kmn} fPkl5 logL x/]; vfFb} uPsf lyP . logL eLd;g] yfkf;uF c;Gti' 6 ePsf]
s'/f cª\u|]hn] yfxf kfPkl5 cfkmt" km{ ldnfpg] sfl] ;; u/] t/ bz] eSt ad zfxnfO{ cª\uh]| x¿n]
cfkm\gf] kIfdf ldnfpg ;s]gg\ .

wgaxfb/' bp] nfn] plh/l;x+ yfkfsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ el" dsf clego;lxt o;/L k:| t't u/] M

g]kfn cªu\ h]| o'4sf] l;nl;nfdf a6' jnsf] ltgfpF gbLsf] lsgf/df /xs] f] lhtu9L gfds lsNnf
sAhf ug]{ cª\u|]hsf] ofh] gf lyof] . o; j|mddf cª\u|]h ;]gfklt /x]sf hg/n hf]g ;'ne] fg
p8sf] g]t[Tjdf rf/ xhf/ cª\uh]| ;}lgsn] cfjm| d0fsf] tof/L u/s] f lyP . of] s/' f yfxf kfP/
sg{n] plh/l;x+ yfkfsf] gt] T[ jdf tg} fy g]kfnL kmf}hn] sz' ntfkj" {s cª\uh]| x¿dfly wfjf af]Nof]
/ cªu\ h]| kmfh} k/f:t eof] . gk] fnL kmfh} n] bO' { k6s cfjm| d0f u/L ba' } k6s ljho rD' g ;kmn
ePsf] lyof] . kfNkf lng] bfpdf cfPsf cªu\ h]| x¿ gk] fnL ;g] f;fd' l6Sg ;sg] g\ / cGttM pgLx¿
uf/] vk/' lt/ nfu] . o;/L plh/l;x+ yfkfsf] ofu] bfg gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df clj:d/0fLo /xs] f] 5 .

kL| ltsd' f/L zfxLn] /0fhf/] l;x+ yfkfsf] of]ubfgnfO{ o;/L k:| t't ul/g\ M

g]kfn cªu\ ]|h o4' sf l;nl;nfdf dxfsfnL kf/L hy} ssf] lsNnfdf kfrF ;o gk] fnL ;g] f lyP .
To; kmf}hsf ;]gfgfos /0fhf]/l;+x yfkf lyP . !%)) sf] ;ªV\ ofdf /xs] f] cª\uh]| ;]gfn] gf} k6s
cfjm| d0f ubf{ klg g]kfnLn] kl5 x6]gg\ . ha cªu\ ]h| sf ufn] L ;lsP ta g]kfnLx¿ lsNnfaf6
lg:s/] hfOnfu] / cª\u|]hnfO{ 3/] faGbLdf kf/] . tLg hgf cª\u]|h ;]gfgfos dfl/P .

g/]Gb| wfdLn] /0fjL/l;x+ yfkfsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ o;/L k:| tt' u/] M

g]kfn cªu\ ]|h o4' df eLd;g] yfkfsf sfG5f efO /0fjL/l;+x yfkfnfO{ k;f{ dsjfgk/' sf] o'4sf]
lhDdj] f/L ;l' DkPsf] lyof] . cª\uh]| ;]gfklt ag] 6] dfnn{] ] sf7df8f}F pkTosf ljho ug{] p2]Zosf
;fy cfkm\gf ;g] fnfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L cfj|md0fsf] tof/L ul//x]sf lyP . of] ;r" gf
kfP/ /0fjL/l;x+ yfkfn] cfkmg\ f] kmf}hnfO{ ;d;]/ /f0ff / ;j{lht yfkfsf] gt] [Tjdf k;fd{ f
cªu\ |h] dfly cfjm| d0f ug{ k7fP . cªu\ |]hsf] efufefu eof] . g]kfnLn] pgLx¿sf] xftxltof/
sAhf u/] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 199

lj|mofsnfk
!= aneb| sj'F /;Fu ;DalGwt /xL ;j+ fb tof/ ugx{' f];\ .
@= gk] fnL gf/Lx¿ k?' if;/x hg' ;s' } If]qdf cufl8 a9\g ;S5g\ eGg] efj JoSt ub{}

gfnfkfgLsf] o4' sf] pbfx/0f lbP/ gt] fn] lbPsf] efif0fsf] cfwf/df uf/] vfkq bl} gssf]
lglDt Ps ;dfrf/ tof/ ug{x' f;] \ .
#= g]kfnL jL/ aneb| s'Fj/ / cd/l;x+ yfkfn] u/s] f ofu] bfgnfO{ tflnsf agfP/ sIffdf
k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .
%= gk] fn cª\u|]h o4' df gk] fnL jL/x¿n] b]vfPsf] :jfledfg, /fi6«k]d| / axfb'/Lsf] 36gfnfO{
;+jfb agfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\ <

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df cd/l;+x yfkfn] s;/L k|l;4L sdfP < JofVof ugx'{ f;] \ .
-v_ g]kfn cª\u]|h o'4df gk] fnL dlxnfx¿n] bv] fPsf] jL/tfsf] pNn]v ub{} cfˆgL alxgLnfO{

lg8/ xg' ] ;Nnfx lbFb} Pp6f kq n]Vg'xf];\ <
-u_ gk] fn cªu\ ]|h o4' df elSt yfkf, ad zfxsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

200 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
& /f0ff zf;gsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0f

hª\uaxfb'/sf] hGd $ c;f/ !*&$ df ePsf] lyof] .
pgsf afa'sf] gfd afng/l;x+ sj'F / / cfdfsf] gfd
u0fz] s'df/L lyof] . hªu\ axfb/' sf] Gjf/gsf] gfd
jL/g/l;x+ sjF' / lyof] . hªu\ axfb/' sf] afNosfn
uf]vfs{ f] af]nfª{ \df g} lats] f] lyof] . afng/l;+x sFj' /
b/af/sf ljZjf;k|fKt ;]js ePsf] sf/0f wgs'6f,
h'Dnf, 88n] w/' f cflb 7fpFsf kd| 'v eP/ a;]sf lyP .
eLd;g] yfkfsf] ktg;uF } afng/l;+x sF'j/sf] klg
hflu/ vf]l;Psf] lyof] . afas' f] hflu/ vf]l;Pkl5
hª\uaxfb/' h'jftf; v]n/] ;do JotLt uby{ ] .
o;s} f/0f pgnfO{ w/] } C0f nfu]sf] lyof] . C0f ltgs{ }
lglDt pgn] xfQL ;dfpg] h:tf k'?iffyL{ sfd u/s] f
lyP / oxL sf/0f b/af/sf] glhs xg' k'us] f lyP .

!= /f0ffzf;gsf] pbosf sf/0f

-s_ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfM k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] dT[ ok' l5 b/af/df ef/bf/L u'6aGbL
;'? ePsf] lyof] . o; u6' aGbLn] g} /fh]Gb|nIdL / axfb/' zfxlar dgfd] flnGo a9\g uof] .
eLd;]g yfkfsf] pQ/fwd{ f ef/bf/L u'6aGbL emg\ j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . o;/L k/:k/ la/f]wL
u'6x¿ Pscsf{sf] u'6sf] lj?4 if8\oGq ug{ tNnLg /xGy] . b/af/df u'6x¿lar ;Qfdf
kU' gsf nflu c:j:y kl| t:kwf{ xg' yfn] . oxL cl:y/tfn] ubf{ hª\uaxfb/' nfO{ zlStzfnL
x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofof] .

-v_ g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIfk] M ;'ufn} L ;GwLkl5 cªu\ ]h| /]lh8]G6 sf7df8fF} /flvPsf]
lyof] . /]lh8G] 6 g]kfndf /xg yfnk] l5 gk] fn ;/sf/n] klg pgLkl| t s8f lgu/fgL /fv]sf]
lyof] . pgnfO{ 3d' lkm/ ug{ / hgtfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ klg kfpFb}gy] . cª\u|h] /l] h8G] 6kl| t
g]kfnL ef/bf/x¿n] z+sfsf] b[li6n] xy] {] . ef/bf/x¿lar u'6aGbL sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf
cªu\ ]h| /]lh8]G6n] km'6fp / zf;g u/ (Divide and Rule) eGg] gLlt cjnDag ug{
yfn] . k/:k/ lj/f]wL ef/bf/x¿nfO{ cª\u]h| /l] h8]G6n] cem 6f9f agfOlbP . kl/l:yltnfO{
ae' m]/ g} hªu\ axfb'/n] cªu\ |h] /]lh8G] 6;Fu ;DaGw a9fP .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 201

-u_ /fHonIdLsf] xftdf clwsf/ cfpg' M /fhf /fh]Gb| zfxsL sfG5L /fgL /fHonIdLsf]
cfˆgf] 5f/] f /0f]Gb|nfO{ /fhf agfpg] rfxgf lyof] . of] sfo{ g]kfnsf] /fhk/Dk/f ljk/Lt
lyof] . lj= ;=+ !*(( k';df /fhfn] zfxL 3fi] f0ffdfkm{t ;Dk"0f{ sfos{ f/L clwsf/ /fgLnfO{
;l' DklbPsf lyP . cfkmn" ] rfx]h:tf] clwsf/ kf| Kt u/k] l5 /fgLn] cfˆgf] :jfy{ kl" t{ ug{
dfyj/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfOg\ . dfyj/l;+x yfkfaf6 pgsf] OR5f k"/f gx'g]
bv] k] l5 hª\uaxfb/' /fgLsf] ljZjf;kq xb'F } uP .

-3_ /fhf /fh]Gb|sf] sdhf/] zf;g M /fhf /fh]Gb| sdhf/] :jefjsf zf;s lyP . pgn]
ef/bf/x¿larsf] u6' aGbLnfO{ /f]Sg ;s]gg\ . pgs} sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ sf]tkj{ h:tf] eofgs
xTofsf08 36g\ kU' of] . /fh]Gbs| f] sdhf]/Lkgf g} hªu\ axfb'/sf] pbosf] Pp6f sf/0f aGg
kU' of] .

-ª_ ef/bf/x¿sf] xTofsf] zª[ v\ nf M b/Af/df hfnem]n / if8o\ Gq JofKt lyof] . dfyj/l;+x
yfkf kw| fgdGqL ePkl5 kf08]x¿sf] ktg eof] . hª\uaxfb/' n] lj= ;+= !()@ h]7 ^
ut] dfyj/l;x+ yfkfsf] xTof u/] . pSt xTofkl5 crfgs zlStzfnL ef/bf/ ags] f
uugl;x+ vjf;s]f lj= ;+= !()# ebf} #! ut] xTof eof] . o;df hªu\ axfb'/sf] xft /xs] f]
Oltxf;sf/x¿ atfp5F g\ . o;/L 7'nf / cge' jL ef/bf/x¿sf] xTof eof] / /f0ffzf;gsf]
pbo x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ x'g kU' of] . Psflt/ ef/bf/x¿nfO{ 7'nf] kbdf axfn /xg ufx|f]
eof] eg] csf]l{ t/ w/] } of]Uo JolStn] Hofg ud' fpgk' ¥of] . oxL df}sfsf] hªu\ axfb'/n] kmfObf
p7fP .

-r_ tLg kj{

-c_ sf]t kj{M /f0ffzf;g

pbosf] tTsfnLg sf/0f

sf]tsf] xTofsf08 lyof] .

sf]tsf] xTofsf08af6

hª\uaxfb/' zlSt

k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf

lyP . o; k[i7e"lddf

;an} ] uugl;x+ nfO{

kG5fpg rfxs] f]

b]lvG5 . lj=;=+ !()#

ebf} #! df uugl;+x

vjf;sf] /x:odo 9ªu\ n] pgs} 3/df xTof ul/of] . uugl;+x vjf;sf] xTofn]

/fHonIdLsf] dgf/] y k/" f ug]{ ko| f;df ah| k¥of] . To;}n] /fgL j|mf]lwt / pQl] ht eO{

202 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

o; xTofdf ;lDdlnt ;an} fO{ vtd ug]{ k0| f ul/g\ . sf]tdf uugl;x+ sf] xTof/f kQf
gnufOsg cGg kfgL klg gvfg] k|lt1f ul/g\ . /fgLsf] cf1fcg;' f/ /ftdf PSsl;
laun' ahk] l5 ef/bf/, kmf}hL clwsf/L / cGo clwsf/Lx¿ sf]tdf hDdf eP .

hªu\ axfb/' cfkmg\ f efOx¿ / xftxltof/;lxt sf]tdf cfP . kl/l:yltnfO{ cfˆgf]
kIfdf lngsf nflu hªu\ axfb/' n] cufl8 g} ;Dk"0f{ ofh] gf ldnfPsf lyP . sf]tdf
;a}sf] pkl:yltkZrft\ /fgLn] t'?Gt} xTof/f kQf nufO{ p;nfO{ jw ug{] cfbz]
lbOg\ . /fgLsf] zª\sf jL/s]z/ kf08]dfly k/]sfn] pgn] t?' Gt jL/s]z/ kf08]nfO{
sf6\g] cfbz] lbOg\ . o;df cledfg l;x+ n] /fhfsf] cfbz] cfjZos kg{] laGtL u/] .
pgL aflx/ lg:sg vfH] bf ToxLF g} pgsf] xTof eof] . ToxfF hª\uaxfb'/sf] O;f/df
nueu %% hgfsf] xTof ul/of] . o; 36gfnfO{ sft] kj{ egL g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df
lr0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; 36gfkl5 hª\uaxfb/' n] sdfG8/ Og lrkmsf] sfoe{ f/ kfP .

-cf_ e08f/vfn kjM{ zlStdf NofPkl5 cfkm\gf] OR5f k¥' ofpg /fgLn] hªu\ axfb'/nfO{
oj' /fh ;/' ]Gb|sf] aw ug{ cfbz] lbOg\ . t/ hªu\ axfb/n] x/]s kIfaf6 of] cgl' rt
x'g] eGb} k|:tfj c:jLsf/ u/] . ca pgL hªu\ axfb'/sf] xTof ug]{ ofh] gfdf nflug\ .
jL/Wjh a:gt] nfO{ xTofsf] of]hgf agfpg nufOg\ . of]Hfgfcg';f/ e08f/vfndf
ef]hgsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ / hª\uaxfb'/nfO{ ljiffSt vfgf v'jfO{ xTof ug{] of]hgf
aGof] . kl08t ljho/fh kf08]af6 of] s/' fsf] ;O' sF f] kfPsf hªu\ axfb/' ef]hsf]
:yndf cfpg l9nf] u/] . jL/Wjh a:gt] cfkm}F pgnfO{ lng lgjf;lt/ hfFb} ubf{
lar af6fdf hª\uaxfb/' ;uF e]6 eof] . dnfO{ dfg{] ofh] gf a'Gg] t}+ xf]Og;\ < eGb}
hª\uaxfb'/n] jL/Wjh a:gt] nfO{ bO' { 6j' |mf kf/L xTof u/] . bnan;lxt e08f/vfn
ku' ]sf hª\uaxfb/' n] ;l} gs 3/] faGbLdf kf/L sf]t kj{df ars] f nueu ## hgf
lj/fw] LnfO{ 5fgL 5fgL xTof u/] . lj=;+= !()# sflQs !@ ut] ePsf] o; xTof
sf08df w/] } a:g]t ef/bfx¿sf] Hofg uPsfn] o;nfO{ a:gt] kj{ klg elgG5 .
ef/bf/L ;efsf] cfofh] gf u/L dfg]{ ko| f; u/s] f] cf/fk] df hª\uaxfb'/n] /fgLnfO{ b]z
lgsfnf ug]{ lg0f{o u/L sfzLjf; k7fP . /fhf /fhG] b|ljjm| d zfxn] hªu\ axfb/' nfO{
kw| fgdGqLdf lgoS' t u/] / tLy{ofqf ug]{ egL cfkm" klg sfzLtkm{ uP .

