सामाजिक अध्ययन कक्षा ९

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffsf]7fdf lrqsnf k|ltofl] utf cfofh] gf ug'{xf];\ . lrqsnf k|bz{gL u/L ljBfnosf
;a} lzIfsx¿ / ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ klg cjnfs] g u/fO{ pTsi[ 6 tLgcf]6f lrqnfO{ k/' :sf/
lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

!= gk] fnL k/Dk/fut snfnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 < tL s] s] xg' \ < nV] gx' f;] \ .
@= lrqsnfsf] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
#= lrqsnfnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 < k|To]ssf] 5f6] s/Ldf JofVof ugx'{ f];\ .
$= gk] fnL lrqsnfsf] ljsf;jm| d 5f6] s/Ldf pNnv] ug{'xf;] \ .
%= g]kfnL lrqsnfsf] ;/+ If0f / ljsf;sf nflu s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 < pNnv] ug{x' f;] \ .
^= tkfOFn] uG| y lrq, kf}ef lrq / leQ] lrqdWo] s] sf] lrq b]Vge' Psf] 5 < tL lrqsf s]

s] ljzi] ftf kfpg'eof] < nV] gx' f;] \ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= tkfO{Fsf] ufp,F 6f]n, ;db' fo glhs} /xs] f] lrqsnfsf] cjnf]sg ug{x' f];\ < ToxfF sg' s'g
k|sf/sf] / s] s]sf lrq /x5] g\ < lt lrqx¿ slxn] lgdf{0f ePsf /x]5g\ < lt lrqsnfsf]
;/+ If0fsf nflu s] s] pkfox¿ ckgfOPsf /x5] g\ < vfh] L u/L ljj/0f tof/ ugx{' f;] \ /
sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 45

kf7
$ g]kfnL d"lt{snf

dl" t{snf eGgfn] ljleGg k|sf/sf k:| t/,
wft', 9'ª\uf, sf7, df6f] cflbaf6 ljleGg
k|ltlaDa agfpg] lzNksnfnfO{ al' emG5 .
d"lt{snf klg wfld{s / ;f:+ s[lts k/Dk/f;Fu
uflF ;Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf k|flrgsfnbl] v g}
ljleGg bj] L bj] tfsf d"lt{ agfpg] k/Dk/f
/xs] f] lyof] . gk] fnL d"lts{ nfsf] kf| dfl0fs
;do O:jL ;+jt\sf] klxnf] ztfAbLnfO{
dflgPsf] 5 . sf7df8fF} pkTosfleq
ls/ftsfnLg d"lt{x¿ e]l6G5g\ . kzk' lt
cfo{3f6l:yt lj¿kfIfsf] d"lt{, xf8LufpFdf
/xs] f] ;Togf/fo0fsf] dl" t{ ls/ftsfnLg d"lt{
xg' \ . lj¿kfIfsf] d"lt{nfO{ gk] fnsf] ;a}eGbf
k'/fgf] d"lt{ dflgG5 . lnR5ljsfneGbf
cl3sf sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf kf| Kt dl" t{
alnof, ki' 6 z/L/, / dªu\ fl] nog d'vfsl[ tsf
lyP . lnR5ljsfnsf d"lt{x¿ cfsifs{ /
dfl} nstf emNsg] lsl;dsf lyP . 9ª' \u]
dl" t{snfsf] Oltxf;df lnR5ljsfnnfO{
:j0f{ou' dflgG5 . o;sfndf lxGb' b]jb]jLsf
d"lt{ / af4} d"ltx{ ¿ ba' } ag]sf lyP . lnR5ljsfndf agfOPsf d"ltd{ f rfFug' f/fo0fsf] dlGb/leq
/ o;sf kl/;/df kfOPsf d"lt{ Pjd\ knf~rf]s eujtLsf] d"lt{ / a'9flgns07sf] d"lt{ /x]sf
5g\ . To:t} u/L /fli6«o ;ªu\ x| fnosf] pdfdx]Zj/ d"lt{ / r08fn] sf] wd" a/fx dl" t{ klg k|l;4
5g\ . tflGqs 9frF fdf lgdf{0f ePsf kmlkª{ blIf0fsfnL, agsfnL Bfk} f6gdf /x]sf bj] Lsf
d"lt{ klg lnR5ljsfnLg pTsi[ 6 dl" t{ xg' \ . 9ª' u\ faf6 lgdf0{ f xg' ', cfsif{s dv' fsl[ tsf] x'g'
lnR5ljsfnLg d"lt{snfsf ljz]iftf xg' \ . Tolt an] fsf gf/L d"lt{df nrstfsf] u'0f x'g'sf ;fy}
Hofb} cfsifs{ bl] vGy] . cfª\lus cgk' ftsf] d]n x'g,' dl" tx{ ¿df w/] } xft / cfo'wx¿ ;dfpg'
klg lnR5ljsfnLg dl" ts{ nfsf yk ljz]iftf xg' \ .

46 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

g]kfnL d"lt{snfsf] ljsf;jm| d ls/ft sfnaf6 ;?' ePsf] xf] . dNnsfnnfO{ d"lt{snfsf] ljsf;sf]
r/dfT] sif{sf] ;do dflgG5 . dNnsfndf wft,' 9ª' u\ f / sf7sf] dl" t{ agfpg] kr| ng lyof] .
dNnsfndf sf7df8f}F pkTosf / To;sf] j/k/ d"lt{snfsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . kmlk{ªsf]
dlxiff;'/ dlbg{ L, agk] fsf] ;o" g{ fy, eStk/' sf] pu|r08L e}/j, dNnsfnLg d"lts{ nfsf gdg' f
xg' \ . dNnsfnLg dl" t{snfdf sf7df8fsF} f] xf8LufpsF f] ;/:jtL, xgd' fg 9fs] fsf] gl;{ª, kf6g
s'DeZ] j/sf] lji0fJ' ox" dl" t{ klg /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6o« ;ªu\ |xfnosf] lji0fd' l" t{, rfuF g' f/fo0fsf]
>Lw/ lji0f' d"lt,{ bp] kf6gsf] rtd' 'v{ lnª\u cflb klg dNnsfnLg d"lt{snfsf pTs[i6 gdg' f
x'g\ . dNnsfndf wft'sf ljleGg d"lt{ l5d]sL bz] sf] ahf/df Jofkf/sf nflu k7} f/L ul/GYof] .
o; sfndf 9'ªu\ fsf] d"lta{ fx]s wfts' f] dl" ts{ f] ljsf; r/d;Ldfdf k'us] f] lyof] . dNnsfndf
dl" t{sf] gofF gofF zn} L / kl| jlwsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . dNnsfndf bj] Lbj] tfsf d"lt{
afxs] /fhfx¿sf zflns agfOPsf] kfOG5 . cToflws u/uxgfsf] ko| fu] ug,'{ ljzi] f ks| f/sf]
ds' 6' nufOg' dNnsfnLg d"lts{ nfsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . rR' rf] gfs, kftnf] cf7] , nfdf cfFvf, nfdf
lrpF8f] / dl" t{df tflGqs k|efj /xg' klg o; sfnsf d"lt{snfsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . kY[ jLgf/fo0f
zfxn] pkTosfdf ljho u/k] l5 gk] fnL dl" ts{ nfn] gofF df]8 lnof] . /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf
sf7df8fF} 6lF' 8vn] l:yt huGgfy dlGb/df si[ 0f, an/fd / ;e' b|fsf tLgcf6] f d"lt{ :yfkgf
ul/Psf lyP . /f0ffx¿sf] kfnfdf gk] fnL k/Dk/fut snfeGbf klg klZrdL z}nLnfO{ a9L
kf| yldstf lbPsf] bl] vG5 . gk] fnLdf klg ljleGg sf/0fn] snfk|ltsf] cle?lr lbgk|ltlbg a9g\
yfns] f] 5 . gk] fnsf] t/fO{ Ifq] df df6f] / k/fnsf] ko| f]u u/L bu' f{, u0f]z, ;/:jtL cflbsf] d"lt{
agfpg] kr| ng /x]sf] 5 . xfn xfd|f] bz] df dl" t{snfnfO{ Joj;fosf] ¿kdf lng] snfsf/x¿sf]
;ªV\ of klg a9g\ yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ags] f wft,' 9ª' u\ f / sf7sf dl" t{ ljbz] ;d]t lgsf;L x'g]
u/s] f 5g\ . dl" t{snfdf ?lr /fVg] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf nflu lqej' g ljZj ljBfnocGtu{tsf] g]kfn
nlntsnf SofDk;df d"lt{snf ljifodf k9fO xb'F } cfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}F ljZj ljBfnonufot
cGo lghL SofDk;df klg d"lt{snf ljifodf cWoog ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 .

snf ;+/If0f / ;j+ wg{ df k/' ftŒj ljefu, /fli6«o ;ªu\ x| fno h:tf lgsfosf] el" dsf dxŒjk0" f{
5 . g]kfnL snfsf/n] klg ;Ddfg / kf| ]T;fxg kfpg] u/s] fn] o;k|lt cle?lr a9b\ } uPsf]
5 . bz] sf ;a} kb| z] tyf lhNnfdf dl" t{snf;DaGwL tflnd sG] b| vfn] ]/ o;kl| t oj' f k':tfnfO{
cfsif0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . d"lt{ lgdf0{ fsf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] pknAw
u/fpgk' 5{ . gk] fnL d"lts{ nfsf] kr| f/k;| f/df hf8] lbO{ ljbz] L ko{6snfO{ cfsif{0f ugk{' 5{ .
pTsi[ 6 snfsf/nfO{ k/' :sf/ / ;Ddfgsf] Joj:yf x'gk' 5{ . d"lt{snfsf] Jofkf/ k|jwg{ ug'k{ 5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 47

lj|mofsnfk

!= dNnsfnLg / lnR5ljsfnLg d"lts{ f gfdx¿ vfh] L u/L tn lbOPsf] tflnsfdf egx{' f];\ M

dNnsfnLg lnR5ljsfnLg

@= gk] fnL dl" t{snf wflds{ / ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f;uF hfl] 8Psf 5g\ . s;/L < ;d"xdf 5nkmn
u/L nV] g'xf];\ .

#= xfn gk] fnL d"lt{snfsf] dfu lab]zL ahf/df ;dt] lbgkl| tlbg a9g\ yfn]sf] kfOG5 <
gk] fnL d"lts{ nfsf] Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu s] s] pkfo canDag ug{ ;lsG5 < hfgsf/
JolStx¿;uF ;f]wvfh] u/L nV] g'xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ dl" ts{ nfsf] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ gk] fnL dl" ts{ nfsf] ljzi] ftfx¿ pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ gk] fndf d"lt{snfsf] ljsf;jm| d 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-3_ dl" ts{ nfsf] ljsf; tyf ;+/If0fsf nflu s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 < k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .
-ª_ dNnsfndf g]kfnL d"lts{ nfsf] ljsf; r/dfT] sif{df k'u]sf] lyof] . o; egfOnfO{

pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ugx{' f];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOsF{ f] ;db' fodf ePsf] jf bV] g'ePsf] s'g} dl" ts{ f] ;DaGwdf tn lbOPsf a'Fbfsf] cfwf/df
ljj/0f tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ / sIffsf7] fdf k:| t't ug'x{ f];\ M

-s_ dl" t{sf] gfd M
-v_ dl" t{ lgdf{0f ePsf] ldlt M
-u_ dl" t{ /xs] f] :yfg M
-3_ dxŒj M
-ª_ jtd{ fg cj:yf M
-r_ ;/+ If0f ug{ cjnDag ul/Psf pkfo M
-5_ ;'emfjM

48 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
% gk] fnL jf:t'snf

Aff;:yfg;DaGwL snfnfO{ jf:ts' nf elgG5 . o;cGtu{t 3/, b/af/, d7 dlGb/, kf6L kfj} f,
bj] fno, :t"k rT} o tyf :df/s k5{g\ . gk] fnsf] ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfx¿df jf:ts' nf klg dxŒjk"0f{
dflgG5 . g]kfnL k/Dk/fut jf:t'snfnfO{ j}1flgs bl[ i6sf0] faf6 klg pTs[i6 dflgPsf] 5 .
dgdfx] s, cb\e't\ lzNk sfz} n / snfsf/sf] ldlxgt] sf] k|ltlaDag k/' ftg jf:ts' nfdf bV] g
;lsG5 . kf| rLg gk] fnL jf:ts' nf lxGb' / af4} wd{af6 ke| fljt ePsf] bl] vG5 . k|frLg dl" ts{ nfsf
gdg' f e]l6Ph:t} u/L jf:t'snfsf gd'gf -b/af/, u9L, dlGb/, rT} o jf :tk" _ klg e]6\g
;lsG5 . 9'ªu\ faf6 ag]sf dl" t{ xhf/fF} jif;{ Dd ;/' lIft /xg ;S5g\ . df6f,] OF6, sf7h:tf
;fduL| af6 ag]sf jf:t'snfsf gd'gf nfdf] ;do;Dd ;/' lIft /xg ;Sb}gg\ . z}nL Pjd\ snfsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 gk] fnL jf:t'snfnfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M

!= Kofuf8] f z}nL

Ps jf PseGbf a9L tnfdf 5fgf /x]sf /
o:tf 5fgf j|mdzM tn 7'nf] / dfly ;fgf]
xFb' } uPsf] jf:t'snfsf] z}nLnfO{ Kofuf]8f zn} L
elgG5 . o;sf] lardf leqk6l\ 6sf] efu
vfj] |mf] xg' ] u/L agfOPsf] xG' 5 .

Kofuf8] f zn} Lsf dlGb/ bj] Lbj] tfsf d"lt{x¿
/fVg / k"hfkf7 ug{] p2Z] osf ;fy agfOPsf
x'G5g\ . kf| rLg sfndf ags] f dfgb]jsf]
dfgu[x, rfFu'gf/fo0f, c+z'jdfs{ f] sn} fzs'6
ejg, g/G] bb| j] sf] eb|flwjf; ejg g]kfnL
Kofuf]8f z}nLdf lgld{t jf:ts' nfsf pTsi[ 6
gdg' f x'g\ . dNnsfndf Kofuf]8f zn} Lsf w/] }
dlGb/, b/af/ / ejg lgdf0{ f ul/Psf lyP .
eStk'/sf] Goftkfn] , sf7df8fsF} f] sfi7d08k
cflb o;sf pbfx/0f xg' \ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;dodf agfOPsf a;Gtk'/sf] gf}tn] b/af/,
g'jfsf]6sf] ;fttn] b/af/ klg Kofuf8] f zn} Lsf pTs[i6 gd'gf xg' \ . kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/,
tnh] ' ejfgLsf] dlGb/, kf6gsf] s'DeZ] j/sf] dlGb/, huGgfy dlGb/ cflb klg Kofuf]8f zn} Lsf
dlGb/ x'g\ . To:t} u/L kf]v/fsf] tfn af/fxL, d':tfªsf] dl' Stgfy, g]kfu~hsf] hoafuZ] j/L

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 49

dlGb/nufot yk' }| dlGb/x¿ Kofuf]8f z}nLsf gd'gf x'g\ . Kofuf8] f z}NfLsf jf:ts' nfsf gd'gf
c/lgsf]n] rLgdf klg agfPsf lyP . dlGb/ k|fª\u0fdf snfTds j:t' ;hfpg' / tx tx k/s] f]
5fgf xg' ' Kofuf8] f zn} Lsf ljzi] ftf x'g\ . o; zn} Laf6 ag]sf ejgx¿df ljzi] f ks| f/sf] ue{
u[x, 6'8F fn / tf]/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . dlGb/sf] larsf] efu vf]jm| f] xg' ' / OF6f / sf7sf]
;o+ f]hgdf lgdf0{ f x'g' klg Kofuf]8f z}nLsf ljzi] ftf x'g\ .

@= :tk" jf r}To zn} L

Aff4} k/Dk/fcg;' f/ tn kms' ]sf] / dfly ;f3F /' f]
xF'b} uPsf] zn} LnfO{ :tk" jf r}To zn} L elgG5 .
of] zn} L gk] fndf kf| rLgsfnbl] v g} kr| lnt 5 .
:tk" x]bf{ srf/} f 3f]K6fPh:tf] cfs[ltsf] b]lvG5 .
:t"knfO{ rT} o klg elgG5 . lrQnfO{ ;w}F wdd{ f
hfu?s /fVg] r}tGosf] kt| Ls dflgg] ePsfn]
o;nfO{ rT} o elgPsf] xf] .

;d|f6\ czf]sn] :tk" z}nL leqo\ fPsf] dflgG5 .
kf6gsf] czf]s :t"k g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf k'/fgf]
:t"k xf] . nl' DagLsf] dfofbj] L dlGb/, :joDe"
gfy, af4} gfy :t"k, rfjlxnsf] rf?dtL rT} o
cflb r}To zn} Lsf pTsi[ 6 gdg' f xg' \ . rf?dtL
;fd|f6 czf]ssf] 5f/] L lyOg\ . rf?dtLn] agfpg
nufPsfn] o; ljxf/sf] gfd rf?dtL ljxf/ /xg uPsf] xf] . af}4 wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿n] cfˆgf]
;Dkb| fo;Fu ;DalGwt sg' } dxŒjk0" f{ j:t'nfO{ hldgdl' g uf8L To;dfly :df/s agfpF5g\ .
To;/L agfPsf] cw{uf]nfsf/ tyf ue{ ePsf] :df/snfO{ :tk" gfdn] lrlgG5 .

#= lzv/ zn} L

;'n'Q k/]/ dfly r'lnbF } uPsf] emnSs x]bf{ lzv/
h:tf] b]lvg] tnaf6 jm| d;M dfly ;f3F /' f] xb'F } 6K' kf]df
r'Rrf] ePsf] jf:ts' nfsf] zn} LnfO{ lzv/ zn} L
elgG5 . lzv/ z}nL lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] / cUnf]
xG' 5 . lzv/ z}nLdf kT| o]s efudf uh/' /flvPsf]
x'G5 . o;sf] 5fgf eg] x'bF }g . of] z}nL ef/tsf] u'Kt
/fhjz+ sf] kfnfdf rfFw} fF} ztfAbLdf ljsf; ePsf]
dflgG5 . g]kfndf dNnsfnLg ;dodf ;qfF} c7f/f}F
ztfAbLdf of] zn} Lsf dlGb/ ags] f] kfOG5 . kf6gsf]

50 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

si[ 0f dlGb/, kf6gdf ePsf] dxfaf4} dlGb/, eStk/' sf] aT;nfbj] Lsf] dlGb/ lzv/ zn} Lsf
gdg' f xg' \ . To:t} u/L sf7df8f}Fsf] OGbr| f]sdf /xs] f] lzj dlGb/, :joDes" f] k|tfkk/' / cgGtk/'
dlGb/ klg lzv/ z}nLaf6 ag]sf] lyof] . kz'kltgfy kf| ªu\ 0fsf] a|x\df dlGb/, kf6g zªv\ dn" sf]
hutgf/fo0f dlGb/ cflb xfdf| ] b]zdf ePsf lzv/ z}nLsf pTsi[ 6 gd'gf x'g\ . sf7df8fsF} f] /fgL
kf]v/Ldf /xs] f] afnufk] fnZ] j/ dlGb/ cfw'lgs lzv/ z}nLsf] gdg' f xf] . ljleGg txsf k]6Ldfly
lzv/ dlGb/ :yfkgf x'g', dlGb/cufl8 Pp6f dfq d08k lgdf{0f x'g' lzv/ zn} Lsf ljzi] ftf
xg' \ . ue{ux[ df dlGb/sf d"n b]jtfsf] kl| tdf :yfkgf x'g,' lzv/ g} 5fgfsf] ¿kdf ko| fu] xg' ' /
ljleGg /yx¿sf] k|of]u x'g'nfO{ lzv/ zn} Lsf dV' o ljz]iftf dflgG5g\ .

hgsk'/df /x]sf] hfgsL dlGb/ lzv/ z}nL / u'Dah zn} Lsf] ldl>t ¿k ePsfn] o;nfO{ ldl>t
zn} L elgG5 . To:t} u/L /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ff o'/fk] ed| 0f u/]/ cfPkl5 o'/f]k]nL
jf:t'zn} L gk] fndf lelqPsf] lyof] . l;+xb/af/, >Ldxn, aa/dxn, /fgL dxn, yfkfynL b/af/,
s]z/dxn cflb o/' f]k]nL jf:t'zn} Ldf ags] f pTsi[ 6 gdg' f xg' \ .

nfdf] Oltxf; afs] s] f xfd|f oL k/Dk/fut snfx¿ k'vfs{ f w/fx] / x'g\ . o:tf w/f]x/ efjL k':tfsf
nflu ;/' lIft /fVg' xfdf| ] bfloTj xf] . oL elTsPsf ;Dkbf klxns] } cfsf/, k|sf/ / zn} Ldf kg' M
lgdf0{ f klg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

oL ;Dkbf xfd|f klxrfg x'g\ . xfd|f k'vfs{ f >d / ldlxgt] sf cdN" o lglw x'g\ . o:tf ;Dkbfsf]
kr| f/k;| f/df ljz]if hf8] lbOg'k5{ . o;sf] k|rf/ k;| f/n] ko{6g cfjfudgsf dbt kU' b5 . oL
;Dkbf xfdf| ;+:sl[ t / ;Eotfsf cd"No /Tg x'g\ . xfd|f ;f:+ sl[ t ljzi] ftf logLx¿df k|ltlaDag
ePsf xG' 5g\ . logsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . Pl] txfl;s ;Dkbf /x]sf]
jl/kl/sf] vfln hldgdf j[If/f]k0f ul/g'k5{ . oL ;Dkbfsf] k'gM lgdf{0f / ;+/If0fsf sfod{ f xfdLn]
;Sg] ;xofu] ug{'k5{ . logsf] ;/+ If0f / ;+jwg{ df :yfgLo ;d'bfo, ;ª3\ ;+:yf / :yfgLo txn]
a9L lhDd]jf/ eP/ sfd ug{k' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= Kofuf8] f zn} L, :t"k zn} L / lzv/ zn} Lsf] Ps Pscf]6f gd'gf lrq ;ªs\ ng ugx'{ f;] \ jf
sfg] {x' f;] \ .

@= xfd|f k/Dk/fut jf:t'snfx¿ xfdf| w/f]x/ xg' \ . o:tf ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0f ug{ h?/L x'G5 .
o:tf ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu :yfgLo tx, ;db' fo / gful/ssf tkm{af6 s] s] ug{
;lsG5 < tLg ;dx" df ljeSt eO{ 5'6\6f56' 6\ } lgisif{ k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ M

:yfgLo tx ;d'bfo gful/s

!= != !=

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 51

@= @= @=
#= #= #=

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ jf:ts' nf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] s] dxŒj 5 <
-v_ gk] fnL jf:t'snfsf zn} LnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 < ltgLx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf

ljj/0f lbgx' f];\ .
-u_ Kofuf]8f z}nL / :tk" zn} Lsf] leGgtf 56' \ofpgx' f];\ .
-3_ g]kfnL k/Dk/fut jf:t'snfsf ljz]iftf nV] g'xf];\ .
-ª_ cfwl' gs / k/Dk/fut jf:t'snfsf ;dfgtf / leGgtf pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ .
-r_ g]kfnL k/Dk/fut jf:t'snfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;j+ w{gsf nflu s] s] pkfo cjnDag ug{

;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fd'bflos lj|mofsnfk

tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ePsf 3/, d7, dlGb/, b/af/, :tk" , r}To, u'Daf, ljxf/, dl:hb, kfl6kf}jf
cflbdWo] pknAw s'g} b'Os{ f] k|ToIf cjnf]sg ug{'xf;] \ . To;sf] lgdf0{ f sg' zn} Ldf ePsf] /x5]
/ To;df s'g s'g ;fdfu|Lx¿ k|ofu] ePsf /x5] g\ ,vf]hL u/L nV] gx' f];\ M

jf:ts' nfsf] gfd z}nL k|of]u ul/Psf] lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L

52 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
^ Wffld{s ;lxi0f'tf / wd{ lg/kI] ftf

d/] f] gfd xl;gf xf] . kd] f, lblnk / /:] df d/] f ldNg] ;fyL xg' \ . Ob, as/ Ob xfd|f] ;db' fodf
dgfOg] dV' o rf8kj{ xg' \ . d xfd|f] rf8kjs{ f] a]nfdf d]/f ;fyLnfO{ klg 3/df af]nfpF5' .
ld7f ld7f vfgs] '/f vj' fpF5' . To:t} u/L kd] fn] klg Nxf];f/ kjs{ f] an] fdf xfdLnfO{ 3/df
afn] fplF 5g\ . xfdL To;an] f k]dfs} kl/jf/;Fu k/Dk/fut kf;] fs nufpg], ldn/] gfrufg
ug,]{ / efh] df ;l/s xg' ] u5fF}{ . xfdL lblnksf] 3/df klg pgsf] lbbLsf] laxd] f uPsf
lyof}F . xfdL ;a} ldn]/ gfrufg u¥of,F} efh] vfofF} / /dfOnf] u¥of}F . ut jif{ ltxf/df xfdL
;a} ;fyLefO ldn]/ bp] ;L e}nf] vn] ]/ /dfOnf] u/s] f] lyofF} . To;af6 p7s] f] k};fn] xfdLn]
k':tsfnodf k':ts lsg]/ lbofF} . /:] dfsf] kl/jf/df O;fO{ wd{ dfGgx' 'G5 . xfdL lj|m;d;sf
an] fdf /]:df;uF } rr{df hfG5fF} . Pscfk;df pkxf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug,]{ Sof/fn] ufpg,] gfRg,]
/dfOnf] ug]{ / ld7f ld7f vfg]s'/f vfg] u5fF{} .