-O_ cnfk} j{M e08f/vfn kj{kl5 /fhf /fhG] b|sL sfG5L /fgLsf] ;fydf tLy{ofqf ug]{
afxgfdf jgf/;tkm{ nfu] . /fhf/fgL;Fu} /fhkl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ klg sfzLlt/
nfu] . ToxfaF f6 hª\uaxfb'/nfO{ dfg{ egL s]xL dfG5] gk] fn k7fP t/ hª\uaxfb/' sf
u'Ktr/x¿n] pSt s'/f kQf nufP . To;kl5 hªu\ axfb'/n] oj' /fh ;'/]Gbn| fO{
/fhf agfO{ /fHofleif]s klg u/fP . jgf/;df /xs] f gk] fnLx¿sf] ;xof]u lnP/
hª\uaxfb/' ;uF n8\g] lg0f{o u/L bnan;lxt /fh]Gbl| jjm| d zfx jL/u~h glhss} f]
cnf} eGg] 7fpdF f cfO{ lsNnf afFwL a;] . otfaf6 hªu\ axfb/' n] cfkmg\ f ;]gf To;tkm{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 203

k7fP . lj=;=+ !()$ ;fpgdf sf7df8fF}af6 uPsf ;g] fn] /fh]Gb|sf] kmf}hdfly
cfj|md0f u/L k/flht u/] . xfQLdf r9/] efUb} ubf{ /fh]Gb| ;]gf4f/f ;dfltP .
pgnfO{ s}bLsf ¿kdf eStk'/ gh/aGb ul/of] . o; kj{kl5 hªu\ axfb/' cem}
zlStzfnL ag] .

-5_ nfndf]x/x¿M lj= ;=+ !()^ df hªu\ axfb'/n] >L % ;'/]Gb|af6 /f0ffhL pkflw kfP . /f0ff
kl/jf/n] h:tf] ;s' } ck/fw u/] tfklg pgLx¿nfO{ dT[ ob' 08, ;j:{ jx/0f, hfltRot" h:tf
;hfoaf6 dS' t x'g] eP . /f0ff kl/jf/n] /fhkl/jf/;uF jj} flxs ;DaGw sfod ug{ kfpg]
eP . lj= ;=+ !(!# ;fpg @$ ut]sf] nfndfx] /n] hª\uaxfb/' sf:sL / ndhª' sf >L #
dxf/fh ag] . o; nfndfx] /af6 ;l} gs sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lSt, kbfG] glt, ydft} L, lgisf;g
ug,]{ khgL;DaGwL clwsf/ / zflGtdf vnn k¥' ofpg]nfO{ d[Tob' 08sf] ;hfo lbgh] :tf
clwsf/x¿ hªu\ axfb'/nfO{ kf| Kt eP . oxL nfndf]x/df >L # sf] kb hªu\ axfb/' sf
b/;Gtfgn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] eGg] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

-h_ /fhkl/jf/;uF sf] jj} flxs ;DaGwM hª\uaxfb/' n] u'?k|;fb zfxsL alxgL;Fu ljjfx u/] .
cfkmg\ f] cf7 jifs{ f h]7f 5f/] f huthªsf] ljjfx /fhf ;/' ]Gb|sL 5 jif{sL h]7L 5f/] L;Fu
ul/lbP . hªu\ axfb/' n] cfkm\gf 5f/] Lx¿sf] ljjfx oj' /fh qn} f]Soljj|md zfx / /fhkl/jf/sf
;b:o wL/G] b|ljjm| d zfx;uF ul/lbPsf lyP . o;/L /fh kl/jf/;uF sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwn]
;fdflhs cfly{s pGgltsf ;fy /f0ffx¿ emg\ zlStzfnL eP .

@= /f0ffzf;g ktgsf sf/0f

-s_ kfl/jfl/s ;ª\3if{ M /f0ffx¿n] k|wfgdGqLsf /fn] j|md lgdf{0f u/L ;f]cg;' f/
pQ/flwsf/L tfS] g' emu8fsf] dV' o lap eof] . lj= ;=+ !(#* / !($@ sf] kj{x¿n]
wL/;d;/] sf 5f/] fx¿ zlStzfnL eP .

-v_ /f0ffx¿sf] ju{ ljefhg M rGb;| d;]/n] /f0ffx¿nfO{ P, aL / ;L ju{df juL{s/0f
u/] . o;n] ;L jus{ f /f0ffx¿ k|wfgdGqLsf] /fn] jm| daf6 jl~rt eP . sltkonfO{
/fHoRo"t ;d]t ul/of] . kmn:j¿k /f0ff kl/jf/leq} /f0ff lj/fw] L ;d"xsf] k|fbe' fj{
eof] .

-u_ /f0ffzf;g lj/fw] L cfGbfn] gM hª\uaxfb'/s} ;dodf ef]6l' ;+x, nvg yfkf nufotn]
ljbf| ]x ;?' u/s] f lyP . ljZjo4' kl5 hfu]sf] hgrt] gfn] g]kfnLx¿ /f0flj/f]wL
ultljlwdf ;ªu\ l7t x'bF } uP . rvf{ kr| f/, k|r08 ufv] f,{ nfOa/|] L kj,{ kh| fkl/ifb,\
hot' ;:+ st[ d\ nufotsf /f0fflj/f]wL ultljlwx¿ ePsf lyP .

-3_ /fhf lqej' gsf] b/jf/ Tofu / ;z:q ;ª3\ if{M hgtf / /fhfsf] Ps} ks| f/sf] ;d:of
lyof] . /f0ffx¿sf x/s] s/' fx¿ ;xg afWo ePsfn] /fhf lqej' gn] lj= ;+= @))&

204 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

sflQs @! ut] b/af/ Tofu u/L ef/tsf] z/0fdf ku' ] . gk] fnL sfª\u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf
dl' St;g] f kl/rfng ul/of] . b]zel/ ;z:q j|mflGt eof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k /f0ff
zf;gsf] cGTo eof] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= /f0ffzf;g pbo / cGTo;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfx¿ / ldlt ;dfjz] u/L Ps ;do/]vf tof/
ugx{' f];\ .

@= /f0ffzf;g;uF ;DalGwt kZ| gx¿ agfO{ xflh/L hjfkm kl| tof]lutf cfof]hgf ug'x{ f;] \ .
#= /f0ffsfnsf s'gs'g kjs{ f] lglDt sg' s'g JolStx¿ a9L lhDdj] f/ b]lvPsf 5g\ < o;/L

lhDd]jf/ bl] vg] sf/0f v'nfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ sf]tkj{df lsg ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ olb tkfO{F sf]tkj{df hª\uaxfb'/ lj/fw] L ePsf] eP s] ug{x' 'GYof] <
-u_ /f0fflj/fw] L d'Vo ultljlwnfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ tTsfnLg ;dodf bz] af6 lg:sflzt ul/Pkl5 sfzLtkm{ lsg nfUby] < nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo s;/L eof] <

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 205

kf7
* /f0ffzf;gsf] ke| fj

lj=;+= !()# df :yfkgf ePsf] /f0ff zf;g !)$ jif{;Dd sfod /xs] f] lyof] . tLg 7n' f kj{af6
hªu\ axfb/' /f0ffsf] pbo eof] . hª\uaxfb/' n] zfxL 3f]if0ffaf6 >L # dxf/fh / k|wfgdGqL kb
cfkmg\ } jz+ df ;Lldt /fvL /f0ffzf;gsf] ;q" kft u/] tfklg ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ ktg x'g uof] .
cfkm\gf] zf;g lbuf] agfpg s]xL ;fdflhs / cflys{ sfo{x¿ ugn{' fO{ /f0ffzf;gsf] pknlAw
dfGg ;lsG5 .

!= ;fdflhs k|efj M gk] fnL hgtfdfem r]tgf hufpgsf nflu g]kfnL lzlIft hg;db' fon]
klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u/] . dfwj/fh hf]zLn] …cfo;{ dfhÚ sf] :yfkgf u/L ;dfhdf
ljBdfg s;' +:sf/ / cGwljZjf; x6fpg] k|oTg u/] . l;l4r/0f >i] 7n] …dnfdL u'7LÚ vf]n]
t/ o;sf] klg bdg eof] . ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/Ln] …dsk} j{Ú gfds k:' ts n]v]afkt gf}
jif{ s}b ;hfo kfP .

hªu\ axfb'/sf] an] fot e|d0fkl5 lj=;=+ !(!) df gk] fndf ky| d lnlvt d'n'sL Pg] sf] hf/L
eof] . o;n] bz] df sfgg' L Ps¿ktf Nofof] . #% jif{;Dd ljjfx gu/L a;s] L 5f]/LnfO{ kt} s[
;DklQdfly clwsf/ u/]sf] lyof] . ;ltk|yfnfO{ lj=;=+ !(&& df rGb|;d;]/n] sfgg' agfO{
k0" f{ ¿kdf kl| taGw nufP . To:t} u/L lj= ;=+ !(*! df bf;k|yfsf] cGTo eof] . b]j;d;]/n]
lj= ;=+ !(%* df uf/] vfkqsf] k|sfzg / jL/;dz/] n] jL/ c:ktfn, jL/k':tsfnosf]
:yfkgf u/] . /f0ffsfndf cfkm\g} ;GtfgnfO{ k9fpg eP klg lj=;=+ !(!) df yfkfynL
b/af/df :yfkgf ul/Psf] b/af/ xfO{:sn' n] cª\uh]| L lzIff kf| /De u/s] f] lyof] . bj] ;d;/] n]
b]ze/ !)) eGbf a9L kf7zfnfx¿ vfN] g nufP . lqrGb| sn]h tyf sGof ljBfno :yfkgf
ul/of] . lj= ;=+ !(() df P;P;;L jf]8s{ f] Joj:yf ul/of] . !((^ df lzIff ;DaGwL
Ol:txf/sf] 3f]if0ff eof] . lj= ;=+ @))@ bl] v sfuhL gf]6x¿ k|rng rnfP .

@= cfly{s k|efj M /f0ffsfndf bz] sf] cfly{s cj:yf Psbd} gfh's lyof] . bz] sf] cflys{
ljsf;sf nflu cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / sl[ if Joj;fonfO{ k|fT] ;fxg lbOPsf] lyPg . jb} l] zs Jofkf/
tyf ltAatkms{ f] Aofkf/df x|f; ePsf] lyof] . bz] sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfo >L # sf] lghL ;DklQ;/x
pkefu] x'GYof] . ;a} >L # x¿ cfkmg\ f] /fHosfndf cTolws wg ;ª\u|x u/L ljb]zL aª} s\ df
/fVg] ub{y] . jL/;d;/] n] ljbz] L aª} s\ df k;} f hDdf ug{] k/Dk/fsf] ;'?jft ul/lbP . h;n]
ubf{ gk] fnsf] khF' L lab]l;of] . kmn:j¿kM cflys{ ;ªs\ 6x¿ k}bf eP . eLd;d;]/n] >L #
x'gl] alQs} rGb|;d;]/n] ef6] o4' sf nflu /fvs] f] /sd cfˆg} 9's6' Ldf leqo\ fP .

206 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

/fi6« / hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu g;fr] Lsg /f0ffx¿n] cfˆgf] lghL :jfy{tkm{ a9L Wofg
lbg] uby{ ] . clwsfz+ gk] fnLx¿ efs] / /fu] n] ul| ;t lyP eg] /f0ff kl/jf/ / pgLx¿sf
;xof]uLx¿ ljbz] L dxFuf j:tx' ¿sf] ko| f]u uby{ ] . hflu/ lbbF f klg /f0ff kl/jf/ / u/} /f0ff
ju{ eGg'n] hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yf bogLo xb'F } uPsf] lyof] . o;/L x'g] / gx'g] ju{lar 7n' f]
vf8n lyof] .

/f0ffsfndf d'ns' df sg' } j}1flgs clfy{s ljsf; ;Da4 sfo{x¿ vf;} ePgg\ . tyflk
h'4 ;d;]/n] u/]sf sx] L pNnV] o cfly{s sfo{x¿ k|z+;gLo dflgG5g\ . pgn] sl[ if :s'nsf]
:yfkgf u/] . pBfu] kl/ifb\ :yfkgf u/] . lj/f6gu/ h6' ldn, s6g ldn, h4' Dofr kmo\ fS6«L
tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf u/L cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df 6]jf lbP . pgn] lj=;=+ !(($
sflQs & df gk] fn aª} \s lnld68] :yfkgf u/L aª} \lsª ;j] f k|f/De u/] . l;rF fOtkm{
rGb|;d;]/n] ;Kt/Lsf] lqou' f gbLaf6 rGb|gx/ lgdf{0f u/] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= /f0ffsfnsf s'g sg' s'/fx¿ xfn;Dd klg ko| fu] df 5g\ < ;f]s/' fx¿nfO{ ;d6] L Pp6f
tflnsf agfO{ sIff sf7] fdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

@= /f0ffsfnsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds s/' fx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L ;dx" ;d"x eO{ sIffdf
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

#= /f0ffsfndf hg:t/af6 / ;/sf/L :t/af6 ePsf ;fdflhs cfly{s pknlAwnfO{ tflnsfdf
k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .

%= /f0ffsfnsf] sg' } pknlAwnfO{ sljtf, ;+jfb, syfdWo] s'g} Pssf] ;xf/f lnP/ sIffdf
k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ hªu\ axfb'/n] ;dfh ;w' f/sf nflu ss] ] sfox{ ¿ u/ ] <
-v_ rGb;d;/] n] ;w' f/ sfox{ ¿sf] ;"rL agfpg' xf;] \ .
-u_ cfly{s / ;fdflhs pknlAwlar Pscsf{;uF s] ;DaGw x'G5 < n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-3_ /f0ffsfndf s] hg:t/af6 ;w' f/sf sfox{ ¿ ePsf lyP <

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 207

PsfO xfdf| cflys{ lj|mofsnfk

cf7

l;sfO pknlAw

• k/Dk/fut dfl} ns / Jofj;flos Pjd\ cfwl' gs s[lifsf]
dxŒj, ljzi] ftf / leGgtf atfpg / s[lif If]qsf
;Defjgf, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL ug{

• pBfu] sf] kl/ro, ks| f/ / dxŒj atfpg ;fy} pBfu] ;Fu
;DalGwt ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo vfh] L ug{

• Jofkf/sf] kl/ro, ks| f/ / dxŒj atfpg / g]kfndf
Jofkf/sf] ljljwLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f, Jofkf/sf] kj| wg{ sf
pkfox¿sf] ;r" L agfpg

• cfly{s of]hgfsf] kl/ro lbg / jt{dfg cfjlws of]
hgfsf nIo / sfo{j|md;uF kl/lrt xg'

• >d, cfocfhg{ / /fh] uf/ / pBdzLntfsf] ;DaGw
k:| t't ug{

208 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
! sl[ if

g]kfn sl[ if cg;' Gwfg kl/ifb\sf] ;efxndf g]kfndf sl[ if eGg] ljifodf cGt/ljm| of sfo{jm| d
;~rfng eO/xs] f] 5 . sfoj{ m| ddf ljleGg ljBfnoaf6 lzIfs / ljBfyLn{ fO{ klg cfdGq0f
ul/Psf] 5 . pSt sfo{j|mddf s[lif ljz]if1 /fdz/0f ;fx / nlntf a9' fdu/n] cfˆgf ljrf/
JoSt ugx{' g' ] 5 .

pkl:yt dxfg'efjx¿,

gd:sf/ Û

xfdL cfh gk] fndf s[lifsf] kl/ro / dxŒj ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ub}{ 5f}F . g]kfn sl[ ifsf] kz| :t
;Defjgf ePsf] b]z xf] . kGwf| F} of]hgf -@)&^÷)&&—@)*)÷)*!_ cg';f/ oxfFsf sl/a ^)=$
kl| tzt hg;ªV\ of s[lif k];fdf cfl>t 5g\ . To:t} cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f @)&& cg;' f/ s'n ufx{:y
pTkfbgsf] sl/a @&=^ k|ltzt of]ubfg sl[ if Ifq] n] cfu] 6]sf] 5 . sl[ if Ifq] sf] ljsf;n] g} bz]
ljsf; ug{ / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g cfwf/ kb| fg u5{ . bl} gs hLjgdf pkefu] ul/g]
vfBfGg s[lif If]qaf6 g} k|fKt xG' 5 . clwsfz+ pBf]u ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{
klg s[lifaf6 g} kf| Kt xG' 5 . uf| dL0f If]qdf a;fa] f; ug{] hgtfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] dV' o cfwf/ s[lif g}
/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] cfGtl/s tyf afxo\ Jofkf/sf] clwsf+z lx:;f klg s[lif If]qn] g} cfu] 6]sf] 5 .
sl[ if b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] d?] b08 xf] . sl[ if Ifq] sf] ljsf;n] b]zdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
To:t} lgof{t Jofkf/df jl[ 4 u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ klg s[lif Ifq] df a9L Wofg lbg'k5{ . s[lif
sfo{cGtut{ vfBfGg afnL, gub]afnL, kz'kIfL kfng, kmnkmn" v]tL cflb k5{g\ . g]kfndf s[lif
Ifq] df s[lif pkhsf] Jofkf/, sl[ ifhGo pBfu] Pjd\ s[lif Joj;fo klg ;~rflnt 5g\ .

sflnsf df= lj= df gf} sIffdf cWoog/t kjg tfdfªn] lh1f;f /fVb} eGg'eof] M sl[ ifsf]
dxŒjsf] af/d] f t k|:6 eof] . ca gk] fndf s[lifsf] ;Defjgf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < To;sf] af/d] f
klg k:| 6 kfl/lbgx' f];\ g .

k|Zgstfn{ fO{ wGojfb\lbFb} /fdz/0f ;fxn] eGg'eof] M

hnjfo,' ea" gf6] / k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tx¿sf] lx;fan] g]kfnnfO{ ;d4[ bz] dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{
k|bz] nfO{ cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 lsgeg] t/fOd{ f kz| :t dfqfdf vfBfGg pTkfbg x'G5 . kxf8L
k|bz] df kz'kfng, kmnkmn" nufot vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] /fdf| ] ;Defjgf 5 . To:t} h8La'6L /
t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] klg kxf8L Ifq] df k|z:t ;Defjgf /xs] f] bl] vG5 . lxdfnL k|b]zdf :ofp v]tL,

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 209

cfn' v]tL, kzk' fng / h8La'6L pTkfbg /fd|f] xG' 5 . s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] s[lifdf
Joj;foLs/0f, ofGqLs/0f / ljljwLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg ;Sgk' 5{ .
k9]nv] ]sf oj' fjun{ fO{ sl[ if k;] fdf cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu s[lif tflnd, ;x'lnot
b/df C0f ;l' jwf, sl[ if cgb' fg, kf| ljlws ;xof]u, pTkflbt j:ts' f] ahf/sf] ;l' glZrttf h:tf
;'ljwf k|bfg ug'k{ 5{ . o;f] x'g ;ss] f] v08df sl[ ifdf bz] cfTdlge/{ xg' fsf] ;fy} sl[ if pkhsf]
lgof{tdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .

To:t} u/L s[lif ljz]if1 nlntf a9' fdu/n] cfˆgf ljrf/ lgDgcg';f/ k|:tt' ug{'eof] M

cfb/0fLo pkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿,

;an} fO{ xflbs{ gd:sf/ Û

gk] fndf w/] } h;f] ls;fgx¿n] sl[ ifnfO{ hLjg lgjf{xsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L sl[ ifdf
Jofj;foLs/0f xg' g;ss] fn] klg pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfPsf] xf] . ax;' ªV\ os ls;fgn] vt] L
k0| ffnLdf k/Dk/fut tl/sfnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] w/] } h;f] s[lif e"lddf clxn]
klg l;rF fOsf] cefj /xs] f] 5 . gk] fnsf sltko 7fpFdf s[lifofU] o hldg cfjf;sf nflu ko| f]u
ePsf] 5 . gk] fnL s[lif pTkfbgn] plrt ahf/ kfpg ;ss] f] 5g} . ls;fgsf] cfˆgf] ldlxgt] /
kl/>dn] plrt d"No / ahf/ gkfpbF f sfd ug{] pT;fx sd xb'F } uPsf] bl] vG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
s;/L ls;fgn] sl[ ifdf cfˆgf] eljio ;'lglZrt ug{ ;S5g\ < csf{]lt/ sltko uf| dL0f If]qdf
oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf gx'Fbf klg sl[ if pTkfbgsf] cf];f/k;f/df ;d:of cfPsf] 5 . sl[ if k|fljlwssf]
kofK{ t ;ª\Vof / ;]jfsf] sdLn] klg sl[ if afnL gfnL km:6fpg g;ss] f] cj:yf 5 . s'g :yfgdf
s:tf] v]tL ug{,] sg' kmnkmn" nufpg] h:tf sfos{ f] cg;' Gwfgsf] ;dt] cefj /x]sf] bl] vG5 .
;du|df eGbf sl[ ifdf Joj;foLs/0f, ofGqLs/0f / ljljwLs/0f x'g g;Sg' g} g]kfnsf] s[lifsf]
d'Vo ;d:of xf] .

;xefuL ljBfyL{dWo] Pshgfn] lh1f;f /fVb} eGge' of] M

g]kfndf sl[ if Ifq] sf] ljsf; xg' g;Sgfsf] sf/0f t yfxf eof] . sl[ ifsf] ljsf; ugs{ f nflu s]
s] ug{ ;lsG5 < To;sf] af/]df atfOlbg'xf;] \ g .

kZ| gsf nflu wGojfb lbbF } nlntf a'9fdu/n] eGge' of] M

g]kfndf sl[ if;uF ;DalGwt sltko ;d:of cem} klg ;dfwfg xg' ;s]sf 5g} g\ . oL ;d:ofnfO{
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsof] eg] sl[ ifhGo pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6o« cfodf yk of]ubfg
kU' 5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] lghL Ifq] sf] ;dt] ;xeflutfdf sl[ ifofU] o hldgdf l;rF fO ;l' jwfsf]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ d'Vo kf| yldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ bl] vG5 . sl[ if of]Uo e"ldsf] klxrfg u/L v]tLsf

210 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

nflu dfq k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] klg s[lif Ifq] df bl] vPsf ;d:ofnfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug{ dbt
k'U5 . ls;fgsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu sl[ if ahf/ tyf ufb] fd 3/sf] Joj:yf xg' k' 5{ .
Jofj;flos s[liftkm{ s[ifssf] cfsif0{ f a9fpgsf nflu s[ifsnfO{ tflnd tyf ceLdv' Ls/0f
sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ul/gk' 5{ . s[lifhGo ;fdu|L tyf cfh} f/ vl/bsf nflu ;x'lnot b/df C0f
tyf 56' sf] Joj:yf xg' 'k5{ . s[lifhGo pTkfbg ePsf] :yfgdf ;8s tyf oftfoft ;'ljwf
k¥' ofpgt] km{ ljzi] f Wofg kU' g'k5{ . ofh] gfa4 tyf a}1flgs 9ªu\ n] sl[ if If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu
of]hgf agfP/ sfd ug{'k5{ / lg/Gt/ ¿kdf s[lif;DaGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg x'g' cfjZos
b]lvG5 . o;/L gk] fnsf] sl[ ifdf bl] vPsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]sf] v08df
s[lifnfO{ 7n' f] cj;/sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . wGojfb Û

lj|mofsnfk

!= tn lbOPsf] 36gf cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

sl[ ifdf Jofj;foLs/0f

bnaxfb/' yfkf Ps ;kmn si[ fs xg' \ . pgL /f]huf/Lsf] jm| ddf b'O{ jif{ ljbz] df sfd u/]/
kmss{] f xg' \ . pgn] ljbz] ghfg] / g]kfndf g} cufl{ gs t/sf/L vt] L u//] a:g] lg0fo{ u/] .
pgn] ;xsf/Laf6 ?= bO' { nfv C0f lnP / Ps lauxf hldg ef8fdf lnP/ sl[ if Joj;fosf]
;'?jft u/] . ljb]zdf l;ss] f] l;ks} sf/0f pgL cufl{ gs t/sf/L vt] L ug{ ;Ifd eP .
df;} dL / a]df};dL ba' } lsl;dsf t/sf/L v]tLaf6 cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{ cufl8 a9fP . pgL
cfˆg} uf8Ldf /fv/] pTkfbg u/]sf t/sf/L ahf/df nu]/ lajm| L ljt/0f u5g{ \ . pgsf]
t/sf/Lsf] dfu ahf/df a9b\ } uof] . t/sf/L vt] L;uF } pgn] pGgt hftsf] tLgcf6] f ufO{
kfng klg ;?' jft u/] . clxn] ufO{sf] b'w ar] ]/ klg cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . t/sf/L
v]tLsf nflu cfjZos dn klg ufO{ kfngaf6 g} pknAw ePsf] 5 . pgL / pgsL >LdtL
laxfgbl] v a]n'sf;Dd cToGt nugzLn eP/ sfd u5g{ \ . To;}n] clxn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{
;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pgn] ;xsf/Laf6 lnPsf] C0f ltl/;s]sf / 5f]/f5f/] Lsf] lzIffsf nflu
klg /fd|f] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] ldlxgt] / kl/>dn] ;kmntf kfPsfdf pgL
v;' L 5g\ . t/sf/L vt] Laf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/s] f] b]v]/ pgsf] ufpFdf c?n] klg pgs}
;Nnfxcg';f/ t/sf/L vt] L ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . ljb]zdf sdfpg] eGbf w/] } oxLFaf6 cfDbfgL
x'g] ePsfn] pgL c?nfO{ :jb]zdf pBd ug{ xf};nf k|bfg u5{g\ . xfdL klg pgsf] sd{nfO{
;Ddfg u/fF} .

-s_ bnaxfb/' s;/L ;kmn s[ifs eP <

-v_ sl[ if k;] fk|lt pgsf] s:tf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 211

-u_ bnaxfb'/sf] ;kmntfaf6 tkfO{nF fO{ s] k|]/0ff kf| Kt eof] <
-3_ sl[ ifnfO{ Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
-ª_ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu cfkm\gf l5d]sLnfO{ tkfOF{ s] ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 <
@= g]kfndf s[lifsf] dxŒj ;DaGwdf bO' { ;fyLlardf ;j+ fb tof/ ugx{' f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ sl[ if sfoc{ Gtut{ s] s] k5{g\ <
-v_ gk] fn Ps sl[ if kw| fg b]z xf] k'li6 ug{'xf;] \ .
-u_ g]kfndf s[lifsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo pNn]v ugx'{ f];\ .
-3_ gk] fndf sl[ ifsf] s:tf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 < n]Vgx' f;] \ .

212 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
@ k/Dk/fut df}lns / Jofj;flos sl[ if k|0ffnL

tn lbOPsf k/Dk/fut df}lns / Jofj;flos sl[ if k|0ffnL;DaGwL b'O{cf6] f cj:yfx¿sf] cWoog
u/f}F / 5nkmn u/f}F .

cj:yf Ps

kmQd] fg rf}w/L cfkm";Fu ePsf ;f| ]t ;fwgx¿sf] k|ofu] u/]/ afaa' fh]sf] kfnfb]lv rlncfPsf]
k/' fgf] tl/sfaf6 v]tLkftL u5g{ \ . pgn] cfˆg} 3/df ePsf xnf], s6' f], sf]bfnf] cflbsf] dfq
ko| f]u u//] v]tL ug]{ u/s] f 5g\ . Tolt dfq geP/ rf}w/Ln] hldg hfT] g, lapljhgsf] 5gf6]
ug{, afnL nufpg k/' fg} tl/sf cjnDag ug{] u/s] f 5g\ . emf/kft tyf hgfj/x¿af6 hf]ufpg
/ afnL yGSofpg klg k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLsf] g} ko| fu] u5{g\ . pgn] :yfgLo :t/df kfOg]
lapljhgsf] k|of]u u5{g\ . pgL slxNo} sL6gfzs cf}ifwL tyf /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ub}{gg\ .
afnLdf nfUg] ls/f dfg{sf nflu 3/d} ePsf] v/fgL, ufO{j:t'sf] lk;fa cflb k|ofu] ub{} cfPsf
5g\ . dnsf] ¿kdf pgL 3/d} kflnPsf ufO{ e}F;L, afvf| cflbsf] dn ko| fu] 5{g\ . pgL ;w}F
k/Dk/fut dfl} ns v]tLaf6 pTkfbg ul/Psf afnLgfnL :j:ys/ / dfl} ns x'G5 eGg] u5{g\ .
/fd|f] x/] rfx tyf xfjfkfgLn] ;fy lbof] eg] pTkfbg klg /fdf| ] xG' 5 . slxns] fxLF a9L g} ls/f
nfu/] afnLgfnL gi6 xg' ] h:tf ;d:of cfpg] u/s] f] s/' f pgL atfp5F g\ . pgsf] pTkfbgnfO{
cuf{lgs / :j:ys/ eg]/ sltko dflg; 3/d} lsGg cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . w/] } h;f] pgL cfˆgf]
pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/df nu/] aR] g] u/s] f 5g\ . k/Dk/fut vt] L a9L lgjfx{ d'vL sl[ if k0| ffnL xf] .
o;df cfwl' gs Jofj;flos v]tLdf hlt pTkfbg xFb' }g . t/ klg 3/d} pTkfbg ePsf] tfhf
/ :j:ys/ vfgf vfg kfPsf] / cfDbfgL klg /fd|} ePsf] pgL atfp5F g\ . To;n} ] o;af6 pgL
;Gti' 6 ePsf] s'/f atfp5F g\ .

cj:yf b'O{

eLdk;| fb :jb]zdf /fdf| ] /fh] uf/sf] cj;/ gkfPsfn] ljb]z uPsf lyP . ToxfF pgn] sl[ if kmd{df
sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfP . tLgjif{ hlt sfd u/k] l5 pgL cfˆg} b]zdf uP/ sl[ if k;] f u5'{ egL
gk] fn kms]{ . ljb]zdf a:bf l;s]sf] l;k / cg'ejdf cfwfl/t eO{ vt] LkftL ubf{ a9L pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsbF f] /x5] eGg] s'/f /fd|f];Fu ae' m] . pgn] pGgt lapljhg, sL6gfzs cfi} fwL, /f;folgs
dn, s[lif cfh} f/ / k|ljlwsf] ko| fu] u/L Jofj;flos s[lifsf] ;?' jft u/] . pgn] s[lif tflnd lng]
cj;/ kfP . pgn] cfˆgf] Joj;fosf nflu :yfgLo tx / k|bz] ;/sf/af6 sl[ if C0f / cgb' fg
;dt] lnP . To;kl5 cfw'lgs Jofj;flos v]tL lj:tf/ ug{lt/ nfu] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 213

pgL sl[ if ljz]if1;uF df6f] k/LIf0f u/fP/ xfjfkfgL cgs' "n x'g] u/L Ps afnLsf] ;66\ f ljljw
afnL nufp5F g\ . pgL;Fu 6\ofS6/, wfg /f]Kg] / sf6g\ ] dl] ;g ePsfn] vt] hf]Tg / afnL yGSofpg
;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . oL dl] ;gnfO{ cGoq ko| f]u u//] klg cfDbfgL ug{] u/s] f 5g\ . cfkmn" ] nufpg]
t/sf/Lsf la?jfx¿ pGgt hftsf] lapljhgåf/f cfkmF} 6gn] agfP/ pdfg]{ / lajm| L ljt/0f
;d]t u5{g\ . l;FrfOsf nflu afl] /ª u/]/ hldgd'lgaf6 kfgL tfGg] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . pgn]
sl[ if lj1 / kzl' j1;Fu ;do ;dodf k/fdz{ klg ug{] u5{g\ . pgn] pGgt hftsf] tLgcf]6f
h;L{ ufO{ kfns] f 5g\ . cfkmF} sDkf]:6 dn agfp5F g\ . /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf]
;dt] k|ofu] ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ s[lif pTkfbg /fdf| ] ePsf] 5 . cfˆg} 6\ofS6/ ePsfn]
kT| os] lbg ahf/;Dd pTkflbt t/sf/L k'¥ofpF5g\ . sltko Jofkf/L pgsf] 3/d} t/sf/L lng
cfp5F g\ . pgn] s]xL dflg;nfO{ /f]huf/L klg lbPsf 5g\ . xfn pgsf] cfDbfgL klg /fd|f]
5 . pgn] Joj;fo ;?' ug{] an] fdf lnPsf] C0f klg ltl/;s]sf] s/' f atfp5F g\ . eLdk;| fb
s[lif Joj;foaf6 xg' ;Sg] hfl] vdaf6 aRgsf nflu sl[ if ladf u/]sfn] cfkm" 9'Ss /x]sf] s'/f
atfp5F g\ .

pgL clxn] c?nfO{ klg cfw'lgs Jofj;flos t/sf/L vt] L ug]{ tl/sfsf] af/d] f l;sfpF5g\ .
pgL ;Fu;Fu} ufpFdf c? klg Jofj;flos vt] Ltkm{ cfslift{ ePsf] bl] vG5 . cfw'lgs Jofj;flos
s[lifaf6 x'g] kmfObfsf] ;DaGwdf c?nfO{ ;d]t ae' mfpbF } lxF8\g] u/]sf 5g\ . uf| dL0f If]qdf ePsf]
a/] f]huf/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ / b]znfO{ cfTd lge{/ agfpg ;lsg] pgsf] ts{ 5 . pgL yK5g\,
xfdL nfUg] xf] eg] l566\ } xfdLn] vfBfGg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n tyf df5f, df;', c08f / b'wdf
bz] nfO{ cfTdlge/{ agfpg ;S5fF} . bz] sf] /fli6o« cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 . sl[ if hGo sRrf kbfy{df
cfwfl/t pBfu] x¿ vfN] g ;lsG5 . k9n] v] ]sf o'jf ju{x¿nfO{ klg Jofj;flos vt] Ltkm{ cfslif{t
ug{ ;lsG5 . c?nfO{ cfwl' gs sl[ iftkm{ cfslif{t ug{sf nflu pgn] ;DemfpbF } eGg] u/]sf 5g\ .
æ;/sf/n] cfwl' gs sl[ if cfh} f/ k|of]u u/L s[lif k;] fnfO{ a9fjf lbg] si[ fsnfO{ %) kl| tzt;Dd
cgb' fg lbg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . vt] L k0| ffnLdf ;w' f/bl] v lnP/ pGgt lap vl/b;Ddsf nflu
klg ;/sf/n] cgb' fg lbG5 . To;}n] s[lif tflnd lnP/ cfˆg} b]zdf Jofj;flos v]tL u/f,F}
:j/f]huf/nfO{ a9fjf lbcf,}F cfˆg} b]zdf sx] L u/f}F / b]znfO{ cfTdlge{/tf tkm{ cufl8 a9fcf}F .Æ

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo txdf s[lifsf] cfwl' gsLs/0f tyf Jofj;foLs/0fsf nflu s] s] cEof;
ePsf 5g\ ;fw] vf]h u/L l6kf6] ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf];\ .