xfd|f] bz] df ljleGg wd{ / ;+:sl[ tnfO{ dfGg] ;Dk|bfo a;fa] f; u5g{ \ . o;/L ljleGg wd{ dfGg]
JolSt Pp6} ;dfhdf ldn/] a:g] tyf Ps wd{ / csf{] wd{ dfGg]sf] lardf ;/;xof]u, ;Ddfg
/ ;b\efj x'g' g} wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf xf] . ljleGg hfthfltsf] ;'Gb/ km"naf/Lsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt xfdf| ]
b]z gk] fn wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf ljZjs} pbfx/0fLo dflgG5 . cfˆgf] wd{ / ;:+ s[ltnfO{ :jtGq ¿kn]
dfGg] / c?sf] rf8kj{ / ;f+:sl[ ts ultljlwdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutf hgfpg] g]kfnLsf] klxrfg
alg;ss] f] 5 . xfdf| ] /fli6«o ufgdf ;d]l6Psf] …;ofF} y'Fuf km"nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf gk] fnLÚ eGg]
kªl\ Stn] xfdf| ] wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf / ;fdflhs ;b\efjnfO{ phfu/ u/s] f] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf
jife{ l/df ljljw ks| f/sf rf8kj{, wfld{s pT;j tyf dn] f k5{g\ . tL ;a} kj{ tyf pT;jdf
Pscsfs{ f] ;Ddfg ug{,] z'esfdgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{] / ;xeflutf ;d]t hgfpg] g]kfnLsf] ;+:sf/
alg;ss] f] 5 . t/fOd{ f dgfpg] 57 kjn{ fO{ t/fO{af;Ln] dfq gdgfP/ kxf8 / pkTosfdf
klg w'dwfdn] dgfOG5 . pwF f}nL peF fn} L kjd{ f ;a} ;Dk|bfosf dflg;n] v;' L ;f6f;f6 u//]
dgfpg] k/Dk/f /x]sf] bl] vG5 . lth kjd{ f lxGb'afx]s cGo wd{ dfGg] dlxnfx¿ klg xiff]N{ nf;sf
;fy ;xeflu ePsf] bl] vG5 . ljz]ifu/L ;b' /" klZrddf dgfOg] uf}/f kj{df ;a} If]q / kb| ]zsf
dflg;x¿ sf7df8fF}sf] 6F'l8vn] df b]p8f gfrdf ;xefuL ePsf] bV] g ;lsG5 . wflds{ ;lxi0f'tfs}
sf/0fn] oxfF hft, ;Dkb| fo / wds{ f gfddf hftLo, ;fDk|bflos / wfld{s lx+;f ePsf] 5g} .

wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfaf6 xfdf| ] ;dfhdf wflds{ Pstf a9fpg dbt kU' 5 . Pscsf]{ wd{ dfGg]
JolStk|lt ;be\ fj sfod x'G5 . wflds{ ;Dk|bfosf] gfddf eme} mu8f x'g] cj:yf /xbF }g . ;dfhsf
dflg;df xfdL Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;b:o xfF} eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ;dfhdf x'g] pT;j,
d]nf, kj,{ hfqf cflbdf ;as} f] ;xofu] k|fKt x'G5 . ;a} wfld{s ;Dkb| fosf dflg;n] :jtGq eO{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 53

;Ddfgsf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{ kfp5F g\ . Ps wd{ dfGg] ;Dkb| fon] csf{] wd{ dfGg] ;Dk|bfokl| t
;Ddfg / ;xof]usf] wf/0ff /fV5g\ . csf]{ wd{sf] ;Ddfg ug{] / ljleGg wd{sf] rf8kj{df ;fdn]
x'g' klg wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

!= g]kfndf wfld{s ;lxi0ft' fsf] cEof;

gk] fndf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} Ps csf{] wdk{ |lt ;Ddfg / cf:yf /xs] f] kfOG5 .

uf]kfn j+z / ls/ft j+zsf /fhf Zfj} wd{ dfGy] . ls/ftL Zf}j wdf{jnDaL eP tfklg af4} wd{sf]
k|rf/k|;f/df lgs} hf8] lbPsf lyP . lnR5lj jz+ sf /fhf dfgb]jn] klg j}i0fj wd{ dfGy] t/ ;a}
wd{kl| t cf:yf /fvs] f] s/' f pgsf] gfddf :yfkgf ePsf] lji0fk' fbs' fsf] lzjlnª\uaf6 k|:6 x'G5 .
dfgbj] sL 5f]/L ljhofjtLn] z}j wd{df cf:yf /flVyg\ eg] dfgbj] sf a'af wdb{ j] n] af}4 wd{k|lt
cf:yf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . dfgb]j :jod\n] af4} ljxf/ agfpg nufPsf] s/' f klg Oltxf;df pNn]v
5 . o:tf] eP tfklg pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/df slxNo} ljjfb lyPg . dNnsfnLg /fhf kt| fk dNnn]
O;fO{ kfb/Lx¿nfO{ sf7df8f}Fdf a:g lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] gk] fn
PsLs/0fsf] ;dodf xftxltof/ agfpg / ;]gfnfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu d;' ndfg sflnu9nfO{
b/af/df /fvs] f] Pl] txfl;s kd| f0f /xs] f] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] dl:hb / db/;f ljBfno
sf7df8f}Fsf] larefu afuahf/df /xs] f] 5 . hgsk/' sf] hfgsL dlGb/ cufl8 dl:hb /x]sf] 5 .
:joDe"gfy kl/;/df /x]sf] dlGb/df lxGbn' ] ;/:jtLsf] ¿kdf / af4} dfuL{x¿n] dGh>' Lsf] ¿kdf
kh" f ug]{ u5{g\ . kzk' ltgfy glhs} rf?dtL ljxf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . kz'kltgfy, a'9flgns07,
:joDe" / d'lStgfydf lxGb' / af}4 ba' } wdf{jnDaLn] kh" fcfhf u5g{ \ . uft} d a4' nfO{ lxGbn' ] lji0f'
eujfgs\ f] gjf}F cjtf/sf] ¿kdf kh" f u5g{ \ . af}4 kl/jf/df hGd]sL sGofnfO{ lxGbn' ] hLljt
b]jL s'df/L dfg]/ k"hf u5{g\ . x/s] jif{ sflQs z'Sn ci6dLsf] lbgdf kzk' ltgfynfO{ eujfg\
a'4sf] ds' 6' nufpg] rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . clxn] xfdf| ] ;l+ jwfgn] g} g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fi6s« f]
¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] klg wflds{ ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgfnfO{ cem dha't agfpg dbt
u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@= wd{ lg/kI] ftf

/fHon] cfˆgf] d'n'ssf gful/sx¿n] dfGg] wdn{ fO{ lje]b gu/Lsg ;a} wd{nfO{ ;dfg dfGotfsf
;fy :yfg lbg' wd{ lg/kI] ftf xf] . o;n] /fHosf] sg' } wd{ xF'bg} / wds{ f] dfdnfdf /fHo t6:y
/xgk' 5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . bf;] |f] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k'gM :yflkt kl| tlglw ;efn] lj=;=+ @)^#
;fn h]7 $ ut] klxnf] k6s g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/kI] f /fi6s« f] ¿kdf 3fi] f0ff u¥of] . gk] fnsf]
;+ljwfgn] klg o;nfO{ k|Tofet" u/s] f] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf wd{ lg/kI] f eGgfn] ;gftgb]lv
rlncfPsf] wd{ ;:+ s[ltsf] ;+/If0fnufot wflds{ , ;f+:sl[ ts :jtGqtf ;Demgk' 5{ egL pNnv]
ul/Psf] 5 . df}lns xssf] ¿kdf wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k|To]s
wflds{ ;Dkb| fonfO{ wfld{s :yn tyf wfld{s u'7L ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg] xs / s;}sf]

54 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

wd{ kl/jtg{ u/fpg jf csfs{ f] wdd{ f vnn kg]{ sfd jf Jojxf/ ug{ gx'g] s'/f pNnv] ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 gk] fnL ;db' fodf k|frLg sfnb]lv /lxcfPsf] wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] efjgfnfO{ cem
ku| f9 agfpg dbt k'us] f] b]lvG5 . ;a} wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf] ;+:sl[ t, k/Dk/f / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f
ePsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fndf wfld{s ;lxi0ft' fsf] cj:yf zLif{sdf ;DkfbsLo tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
@= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf wd{ lg/k]Iftf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf Joj:yf s] s] 5g\ < vf]hL u/L

k:| t't ug{x\' f];\ .
#= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf s;/L rf8kj{ ldn/] dgfpgx' G' 5 <

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf ;sf/fTds kIf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ g]kfndf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] cEof; s;/L x'bF } cfPsf] kfOG5 < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfndf wflds{ ;lxi0f'tfsf] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6

ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] kl/efiff n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-r_ wd{ lg/kI] ftfsf] dxŒj pNn]v ugx'{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 55

kf7
& ;dfge' l" t / ;xof]u

tn lbOPsf 36gfx¿sf] cWoog u/f}F M

36gf g=+ !

xl/, k'/g / uLtf Pp6} sIffdf k9\g] ;fyL x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] 3/af6 ljBfno k'Ug !% ldg6] sf]
af6f] lx8F g\ k' Yof]{ . Pslbg pgLx¿ ljBfno hfFb} lyP . kfgL kl//xs] fn] af6f] lrKnf] lyof] . k'/g
af6fdf lrlKnP/ n8] . pgsf] nu' fdf lxnf] nfUof] . pgL n8]sf] bv] /] xl/ lh:sfpbF } xf:F g yfn] .
uLtfn] xl/nfO{ ufnL ub}{ elgg,\ æltdL slt :jfyL{ ;fyL xf,] p, n8]/ p7g\ ;ss] f] 5g} , ;xofu]
ug{k' g{] 7fpFdf pN6} xf:F 5f} . cfpm k/' gnfO{ p7fcfF} .Æ ba' } hgf ldn]/ k'/gnfO{ p7fpg vf]Hbf
k/' gn] 6]Sg ;sg] g\ . pgsf] uf]8f ;'lGgPsf] lyof] . oltv/] uLtfnfO{ cfkmF} n8s] f] h:tf] dx;';
eof] . k'/gsf] uf]8f ;'lGGfbf klg cfkmg\ } uf8] f ;'lGgP emF} eof] . k/' gsf] kL8f pgnfO{ cfkm\g} kL8f
h:tf] nfUof] . uLtf / xl/n] k/' gnfO{ aNntNn afs] /] :jf:Yo rfs} L k'¥ofP . xl/nfO{ k'/g n8\bf
cfkm" xfF;]sfdf kZrQfk eof] . pgLx¿n] k'/gsf aa' fcfdfnfO{ klg hfgsf/L u/fP . xl/;uF }
k'/gsf a'afcfdf klg :jf:Yo rf}sL cfpge' of] . k'/gsf] uf8] f PS;/] ubf{ uf]8fsf] xf8 rls{Psf]
bl] vof] . k/' gsf] uf]8fdf Knf:6/ u/]/ 3/;Dd k¥' ofP/ b'a} hgf cfcfˆgf] 3/ kmls{P .