@= s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ gk] fn ;/sf/n] s] s] sbd rfn]sf] 5
vf]hL ugx{' f];\ .

214 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

#= uu' n tyf o'6a' vf]hL u/L jf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cWoog u/L ljsl;t d'ns' df s[lif ug{]
tl/sf / g]kfndf sl[ if ug{] tl/sfsf] lardf s] s:tf ;dfgtf / leGgtf /x]sf 5g\ kŒf
nufO{ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

$= k/Dk/fut /y} fg] s[lif k0| ffnL / cfw'lgs sl[ if k0| ffnLdWo] tkfOF{nfO{ sg' s[lif k0| ffnL
pkoS' t nfU5 < lsg cfˆgf dfGotf k:| t't ugx'{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ k/Dk/fut df}lns s[lif k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf dxŒj n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ Jofj;flos tyf cfw'lgs sl[ if k0| ffnLsf ljzi] ftf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnL / Jofj;flos s[lif k|0ffnLlarsf leGgtf 5'6\ofpgx' f;] \
-3_ sl[ ifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ s] s] pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 <

;fd'bflos sfo{

!= tkfOFsf] ;d'bfodf cfwl' gs Jofj;flos v]tL ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . ToxfF cjnf]sg u/L tn
lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ vf]hL u/L kQf nufpgx' f];\ .
-s_ s] pTkfbg ePsf] /x5] <
-v_ Jofj;flos vt] L s;/L ;'?cft ul/of] <
-u_ pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/ Joj:yf s;/L ldnfOPsf] /x5] <
-3_ Jofj;flos v]tL k|0ffnLsf kmfObfx¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 215

kf7
# pBfu]

!= kl/ro

>d, kh'F L, l;k / k|ljlwsf] ko| fu] u/L
;fgf] tyf 7n' f] kl/df0fdf j:t' tyf
;j] fsf] pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ pBfu]
elgG5 . gk] fndf pBf]usf] ljsf;jm| d
xb] f{ kf| rLgsfndf s]xL ;Lldt
j:t'x¿ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBfu] x¿af6
pTkfbg ul/Gy] . /f0ff zf;gsfnsf]
cGTolt/ lj=;+= !((# ;fndf
pBf]u kl/ifbs\ f] :yfkgfkZrft\ g]kfndf
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] ;'?jft ePsf]
bl] vG5 . To;kl5 lj=;+= @))# ;fndf
:yfkgf ePsf] /3'klt h'6ldnnfO{ g} gk] fnsf] klxnf] cfw'lgs pBf]usf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . lj=;=+
@))& ;fndf kh| ftGq :yfkgfkZrft\ gk] fndf pBf]usf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ xg' yfn]sf] kfOG5 .
xfn g]kfndf u|fdL0f If]qdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] afx'No /xs] f] 5 eg] ;x/L If]qdf
7n' f tyf demf}nf pBfu] x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cflys{ ;jI{] f0f @)&& cg';f/ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf
pBfu] sf] of]ubfg %=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfB} f]lus Ifq] sf] ljsf;sf nflu clxn] g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ljleGg !! cf]6f Ifq] nfO{ cfB} f]lus Ifq] sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/s] f] 5 . ;/sf/L / lghL Ifq] sf]
;+nUgtf xg' ] u/L ljz]if cflys{ If]qsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L sg' } klg b]zsf] cfly{s
ljsf;df cfB} fl] us ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cfB} fl] us If]qsf] ljsf;n] cyt{ Gqsf
cGo ;a} Ifq] x¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rflnt x'G5g\ .

@= pBf]usf] dxŒj

cfB} fl] us ljsf; bz] sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] lbuf] / e/ kbf]{ cfwf/ :tDe xf] . gk] fn s[lifsf]
kz| :t ;Defjgf ePsf] b]z xf] . sl[ if k;] fdf /xs] f] lglijm| o kFh' L / >dsf] clwstd pkof]u
pBf]uwGbfsf] :yfkgfaf6 dfq ;Dej 5 . gk] fnsf] s[lif If]qdf cfwl' gsLs/0f ug{ cf}Bfl] us
ljsf;n] g} dbt u5{ . sl[ if sfo{sf nflu cfjZosLo cfh} f/x¿ klg pBf]uaf6 tof/ ul/G5g\ .
g]kfndf pBf]usf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

216 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

-s_ pBf]un] /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u5{ .

-v_ bz] sf] /fli6o« cfDbfgLdf j[l4 xG' 5 .

-u_ bz] df pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;b'kofu] xG' 5 .

-3_ bz] sf] Jofkf/df cfoftnfO{ 36fO{ lgof{t a9fpg ;lsG5 .

-ª_ bz] df pknAw k'hF L kl/rfng u//] kh'F L lgdf{0fdf j[l4 ug{ dbt kU' 5 .

-r_ cfB} f]lus j:td' f bz] cfTdlge{/ aGg ;S5 .

-5_ bz] sf] ;a} Ifq] df pBfu] sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;s]df If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ dbt kU' 5 .

-h_ s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] lge/{ tfnfO{ sd ub{} g]kfndf s[lifsf] ljsf; ug{ dbt k'U5 .

-em_ :yfgLo l;k / ;f| t] ;fwgsf] pkofu] x'G5 .

-`_ :yfgLo sNff / ;+:sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ dbt k'U5 .

#= pBfu] sf k|sf/

cf}Bfl] us Joj;fonfO{ 6]jf k¥' ofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfB} fl] us Joj;fo Pg] , @)&^
sfofG{ jogdf NofPsf] 5 . o; Pg] cg;' f/ gk] fnsf pBf]ux¿nfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] 5 .

pBfu] sf] ks| f/ != 3/ hUufafx]s a9Ldf kfFr nfv ?lkof;F Ddsf] l:y/ k'FhL /x]sf]
-s_ n3' pBd

@= pBdL :jod\ pBfu] sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg /xs] f]

#= pBdL;lxt a9Ldf gf}hgf;Dd sfdbf/ /xs] f]

$= jflif{s sf/fa] f/ ! s/f]8 ?lkofFeGbf sd /xs] f]

-v_ 3/n] ' pBfu] %= OlGhg pks/0f jf d]l;gsf] k|of]u u/s] f] ePdf vkt xg' ] ljB'tLo
pmhf,{ OGwg jf cGo tn] OlGhg Ifdtf la; lsnf]jf6 jf ;fe] Gbf
sd /x]sf]

!= k/Dk/fut l;k / kl| jlwdf cfwfl/t

@= >dd"ns / vf; l;k jf :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ Pjd\ :yfgLo
k|ljlw, snf tyf ;:+ s[ltdf cfwfl/t

#= OlGhg, pks/0f jf dl] ;gsf] k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf a9Ldf %)
lsnfj] f6 Ifdtf;Ddsf] ljBt' Lo pmhf{sf] ko| f]u

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 217

-u_ ;fgf pBf]u n3' pBd / 3/]n' pBfu] afxs] sf !% s/f8] ?lkofF;Dd l:y/ k'FhL
ePsf pBfu]

-3_ demfn} f pBfu] !% s/f]8 ?lkofeF Gbf a9L %) s/f]8 ?lkof;F Dd l:y/ kh'F L ePsf]
pBfu]

-ª_ 7n' f pBfu] %) s/f8] ?lkofeF Gbf a9L l:y/ k'hF L ePsf pBf]u

-s_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] kl/ro tyf dxŒj

sd k'hF L nufgLdf :yfgLo ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L cfˆg} kl/jf/sf ;b:o ldn]/ ;~rfng
ug{ ;lsg] Joj;fonfO{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBfu] elgG5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ucGtut{ pgL
tyf ;'tL sk8f pBfu] , 3/n] ' sfuh pBf]u, 3/n] ' wft' pBfu] k5{g\ . cGo pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
sfi7 pBf]u, b'Uw pBf]u, wfg s6' g\ ], t]n kN] g], pv' kN] g] pBfu] x¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . g]kfndf
s[lif If]qdf 7'nf] >dzlSt cfl>t /x]sf] bl] vG5 . >dzlStnfO{ :yfgLo :t/d} ;;fgf Joj;fo
vf]nL /f]huf/ k|bfg ug{ 3/n] ' pBfu] sf] 7n' f] el" dsf /x]sf] xG' 5 . :yfgLo >d, l;k / sRrf
kbfyd{ f cfwfl/t Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsPdf Joj;fo klg l6sfp xG' 5g\ . gk] fndf afx\o
cfoftLt l;k / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t pBfu] klg 5g\ t/ o;sf] t'ngfdf xfd|f k/Dk/fut
snf, ;:+ sl[ t / l;k cg';f/sf Joj;fodf cfDbfgL tyf /f]huf/Lsf] ;Defjgf a9L b]lvG5 .
sd k'FhL tyf nufgLdf ;lhn} :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] xg' fn] klg gk] fndf o:tf pBfu] sf] ;Defjgf
a9L 5 . k/Dk/fut snf, l;k / ;:+ sl[ tdf cfwfl/t pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ;fdu|Lsf] dfu ljZj
ahf/df ;d]t /xs] f] 5 . o;af6 ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . bz] df 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf o:tf
pBfu] x¿ ;~rfng xb'F f /fli6o« cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 . /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df klg jl[ 4 xg' ] x'Fbf
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;dt] ;'wf/ cfp5F .

-v_ demf}nf tyf 7n' f pBf]usf] kl/ro / dxŒj

demf}nf tyf 7'nf pBf]usf nflu 7'nf 7n' f oGq pks/0f / w/] } ;ª\Vofdf bIf / cw{bIf
hgzlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . o;/L 7n' f] dfqfdf khF' L nufgL / 7'nf] kl/df0fdf j:t' tyf ;]jf
pTkfbg xg' ] Joj;fonfO{ g} demfn} f tyf 7n' f pBf]u elgG5 . o:tf pBf]ux¿sf nflu ahf/sf]
Jofkstfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . g]kfndf ;~rflnt 7n' f pBf]u lrgL, l;dG] 6, h6' , sk8f, 6fon,
kmnfd, h:tf, 5fnf cflb x'g\ . b]zdf 7'nf pBfu] sf] ljsf; x'g ;s]df b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;
x'G5 . /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df jl[ 4 xG' 5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ ug{
dbt kU' 5 . bz] df pknAw k|fs[lts / dfgjLo ;;+ fwgsf] ;b'kof]u xG' 5 . s[lifdf cfwl' gsLs/0f
/ Jofj;foLs/0fåf/f sl[ if If]qsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . b]znfO{ cfB} f]lus pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg
;lsG5 . cfoft kl| t:yfkg / lgof{t jl[ 4 u/L ljb]zL d'b|f cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf] kFh' L ljb]z
knfog xg' af6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . b]zdf pRr cfly{s jl[ 4b/ xfl;n ug{ dbt k'U5 .

218 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

$= gk] fndf pBf]u ljsf;sf ;Defjgf

g]kfn kf| sl[ ts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;|ft] ;fwgdf wgL d'ns' xf] . g]kfndf hnljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf
pRr /xs] f] 5 . To:t} u/L oxfF jg ;Dkbf / vlgh ;Dkbf k|z:t dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ t/ oL
;Dkbfsf] ko| fu] guGo dfqfdf ePsf] 5 . o:tf ;Dkbfsf] ko| f]u pRrtd dfqfdf ug{ ;lsPdf
pBf]u vf]Ng ;lsG5 . oxfF k/Dk/fut dfl} ns l;k / snfsf] klg ljsf; xbF' } cfPsf] 5 . o:tf
;f| t] ;fwgx¿nfO{ ko| fu] ug{ ;Sg] >d zlSt klg gk] fndf 5g\ . gk] fndf a;l]{ g 7n' f] wg/fzL
ljki]| f0fsf] ¿kdf lelqG5 . sl[ if If]qdf cfwl' gsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f a9\b} uPdf pBfu] Ifq] sf
nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lifhGo pBfu] vf]n/] sl[ if If]qdf /xs] f]
cfjZostfeGbf a9L hgrfknfO{ /fh] uf/L lbg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL
If]qx¿df k|z:t dfqfdf kfOg] ax'dN" o h8La6' Lx¿af6 h8La6' L pBfu] vf]Ng ;lsg] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L gk] fndf /xs] f Pl] txfl;s, ;f:+ s[lts / kf| s[lts ;Dkbfx¿af6 ko6{ g
pBf]usf] klg ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

%= gk] fndf pBf]usf] If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

b]zsf] cy{tGqdf cfB} fl] us Ifq] sf] dxŒj xb'F fx'Fb} klg ;dl' rt ¿kdf o;sf] ljsf; xg' ;ss] f]
5}g . oftfoft, ljBt' ,\ vfg]kfgL, ;~rf/, ;/' Iff cflb cf}Bfl] us kj" fw{ f/sf] cefj /x]sf] bl] vG5 .
g]kfnL pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ;fdu|Ln] ahf/ kfpg ;ss] f 5}gg\ . ljb]zL j:t'x¿;uF g]kfnL
pTkfbgn] kl| t:kwf{ ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf /xs] f] 5 . pBfu] If]qsf nflu cfjZos bIf kf| ljlws
hgzlStsf] cefj bl] vG5 . g]kfnsf] cfB} fl] us Ifq] df l:y/ ;/sf/ / zflGt ;/' Iff;lxtsf]
nufgL dq} L jftfj/0fsf] cefjn] klg k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . pBf]u ;~rfngsf nflu sRrf kbfy{sf]
klg cefj /xs] f] 5 . e"kl/j]li6t dn' 's, ef/t;uF sf] vn' f l;dfgf / ;Lldt ahf/sf] sf/0fn]
klg pBfu] sf] ljsf;df ;d:of bl] vG5 . kof{Kt kF'hL, dl] ;g, oGq, pks/0f / C0f k|jfx ug{]
;:+ yfx¿sf] klg cefj /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf kmnfd, :kft, l:6n, l;d]G6 cflb h:tf cfwf/et"
ppBfu] sf] cefjn] klg g]kfnL pBf]usf] ljsf;df ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf ;d:ofsf] sf/0fn]
gk] fndf pBfu] sf] ljsf; tLj| ultdf x'g ;ss] f] 5g} . pBfu] sf] ljsf;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofnfO{
lgDgcg';f/ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ pBfu] dq} L gLltsf] th{'df / sfofG{ jogdf hf8] lbOg'k5{ .