36gf g=+ @

/fd'sf] l5d]sdf xl/si[ 0f gfd u/]sf ckfª\utf ePsf afns lyP . /fd' cToGt ldng;f/ /
c;n :jefjsf JolSt lyP . pgL slxn]sfxLF xl/si[ 0fsf] 3/df hfg] / pgnfO{ ;xofu] ug{] uy{] .
xl/s[i0fnfO{ /fd' ljBfno uPsf] b]Vbf cfkm"nfO{ klg ljBfno hfg kfP xG' Yof] eGg] nfUYof] . pgL
cfˆgf] zf/Ll/s cj:yf ;Dem]/ leqleq} bv' L xG' y] . cfˆgf] s'/f s;;} uF JoSt ug{ ;Sbg} y] .
Ps lbg /fd' xl/si[ 0fsf] 3/df uPsf an] f cfkmn" fO{ klg ljBfno uP/ k9g\ dg nfu]sf] s/' f
atfP . xl/si[ 0fsL cfdfn] tF o:tf] cj:yfsf] JolSt s;/L k9\g hfG5;\ < tnF fO{ s;n] ljBfno
n}hfg] Nofpg] u5{ < eGg'eof] . To; s'/fn] xl/s[i0f sx] L afN] g ;s]gg\ eg] /fd' klg cToGt bv' L
eP/ cfˆgf] 3/df kms{] . pgnfO{ xl/sf] af/d] f cToGt lrGtf nfUof] . pm klg t cflv/ d h:t}
JolSt xf] . p;sf klg OR5f x'G5g\ . p;nfO{ s;/L k9g\ ] Joj:yf ldnfpg] xfn] f eg]/ ;fl] r/x] .
pgn] ljBfnodf lzIfsn] ckfªu\ tf ePsf, bl[ i6ljxLg / alx/f afnaflnsfsf nflu klg k9g\ ]
ljBfno /xs] f] / xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgn] ;a}sf nflu lzIff;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 eg]sf]
;Dem] . ef]lnkN6 ljBfno uPkl5 xl/s[i0fsf] af/]df ;a} s/' f lzIfsnfO{ ;g' fP . /fd'sf] s/f
;g' /] lzIfs klg /fd';uF } xl/s[i0fsf] 3/df hfg'eof] . lzIfsn] xl/si[ 0fsL cfdfnfO{ ;DemfpbF }

56 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

eGge' of], æpgsf nflu klg k9g\ ] ljBfno 5 . d pgnfO{ To; ljBfnodf nu/] egf{ ul/lbG5' .
ToxLF xf]:6nsf] klg Joj:yf 5 . pgL h:t} c? afnaflnsfx¿ klg ToxfF 5g]\ . Æ lzIfssf] s'/f
;g' ]/ /fd', xl/s[i0f / xl/s[i0fsL cfdf ;a} hgf v;' L xg' 'eof] . lzIfsn] xl/si[ 0fnfO{ xf]:6ndf
a:g] u/]/ p;sf] k9\g] Joj:yf ldnfOlbge' of] .

oL dflysf 36gf ;dfg'e"lt / ;xofu] ;Fu ;DalGwt 36gf xg' \ . c?sf] lk/, dsf{, efjgf, kL8f
jf ;d:ofnfO{ glhsaf6 a‰' g] / ;fx] Lcg'¿k Jojxf/ ug{] dfgjLo u0' fnfO{ ;dfg'el" t elgG5 .
o;df ;dfgsf] cy{ a/fa/L / cge' l" tsf] cy{ cg'ej ug{] eGg] xG' 5 . csf]{ JolStsf] kl/l:ylt,
efjgf, ;v' , bM' Vf / cfzo;Fu kl/lrt x'g' jf a'‰g' ;dfg'el" t xf] . ;dfge' "lt bv] fpgsf nflu
;jk{ |yd csf{] JolStsf] kl/l:ylt a'‰g'k5{ . tL kl/l:yltn] ubf{ csfs{ f] dgdf plAhPsf
efjgfnfO{ cfkm}Fn] dx;'; ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;/L c?n] ef]u]sf] kL8f cfˆgf] xb[ odf dx;;' u//]
;xof]usf] xft cl3 a9fO{ pSt kL8f sd ug{] k|of; ug'k{ 5{ . To;n} ] ;dfg'el" t / ;xofu]
Pscsf{sf cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . ;dfge' l" t / ;xof]un] Pscfk;df ;b\efj, dn] ldnfk /
ljZjf; a9fp5F . ;fdflhs Pstf sfod ug{ dbt u5{ . eo, åGå / czflGtsf] jftfj/0f
cfpg lbbF g} . dfgj hLjgnfO{ v;' L, ;v' / cfgGbdo agfpgsf nflu lelq dgdf / aflx/L
aftfj/0fdf klg zflGt xg' 'k5{ . zflGtsf] Ps dfq pkfo egs] f] Pscfk;df k|d] , dn] ldnfk,
;be\ fj / ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f agfpg' xf] . o;sf] dV' o pkfo eg]sf] klg ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu]
xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= cfˆgf] ljBfno jf ;dfhdf cfkmF}n] cge' j ug{'ePsf] ;dfg'el" t / ;xof]u;DaGwL 36gf
sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \ .

@= ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] ;DaGwdf sg' } Ps klqsfsf nflu ;DkfbsLosf] gdg' f agfpgx' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;dfge' l" t eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;dfge' "lt / ;xof]usf] cGt/;DaGw pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ugx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ ;dfge' l" t / ;xof]u sfod ug{ xfdLn] s] s] ug'{k5{ < ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
-3_ Pscfk;df d]nldnfk, ;b\efj / zflGt sfod ug{ ;dfg'el" t ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 , s;/L <

kl' i6 ug{'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 57

kf7
* zflGt ;+:sl[ t

JolSt, ;d'bfo, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu zflGt ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . Pstf, d]nldnfk,
;b\efj, lx;+ f/lxt / ;xdltsf] jftfj/0fn] zflGt sfod u5{ . dflg;df x'g] ;sf/fTds ;fr] ,
dN" o dfGotf, ljrf/ / Jojxf/n] zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fp5F . zflGt ;+:s[ltn]
kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/df zflGt sfod ugn{ fO{ dbt u5{ . o;n]
Pscfk;df kd|] , ;be\ fj tyf Pstf sfod u5{ . JolSt JolStlardf :j:y ;DaGwsf] ljsf;
ug{ zflGt ;:+ s[ltsf] jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'gk' 5{ . zflGt ;:+ sl[ tn] c;n ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ f /
;DkGg /fi6s« f] kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kf5{ . o;sf] ljsf;n] /fi6« /fi6l« ardf ;d' w'/ ;DaGw :yflkt
xG' 5 .

!= zflGt ;:+ s[ltsf cfwf/

-s_ Pstf÷dn] ldnfk M ;dfg ljrf/, p2Z] o / ;dfg sfdsf] k|s[ltsf sf/0fn] k/:k/
ldn]sf] cj:yf Pstf xf] . Pstfaf6 g} Pscfk;df d]nldnfk sfod xG' 5 .
Pscsf{df ;xofu] sf] efjgf x'G5 . s'g} klg sfd ;lhn} ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 .
h;af6 zflGt ;+:s[ltdf ;xof]u kU' 5 .

-v_ ;lxi0f'tf M ;lxi0ft' fsf] cy{ c?sf] km/s ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg / ug{' xf] . o:tf]
jftfj/0faf6 ;an} ] :jtGq eO{ ;Ddfgsf ;fy afFRg kfPsf] dx;'; u5g{ \ . dflg;df
Pscfk;df dn] ldnfk, ;xofu] , ;be\ fj / Pstfsf] efjgf a95\ . o;/L ;lxi0f'tfnfO{
zflGt ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf] dV' o cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

-u_ k|;Ggtf M k|;Ggtf egs] f] v';L xf] . k;| Ggtf kf| KtLsf nflu cfkm"df ;sf/fTds
;fr] sf] ljsf; / ;Gt'li6sf] efjgf xg' k' 5{ . c?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
;ak} |lt ;xof]u, ;Ddfg / ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ afgL xg' k' 5{ . o:tf sfo{af6 dflg;
leqL ¿kaf6 g} k|;Gg xg' ;S5 . k;| Ggtf g} cfgGb kf| lKtsf] af6f] xf] / cfgGb
kf| lKtaf6 g} zflGt ;:+ sl[ tdf ;xofu] k'U5 .

-3_ :jfjnDag Mcfˆg} kf}/vn] cfTdlge{/ /xg] cj:yfnfO{ :jfjnDag elgG5 . :jfjnDaL
JolSt cfˆgf nflu ugk{' g{] sfdsf nflu ;Ifd ePsf] xG' 5 . :jfjnDaL efjgfn] sd{
u/]/ afFRg l;sfpF5 . ;kmn sd;{ Fu} p;df cfTd;Gtl' i6sf] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
cfTd;Gtl' i6af6 JolStdf cfgGb k|flKt xG' 5 . cfgGb xg' ' eg]sf] g} zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf]
ljsf; xf] .

58 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

-ª_ ;sf/fTds d"No dfGotf M Dffgjdf ePsf] OdfGbf/Lkg, k|d] , bof, ;b\efj, ljZjf;,
;G' b/tf, lgikIftf, af}l4stf, ;xofu] Lkg h:tf s/' fx¿ g} dfgjLo d"Nosf] klxrfg
xf] . oL dfgjLo dN" onfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] cfˆgf] hLjgdf ptfg{ ;Sg' g} ;sf/fTds
d"No dfGotf xf] . plrt lzIff, c;n kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs jftfj/0faf6 dflg;df
;sf/fTds dN" o dfGotfsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 . ;sf/fTds d"No dfGotfaf6
zflGt ;:+ s[ltsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

-r_ efOrf/fsf] ;DaGw M Pscsf{sf] lardf bfh'efO / lbbLalxgLsf] h:tf] ;DaGw
x'gn' fO{ efOrf/fsf] ;DaGw elgG5 . efOrf/fsf] ;DaGwn] dn] ldnfk / Pstfsf]
efjgf a9fp5F . Pstfn] Pscfk;df ;xofu] , ;xsfo{ / ;dembf/L sfod xG' 5 .
;dembf/L, dn] ldnfk, ;xofu] / Pstfsf] jftfj/0faf6 g} zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf;
xG' 5 . To;n} ] efOrf/fsf] ;DaGwnfO{ zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

@= zflGt ;+:s[ltsf] cfjZostf

g]kfn axh' ftLo, ax'eflifs, axw' fld{s, ax;' f:+ sl[ ts / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfoS' t dn' s' xf] . o;/L
cgs] tfdf Pstf / ;lxi0ft' f sfod ugs{ f nflu zflGt ;+:s[ltsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . a9b\ } uPsf]
cfB} f]lusLs/0f / ;x/Ls/0fn] dflg; Jofj;flos aGb} uPsf 5g\ . c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ a9\b}
uPsf] bl] vG5 . o;n] Pscfk;df ljjfb, åGå, zqt' f, czflGt lgDTofPsf] 5 . lj1fg kl| jlwsf]
ljsf; / ylkbF } uPsf] dfgjLo cfjZostfsf sf/0fn] JolSt cToGt Jo:t xbF' } uPsf] b]lvG5 .
gk] fn ljZjdf zflGtsf cub| t" uft} d a'4 hGds] f] bz] , 1fge"ld / tkfe] l" dsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt
5 . o; egfOnfO{ ;fys{ tN' ofpgsf nflu klg zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . zflGt
;:+ s[ltsf] ljsf;n] dflg;df v;' L, ;sf/fTds ;fr] , ;dfge' "lt, ;xofu] , ljZjf;, efOrf/fsf]
efjgf j[l4 x'G5 . cfgGb k|flKtsf] dV' o dfWod g} zflGt ;+:s[lt xf] . nfe] , 30[ ff, Oi{ of,{ cGofo,
ljeb] , zlStk|ltsf] dfx] cflb zflGt ;+:sl[ tnfO{ k|efj kfg{] tŒj xg' \ . o:tf tŒjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f
u/L c;n ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf nflu zflGt ;:+ s[ltsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

ljZjJofkLs/0fn] ubf{ Ps 7fpF jf b]zsf] lx;+ fsf] c;/ ljZjel/ g} k5{ . ;;+ f/ clxn] lx+;f /
zflGtsf] bf];fFwdf /x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ zflGtsf] rfxgf 5 eg] csf{lt/ lx;+ fsf] l:ylt 5 . To;n} ]
ljZjsf] Wofg klg lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/0f / zflGt :yfkgfdf sl] Gbt| /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZjdf zflGt
:yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . ljZj b'O{ wj|' df ljeflht ePsf] ;dodf c;+nUg
/fi6x« ¿n] ;'? u/]sf] k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . låtLo ljZj o'4kl5 ljZjdf
zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª3\ sf] :yfkgf eof] . ;+o'St /fi6«;3+ Lo dxf;efn] ;g\ !((( df
zflGt ;:+ s[lt;DaGwL 3fi] f0ff kq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . pSt 3fi] f0ff kqdf zflGt ;:+ sl[ t ljsf;sf
nflu cf7cf]6f Ifq] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 s] a'‰g ;lsG5 eg] o'4, lx+;f / åGåsf]
cGTosf nflu zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] el" dsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . zflGt ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf;n] ;dfhdf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 59

åGåsf] cj:yf ;[hgf xg' lbbF }g . zflGt :yfkgf ug{ dbt u5{ . zflGt ;+:sl[ tn] ljZjdf åGå,
o'4, lx;+ f / Gog" Ls/0fdf ;xof]u k¥' ofp5F . To;}n] zflGt ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf;sf nflu xfdL ;a}n]
cfkm\gf tkm{af6 ofu] bfg u/f}F .

#= zflGt ;:+ s[lt ljsf;sf pkfo

-s_ zflGt ;:+ sl[ t ljsf;sf nflu lzIff M zflGtsf nflu JolStdf 1fg, l;k, bl[ i6sf]0f
/ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g xg' ' cfjZos 5 . log} d"NonfO{ a9fjf lbg] kl| j|mofnfO{ g} zflGt
lzIff elgG5 . h;n] aRrf, o'jf / jo:snfO{ åGå, ljjfb / lx+;fsf] jftfj/0faf6
d'St u5{ . gful/sx¿df Pscfk;df åGå 36fpg, ;lxi0f'tf a9fpg, ;dembf/L
a9fpg / zflGt :yfkgf ug{ dbt u5{ . afnaflnsfn] zflGtk0" f{ jftfj/0fdf lzIff
xfl;n ug{ kfpg' pgLx¿sf] g};lus{ clwsf/ xf] . oxL clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ugs{ f
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)^* ;fn j}zfv !! ut] ljBfno zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] xf] .

-v_ ;fdflhs Gofo M /fHon] zflGt ;+:s[ltsf] jftfj/0fsf nflu bz] df ePsf ;|f]t
;fwgsf] ;dfg / Gofof]lrt ljt/0fnfO{ dV' o ¿kdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . cfˆgf] bz] sf
gful/s s;n} fO{ sfvf / s;n} fO{ kfvf gu/Lsg ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{k' 5{ . /fHosf]
;|ft] / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd gful/ssf cfjZostfnfO{ k/" f ub}{ hfgk' 5{ . ljleGg
ju,{ Ifq] , lnª\u, wd{, ckfªu\ tf, hfthflt cflbnfO{ /fHosf ljleGg tx / tKsfdf
;dfgk' flts cj;/ k|bfg u/]/ klg ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L
;fdflhs Gofoaf6 ;dfhdf zflGt ;:+ s[lt ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 .

-u_ ;sf/fTds ;fr] sf] ljsf; M ;sf/fTds ;fr] n] dflg;sf] dgdf zflGt k}bf u5{ .
o;n] JolStnfO{ c¿k|lt ;xofu] / ;be\ fj /fVg pTk|]l/t u5{ . c?sf ljrf/nfO{
;Ddfg ug],{ w}o{lzn / ;o+ ldt xg' ,] ;d:ofdf gcflQg] / rg' f}tLnfO{ cj;/sf]
¿kdf l:jsfg{] h:tf afgLsf] ljsf; u5{ . zflGt ;:+ s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu aflx/L
;+;f/dfq zfGt eP/ xbF' g} . dfgjsf] leqL dgdf klg zflGt x'gk' 5{ . o;/L dfgjsf]
leqL dgdf zflGt Nofpg of]u, k|f0ffofd / Wofg d'Vo pkfo xg' \ . lgoldt ul/g]
of]u, kf| 0ffofd / Wofgn] dflg;sf] dgdf pTkGg x'g] tgfj Joj:yfkgdf dbt u5{ .
z/L/ :j:y x'G5 . z/L/df gofF pmhf{sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . ;sf/fTds ;fr] / lrGtgsf]
ljsf;df dbt u5{ . ;sf/fTds ;f]rn] Pscfk;df dn] ldnfk, ;xof]u / Pstfsf]
efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .

60 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lj|mofsnfk

!= tnsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog u/L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

zflGt lbj; / ljZj zflGt

gful/s ;dfrf/bftf

sf7df8f,}F @)&* cflZjg % ut]

cfh ;]K6D] a/ @!, #% cfF} cGt/f{li6«o zflGt lbj; . ;g\ !(*! Dff ;+o'St /fi6«;3+ sf]
dxf;efn] cfx\jfg u/]cg'¿k ;g\ !(*@ bl] v of] lbj; dgfpg ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . o; jif{sf]
cGt/f{li6«o zflGt lbj;sf] gf/f lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo M zflGtsf d"ne"t cfwf/ eGg] 5 .
;;+ f/sf ;a} b]z / hgtfdf zflGtsf] sfdgf;lxt of] lbj; k|f/De ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf
of] lbj; lj=;+=@)^% ;fnb]lv dgfpg ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;sf] d"n
cfwf/ zflGt xf] . ljsf;sf] dn" cfwf/ dfq geP/ zflGt dfgj hfltsf] cd"No clwsf/
klg xf] . o'4 lx+;f xn' bª\uf / ;a} ks| f/sf czflGtaf6 :jtGq / d'St /xg kfpg' zflGtsf]
clwsf/ xf] . bf];f| ] ljZj o4' kZrft\ ;g\ !($% df hf/L ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\ sf] a8fkqsf] k|dv'
p2Z] o o'4 /f]sL zflGt :yfkgf ug'{ xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* sf]
k:| tfjgfdf g} zflGtnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . cfh ljZjdf zflGtsf nflu hlt wg/fzL vr{
ul/bF } 5 To;eGbf sofF} u0' ff a9L ;z:qsf] xf8] afhL, cf0fljs c:q k/LIf0f / o'4df vr{
eO/xs] f] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgfdf ePsf k|of;x¿df r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 .

zflGt eg]sf] JolStdf x'g] ;+:s[lt xf] . zflGt vfH] g cGt sTf} hfgk' bg}{ . zflGt dfgjsf]
dg dl:tisdf x'g'k5{ . To;}n] x/]s dfgjn] dg dl:tisaf6 lx;+ f x6fO{ zflGtnfO{ :yfg
lbg ;s]df ;dfhdf zflGt :yfkgf xG' 5 . ;dfhdf zflGt :yfkgf x'g ;s] dfq cGt/fl{ i6o«
zflGt lbj;sf] ;fys{ tf xG' 5 .

k|Zg

-s_ cGt/f{li6o« zflGt lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 <

-v_ g]kfndf slxnb] l] v cGt/f{li6o« zflGt lbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] <

-u_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3fi] f0ffkqn] zflGtsf] s'g sg' kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 <

-3_ tkfOFs{ f] ljrf/df zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu s] s] ugk'{ nf{ <

-ª_ tkfO{Fn] cfˆgf] hLjgdf zflGt sfod ugs{ f nflu s] s] pkfo cjnDag ug]{ ug{'ePsf]
5<

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 61

@= cfkmg\ f ;d'bfodf zflGt ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu s:tf lqmofsnfk ug]{ ul/Psf 5g\ <
vfh] L u/L nV] gx' f];\ M

#= zflGt ;:+ s[lt lgdf0{ fdf JolSt, ;db' fo / /fi6«sf] el" dsf 5nkmn u/L n]Vgx' f];\ M

JolSt ;d'bfo /fi6«

!= != !=

@= @= @=

#= #= #=

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ zflGt ;:+ s[lt eg]sf] s] xf] < of] lsg cfjZos 5 <
-v_ zflGt ;:+ sl[ t ljsf;sf cfwf/ nv] L ltgsf] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ugx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ zflGt ;+:sl[ t ljsf;sf pkfosf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .

62 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
( xfdf| /fli6«o ljel" t

/fi6s« f] uf}/j a9fpgsf nflu cfcfˆgf] If]qaf6 ljlzi6 of]ubfg k¥' ofpg] JolSt /fli6o« ljel" t
xg' \ . /fHon] To:tf JolStx¿nfO{ /fli6«o ljel" tsf] ;Ddfg kb| fg u/]sf] xG' 5 . pgLx¿n] b]z
/ hgtfsf nflu pNnv] gLo tyf k|z;+ gLo sfd u/]/ ljz]if ofu] bfg k'¥ofPsf xG' 5g\ . b]zsf]
;fdflhs, cflys{ , /fhgLlts / Goflosnufot cGo If]qdf ;'wf/ u/L hgtf / /fi6sf] ax[ Q/
lxtsf nflu xfdf| /fli6o« ljel" tsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg /x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L c?n] eGbf ky[ s\
sfd u//] ;fdflhs ;be\ fj / Pstf sfod u/L b]znfO{ lrgfpg] sfd u/s] f 5g\ .

hgs

/fhf hgs kf| rLg ldlynfsf /fhf lyP . pgnfO{ lz/Wjh klg
elgG5 . pgL axd\ 1fgL /fhf lyP . pgL bx] -z/L/_ nfO{ eGbf
cfTdfnfO{ dxŒj lbGy] . pgL j]b, pklgifb\ / k/' f0fsf ljlzi6 1ftf
lyP . pgsf] b/af/df ljåfg\ / ljbi' fLx¿sf] lardf ;ef xg' ] uYof]{ .
Clifx¿;uF zf:qsf] af/]df rrf{ x'GYof] . pgn] gk] fnnfO{ j}lbs
cEof; sG] bs| f] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L g]kfnsf] gfd rDsfpg ;kmn
ePsf lyP .

/fhf hgsn] ;a} ldn/] a;f}F, ;a} ldn]/ af8F Lr'8F L vfcf,F} ;a} ldn]/
Ps eO{ sfd u/f,F} ;a} ldn/] ;;+ f/df zflGt sfod u/f,F} zflGt sfod ug{ s'g} n8fO,F emu8f
ug{ gk/f];\ egL dfgj sNof0fsf nflu pkbz] lbPsf lyP .

;Ltf

cfbz{ gf/Lsf] gfdn] kl/lrt ;Ltf /fhf hgssL k'qL lyOg\ .
;Ltfsf] dofb{ f k?' if /fdrGb;| Fu ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . ;Ltfsf] cfbz{,
;Rrl/q / ;dk{0fs} sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] uf/} j a9]sf] 5 . ;Ltfn] gf/L
hfltsf] :jfledfgnfO{ pRr kfg]{ sfd u/]sL 5g\ . oxL sf/0fn]
xfdL pgnfO{ /fli6o lje"ltsf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg u5f{F} .

uf}td a'4

uft} d a4' -l;4fy{ uft} d_ sf] hGd jz} fv z'Sn k"l0fd{ fsf] lbg
gk] fnsf] n'lDagLdf ePsf] lyof] . pgL a'4 wds{ f ;:+ yfks x'g\ . pgn] rf]/L gu/, em6' f] gafn] ,

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 63

xftxltof/n] 3ftkl| t3ft gu/, g;fn' kbfy{af6 6f9f a;, Jolerf/
gu/ eGg] h:tf k~rzLnsf pkbz] lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] ljZjnfO{
;To Gofo / zflGtsf] dfud{ f lxF8\g clekl]| /t u/s] f 5g\ . pgn]
czflGt x'g] sf/0f / To;af6 5'6sf/f kfpg] pkfo ;DaGwdf
pkbz] lbPsf 5g\ . To;}n] pgnfO{ zflGtsf cu|bt" , Light of Asia
h:tf pkgfdn] klg lrlgG5 . pgsf] oxL ofu] bfgn] ubf{ gk] fnsf]
gfd ljZjdf g} rlr{t ePsf] 5 . xfdL pgnfO{ /fli6o« ljel" tsf
¿kdf ;Ddfg u5{fF} .

cz+ 'jdf{

c+zj' df{ lnR5lj sfnLg zf;s lyP . ltAat / ef/t;Fu ;Gtn' gk0" f{
;DaGw sfod, hgtfx¿nfO{ ;/n / ;'ne ¿kdf Gofo kb| fg ug]{
h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ sfdaf6 klg lognfO{ sz' n zf;s dflgPsf] xf] .
pgL ;flxTo, snf / jf:t'snfsf k|]dL lyP . pgn] l5d]sLx¿;uF
;Gt'lnt k//fi6 ;DaGw :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . zAb ljBf gfds
k:' ts klg pgn] n]v]sf lyP . ;fy} afnssf] ;fngfn sf6\g]
rng klg pgs} kfndf rn]sf] xf] . pgn] agfPsf] sn} fzs6' ejg
pTs[i6 sflnu9Lsf] gd'gf lyof] eGg] lsj+ bGtL /xs] f] 5 logsf]
s'zn zf;g Joj:yf / logn] u/]sf ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfdsf] sf/0fn] pgsf] zf;gsfnnfO{
lnR5ljsfnLg :j0f{ ou' elgPsf] xf] .

c/lgsf]

anafx'sf] gfdn] kl/lrt c/lgsf] kf6gdf hlGdPsf k|l;4 snfsf/
lyP . pgL !& jif{sf] pd/] d} d"lt{snf, lrqsnf / jf:t'snfsf
ljz]if1 eO;s]sf lyP . /fhf ceo dNnsf] zf;gsfndf lrlgofF
;d|f6\ sA' nf vfsF f] lgdGq0ffdf pgL c;L hgf snfsf/sf] 6f]lnsf]
g]t[Tj ub}{ ltAat uPsf lyP . pgn] g]kfnL snfnfO{ ljZj;fd'
kl/lrt u/fP . pgdf tfdf, lkQn, h:tf cflb wft'af6 ldl>t
wft' agfpg] / dl" t{ 9nfg ug]{ pRrsf6] Lsf] 1fg lyof] . lrgsf]
/fhwfgL a]Olhªdf /xs] f] Zj]t Kofuf8] f -kfOtf:t_] log}n] agfPsf
xg' \ . lognfO{ lrg ;/sf/n] ldªx\ f]O{ -tLj| kl| tef_ sf] pkflw k|bfg u/s] f] lyof] . ljbz] df ;dt]
g]kfnL snfsf] k|rf/k;| f/ u/L g]kfnsf] uf}/j a9fPsfn] lognfO{ /fli6«o lje"lt elgG5 .