-v_ cfB} fl] us Ifq] df zflGt ;'/Iffsf] kT| ofe"lt xg' k' 5{ .

-u_ cfB} f]lus kj" fw{ f/x¿sf] Joj:yf;lxtsf] cf}Bfl] us If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g'k5{ .

-3_ u0' f:t/Lo j:t' / ;j] fsf] pTkfbg u/L lgoft{ df hf]8 lbOg'k5{ .

-ª_ cf}Bfl] us sRrf kbfys{ f] pTkfbg / ;xh cfkl" t{sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg'k5{ .

-r_ kl| jm| ofut ;/ntf x'gk' 5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 219

-5_ pBfu] If]qdf OGwgsf] cfkl" t{sf nflu hnljB't\sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf a9fpg'k5{ .
-h_ pBdLx¿nfO{ ;xl' notk0" f{ C0f / cGo ;l' jwfsf] Joj:yf ul/gk' 5{ .
-em_ gk] fnL pBf]ux¿af6 pTkflbt j:tx' ¿sf] ahf/ k|jwg{ sf nflu lj1fkg tyf k|rf/

k|;f/df hf8] lbOg'k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfOsF{ f] ;db' fodf /x]sf s'g} 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pBfu] sf] cjnf]sg ugx{' f];\ / ToxfaF f6

pTkflbt j:ts' f] cj:yf / ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;DaGwdf l6kf6] u/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
@= sIffnfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L pBf]u If]qsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] ;DaGwdf

vfh] L u/L ;d"xut k|:t'lt ugx'{ f;] \ .
#= tkfOsF{ f] lhNnfdf s] s:tf pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /xs] f 5g\ < :yfgLo

hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;f]wL k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ gk] fndf pBf]usf juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \ .
-v_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBfu] eg]/ s:tf] pBf]unfO{ elgG5 <
-u_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBfu] sf dxŒj pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .
-3_ demfn} f tyf 7n' f pBfu] sf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ gk] fndf pBf]usf] ljsf;df b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufpgx' f;] \ .
-r_ gk] fndf pBfu] sf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ;Defjgf /xs] f 5g\ <

220 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
$ Jofkf/

Jofkf/ eGgfn] Nffe kf| Kt ug]{ p2Z] on] JolSt jf ;dx" lardf x'g] j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] vl/b laj|mLsf]
sfo{ xf] . Jofkf/ sg' } Ps b]zsf] Ps efuaf6 csf{] efu;Dd / Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zsf lardf
ul/G5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;?' jftb]lv g} Jofkf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . Tolt a]nf db' |f
k|rngdf gePtfklg Pscsfl{ ardf j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] ;f6f;f6 u//] Jofkf/ ul/GYof] . la:tf/}
:yfgLo :t/df pTkflbt j:t' ;fx] L 7fpdF f laj|mL lat/0f ug{] sfos{ f] ;?' jft eof] . db' |fsf]
ljsf;;Fu} Jofkf/ a9L ljsl;t / Jofks aGb} uPsf] bl] vG5 .

!= Jofkf/sf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj

bz] sf] cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf;df Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf xG' 5 . Jofkf/n] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] lsga]r ;xh agfpF5 . Ps 7fpFdf pTkfbg ePsf j:t'sf] pkof]u cGo 7fpFsf dflg;n]
klg ug{ kfpF5g\ . pkefS] tfn] cfjZostfcg;' f/sf j:t' tyf ;j] f 5gf6] ug]{ cj;/ kf| Kt
u5g{ \ . ahf/df ePsf ;fdfgx¿sf lardf :j:y kl| t:kwf{ sfod x'G5 . kmn:j¿k pTkfbsn]
;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4tkm{ Wofg lbG5g\ . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf Jofkf/ If]qsf] of]ubfg #)
kl| tztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 .
gk] fndf Jofkf/sf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] pkefu] ug{] cj;/ kf| Kt xG' 5 .

-v_ :yfgLo pTkfbg tyf pBf]ux¿af6 pTkflbt ;fdfgn] ahf/ kfp5F g\ .

-u_ b]zdf /f]huf/L tyf :j/fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/df j[l4 xG' 5 .

-3_ k/Dk/fut snf / l;kdf cfwfl/t ;fdfgsf] lajm| L ljt/0f eO{ ;/+ If0fdf dbt kU' 5 .

-ª_ b]zdf pTkflbt j:t'x¿ bz] sf] ljleGg 7fpFdf / cGo dn' 'sdf ;dt] lgof{t ug{ ;lsG5 .

-r_ ljbz] L d'bf| cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

-5_ /fh:j ;ª\sngdf jl[ 4 eO{ /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf j[l4 xG' 5 .

@= Jofkf/sf] k|sf/

-s_ cfGtl/s Jofkf/ M sg' } klg b]zsf] ef}uf]lns l;dfgfleq ul/g] Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s
Jofkf/ elgG5 . cfGtl/s Jofkf/cGtu{t bz] leq Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f, Ps ;x/af6
csf{] ;x/df / Ps lhNnfaf6 csf]{ lhNnfdf, Ps efu} fl] ns If]qaf6 csf]{ ef}ufl] ns

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 221

Ifq] df ul/g] Jofkf/ k5{ . j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;xh cfk"lt{ ug{ dbt u5{ . b]zsf] cfly{s
ljm| ofsnfknfO{ ultzLn agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . :yfgLo pTkfbgn] ahf/ kfp5F , h;n]
ubf{ :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ a9jf lbG5 . /fh] uf/L tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df jl[ 4 xg' fsf]
;fy} hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ cfpF5 .

-v_ afxo\ Jofkf/ M bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L /fi6«x¿sf] lardf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lsgar] ug{]
sfo{nfO{ afx\o Jofkf/ elgG5 . o;nfO{ jb} l] zs jf cGt/fl{ i6o« Jofkf/ klg elgG5 .
cfB} f]lus ljsf; ePsf bz] x¿n] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgnfO{ aflx/ lgoft{ u5{g\ . cfkmg\ f]
bz] sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg bz] x¿n] To:tf j:t'x¿sf] cfoft ug{] u5g{ \ . sd
ljsl;t bz] n] klg cfkm\gf bz] df ePsf pTkfbg jf sRrf kbfy{ ljsl;t bz] df k7fpg
;S5g\ . afxo\ Jofkf/ j:ts' f] u'0f:t/, dN" o, ;xh cfkl" t{ / cfjZostfdf e/ k5{ .
ljleGg b]zsf hgtfx¿n] cfˆgf] OR5f, cfjZostf / j|mozlStsf] cfwf/df j:t' / ;j] f
vl/b ug{ ;S5g\ . jb} ]lzs Jofkf/ ljbz] L d'b|fsf] ;xfotfn] xg' ] u5{ . jb} l] zs Jofkf/
kj| w{g ug{ ;s]df b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df dbt k'U5 . gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df afxo\
Jofkf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xs] f] 5 .

afx\o Jofkf/sf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

-c_ afx\o Jofkf/n] bz] sf] Jofkf/nfO{ ljZj ahf/;uF hf8] \g] sfd u5{ .
-cf_ afx\o Jofkf/af6 cfjZos pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] cfk"lt{ x'G5 .
-O_ o;sf] dfWodaf6 /fh] ufl/sf cj;/df jl[ 4 ug{ ;lsG5 .
-O_{ :jbz] L pTkfbgsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ xG' 5 / ljb]zL d'b|f cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
-p_ cfjZostfcg';f/sf] u0' f:t/Lo j:ts' f] pkefu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
-pm_ :yfgLo ;|ft] / ;fdu|Lsf] ke| fjsf/L pkofu] xG' 5 .
-C_ lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
-P_ /fh:j ;ªs\ ngdf j[l4 xG' 5 .
-P_] pBfu] sf nflu cfjZos oGq, pks/0f, kl| jlw / sRrf kbfys{ f] cfoft ug{ ;lsG5 .

#= afxo\ Jofkf/sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

gk] fndf j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ;d:of w/] } 5g\ . bz] leq pTkfbg ug{ g;lsg] k]6f« l] nod kbfy,{
cf}Bf]lus dl] ;g/L ;fdfgx¿, oftfoftsf ;fwg tyf kf6{kh' f{ cfoft xg' ] u/s] f 5g\ . bz] leq}
kz| :t dfqfdf kfOg], pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf pkef]Uo sRrf kbfy{ ;d]t 7n' f]
kl/df0fdf ljb]zaf6 cfoft ug{] ul/Psf 5g\ . gk] fnaf6 lgoft{ x'g] kd| v' j:t'sf] ¿kdf
sl[ ifhGo, >dhGo / jghGo j:t' /x]sf 5g\ cfoftsf] tn' gfdf o:tf j:t'sf] lgoft{ ;fgf]

222 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kl/df0fdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L cfoft a9L / lgoft{ sd eO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f lbgkl| tlbg al9/xs] f]
5 . hndfu{;Fusf] kx'Fr sdhf]/ x'g', ef/t;Fusf] v'nf l;dfgf Jojl:yt gx'g,' gk] fnsf] j}bl] zs
Jofkf/sf] Ifq] df b]lvPsf dV' o ;d:of x'g\ . cfB} fl] us If]qsf] pNn]Vo ljsf; xg' g;Sg,'
pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg nfut a9L xg' ' / u0' f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pTkfbg gx'g'
klg gk] fnsf] jb} ]lzs Jofkf/;uF ;DalGwt ;df:of x'g\ . gk] fndf Jofkf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{
k'FhL ahf/sf] cj:yf klg sdhf/] /x]sf] 5 . gk] fnsf] afxo\ Jofkf/sf] Ifq] df b]lvPsf ;d:of
;dfwfgsf pkfo lgDgcg';f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

-s_ s[lifhGo, aghGo tyf cfB} f]lus pTkfbgdf j[l4 u/L lgoft{ a9fpg]

-v_ g]kfndf pTkflbt j:t'sf] u0' f:t/ clejl[ 4 ug]t{ km{ Wofg lbg]

-u_ lgoft{ d"ns pBfu] nfO{ ;/sf/n] ljz]if k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ug]{

-3_ cfB} f]lus / Jofkf/hGo kj" f{wf/x¿sf] tLj| ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

-ª_ cfB} fl] us If]qnfO{ zflGt Ifq] 3f]if0ff u//] pTkfbg j[l4df hf]8 lbg]

-r_ Jofkf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ k'FhL lgdf{0f tyf kh'F L ahf/sf] ljsf; ug{]

-5_ cj}w Jofkf/ / rf]/L lgsf;L lgoGq0f ug]{

$= gk] fndf Jofkf/sf] ;Defjgf / kj| wg{

Jofkf/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpg] tyf Jofkfl/s sf/fa] f/df j[l4 ug{] sfo{ g} Jofkf/ k|jw{g xf] .
gk] fndf Jofkf/ kj| w{gsf kofK{ t ;Defjgfsf If]q /xs] f 5g\ . g]kfn kf| s[lts ;Dkbf, h}ljs
ljljwtf / ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfn] el/k0" f{ b]z xf] . g]kfndf o:tf ;Dkbfsf] Jofkfl/s k|ofh] gsf]
;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 . gk] fndf hnljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf a9fP/ / ko6{ g ;]jf j[l4 u/]/ Jofkf/sf]
lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} h8La'6L pTkfbg tyf kz| fw] g, s[lifhGo pTkfbg tyf kz| fw] g,
vlgh pTvgg tyf k|zf]wg cflb If]qdf nufgL j[l4 u/L Jofkf/ k|jwg{ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] :jbz] L tyf ljb]zL nufgL stf{nfO{ cfslift{ u/]/ gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ ljsf;
ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 . oL Ifq] sf] ljsf;af6 Jofkf/df j[l4 u/L lgof{t a9fP/ cfoftdf
s6ft} L ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} u/L tof/L kf];fs, pgL un}rF f, kl:dgf, x:tsnfsf ;fdfgx¿sf]
pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 u//] klg g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . :yfgLo l;k /
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . df}lns tyf
k/Dk/fut l;kdf cfwfl/t j:ts' f] pTkfbgaf6 klg Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf lelqg]
ljki]| f0f /sdnfO{ klg lgoft{ a9fpg dbt ug]{ pTkfbgdn" s Ifq] df nufgL ug{ ;lsG5 . o'jf
hgzlStnfO{ ;xl' not C0f ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ Jofkf/df nufpg ;lsG5 . o;/L g]kfndf
ePsf Jofkfl/s ;DefjgfnfO{ cj;/df kl/0ft ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xs] f] 5 . To;sf nflu ljZj
ahf/sf] dfucg';f/sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 ug{k' g{] x'G5 . ;fdfg pTkfbg ubf{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 223

u'0f:t/nfO{ dV' o ¿kdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] Jofkf/;uF ;DalGwt ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g
-WTO), blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ Ifq] ;Demft} f (SAFTA) ;Fu u/s] f ;Demft} fsf]
sfofG{ jogdf hf]8 lbg'kg{] b]lvG5 .
lj|mofsnfk
!= :yfgLo ahf/sf] cjnfs] g ug'{xf];\ / s'g sg' ;fdfg gk] fndf g} pTkfbg ePsf /x]5g\

/ sg' s'g ;fdfgx¿ cfoft ePsf /x5] g\ < ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .
@= sg' } :yfgLo Jofkf/LnfO{ e]6g\ 'xf;] \ / Jofkf/sf] ;DaGwdf tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ ;fw] L kf| Kt

hjfkm sIffsf]7fdf k:| tt' ugx{' f];\ .
-s_ tkfOFn{ ] laj|mLljt/0f ug{] ;fdfg bz] leq sg' s'g 7fpaF f6 / b]z aflx/ s'g sg'

b]zaf6 cfoft ePsf 5g\ <
-v_ :yfgLo :t/df pTkflbt ;fdfgn] ahf/ kfPsf] cj:yf 5 ls 5g} <
-u_ tkfOFsf] ljrf/df g]kfndf Jofkf/sf] Ifq] lj:tf/sf nflu s] s] ug{k' 5{ <
#= tkfOFs{ f] lhNnfdf Jofkf/ k|jw{gsf nflu s] s] ;Defjgf /x]sf 5g\ < 3/, kl/jf/ jf
;d'bfodf hfgsf/ JolSt;uF ;f]wvfh] u/L l6kf6] ugx{' f];\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < / g]kfndf o;sf] dxŒjsf] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ug{x' f];\ .
-v_ cfGtl/s / afx\o Jofkf/lar km/s 5'6o\ fpg'xf];\ .
-u_ afx\o Jofkf/af6 gk] fnnfO{ x'g] kmfObf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ afx\o Jofkf/df bl] vPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufpgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ gk] fndf Jofkf/ k|jwg{ sf pkfosf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .

224 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
% gk] fndf Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f

ljleGg lsl;dsf a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft / lgof{t ug{] sfo{nfO{ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f elgG5 .
o;cGtut{ km/s km/s j:t' tyf ;]jf s'g} :yfg jf bz] df dfq ;Lldt geP/ ljleGg :yfg
jf b]zdf k7fpg] / Nofpg] sfd ul/G5 . o;sf] dV' o p2]Zo eg]sf] gofF gofF j:t'x¿sf]
pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg' / Jofkf/sf] If]q km/flsnf] agfpg' xf] . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fn] Jofkf/sf]
kj| wg{ u5{ . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ s'g} klg 7fpFdf pTkfbg ePsf j:tx' ¿nfO{
laj|mLsf nflu ljZje/ k¥' ofpg ;lsG5 . o;/L ljZje/ k'u]sf ;fdfgn] p:t} k|s[ltsf cGo
;fdfg;uF kl| t:kwf{ ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k u0' f:t/Lo j:t'n] ahf/ cf]u6\5 / Jofkf/ klg
a9\b} hfG5 . sg' } klg j:t'n] hlt w/] } 7fpFsf] ahf/df kml} ng] dfs} f kfp5F . To;sf] Jofkf/ Ifq]
klg Tolt g} jl[ 4 xFb' } hfG5 . To;}n] Jofkf/ k|jwg{ sf nflu Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 .

!= Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf lsl;d

-s_ Ifq] ÷b]zut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f

s'g} klg 7fpdF f pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;j] fnfO{ laj|mLsf nflu :yfgLo, /fli6o« / cGt/fl{ i6«o
ahf/df k¥' ofpg] sfon{ fO{ If]q÷b]zut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f elgG5 . o;df s'g} klg bz] sf] s'g}
Ps If]qdf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;j] f bz] sf] ljleGg 7fpdF f / aflx/L bz] df ;dt] k'¥ofOG5 .
Jofkf/df hlt w/] } ljljwLs/0f ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} Jofkf/ km:6fpF5 . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf]
sf/0fn] ljleGg b]zdf pTkflbt ;fdfgx¿sf] pkefu] ug{] cj;/ ldN5 . a9\bf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/
3f6fnfO{ sd ug{ klg dbt kU' 5 . ;fdfgx¿ cfoft / lgoft{ sf nflu ;Lldt b]zx¿;uF dfq
e/ kg'k{ b{}g . cGt/fl{ i6«o ahf/df gk] fnL j:t'sf] nfs] lko| tf a9b\ } hfG5 .

Pl] txfl;s sfnbl] v g} gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ ef/t;Fu ;Lldt lyof] . dNnsfndf gk] fn / ltAatlar
jfl0fHo ;lGw ePkl5 ltAat;uF klg j:t'sf] lsgar] x'g yfNof] . b'O{ bz] x¿;Fusf] dfq Jofkf/
;DaGwaf6 gk] fnn] nfe p7fpg ;sg] . gk] fnn] jb} ]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ lrg / ef/t;uF dfq
;Lldt gu/L cGo b]zx¿;uF klg ugk{' g]{ cfjZostf dx;'; u¥of] .

rfyF} f] k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf -@)@&–@)#@_ bl] v g]kfnn] Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cjnDag
ug{ yfNof] .

To;kl5 gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/df ef/t;uF sf] Jofkf/sf] cz+ cflys{ jif{ @)#!÷#@ df *@=!*
k|ltzt lyof] . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] sf/0fn] cflys{ jif{ @)$!÷$@ df %@=$$ kl| tzt /
cflys{ jif{ @)%!÷%@ df @*=(^ kl| tztdf em/]sf] bl] vG5 . o;af6 g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 225

;d'b|kf/sf bz] x¿df j[l4 xg' yfns] f] k|:6 x'G5 . gk] fnn] xfn ljZjsf ef/t, lrg, OG8fg] l] ;of,
;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, ch]{lG6gf, km| fG;, dnl] ;of, oj' m| ]g, sfl] /of, o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/6] \;
cflb y'k|} b]zx¿;uF Jofkf/ ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

-v_ j:t'ut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f

Ps bz] df pTkflbt km/s km/s j:tx' ¿ b]zleq / aflx/ lgoft{ tyf cfoft ug]{ Jofkf/nfO{
j:tu' t Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f elgG5 . o;cGtu{t sg' } klg b]zn] cfˆgf] b]zdf pTkfbg ubf{
kmfObf xg' ] j:t' pTkfbg / lgoft{ ug{ ;S5 . cfˆgf] b]znfO{ clt cfjZos km/s km/s j:t'
ljleGg bz] af6 cfoft ug{ ;S5 . s'g} klg b]zn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] Jofkf/ k|jwg{ sf nflu j:t'ut
Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fdf Wofg lbg clt cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] ;a} bz] nfO{ ;Lldt j:t' dfq
pTkfbg gu/]/ ljZj ahf/sf] dfucg';f/ ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgsf nflu k|]l/t u5{ .
g]kfndf j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] k|jlQ[ xb] f{ klxns] f] tn' gfdf ljljwLs/0f a9]/ uPsf] b]lvG5 .
lj=;=+ @)$!÷$@ ;Dd g]kfnn] ef/t tkm{ bfn, rfdn, ds}, sf7, lkgf, vo/ h:tf j:ts' f]
lgoft{ ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . xfn cnFr} L, ;'7f], tf/] L / ;:o'{F, hLljt hgfj/, d}bf, lkgf, vo/,
h'6sf ;fdfg, h8La6' L, 5fnf tyf xf8, wfuf,] gk] fnL sfuh, Knfl:6ssf ;fdfg, ;g' rfbF Lsf
uxgf cflb j:t' lgof{t u5{ . lj=;=+ @)$!÷)$@ ;Dd g]kfnn] ;db' k| f/sf bz] x¿df bfn,
7n' f] cnrF} L, h8La6' L, gk] fnL sfuh / ;fa] f6 ag]sf ;fdfgx¿, 5fnf, un}rF f, tof/L kf;] fs,
x:tsnfsf ;fdfgx¿ lgof{t ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . xfn un}Frf, sfk6{] , pgL tyf ;t' Lsf tof/L
sk8f, x:tsnfsf ;fdfg, lrof, skmL, kl:dgf, u/uxgf, pgL sfk]{6, e6df;sf] t]n cflb j:t'
lgof{t u5{ .

g]kfnn] xfn ef/tnufot cGo d'ns' af6 ;jf/L ;fwg, dl] ;g/L kf6kh' f,{ OGwg, h'Qf, Aofu,
zª[ \uf/sf ;fdfg h:tf ljnflztfsf ;fdfg cfoft ub{} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} vfB tyf ko] kbfy{,
n'uf, sk8f, :jf:Yo ;fdu|L, cfi} fwL cflb b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdfg klg cfoft ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
o;/L gk] fnsf] jb} ]lzs Jofkf/sf] cj:yf x]bf{ cfoft a9L / lgof{t sd ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfoft
a9L / lgoft{ sd xg' ] cj:yfnfO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f elgG5 . o:tf] Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ sd ug{ g]kfnn]
Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fdf ljz]if hf8] lbg'kg{] xG' 5 .

@= Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f

bz] df pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ahf/;Dd kxFr' k'Ug' / vl/b las|L xg' ] kl| sofnfO{ g} ahf/Ls/0f
elgG5 . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] sf/0fn] klg ahf/Ls/0fdf dbt k'U5 . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fn]
ubf{ Pp6} ahf/df ;+;f/e/sf dfn;fdfg 5fgL5fgL lsGg] ;l' jwf xG' 5 . pkef]Stfn] cfˆgf]
cfjZostfcg';f/sf ;fdfg tn' gf u//] vl/b u5{g\ . sg' } klg bz] df pTkflbt ;fduL| n] ahf/
kfpg ;s]g eg] Jofkf/ 3f6f xg' hfG5 . g]kfndf pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] ahf/Ls/0fdf ljljw
lsl;dsf ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ . u0' f:t/Lo j:t'sf] pTkfbg x'g g;Sg', ;fdfgsf] k|rf/k;| f/

226 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

/fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o ahf/df x'g g;Sg' o;sf ;d:of xg' \ . To:t} u/L pTkfbg nfut
a9L ePsf sf/0fn] tyf ;fdfgsf] dN" o a9L ePsf sf/0fn] klg gk] fnL ;fdfgn] ahf/ kfpg
g;ss] f] bl] vG5 . g]kfndf Jofkf/sf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu gk] fnL pTkfbgn] ahf/ kfpg' clt
cfjZos 5 . gk] fnL ;fdfgx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo Kofsl] hª / Jf|flG8ªn] ;d]t Jofkf/ lj:tf/df
;xhtf kb| fg u5{ . g]kfndf Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/ tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒjnfO{
lgDgcg;' f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{

-v_ b]zleq ljleGg pBf]u wGbfx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug{

-u_ sd nfutdf cfsif{s / u0' f:t/Lo ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg ug{

-3_ lgof{t Jofkf/df j[l4 u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{

-ª_ gk] fnL pkef]StfnfO{ :jbz] L ;fdfgk|lt cfsif{0f a9fpg

-r_ b]zleq g} k|z:t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ jl[ 4 ug{

lj|mofsnfk

!= tn lbOPsf] cfoft lgoft{ sf] tYofªs\ nfO{ cWoog u/L ljZn]if0f ugx{' f;] \ M

ljleGg b]zx¿;uF gk] fnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/

jm| =;=+ b]z lgof{t lgof{t cfoft cfoft

!= Eff/t -k|ltzt_ -kl| tzt_ -kl| tzt_ -kl| tzt_
@= rLg @)!^ @)@) @)!^ @)@)
#= ;+oS' t /fHo cdl] /sf %^=(% &@=(# ^%=&% ^$=@)
$= sf]l/of @=&$ )=^& !$=))% !#=&$
%= c:6l«] nof !@=& !)=!% !=)& !=&^
)=@ )=!# )=()
)=*# )=&@ )=^& )=$&
)=%@

Source : Trade & Export Promotion Center, 2019/20

@= :yfgLo ahf/sf] cjnf]sg ug'xf];\ . s'g s'g j:t' s'g s'g b]zaf6 cfoft ul/Psf
/x5] g\ < ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .

#= :yfgLo Jofkf/LnfO{ e]6g\ x' f;] \ / pgn] cfˆgf ;fdfgsf] ljjm| Lljt/0fsf nflu s] s] pkfo
canDag u/]sf /x5] g,\ ;f]wvf]h u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 227

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .
-v_ jtd{ fg cj:yfdf gk] fndf Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf cfjZostf cf}FNofpg'xf];\ .
-u_ gk] fndf Ifq] ÷bz] ut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7el" d n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ gk] fnn] Jofkf/ kj| wg{ sf nflu j:t'ut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fdf hf8] lbgk' 5{ . lsg < sf/0f

lbgx' f];\ .
-ª_ g]kfndf Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/ tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-r_ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fn] ahf/Ls/0fdf s;/L dbt k¥' ofp5F < k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \ .

228 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
^ cfoft kl| t:yfkg / lgof{t k|jwg{

g]kfnaf6 lgof{t ul/g] ;fdfgeGbf cfoft ul/g] ;fdfg w/] } 5g\ cyf{t\ g]kfnaf6 lgoft{ ul/g]
;fdfg sl[ ifhGo, jghGo, cwk{ |zfl] wt sRrf kbfy{ cflb /xs] f 5g\ . cfoft ul/g] ;fdfg dl] ;g
kf6k{ h' f,{ ;jf/L ;fwg, ljnflztfsf dxFuf tof/L ;fdfg cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L cfoft w]/} /
lgof{t yf]/} ePsf sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/ 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 . 3f6fdf /x]sf] Jofkf/nfO{
;Gt'ngdf Nofpgsf nflu lgoft{ a9fP/ cfoft sd u/fpg] gLlt g} cfoft kl| t:yfkg / lgoft{
kj| w{g xf] .

!= cfoft k|lt:yfkg

cfoft k|lt:yfkg /fli6«o pTkfbg a9fpg / ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu ags] f] Jofkf/ gLlt xf] . o;n]
ljb]zL pTkfbgsf] cfoftdf Gog" Ls/0f u/L 3/]n' pTkfbgnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg u5{ . o; gLltsf] dV' o
p2Z] o ljbz] af6 cfoftLt ;fdfgnfO{ kl| t:yfkg ugs{ f nflu :Jfbz] L pTkfbgdf hf8] lbg' xf] .
cfoft kl| t:yfkgsf nflu ;ae} Gbf klxn] a9L cfoft xg' ] j:ts' f] ;r" L tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
tLdWo] s'g sg' j:ts' f] cfoft s6ft} L jf sd ug{ ;lsG5 egL cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fx] L
cWoogsf] cfwf/df pTkfbgdf j[l4 / lgof{t k|jwg{ sf] ofh] gf agfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf cfly{s
Ifq] df ;ae} Gbf a9L ofu] bfg sl[ ifsf] eP tfklg s[lif pkh g} a9L cfoft ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfnfO{ sd ug{sf nflu cfwl' gs / Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ kf| yldstf lbO{ s[lifdf cfTdlge/{
aGgt] km{ Wofg lbg' h?/L b]lvG5 . gk] fndf eO/xs] f] k6] f« l] nod kbfy{sf] pRr cfoftnfO{ sd
ug{ hnljBt' \ pTkfbg Ifdtfdf jl[ 4 u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 .
3/fo;L k|ofu] / ;jf/L ;fwg ;~rfngdf k6] f« ]lnod kbfy{sf] k|ofu] lbgkl| tlbg al9/x]sf] 5 .
olb hnljBt' \ Ifdtfdf jl[ 4 ug{ ;lsof] eg] ljBt' Lo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ko| f]u a9fpgdf hf8] lbg
;lsG5 .

@= lgof{t kj| wg{

lgof{t kj| w{g eg]sf] cGt/f{li6o« Jofkf/df lgoft{ jl[ 4 ug{ dbt ug]{ /0fgLlt xf] . o;af6
Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"gLs/0f u/L Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngdf dbt kU' 5 . o;sf] dV' o nIo ljb]zdf dfu
ePsf / cfˆgf] bz] df pTkfbg ;Dej ePsf j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 ug'{ xf] . lgoft{ k|jw{gsf
nflu ljbz] L j:tx' ¿;uF k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf a9fpgk' 5{ . j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbgdf k|ljlw / u0' f:t/
;'wf/nfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg{] b]lvG5 . j:tx' ¿sf] lgof{t jl[ 4sf nflu cfjZos
k'jfw{ f/x¿sf] ljsf;df hf8] lbOg'k5{ . o;af6 ;8s, pmhf,{ eG;f/nufotsf k"jfw{ f/sf] ljsf;
x'G5 . o;n] pTkfbg jl[ 4 / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ;xofu] u5{ . sl[ if tyf cf}Bfl] us pTkfbgdf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 229

kl| jlwsf] pkofu] a9fP/ / u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgdf j[l4 u/]/ klg lgoft{ k|jw{g ug{ ;lsg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

?= s/f8] df

g]kfnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/df tLg jif{sf] cfoft lgof{tsf] cj:yf

160000

140000

120000

100000 lgof{t
80000 cfoft
60000

40000

20000

0 2075/76 2076/77
2074/75

;f| t] M cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&&÷&*

Dffly lbOPsf] g]kfnsf] tLg jifs{ f] jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] cj:yf x]bf{ cfoft w/] } / lgof{t sd
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf cfB} f]lus ljsf; ;Gtfi] fhgs ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf 5g} g\ . To;}n] b}lgs
pkef]usf ;fdfgbl] v 7n' f 7n' f oGq pks/0f cfoft ugk{' g{] afWotf 5 . gk] fnaf6 a;]l{ g
lgoft{ eO/xs] f j:t'x¿df kf]ln:6/ tyf pgL wfuf], pgL unF}rf, tof/L kf];fs, h6' tyf h'6sf
pTkfbg cflb k5{g\ . To:t} h';, lrof, 6]S;6fon, cn}rF L, kl:dgf ;n, h8La6' L, d;' /' f]sf] bfn,
h'Qf, kfd t]n, jfBjfbgsf ;fdu|L klg d'Vo lgof{t x'g] ;fdu|L x'g\ . cGo lgoft{ sf ;fduL| df
cfoj{' {]lbs cfi} fwL, rfbF Lsf u/uxgf, rfprfp, x:tsnfsf ;fdfg cflb 5g\ .

gk] fndf cfoft x'g] j:td' f k]6f« l] nod kbfy,{ kmnfd tyf l:6n / ltgsf ;fdfg, dl] ;g/L
tyf ltgsf kf6{kh' f{ cflb k5g{ \ . To:t} oftfoftsf ;fwg / ltgsf kf6{kh' f,{ Onl] S6«sn /
On]S6f« ]lgS; ;fdu|L, cGg, xjfOh{ xfh tyf xjfO{hxfhsf kf6{kh' f{, tof/L kf;] fs klg dV' o

230 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

cfoft xg' ] j:t' x'g\ . cGo cfoftsf ;fdu|Ldf ;g' rfbF L / lx/f, cf}ifwL, /f;folgs dn, l;dG] 6
lSnªs\ /, b/" ;~rf/sf ;fdu|L cflb /x]sf 5g\ . cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyf lgoft{ k|jw{gsf nflu
gk] fnn] lgDglnlvt pkfo cjnDag ug'k{ g{] b]lvG5 .