64 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

/fd zfx

/fd zfx Gofosf kl| td"lt{ tyf dWosfnLg uf]/vfsf /fhf lyP .
pgn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, Goflos, kz| f;lgs / wflds{ ;'wf/ u/s] f
lyP . pgn] u/]sf] ;w' f/n] ubf{ g} Tolt an] f Gofo gkfP uf/] vf
hfg' eGg] rng rn]sf] lyof] . pgn] cfˆgf] /fHodf 9s, t/fh,'
dfgf, kfyL / k;} fsf] rng rnfP . lhG;Ldf @% k|ltzt / gubdf
!) kl| tzteGbf a9L Aofh lng gkfpg] Joj:yf u/] . sn' f,] l;FrfO
tyf ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo;DaGwL w/] } lgod agfO{ nfu' u/s] f lyP .
pgn] u/s] f oL ;'wf/sf sfdx¿ cfh;Dd klg ;Demg ofU] o 5g\ .

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx cfw'lgs g]kfnsf kl/sNkgfsf/ tyf /fi6«lgdf{tf
xg' \ . pgsf] /fHof/fx] 0f tfsf gk] fn afO;L, rfl} a;L, ;]g / dNn
/fHox¿df ljeflht lyof] . pgn] jt{dfg gk] fnsf] nueu cfwf
efu PsLs/0f u/] . kl5 Tof] cleofg a9b\ } uP/ g]kfnsf] l;dfgf
kj" d{ f l6:6f gbL / klZrddf ;tnh gbL;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] .
pgn] /fli6«otfsf] ;'/Iff, jb} l] zs lglt, cflys{ , ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf
nflu lbJofk] bz] lbPsf lyP . pgsf] /fi6k« l| tsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ x]bf{
;kmn of]hgfsf/, dxfg\ /fhlglt1, Gofok]d| L / b/" bzL{ /fhfsf]
¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

eLd;]g yfkf

eLd;]g yfkf g]kfnsf k|yd kw| fgdGqL -dl' Vtof/_ xg' \ . pgn]
cfˆgf] ;dodf y'k|} ;fdflhs, cfly{s, kz| f;lgs / ;l} gs ;'wf/sf
sfd u/s] f lyP . pgn] g]kfn Plss/0fsf] afsF L sfdnfO{ k/" f u/L
g]kfnsf] l;dfgf a9fpg] sfd ;dt] u/]sf lyP . pgn] cfˆgf
;l} gsnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg k|mfG;af6 ;}lgs ljz]if1
lemsfPsf lyP . pgn] /fxbfgL ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf, sdf/f sdf/L
/fVg gkfpg,] x'nfssf] Joj:yf, ljjfx ky| fdf ;w' f/ nufot y'k}|
sfd u/]sf lyP .

cd/l;+x yfkf

cd/l;x+ yfkf /fi6«eSt, k/fj|mdL, o'4 rft/' / OdfGbf/ JolSt lyP . pgsf] ;fx;Lkgsf]
sb/ ub{} pgnfO{ gk] fn cª\u|h] o4' df klZrd g]kfnsf] ;/' Iffsf] lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pgn]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 65

g]kfnsf] l;dfgf sd' fpF u9jfn xb'F } klZrddf sfFu8f;Dd k¥' ofPsf
lyP . bz] lht/] dfq xbF' }g ltgsf] /fd|f] aGbfa] :t ul/g'k5{ eGg]
s'/fdf pgL ;rt] lyP . cª\u|h] x¿n] cgs] f}F k|nfe] g bv] fpbF f klg
æd af3sf] 8d? x'F l;gf] vfg] s's'/ g7fgÆegL hjfkm ksf{Psf
lyP . g]kfnsf] :jfledfg /Iffsf lglDt pgL clGtd If0f;Dd klg
ljm| ofzLn /x] . To;n} ] xfdL pgnfO{ /fli6o lje"ltsf] ¿kdf ;w}F
;lDem/xG5f}F .

aneb| sF'j/

jL/ aneb| s'Fj/n] gfnfkfgLsf] n8fOdF f g]tT[ j ub{} jL/tfkj" s{
cªu\ |h] lj?4 n8/] g]kfnsf] zfg pRr kf/s] f lyP . n8fOdF f
cª\u|]hx¿n] nfe] , nfnr, 8/, qf; ;a} s/' f b]vfpbF f klg pgn] xf/
gdfgLsg cªu\ h|] sf kmf}h;Fu n8]sf lyP . gfnfkfgLsf] n8fOdF f
cªu\ h]| ;g] fklt hg/n lhn:] kL tyf cGo w]/} l;kfxL g]kfnLsf]
xftaf6 dfl/P . cªu\ h|] x¿n] pgsf] lj/tfsf] sb/ ub{} æxfdf| jL/
zq' aneb| / pgsf jL/ uf/] vfnLsf] :d[ltdf ;Ddfgf]kxf/Æ n]v]/
lznfn]v :yfkgf u/s] f lyP .

efge' St cfrfo{

efg'eSt cfrfos{ f] hGd lj=;+ !*&! df tgxsF' f] r'bF L /D3fdf ePsf]
xf] . cflbslj efg'eSt cfrfon{ ] ;+:s[tsf] jfNdLls /fdfo0fnfO{
gk] fnL efiffdf cgj' fb u/] . gk] fnL efiffsf] dfWodaf6 ;a}
g]kfnLnfO{ Pstfsf] ;q" df afFWg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] jwl" zIff,
kZ| gf]Q/L, eStdfnfnufot y'k}| s[lt nv] s] f 5g\ . o;/L gk] fnL
efiff / ;flxTosf] Ifq] df ctn' gLo of]ubfgsf] sb/:j¿k /fi6n« ]
pgnfO{ cflbsljsf] pkflw k|bfg u/s] f] xf] .

df]lt/fd e66\

dfl] t/fd e6\6sf] hGd lj=;=+ !(@# df sf7df8fF}sf] efl] ;sf] 6fn] df
ePsf] lyof] . dfl] t/fd e6\6n] efg'eStn] n]vs] f /fdfo0f, sljtf
5flklbP/ efg'eStnfO{ g]kfnL Dffem lrgfpg] sfd u/s] f lyP .
pgnfO{ oj' fsljsf] pkgfdn] klg lrlgG5 . pgL g]kfnL ;flxTo
hutdf klxnf] hLjgL nv] s, ;dfnf]rs, cGji] fs, kqsf/ tyf
k':tsfno ;+:yfks lyP . pgn] zsG' tnf, rf0fSo gLlt, efg'eStsf]

66 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

hLjg rl/q, piff rl/qnufot @% cf6] f sl[ tx¿ n]vg / ;Dkfbg u/s] f 5g\ . o;/L y'k}|
sl[ tx¿sf] /rgf u/L gk] fnL efiff ;flxTodf gofF cfofd yKg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgnfO{
/fli6o ljel" tsf] ¿kdf ;wF} ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ .

lqe'jg

tTsfnLg /fhf lqej' gsf] !)$ a;{] hxflgofF /f0ffzf;gaf6 g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ d'lSt lbnfpgdf 7n' f] xft /x]sf] 5 . pgn] /f0fflj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngdf gk] fnL hgtfnfO{ ;fy lbgsf nflu cfˆgf] /fhu2Lsf]
;d]t kjfx{ gu/L ef/tdf uP/ a;] . /f0ff, gk] fnL sfFu;]| / /fhfsf]
lardf ePsf] lbNnL ;Demf}tf ;DkGg u/fpgdf klg /fhf lqe'jgsf]
ljz]if e"ldsf /xs] f] 5 . pgn] lj=;=+ @))& ;fnsf] kh| ftflGqs
cfGbfn] gnfO{ ;kmn kfg{sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf lgjf{x u/s] f
lyP . o;/L gk] fndf kh| ftGq :yfkgfsf nflu pgsf] ofu] bfg ;wF}el/ /lx/xg] 5 . pgL g]kfnsf
/fli6o« lje"lt x'g\ .

zªv\ w/ ;fVjf

zªv\ w/ ;fVjf Ps ;dfh;j] L Jofkf/L lyP . pgn] sflGtk'/ /
efbufpsF f ul/a hgtfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;DklQaf6 C0f d'St ul/lbPsf
lyP . pgn] gk] fn ;+jts\ f] ;'?jft u/]sf x'g\ . pgnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)%^ dªl\ ;/ @ ut] /fli6o« lje"ltsf] ¿kdf 3fi] f0ff
u/]sf] xf] .

kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{

kf;fª\ Nxfd' zk] f{ ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL dlxnf xg' \ .
;u/dfyf cf/f]x0faf6 kms{g] j|mddf lxpF klx/f]df k/L pgsf] dT[ o'
ePsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ g]kfnL ;fx;L dlxnfsf] k|ltssf] ¿kdf klg
lnOG5 . lj=;=+ @)%( ;fn ajzfv !) ut] pgnfO{ kGw|f}F /fli6o«
lje"lt 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] xf] . pgnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'k|bLKt dfGoj/
g]kfn tf/f cnª\sf/n] ljel" ift u¥of] .

kmfNug' Gb lnªb\ g]

kmfNu'gGb lnªb\ g] ls/ft wd{sf wfld{s u'? tyf ;dfh ;'wf/s lyP . pgn] ;dfh ;'wf/sf nflu
lj=;=+ !(** df !) a'bF ] ;To wd{ d'rN' sfsf] :yfkgf u/s] f 5g\ . o; gLltnfO{ clxn] ljZj
;db' fon] cg';/0f ug{ yfns] f 5g\ . pgL clx;+ f / wflds{ efjgfsf kh' f/L lyP . pgn] ls/ftL

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 67

wd{ ;:+ sl[ tsf] /Iffsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg lbPsf 5g\ . l/;,
/fu å]if / cxª\sf/af6 6f9f /xg,' /S;L, r/' f6] , df;' h'jftf;af6
6f9f /xg,' em6' f] gaf]Ng', xToflx+;f gug',{ dftflktf / u'?sf] elSt
/ ;j] fdf nfUg,' gf/Lsf] ;Ddfg ug'{ / ljjfxdf cfkmg\ f] uR5c] g;' f/
vr{ ug{' cflb pgn] lbPsf pkbz] x'g\ . pgnfO{ lj=;+= @)^^
dªl\ ;/ !^ ut] !^ cf}F /fli6o« lje"lt 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .

elSt yfkf

elSt yfkfn] gk] fn cªu\ |h] o'4df b]pyn lsNnfsf] gt] T[ j u/s] f
lyP . &) jif{sf] j4[ pd]/df klg pgn] lj/tfsf ;fy n8/] cfˆgf]
axfb'/L bv] fPsf lyP . pgsf] lj/tfsf] sb/ :j?k g]kfn ;/
sf/n] pgnfO{ @)&* c;f/ !$ ut] !& cfF} /fli6«o ljel" t 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;dx" df xfdf| /fli6o« lje"ltx¿sf] lrq tyf kmf6] f] ;ª\sng
ug'x{ f];\ . tL lrqx¿nfO{ rf6{ k]k/df 6fF;L pgLx¿sf dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg ;d]t n]Vg'xf;] \
/ sIffsf]7fdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

@= xfdf| /fli6o« ljel" tsf] gfddf ag]sf ;8s dfu{, ejg / ;+:yfx¿ vfh] L u/L ltgsf] ;r" L
tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

#= /fli6«o ljel" tsf] cWoogaf6 tkfO{Fn] s] s] k]/| 0ff kfpg'eof] < pNn]v ug'x{ f];\ .
$= /fli6o« lje"lt;uF ;DalGwt /fli6«o lbj; dgfpgsf nflu sfoj{ |mdsf] ;fdfGo ¿k/]vf

agfpgx' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ s:tf JolStnfO{ /fli6o« ljel" t elgG5 <
-v_ xfdf| /fli6«o lje"ltnfO{ lsg /fli6«o lje"ltdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xfn] f < sf/0f n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ tkfOs{F f] ljrf/df /fli6o« lje"ltsf] ;Ddfgsf nflu s] s] ugk{' nf{ < l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ tkfO{F /fli6«o lje"ltdf s;sf] gfd yKbf pko'St x'g] b]Vg'xG' 5 < pkoS' t sf/0f;lxt

nV] g'xf;] \ .
-ª_ xfdf| /fli6o« ljel" tsf] ofu] bfgaf6 tkfOnF{ ] s] s] k/]| 0ff kf| Kt uge{' of] < ;r" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

68 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
!) /fli6o« JolStTj

>L hgtf df=lj=df gf} sIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfsn] k'iknfn kfs{ sLltk{ '/ /
aL=kL sfO] /fnf Do'lhod ;G' b/Lhndf cWoog e|d0fsf nflu nh} fg'ePsf] lyof] . ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{
cWoog ed| 0faf6 kmls{;s]kl5 b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L Ps ;dx" nfO{ ki' knfn >i] 7sf] af/d] f /
csf{] ;d"xnfO{ aL=kL sf]O/fnfsf] af/]df l6kf]6 ug{ nufpge' of] . pgLx¿n] l6kf6] u/]sf s'/fx¿
sIffdf k:| tt' ;dt] u/s] f lyP . ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;dx" ut k:| t'lt lgDgcg;' f/ /x]sf] 5 M

;d"x s

xfd|f] ;dx" n] k'iknfn kfs{ 3'd/] kmls;{ s]kl5 kfs{ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ ;f]wvfh]
u¥ofF} . To:t} lzIfsx¿;Fusf] ;f]wvfh] / ljleGg ;f| ]t ;fdu|Lsf] cWoogaf6 klg w/] } s/' f ktf
nufPsf lyofF} . xfdLn] kQf nufPsf s/' f o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

lktf eStnfn / dftf tn' ;Lsd' f/Laf6 k'iknfnsf] hGd
lj=;=+ !(*! c;f/ !% ut] /fd5] fk lhNnfsf] euF /] L ufpFdf
ePsf] lyof] . pgL cd/ ;lxb uªu\ fnfnsf dfOnf efO
lyP . pgsf aa' f ;/sf/L sdr{ f/L ePsfn] hflu/sf] j|mddf
bz] sf ljleGg efudf ;?jf xbF' f k'iknfnn] klg bz] sf]
s'gfsfKrf;Dd 3'Dg] cj;/ kfPsf lyP . xg' ] la?jfsf]
lrNnf] kft eg]emF} pgL ;fg}b]lv rnfv / k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{
lyP . pgn] kf6g df=lj=af6 k|yd >]0fLdf k|j]lzsf k/LIff
pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP . gk] fn sDol' g:6 kf6Ls{ f ;:+ yfkssf
¿kdf lrlgg] k'iknfn /fhgLltsf] Ifq] df afNosfnbl] v
g} plePsf lyP . pgsf] slnnf] dl:tisdf hgjm| flGtsf]
af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfd pgs} bfh' uªu\ fnfnaf6 ePsf] lyof] . uªu\ fnfnn] kmf;F Lsf]
;hfo kfpge' Gbf cl3 k'iknfn;Fu eg]sf lyP, ædfOnf dn} ] k|hftGqsf lgldQ afn]sf] lbofn] fO{
tn}F ] kH| Hjlnt kfg{] 5;\ / bz] sf] sg' fsfKrf;Dd k'¥ofpg] 5;\ .Æ bfOsf] of] clGtd jfSon] klg
pgnfO{ j|mflGtkl| t k]/| 0ff kb| fg u/s] f] k:| 6¿kdf bl] vG5 .

b]zsf] sg' fsfKrf;Dd 3'Dg] jm| ddf hgtfsf] bogLo cj:yfn] pgsf] dg 5fP] sf] lyof] . pgsf]
dgdf gk] fn Pp6f h]n / ToxfF a:g] g]kfnLx¿ sb} L /x]5g\ eGg] cfef; ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
o:tf] cj:yfsf] sf/s tŒj hxflgof /f0ffzf;g /x]5 eGg] s'/f pgL 7n' f] xb'F } hfFbf a‰' b} uPsf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 69

lyP . cfˆgf] bfh'sf] kmf;F Lkl5 ki' knfnn] /f0ff zf;gsf] zf]if0f bdgsf] cGTo gx'Fbf;Dd cfˆgf]
hLjg b]z / hgtfsf] lglDt ;dlk{t ug]{ b[9 ;ª\sNk lnPsf lyP .

lj=;=+ !((* ;fndf k'iknfn >i] 7n] k]d| axfb'/ s;+ fsf/, zDe/' fd >]i7, ;"o{ axfb'/ ef/åfh
/ /fhf/fd;uF ldn]/ gk] fnL kh| ftflGqs ;ª3\ sf] u7g u/] . pSt ;ª3\ n] /f0ff zf;gsf] lj/f]w
ug,]{ ljBfnox¿ Vffn] L ljleGg vfnsf l;kd"ns tflnd lbg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . pgn] ef/tdf
a;/] klg g]kfn kh| f kl/ifbs\ f gt] fx¿l;t uf]Ko ¿kdf ;Dks{ u/L /f0ff lj/fw] L ljm| ofsnfk
cl3 a9fPsf lyP . lj=;+=@))^ ;fndf ki' knfnn] g]kfn sDol' g:6 kf6Ls{ f] :yfkgf u/] . pgn]
gk] fndf ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] Jofks kr| f/k|;f/ ugs{ f nflu sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ff kq
g]kfnLdf cgj' fb ug{] sfd klg u/]sf lyP . pgL lj=;+= @)!% ;fnsf] cfd rg' fjdf kf6L{
lj:tf/sf nflu bz] sf] ljleGg 7fpdF f ku' ]sf lyP . lj=;+= @)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] /fhfaf6
rflnPsf] sbd kl5 e"ldut / lgjfl{ ;t hLjg latfpg afWo eP . To;kl5 klg pgL rf/l} t/
km}lnPsf sDo'lg:6x¿nfO{ en] f u/fO{ t];|f] clwj]zg ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP . g]kfnL sfª\u;]|
/ sDo'lg:6x¿sf] ;+oS' t ;ª\3if{af6 lg/ª\s'z k~rfotL zf;g ;dfKt x'g ;S5 eGg] pgsf]
ljrf/ lyof] . hg' s'/f kl5 ;To ;fljt eof] . o;/L /f0ff zf;g / k~rfotL zf;gsf] cGTosf
nflu lg/Gt/ cfGbf]ng / j|mflGt ubf{ ub}{ lj=;=+ @)#% ;fn ;fpg & ut] ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf
pkrf/sf] jm| ddf pgsf] lgwg eof] .

;d"x v

xfd|f] ;dx" n] aL=kL= sfO] /fnf Dol' hod 3'd/] kmls;{ sk] l5 Do'lhod ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿,
lzIfs;Fusf] ;f]wvf]h / ljleGg ;|ft] ;fdu|Lsf] cWoogaf6 kQf nfu]sf s/' fx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/
l6kf6] u/]sf] 5 M

afa' si[ 0fk|;fb sfO] /fnf / cfdf lbJof sfO] /fnfaf6
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] hGd lj=;+= !(&! ebf} @$ ut]
agf/;df ePsf] lyof] . aL=kL sf]O/fnf afNosfnb]lv g}
cgz' fl;t, Odfgbf/, lgM:jfy{ / ;/n :jefjsf lyP . agf/;
lxGb' ljZj ljBfnoaf6 /fhlgltzf:q tyf cy{zf:q ljifodf
/ snsQf ljZj ljBfnoaf6 sfg'gdf :gftsf]Q/;Ddsf]
lzIff k/" f u/]sf lyP . pgnfO{ /fhgLlt1, bz{gzf:qL /
;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] /fhlglts
hLjg ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ªu\ f| daf6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] . bf;] f| ]
ljZj o4' sf a]nfdf pgnfO{ a]nfotL ;/sf/n] ha/h:tL
;}lgsdf etL{ u¥of] . o;jm| ddf tLg dlxgf sf/fuf/df ;d]t a:g'k/s] f] lyof] . O=;=+ !($& df
g]kfnL /fli6«o sfª\u];| sf] :yfkgf ug{] sfd aL=kL af6 ePsf] lyof] hg' kl5 uP/ gk] fnL sfª\u]|;

70 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

aGof] . pgn] /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTosf nflu z;:q ;ª3\ if{ ;'? u/s] f lyP . /f0ff zf;gsf] lj/fw] sf
nflu agf/;df aL=kL=sf]O/fnf ;o+ f]hs ag/] Ps tby{ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf klg
lj/f6gu/ dhb'/ cfGbfn] gsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] cleof]udf Ps jif{ hn] df a:g'k¥of] . pgL lj=;=+
@))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] g]kfndf kh| ftGq k|flKtkl5 ags] f] cGtl/d ;/sf/df u[xdGqL ePsf
lyP . lj=;+= @)!% ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5sf] ax'dtsf] ;/sf/df lj=;=+ @)!^ h]7 !# ut]
g]kfnsf] klxnf] hglgjf{lrt kw| fgdGqL ePsf lyP t/ 5f]6f] ;dod} lj=;=+ @)!& ;fn k'if
! ut] tTsfnLg /fhf dxG] ba| f6 /fhgLlts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufO{ aL=kL=sfO] /fnfnufot
dGqLx¿nfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvof] . o;/L bnlalxg k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' ePkl5 klg k~rfot
;/sf/n] pgnfO{ cf7 jif{ sf/fuf/df /fVof] . of] ;'Gb/Lhndf /x]sf] aL=kL=sf]O/fnf Do'lhod
Tolt a]nf /fhaGbL ux[ sf] ¿kdf ko| fu] xG' Yof] . kl5 aL=kL=sfO] /fnfnufotsf g]tfx¿nfO{ oxfF
sb} u//] Pl] txfl;s :yn ePsfn] of] 7fpF aL=kL=sf]O/fnf Do'lhoddf kl/0ft ePsf] xf] . cf7 jif{
sb} kl5 pgL k'gM ef/t uP/ a;s] f lyP . lj=;+=@)## ;fndf /fhf / kh| fsf] lardf dn] ldnfk
u/fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ef/taf6 gk] fn kmss{] f lyP t/ tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ bz] bf| ]xLsf]
cleofu] df sb} u¥of] . cGt/fl{ i6o« bafasf sf/0f lj=;=+ @)#% ;fndf pgL dfly nufOPsf
;Dk0" f{ cleof]u lkmtf{ lng ;/sf/ afWo eof] . lj=;=+ @)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf an] f
pgnfO{ cfˆg} lgjf;df gh/aGb u//] /flvof] .

aL=kL=sfO] /fnfnfO{ ;flxTosf] Ifq] df slj, lgaGwsf/, syfsf/, pkGof;sf/, dgfl] jZn]ifs /
bfzl{ gssf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . pgL of}g dgf]lj1fgsf] Ifq] df ;flxTo l;h{gf u/L gk] fnL ;flxTodf
ljlzi6 klxrfg :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn JolStTj x'g\ . pgsf ;'lDgdf, bf;] L r:df, tLg 3'DtL, g/]Gb|
bfO, afa', cfdf / 5f]/f, dfl] bcfOg, Zjt] e/} jLnufot y'k}| s[lt 5g\ . ;dfhdf jm| flGtsf/L sbd,
/hf}6f k|yfsf] pGdn" g, ljtf{ ky| fsf] pGdn" g / sl[ ifdf cfwl' gsLs/0f ug{df pgsf] 7'nf] ofu] bfg
/xs] f] 5 . pgsf] ;dfhjfbL cfbzn{ fO{ jt{dfg /fhgLltdf d"n ;q" sf] ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 .
PstGqLo /f0ff zf;g / lg/ªs\ z' k~rfotL zf;gsf] cGTosf nflu cfGbfn] gd} cfˆgf] hLjg
latfP / k6s k6s hn] gn] ;dt] vfgk' ¥of] . cfˆgf] Hofgsf] ;d]t kjf{x gu/L cfˆgf ;Dk0" f{
hLjg hgtfsf] nflu ;dlkt{ u/]sf lyP . SofG;/ /fu] af6 kLl8t ePsf sf/0fn] lj=;=+ @)#(
;fn ;fpg ^ ut] sf7df8f}dF f pgsf] dT[ o' eof] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 71

lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfOsF{ f] ;db' fodf nf]stGqsf nflu of]ubfg k/' o\ fpg] JolStTjx¿sf] vfh] L ug{x' f];\ /

pgLx¿sf] af/]df l6kf]6 u/L sIffsf]7fdf k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .
@= k'iknfn >]i7 / aL=kL=sfO] /fnf jf cGo s'g} /fli6o« JolStTjsf] af/]df cGo ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf]

cWoog u/]/ cyjf hfgsf/ JolSt;uF ;fw] vfh] u/L yk hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L a'n]l6g
af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ s:tf JolStnfO{ /fli6«o JolStTj elgG5 <
-v_ k'iknfn >i] 7n] k|hftGq k|flKtsf nflu k/' o\ fPsf of]ubfg pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ k'iknfnn] lsg bz] / hgtfsf lglDt ;dlkt{ xg' ] b[9 ;ª\sNk lnPsf lyP < n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] /fhgLlts hLjgsf] ;'?jft s;/L ePsf] lyof] <
-ª_ aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf dV' o d'Vo of]ubfg pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .
-r_ ki' knfn >i] 7 / aL=kL=sfO] /fnfsf] hLjgLaf6 tkfOnF{ ] s] k/|] 0ff kfpge' of] < pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