-s_ g]kfndf pTkflbt ;fduL| sf] u0' f:t/ jl[ 4df ljzi] f hf8] lbg]
-v_ ljZj ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/sf j:tx' ¿sf] klxrfg u//] pTkfbg j[l4 / lgsf;L ug]{
-u_ s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg]
-3_ hnljB't\ pTkfbg u//] k]6f« l] nod kbfys{ f] cfoft kl| t:yfkg ug]{
-ª_ sl[ ifhGo / jghGo pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgfdf hf8] lbg]
-r_ t/sf/L, kmnkmn" , h8La'6Lnufotsf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug]{
-5_ l9F8f,] /f]6Lnufotsf :yfgLo dfl} ns vfgfx¿sf] pTkfbg / ko| fu] df a9fjf lbg]
-h_ l;df gfsfdf cfoftLt j:tx' ¿sf] u'0f:t/ hfrF / cfoftdf s8fO ug{]
-em_ Jofkf/ If]qdf ;"rgf kl| jlwsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{]

lj|mofsnfk

!= kf7df lbOPsf] tLg jif{sf] cfoft lgof{tsf] cj:yfnfO{ t'ngfTds cWoog u/L ljZni] f0f
ug{x' f;] \ / lgisif{ sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf];\ .

@= lgoft{ kj| wg{ ug{] pkfox¿ ;dx" ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ gk] fndf cfoft / lgof{t ul/g] j:t'sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f;] \ .
-v_ lgof{t kj| w{gsf] cjwf/0ff pNnv] ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cfoft kl| t:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f lbgx' f];\ .
-3_ g]kfnsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/ 3f6f x'gfsf sf/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ cfoft Gog" Ls/0f u/L lgof{t a9fpg] pkfo k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 231

kf7
& cfly{s ofh] gf

lglZrt ;dofjlwdf lgwf/{ Lt nIo tyf p2Z] o k|fKt ug{ pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ clwstd
pkofu] ug{] u/L] agfOPsf] sfo{jm| dsf] kj" { tof/LnfO{ ofh] gf elgG5 . ;/sf/n] klg bz] sf]
cflys{ ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/s] f] x'G5 . To;nfO{ cflys{ ofh] gf
elgG5 . ofh] gfcg';f/ ul/Psf] sfdaf6 ;kmntf kf| Kt ug{ ;xh xG' 5 . To;}n] JolSt, ;+:yf
jf ;/sf/n] of]hgfcg;' f/ sfd ug{' cfjZos xG' 5 . bz] sf] cflys{ ;fdflhs /fhlglts
tyf k|fljlws ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfa4 ljsf; cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] b]zdf ePsf ;f| t]
;fwgx¿sf] ;bk' of]u ug{ dbt k'U5 . of]hgfsf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogaf6 b]zdf ul/aL
lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . /fh] uf/ kj| w{gsf sfoj{ m| daf6 a/] fh] uf/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
;lsG5 . b]zdf ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/sf] lgdf0{ fdf dbt k'U5 . bz] df cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{
;lsG5 / pRr cflys{ jl[ 4b/ xfl;n xG' 5 .

of]hgf bL3s{ fnLg, dWosfnLg / cNksfnLg x'G5g\ . nfdf] ;dosf nflu of]hgf th{d' f ug{'
bL3s{ fnLg ofh] gf xf] eg] Ps bO' { jif{sf nflu of]hgf tof/ kfl/G5g\ eg] To:tf] ofh] gfnfO{
cNksfnLg ofh] gf elgG5 . To:t} kfrF ;ft jif{sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf of]hgf dWosfnLg
ofh] gf xg' \ . ;fwf/0ftof of]hgf kfrF jif{sf nflu aG5g\ . To;}n] o:tf of]hgfx¿nfO{
k~rjifL{o of]hgf klg elgG5 . gk] fndf tLg jifLo{ ofh] gf ;d]t agfP/ nfu' eO;s]sf
5g\ . gk] fndf of]hgfa4 cflys{ of]hgfsf] ;'?jft lj=;=+ @)!# ;fnaf6 ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf
xfn;Dd rf}wcf]6f cfjlws ofh] gf k/" f eO;s]sf 5g\ . lj=;=+ @)&^ ;fn ;fpgb]lv kGwf}F
k~rjifL{o of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf /xs] f] 5 .

;f| ]tM kGwfF} of]hgf -@)&^÷&& – @)*)÷*!_

!= g]kfnsf] kGw|fF} k~rjlifo{ of]hgf kl/ro / dxŒj

-s_ ki[ 7el" d

gk] fnnfO{ ;dG' gt, :jfwLg / ;dfhjfbpGdv' cyt{ Gqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/sNkgf ;+ljwfgdf
ul/Psf] 5 . kGw|fF} ofh] gfn] tLj| / ;Gtl' nt cfly{s ljsf;, ;d[l4, ;z' f;g / gful/sn] ;'vsf]
cge' l" t k|fKt ug{] b/" b[li6 /fvs] f] 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;/+ rgfdf tLg txsf] s'zn cGt/;/sf/L ljQ
Joj:yfkg / lghL, ;xsf/L tyf ;fdb' flos If]q;uF ;xsfo{åf/f nlIft p2Z] o xfl;n ug]{ of]
klxnf] of]hgf x'g] 5 . o; ofh] gfn] jt{dfg k':tfn] g} cg'ej ug{] u/L ;dl[ 4 / ;v' kf| Kt
ug]{ / ;dfhjfbpGd'v cyt{ Gqsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{] 5 . o; of]hgfdf cfo jl[ 4, u'0f:t/Lo

232 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

dfgj kFh' L lgdf0{ f / cflys{ hf]lvdsf] Gog" Ls/0f ub}{ lj=;+= @)&( ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t
d'n'saf6 ljsf;zLn bz] df :t/fG] glt ug]{ nIo /fvs] f] 5 eg] lj=;=+ @)*& ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf;
nIo;lxt pRr dWod cfo:t/ ePsf] dn' 'sdf k'Ug] ;f]r /fvs] f] 5 . of] ofh] gf bL3s{ fnLg
nIopGdv' 5 / ;f] nIo k|flKtsf nflu cfwf/ of]hgfsf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf 5 .

-v_ ;fr]

;d4[ gk] fn ;'vL gk] fnL

-u_ nIo

;d4[ gk] fn ;v' L g]kfnLsf] bL3{sfnLg ;fr] xfl;n ug]{ cfwf/ ofh] gfsf] ¿kdf /xg] 5 . ;fa] dfl] hd
;d4[ cy{tGq, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf kl/ist[ hLjg;lxtsf] ;dfhjfbpGd'v nf]ssNof0fsf/L
/fHosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ pRr cfo:t/ ePsf] d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt xg' ] cfwf/ lgdf0{ f ug]{

-3_ p2]Zo

-c_ ;j{;'ne, u'0f:t/Lo / cfwl' gs kj" f{wf/ lgdf{0f, pTkfbgzLn / dof{lbt /f]huf/L
clej[l4, pRr, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ub}{ ;dl[ 4sf] cfwf/
lgdf{0f ug{]

-cf_ u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo tyf lzIff, :j:y tyf ;Gtl' nt jftfj/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo /
hjfkmb]xL ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f sfod u/L ;ª3\ Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;b' [l9s/0f ub{}
gful/snfO{ kl/ist[ / dofl{ bt hLjgofkgsf] cge' "lt u/fpg'

-O_ ;fdflhs, cflys{ ¿kfGt/0f tyf :jflwg /fli6«o cy{tGq lgdf{0f u/L bz] sf]
:jfeLdfg, :jtGqtf / /fli6o« lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{'

-ª_ /0fgLlt

-c_ tLj,| lbuf] / /f]huf/dn" s cfly{s j[l4 ug]{
-cf_ ;'ne tyf u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;j] f / lzIffsf] ;l' glZrt ug]{
-O_ cfGtl/s tyf cGt/bz] Lo cGt/cfa4tf Pjd\ lbuf] ;x/L a:tL ljsf; ug]{
-O{_ pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{]
-p_ k0" f,{ lbuf] / pTkfbgzLn ;fdflhs ;/' Iff tyf ;/+ If0f kb| fg ug]{
-pm_ ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{
-C_ kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tsf] ;/+ If0f / kl/rfng tyf pTyfgzLntfsf] ljsf; ug]{
-P_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;b' [9Ls/0f, kf| 4]lzs ;Gtn' g / /fli6«o Pstf ;+jw{g ug]{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 233

-r_ kd| v' sfoj{ |md

-c_ @@ cf6] f /fli6o« uf}/jsf cfofh] gf lgdf{0fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .
-cf_ t/fO{ dw]; Ifq] sf !* lhNnf / leqL dw;] sf rf/ lhNnfdf l;rF fO ;j] f lj:tf/

ePsf] xg' ] 5 .
-O_ dWo kxf8L If]qsf] !) xhf/ x]S6/ sl[ if of]Uo e"lddf ;fo} { lnˆ6af6 l;FrfO ;l' jwf

k¥' ofOg] 5 .
-O_{ 7'nf gbLdf t6aGw tyf efl} ts k"jf{wf/ ;/+ rgf lgdf{0f eO{ dfgj a:tL / sl[ ifofU] o

hldgsf] s6fgsf] /fs] yfd ePsf] x'g] 5 .
-p_ n3,' 3/]n,' ;fgf tyf demfn} f pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf u/L /f]huf/L / :j/fh] uf/L

l;hg{ f ul/g] 5 .
-pm_ k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf !) cf]6f gdg" f ;xsf/L ;+:yf :yfkgf u/L pTkfbsTjdf

jl[ 4 / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 .
-C_ k|To]s kb| z] df Ps Pscf]6f gdg' f ko{6sLo uGtJo :yn ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
-P_ ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfoj{ |mddfkmt{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf ;dtfdn" s kx'rF jl[ 4 tyf

u0' f:t/df ;w' f/ ul/g] 5 .
-P_] lzIffsf nflu vfB sfo{j|mddfkm{t ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ lbjf vfhf pknAw u/fO{ kf]if0f

:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ xg' ] 5 .
-cf]_ u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo lzIffsf] ;n' e kx'Fr j[l4 / k|bz] :t/df :jf:Yo ;j] f lj:tf/ ul/g]

5.
-cf}_ c;xfo, czSt / h]i7 gful/ssf] dof{lbt / ;Ddflgt jftfj/0fdf hLjgofkg

ePsf] x'g] 5 .
-c+_ ckfª\utf ePsf JolStsf nflu lzIff / :jf:Yo ;'ljwf;lxtsf] kg' :{ yfkgf ;j] f

pknAw xg' ] 5 .
-cM_ k|bz] / :yfgLo txdf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]

5.

234 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lj|mofsnfk

!= tn lbOPsf ljj/0fx¿ cWoog u/L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

:yfgLo of]hgfsf] kl/ro

:yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng xg' ] ;a} lsl;dsf sfoj{ m| dsf nflu aGg] of]hgfx¿ :yfgLo ofh] gf
xg' \ . :yfgLo :t/df a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf o:tf ofh] gfx¿sf] lgdf0{ f /
sfofG{ jog x'G5 . xfdLn] xfdf| ] ;d'bfodf of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ePsf hlt klg sfd bV] 5f}F tL
;an} fO{ :yfgLo ofh] gf xg' \ eGg ;lsG5 . uf| dL0f Ifq] df ag ;+/If0fsf nflu jg pkefS] tf
;ldltn] of]hgf agfO{ sfd u/s] f xG' 5g\ . To:t} u/L 6fn] ;'wf/ ;ldltn] cfˆgf] 6f]nsf]
ljsf;sf nflu ofh] gf agfPsf] bl] vG5 . xfdf| ] ;db' fodf /x]sf cfdf ;d"x, dlxnf ;dx" ,
oj' f ;dx" tyf ljleGg Snax¿n] klg of]hgf agfO{ sfd u/s] f] b]lvG5 . xfdf| ] ljBfnodf
klg zl} Ifs u'0f:t/ clejl[ 4sf nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] of]hgf agfO{ sfd u/]sf
xG' 5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿n] klg afn Snadfkm{t ofh] gf agfO{ ljBfnodf ljleGg sfd u/s] f
x'G5g\ . 3/kl/jf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfDbfgLcg;' f/sf] kf| yldstf j|md lgwf/{ 0f u/]/ ofh] gf
agfO{ vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|Zg

-s_ :yfgLo ofh] gfsf] kl/ro lbgx' f];\ .

-v_ tkfOFsf] ;db' fosf] ljsf;sf nflu s:tf s:tf of]hgf ags] f 5g,\ vfh] L u/L n]Vgx' f];\ .

-u_ ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf agfO{ sg' } Pp6f sfd ug'{xf];\ .

@= b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df of]hgfsf] dxŒj lzifs{ df jSt[Tjsnf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf
ug{x' f;] \ .

#= lj=;=+ @)!# ;fnbl] v g]kfndf cflys{ ljsf;sf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] t/ klg cfzf
u/]cg¿' k ;kmntf kf| Kt ug{ g;Sg'sf sf/0fsf] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo :t/df hfgsf/
JolStx¿;Fu ;f]wvfh] u/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .

$= Pp6f kfl/jfl/s cflys{ of]hgfsf] gdg' f agfO{ sfofG{ jog ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 235

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ cflys{ ofh] gfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \ .
-v_ :yfgLo of]hgfsf dxŒj pNn]v ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ rfn' of]hgfsf nIo tyf p2]Zo n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ rfn' ofh] gfsf dV' o dV' o sfo{jm| dsf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
ufpkF flnsf÷gu/kflnsf sfofn{ odf uO{ :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwnfO{ e]6g\ 'xf];\ / :yfgLo ofh] gf
lgdf0{ fsf nflu s] s] sfd ePsf 5g\ < ;fw] vf]h u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ / sIffsf7] fdf
k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

236 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
* >d, /f]huf/ / pBdzLntf

tn lbOPsf] 36gf cWoog u/fF} M

;kmntfsf] syf

/fli6o« k|s[lt ;/+ If0f sfi] f ;f/} fxfn] hª\undf dfgjLo rfk 36fpg :yfgLoaf;LnfO{ cfo
cfh{gsf nflu Rofp vt] Lsf] tflnd lbPsf] lyof] . To;} an] f lrtjgsf dgaxfb'/ yfkf;lxt
!) hgfn] tflnd lnPsf lyP . tflnd lnO;sk] l5 pgLx¿n] u|fdL0f s[ifs ;d"x u7g u//]
Rofp v]tL ;'? u/] . To;af6 ;kmn xb'F } uPkl5 dg axfb/' n] ;xsf/Laf6 ? %)))) C0f
lnO{ cfkmF} Rofp v]tL ug{] Jofj;fo ;~rfng u/] . b'O{ s67\ f hldg ef8fdf lnP/ sGg] /
ufa] ]| hftsf Rofp vt] L nufpg ;?' u/] . ;'?sf] bO' { jif;{ Dd ;fOsndf /fv]/ 3/ 3/df /
Jofkf/Lsfdf cfkmF} Rofp aR] b} lx8F \y] . >Ldfg\ >LdtL bj' } ldn/] g} Joj;fo wfg]sf lyP .
la:tf/} pgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] Rofpsf] dfu a9g\ yfNof] . kr| f/k;| f/ klg xbF' } uof] . To;kl5
rf/ s67\ f hldg yk]/ 5 s6\7fdf Rofp v]tL ug{ yfn] . pTkfbg / dfu a9g\ yfnk] l5 !%
hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L lbP . pgn] clxn] b}lgs cf}ift !)) s]=hL= Rofp pTkfbg ub{} cfPsf
5g\ . slxns] fxLF lbgsf] $)) s]=hL=;Dd Rofp pTkfbg ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . cfkm\g} ;jf/L
;fwgdf pgL Rofp laj|mL ug{ n}hfG5g\ . sltko t pgsf] 3/d} Rofp lng cfp5F g\ . clxn]
pgL cfkm}F Rofpsf] lap ;dt] pTkfbg u5{g\ . nueu !@ xhf/ Kofs6] Rofpsf] lap pgL
cfkm}FnfO{ nfU5 . afsF L lap laj|mL ljt/0f u5g{ \ . pgn] xfn Rofpaf6 vr{ s6fP/ dfl;s
?= ! nfv Go"gtd sdfO ug{] u/s] f 5g\ . Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] ;'?jftdf lnPsf] C0f klg
ltl/;s]sf 5g\ . Rofp v]tLaf6} cfDbfgL u//] tLg s6\7f hldg ;d]t hfl] 8;ss] f 5g\ .
pgL of] k;] faf6 k0" f{ ¿kdf ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] atfp5F g\ . pgn] Rofp vt] L ug]{ l;k l;s/]
cfkm" klg ;kmn ePsf] / !)) hgf hltnfO{ Rofp vt] L ug]{ l;k l;sfO;ss] f] atfpF5g\ .
pgnfO{ gu/kflnsfn] lhNnfs} gd'gf ls;fgsf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg ;d]t u/s] f] lyof] .