72 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

PsfO

rf/ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

l;sfO pknlAw

• ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf c;/
/ ;dfwfgsf pkfo pNnv] ug{

• ;fdflhs ;'wf/df :yfgLo / /fli6o« ;ª3\ ;+:yfsf]
ofu] bfgsf] vfh] L ug{

• ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf :yfgLo cEof;sf] vfh] L /
k|jwg{ ug{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 73

kf7
! ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg

g]kfnL ;dfh wfld{s, ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtfoS' t ;dfh xf] . oxfF ljleGg /Lltl/hfh,
rfnrng / k/Dk/fut cEof;sf] cg';/0f ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . oL rfnrng / ;:+ s[ltn] xfd|f
c;n ;fdflhs ;f:+ s[lts kIfnfO{ phfu/ ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . sltko xfdf| rfnrng /
;:+ sl[ tdf ljsl[ t / ;d:of klg bl] vPsf 5g\ . ;fg} pd/] df 5f/] Lsf] ljjfx u/LlbP k0' o k|fKt
x'G5 eGg] ;f]r, af]S;L ky| f, ljleGg k|sf/sf x]kfO, emd' f / bp] sL k|yf, rf8kj{ / pT;jdf ul/g]
kmh'n vr{, ;fOa/ ck/fw cflb ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . r]tgfsf] cefj,
cGwljZjf;, nª} \lus ljeb] , ul/aL cflb ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf sf/s tŒj x'g\ . ;rt] gf clej[l4,
ljeb] sf] cGTo, ;zStLs/0f, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df j[l4dfkmt{ ljs[lt / ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug{
;lsG5 .

dflysf] ;Gbe{ k:| tt' ub}{ ;fdflhs lzIfsn] cfhsf] sfoj{ |md o;/L ;'? uge'{ of] M

cfhsf] sIffdf xfdLn] ;fdflhs cu'jf lx/0onfn lnDa' / ;l/gf a9' fnfO{ xk] fO / ;fOa/
ck/fw ;DaGwdf hfgsf/Ldn" s k|:tl' tsf nflu cfdGq0f u/s] f 5fF} . ;'?df lx/0onfn lnDan' fO{
k|:tl' tsf nflu cg'/fw] u5{' .

lx/0onfn lnDa' M

JolStnfO{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s b'v, x/} fgL, kL8f cflb lbg] u/L xflggf]S;fgL / rf6] k¥' ofpg]
sfo{ x]kfO xf] . xk] fO an k|ofu] u//] , zfi] f0f u/]/, ;tfP/, t;fP{ / b'Mv lbg] dg;fon] ul/g]
lj|mofsnfk xf] . o;n] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kdf xflggfS] ;fgL / rf6] k'‍¥ofpF5 . Tof] rf]6sf]
c;/ c? JolStnfO{ ;dt] kg{ ;S5 . x]kfO 3/, ljBfno, sIffsf7] f, zfr} fno, v]n db} fg, rdg] f
ux[ , ljBfnosf] ;jf/L ;fwg, a;sf] kt| LIffno, af6f3] f6f]nufotsf :yfgdf x'g] u5{ .

afnaflnsf x]kfOaf6 k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf a9L kLl8t ePsf xG' 5Gf\ . zf/Ll/s kL8f lbg,] d'Ssf
kx| f/ ug]{, nft xfGg], yKk8 lbg], wsN] g], 3f]Rg] cflb x]kfOsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . To:t} luHofpg,]
wDsL lbg], lrdf]6g\ ,] lk6\g], gfd sf9\g], JoªU\ o ug{] sfo{ klg x]kfOsf pbfx/0f xg' \ . To:t} unt
;"rgf k|jfx ug],{ s;s} f] af/d] f gePsf s/' f kmn} fOlbg] / hfgfhfg kl/lrt JolStnfO{ ;d]t
aj] f:tf ug]{ ljm| ofsnfk klg x]kfOcGtu{t g} k5g{ \ . JolStsf cufl8 p;s} f af/d] f ckdfg
ug]{, sfddf hfgL hfgL afwf l;hg{ f ul//xg,] sfd laufl/lbg], zf/Ll/s agf]6sf] af/]df ljleGg
zAbdfkmt{ \ lh:Sofpg] sfo{ klg x]kfO x'g\ . ljBfno, ;fjh{ lgs :yn, ;db' fo / kl/jf/df s]
s;/L x]kfO x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/L gePsfn] klg afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf/] Lx¿ o;af6 a9L

74 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kLl8t 5g\ . o:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf/] Ln] lxgtfaf]w u5g{ \ . pgLx¿sf]
dgf]an sdhf/] x'G5 . pgLx¿df zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s c;/ kg{ ;S5 . o;af6 pgLx¿
ljBfnodf hfg gdfGg,] 3/df egs] f] gdfGg,] Psf]xf]/f] xg' ,] k9\g dg gug,]{ c? JolSt bV] bf
8/fpg] h:tf c;/ b]vf k5g{ \ .

xk] fO lj?4 ljBfnon] klg cfkmg\ f] 7f;] ofh] gf / sfo{jm| dsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . o;af6
hf]lugsf nflu ljBfnodf sIffut lgodx¿ agfpg,] ph'/L tyf ;'emfjk]l6sf /fVg,] lgoldt
k/fd;{ ;j] f kb| fg ug{] ugk'{ 5{ . ljBfno / sIffdf c?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{,] ;dfg'e"'lt k|s6 ug{]
vfnsf ljm| ofsnfk ;n+ Ug u/fP/ x]kfOnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} c?sf] ljrf/nfO{ sb/
ug]{, km/s zf/Ll/s cj:yf / Ifdtf, wd{, ;Dklt, ljrf/, hftsf] cfwf/df xf]Rofpg] / xK] g]
ugx'{ Fb' }g . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / cj;/ k|bfg ug{] cflb ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng u/L xk] fOnfO{
lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsG5 .

;l/gf a'9f M d tkfOxF{ ¿nfO{ ;fOa/ ck/fw (Cyber Crime) s] xf] < o;n] ;dfh clg
afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ < o;af6 aRg rfNg'kg]{ sbd s] s] xg' \ eGg]af/]df atfpF5' .
JolStsf] OR5f / cgd' ltlagf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fduL| ljB'tLo dfWod / ;fdflhs ;~hfndfkmt{
b'¿kof]u ug{] sfo{ ;fOa/ ck/fw xf] . o:tf sfod{ f GfSsnL cfO8L (ID) lgdf0{ f / k|of]u u/L
c¿nfO{ b'v lbg,] kf;j8{sf] rf]/L ug,{] c?sf] a]OHht ug{] lj|mofsnfk k5g{ \ . ;fy} lagfcgd' lt
c?sf] l;h{gfnfO{ k|of]u / ljt/0f ug]{, lrq, kmf6] fn] fO{ b'¿kof]u ug]{ cflb sfo{ klg ;fOa/
ck/fwsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

OG6/g6] sf] k|ofu] dfkm{t\ ul/g] rl/q xTof, lx;+ f kmn} fpg] sfo,{ ofg} hGo lx;+ f, clZnn lel8of]
kf]:6, JolStsf] dfgxflg ug{] cflb sfo{ klg ;fOa/ ck/fw xf] . To:t} cfjz] k0" f{ cleJolSt
kf]:6 ug,{] rnlrq k|ltlnlk clwsf/ xgg ug]{, gSsnL km;] as' cfO8Ldfkmt{ \ k;} f dfUg] sfo{
klg ;fOa/ ck/fwsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;} u/L a}ª\lsª, cgnfOg, Pl6Pd / a]j;fO6 x\ofs
ug{] h:tf lj|mofsnfk ;fOa/ ck/fwsf pbfx/0f xg' \ . csf{sf] sDKo6' /, ljBt' Lo pks/0f tyf
g6] jsn{ ufotdf Iflt k¥' ofpg] sfon{ fO{ ;d]t ;fOa/ ck/fw dflgG5 .

gk] fndf ;fOa/ ck/fwsf] lgodgsf nflu ljBt' Lo sf/fa] f/ Pg] , @)^# ag]sf] 5 . ;f] P]gcg;' f/
sDKo'6/, OG6/g6] nufotsf ljBt' Lo ;~rf/ dfWodx¿df g}ltstf, lzi6frf/ lj?4sf ;fduL| ,
s;k} |lt 3[0ff, å]if kmn} fpg] ;fduL| ks| fzg jf kb| z{g u/] bfi] fLnfO{ sb} , hl/jfgf jf bj' } ;hfo
xg' ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

;fOa/ ck/fwn] JolSt / ;dfhdf dfq c;/ gu/L ;Dk0" f{ bz] / ljZjdf ;dt] c;/ kf5{ .
o;sf] c;/n] JolStdf g}/fZotf cfpg,] ar] }gL x'g], tgfj pTkGg x'g,] cfTdan sdhf/] xg' ],
cfTdxTofsf 36gf 36\g] cflb x'g ;S5g\ . To:t} ;dfhdf ck/fwsf 36gf a9g\ ,] cftªs\ ;h[ gf
x'g] cflb ultljlw o;sf gsf/fTds c;/ xg' \ . b]zsf] ufK] o ;"rgf rx' fj6 x'g,] b'O{ bz] larsf]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 75

;DaGw lau|g] cflb c;/ klg o;n] kfg{ ;S5 . oL c;/ ck/fwsf 36gfcg';f/ km/s km/s
x'g ;S5g\ .
;fOa/ ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ xfdL ;a} ;rt] /xgk' 5{ . ;fdflhs ;~hfn / OG6/g6] sf] ko| fu]
ubf{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg,] To;sf] b¿' kof]u xg' glbg] cflb lj|mofsnfk ugk{' 5{ . ;fOa/ ck/fw
u/a] fkt x'g] b08;hfosf] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{k' 5{ . s;}n] unt lgotn] /fv]sf ;fduL| nfO{
nfOs, ;]o/ / sdG] 6 ug{' xFb' g} . ;dfhdf lx;+ f, ljå]if, ck/fw kmn} fpg] ;fdu|L ;fdflhs
;~hfndf k|sfzg, k;| f/0f / kf:] 6 ugx{' Fb' }g . ;fyL / cleefjsnfO{ ;dt] o:tf s/' f hfgsf/L
lbg], ;Demfpg,] ;r]t u/fpg] cflb sfo{ ug{k' 5{ .
sIffdf bj' s} f] k:| tl' tnfO{ lnP/ ;fdflhs lzIfsn] wGojfb ;dt] lbg'eof] .

lj|mofsnfk
!= ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xs] f] x]kfO lj?4 r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg] Ps ;fj{hlgs

clknsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/L ljBfnosf] ;r" gf kf6Ldf 6f:F g'xf;] \ .
@= tkfOF{sf] ;d'bfosf sx] L JolStx¿;Fu ;f]wk5' u/L ljut / jt{dfgdf pgLx¿n] cge' j

u/s] f jf hfgsf/L kf| Kt u/]sf x]kfOsf] cj:yfsf] tn' gfTds ljj/0f k:| t't ugx'{ f];\ .
#= ;fOa/ ck/fw ;DaGwdf kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf ;dfrf/, nv] , ;DkfbsLo cflb ;ªs\ ng

u/L sIffdf a'nl] 6g af8] { tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ x]kfO eg]sf] s] xf] < s] s:tf cfwf/df xk] fO xg' ] u5{ <
-v_ xk] fOn] JolStdf kfg{] c;/ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-u_ ;fOa/ ck/fw egs] f] s] xf] < nV] gx' f;] \ .
-3_ ;fOa/