Dffly lbOPsf] dg axfb/' sf] syf t gdg' f dfq xf] . gk] fndf o:tf w/] } pBdL /xs] f 5g\ h;n] yf/] }
nufgLaf6 nugzLn eP/ sfd ubf{ ;kmn ePsf bl] vG5 . hfl] vd axg u//] dg' fkmf cfhg{ ug{]
p2Z] on] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] JolStnfO{ pBdL elgG5 . cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu
ul/g] ;Dk0" f{ ko| f; tyf vfh] dn' s sfo{ g} pBdzLntf xf] . cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu pBdzLntfsf]
klg dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf xG' 5 . Pp6f JolStn] ;~rfng u/s] f] pBdaf6 c? JolSt klg nfeflGjt
xG' 5g\ . cfkm" :j/fh] uf/ eO{ c?nfO{ klg /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ lbg ;S5 . kmn:j¿k hgtfx¿sf]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 237

hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ xG' 5 . bz] df ePsf ;f| t] ;fwgsf] pkofu] xG' 5 . cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf jl[ 4 eO{
ul/aL lgjf/0fdf d2t kU' 5 . bz] df 5l/P/ /xs] f] art ;ªs\ ng eO{ khF' L lgdf0{ fdf dbt kU' 5 .
bz] sf] cfly{s ljsf;df >dsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xs] f] x'G5 . >dlagf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg
;Dej x'Fb}g . lglij|mo ¿kdf /xs] f] k'FhL / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{] ;lj|mo ;fwg >d xf] To;n} ]
>ldsnfO{ bIf agfpgsf nflu lzIff / tflndsf] cfjZostf k5{ . cfˆgf] >d, l;k, Ifdtf /
al' 4sf] ko| f]u u/]/ sfd ug{' / cfDbfgL ug'{ /fh] uf/L xf] . >dsf] a9LeGbf a9L pkof]u u/]/ bz] sf]
pTkfbg jl[ 4 ug{ h?/L xG' 5 . bz] df pTkfbg jl[ 4 xFb' f j:t' lgof{t u/L ljb]zL db' |f cfhg{ ug{
;lsG5 . b]zsf] /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf j[l4 xG' 5 .
xfdLdf sfdk|lt ;Ddfg ug{] efjgf x'gk' 5{ . sfdnfO{ ;fgf] eg]/ x]nf ug{'x'bF }g . ha;Dd sfdsf]
;Ddfg ug{] ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf; xfdLdf x'g ;Sbg} ta;Dd xfdf| ] b]z ljsf;df cufl8 a9g\
;Sbg} . To;}n] xfdLn] cfˆgf] sfdnfO{ dfof ug'{k5{ eg] c?n] u/]sf] sfdsf] ;Ddfg ug'k{ 5{ .
cfkmn" ] klg gug{] / c?n] u/]sf] sfdsf] gsf/fTds 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug]{ afgL ug'x{ 'bF g} . cfˆg} bz] df
l;kdn' s tflnd l;s/] :j/fh] uf/ aGg ;lsG5 . cfˆgf] >d / ldlxgt] sf] d"NoeGbf sd dN" odf
lab]zdf uP/ bf];|f] bhfs{ f] gful/s ag]/ sfd ug{'kb{g} . of] >d zlStnfO{ cfˆg} bz] df pkofu]
ug{ ;s]df xfdL hgtf / bz] ba' }sf] sNof0f xG' 5 . o;/L >d, /f]huf/ / pBdzLntf Pscsfd{ f
cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . b]zdf pBdzLntf j[l4 ePdf hgtfx¿n] /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ kfpF5g\ .
pBdzLntfnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ pBdLsf] ;fy} >dzlStsf] klg 7'nf] xft /x]sf] xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= lbOPsf] syf k9]/ tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ dgaxfb/' s;/L cfˆgf] Joj;fodf ;kmn ePsf lyP <
-v_ dgaxfb/' sf] ;kmntfsf] syfaf6 tkfOnF{ ] s:tf] k/|] 0ff kfpg'eof] <
-u_ dgaxfb'/sf] syfdf s;/L >d, /f]huf/L / pBdzLntfsf] ;DaGw

b]lvG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx'{ f];\ .
@= tkfOsF f] ;db' fodf /xs] f ;kmn pBdLsf] vfh] L ugx{' f;] \ / pxfsF f] af/d] f sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

238 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

#= sIffdf ;fyLx¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/L ;an} ] cfcfˆgf] 3/df cfo cfh{g xg' ] sg' } ;fgf] Joj;fo
;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ . 88] dlxgfkl5 To;sf] k|ltkmn s:tf] eof] < To;n] pBdzLntf
kj| wg{ sf nflu s] s:tf cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;Sof] < sIffdf lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
h:t} M sv' '/f kfng, s/;] faf/Ldf t/sf/L v]tL

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ >d egs] f] s] xf] < bz] ljsf;sf nflu >d zlStsf] dxŒj nV] g'xf;] \ .
-v_ xfdLn] >dsf] lsg;Ddfg ugk'{ 5{ <
-u_ pBdzLntfsf kmfObfsf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .
-3_ >d, /f]huf/L / pBdzLntfsf] ;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 239

PsfO

gf} cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, zflGt / ;xofu]

l;sfO pknlAw

• gk] fnsf bft[ /fi6« tyf ;:+ yfx¿;Fu ;DaGw / ;xof]
usf] cj:yf;Fu kl/lrt x'g

• ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ df gk] fnsf] e"ldsf pNnv] ug{
• ;fs{ / o'/fl] kog o'lgog sf] kl/ro / el" dsf atfpg
• cGt/fl{ i6«o zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu gk] fnn] k'¥ofpFb}

cfPsf] ;xof]u
• ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf ;fduL| sf] kl/ro lbg /

k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ Pjd\ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg
• ljZjdf 36s] f ;d;fdlos 36gf;Fu kl/lrt xg'

240 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
! g]kfnsf bft[ /fi6« / ;:+ yf

lzjzª\s/ k;| fb sflnsf ;fdb' flos dfWolds ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfs xg' 'xG' 5 . pxfFn] gf}
sIffsf ljBfyLn{ fO{ k|bzg{ L :yndf lnP/ hfg nfUge' Psf] 5 . pSt k|bzg{ L :yndf hfg'cl3
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf ljifodf ljBfno k|fªu\ 0fdf pxfFn] o;/L k:| 6\ofpg'eofM]

ljBfyL{x¿,

g]kfn ef/t / rLglardf cjl:yt e"kl/j]li7t bz] xf] . b]zsf] cl:dtfnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg gk] fnn]
slxn] ltAat;uF o4' ugk'{ ¥of] t slxn] cªu\ |h] ;Fu klg o'4 ug{'k¥of] . ljutdf Hofb} sl7g
lbgdf klg gk] fn s;s} f] cwLgdf /xg] , cfˆgf] ;fje{ fd} ;Qf / :jtGqtfnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg ;Ifd
eof] . ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ $ -lj=;=+ !*&@_ df ePsf] ;u' f}nL ;lGwkZrft\ gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLltn]
gofF lbzf lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] a]nfot;uF s6" gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 gk] fnsf] cfwl' gs
ljZj;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{ ;'? ePsf] xf] . gk] fnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGwsf] cfk} rfl/s ;'?jft eg]
;g\ !*%) df hªu\ axfb/' /f0ffn] an] fotsf] e|d0f u/k] l5 ePsf] lyof] . To:t} ;g\ !(@# df
rGb|;d;]/sf kfnfdf lal| 6; ;/sf/ / gk] fnlar zflGt / dq} L ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkZrft\ gk] fnsf] bf}To ;DaGw cGt/fl{ i6o« Ifq] df kj| z]
u/s] f] xf] . g]kfn !$ l8;D] a/ !(%% df ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;b:o aGof] . To;kl5 Pk|mf]
Pl;ofnL ;ªu\ 7gsf] afª8ª' ;Ddn] gdf efu lnof] . ;g\ !(^! bl] v c;n+ Ug /fi6«x¿sf] lzv/
;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL eO{ ;ljm| o ;b:osf] ¿Kfdf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;/L ljlEfGg b]z;uF bfT} o
;DaGw / cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnsf] ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutf /xFb} cfPsf]
5 . ;g\ @)@! d] @% tfl/vdf uflDaof;Fu g]kfnsf] s6' gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 o:tf
dn' 'ssf] ;ª\Vof !&) ku' ]sf] 5 .

To;}n] ljleGg bz] ;uF ;f:+ sl[ ts cfbfgk|bfg, v]nsb' , lzIff, pBf]u Jofkf/, ko6{ g / /fh] uf/
kj| wg{ ug{ ;d]t cfk;L dn] ldnfk / ;xofu] a9fpg' cfjZos 5 .

-lzIfs / ljBfyL{ :6n cjnf]sg ub}{ 5g\ ._

:6n g+= ! af6 g]kfnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/ ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof,] hg' o;k|sf/ lyof] M

-s_ c;+nUgtf
-v_ k~rzLnkl| t cf:yf
-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª3\ k|lt cf:yf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 241

-3_ Ifq] Lo ;xof]u clejl[ 4 ug{ hf]8
-ª_ lgMz:qLs/0f
-r_ e"kl/j]li6t d'n'ssf] xslxtsf] ;/' Iff
-5_ ;fgf tyf cljsl;t dn' s' x¿sf] xslxtsf] ;/' Iff
-h_ ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg
-em_ c;n l5d]sLkgsf] efjgf
-`_ bafa / eb] efjsf] lj/f]w
-6_ :jtGq k//fi6« gLlt
:6n g=+ @ df g]kfn / ;+o'St clw/fHolarsf] ;xofu] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
5nkmnsf aF'bf o;ks| f/ lyP M
-s_ bf}To;DaGw :yfkgf ldlt M ;g\ !*!^
-v_ ;o+ 'St clw/fHo -a]nfot_ af6 gk] fnnfO{ ePsf ;xofu]
-u_ lal| 6; nfOa]|/L :yfkgf
-3_ gf/fo0fu9— a6' jn ;8s v08
-ª_ w/fg–wgs6' f ;8s v08
-r_ a'9flgns07 :s'n, sf7df8fF} .
-5_ sl[ if cg;' Gwfg s]Gb,| kfvL| af; -wgs'6f_ / nD' n] -sf:sL_
:6n g+= # af6 gk] fn / ef/tlarsf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . hg' o;ks| f/
lyP M
-s_ gk] fn ef/tlar bf}To ;DaGw @))$ ;fn h]7 #) ut] sfod
-v_ ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 ;g\ !($& df ba' } bz] lar /fhbt" fjf;sf] :yfkgf
-u_ ef/tsf] ;xofu] x¿df lqe'jg /fhky
-3_ sf7df8f}F lqzn" L ;8s
-ª_ ;g' f}nL kf]v/f /fhdfu{
-r_ kmQk] /' s'nf}gL ;8s
-5_ k~rZ] j/ ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgf
-h_ kj" k{ lZrd /fhdfu{sf] s]xL v08
-em_ rt/f gx/
-`_ sf7df8fF}+ ;G' b/Lhn vfgk] fgL of]hgf

242 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

-6_ lqz"nL / b]jL3f6 hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf
-7_ kf]v/f hnljB't\ of]hgf
-8_ lzIff, uf| dL0f, afujfgL, :jf:Yo If]qdf ;xofu]
-9_ aL=kL= sfO] /fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg kl| ti7fg w/fg
-0f_ /fli6«o 6«df ;G] 6/ / jL/ c:ktfn, sf7df8fF}
-t_ dgdfx] g dd] fl] /on kf]ln6l] Sgs, df]/ª
-y_ ljleGg c:ktfn / ;ª3\ ;+:yfnfO{ PDa'nG] ; ljt/0f
-b_ alb{jf; hgsk'/ hogu/ /]nj] ;j] f lj:tf/
-w_ ejg lgdf{0f tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] ljt/0f
-g_ ef/tdf pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu 5fqjl[ Q kb| fg
:6n g=+ $ df g]kfn / rLglarsf] ;DaGw / ;xof]u ;DaGwdf rrf{ ePsf] lyof] .
-s_ bfT} o ;DaGw :yfkgfM ;g\ !(%%, cu:6 !
-v_ c/lgsf] /fhdfu{, k[YjL /fhdfu{, rj|mky, sf7df8fF}
-u_ kf]v/f afUnª' /fhdfu{, gf/fo0fu9ufv] f{ /fhdfu{
-3_ ;]tL hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf kfv] /f
-ª_ ;'gsf];L hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf, l;Gw'kfNrfs]
-r_ lghfdtL c:ktfn sf7df8f}F
-5_ aL= kL sfO] /fnf SofG;/ c:ktfn, lrtjg
-h_ cGt/fl{ i6«o ;Ddn] g s]Gb|, gofF jfgZ] j/, sf7df8fF}
-em_ b/jf/ xfO:sn' nufot ljleGg ljBfnosf] k'gMlgdf{0f
-`_ rLgdf pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu 5fqj[lQ kb| fg

oL /fi6«sf] cltl/St cdl] /sf, hfkfg, o'/fl] kog ol' gognufotdf ;xof]u tyf ;DaGwsf af/]df
ljBfyLn{ ] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ kfP . o;afx]s ljBfyL{n] ljleGg ;:+ yf tyf lgof]ux¿n] u/s] f]
;xof]usf af/]df klg hfgsf/L lnPM

:6n g+= % df g]kfn / ljZj aª} s\ sf] ;DaGw / ;xof]usf If]qx¿df 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

gk] fnn] ;b:otf lnPsf] ldltM ;g\ !(^! ;K] 6D] a/ ^

ljZj a}ª\sn] gk] fnnfO{ u/]sf ;xofu] sf] If]q
-s_ s'n]vfgL hn ljB't\ cfof]hgf, s[lif hgzlSt ljsf;
-v_ cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 243

-u_ e"sDk kLl8t Ifq] ljBfno k'gMlgdf{0f
-3_ g]kfn cf}Bfl] us ljsf; lgud
-ª_ ljleGg /fhdfu{, l;FrfO, vfgk] fgL, tyf 9nlgsf;;Fu ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf
:6n g+=^ df gk] fn / Pl;ofnL ljsf; aª} s\ larsf] ;DaGw / ;xof]usf If]q klxrfg ug{ ;xh
ePsf] lyof] .
gk] fnn] ;b:otf lnPsf] ldltM ;g\ !(^^

Pl;ofnL ljsf; a+}ª\sn] gk] fnnfO{ u/s] f] ;xof]usf Ifq]
-s_ lzIf0f k|lzIf0f sfo{j|md
-v_ ljBt' \ Ifq] sf] ;+:yfut ;xof]u
-u_ ;fdb' flos vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfofh] gf
-3_ sf7df8fF} pkTosf vfgk] fgL k|of]udf Ifdtf j[l4
-ª_ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] nv] f k/LIf0f :t/ ;'wf/

plNnlvt ;:+ yfafxs] cGt/fl{ i6«o d'b|f sfi] f, g]kfn ljsf; ;xfotf ;d"x, cfk] s] (OPEC), ljZj
Jofkf/ ;ªu\ 7g, ;fkm\6f, lad:6]s (BIMSTIC) nufotsf ;+:yfn] gk] fndf k'¥ofPsf] ;xofu]
;DaGwdf ;d]t ljBfyL{n] cjnfs] g u/L hfgsf/L lnP .

lj|mofsnfk

!= cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw / ;xofu] sf] lsg cfjZostf k5{ < 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k|:tt'
ug'x{ f];\ .

@= gk] fnnfO{ ;xofu] k'¥ofpg] /fi6« tyf bft[ ;:+ yfsf] gfd / ;xof] usf Ifq] nfO{ rf6{ kk] /df
tof/ u/L sIffdf 6fF; ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ gk] fnn] xfn;Dd sltcf6f /fi6;« uF s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf u/s] f] 5 < nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ g]kfnnfO{ ;xofu] ug{] bft[ /fi6«x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .
-3_ g]kfndf cGt/fl{ i6o« If]qaf6 ;xof]u dn" tM sg' Ifq] df a9L ePsf] kfpgx' G' 5 < sf/0f;lxt

n]Vg'xf];\ .

244 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (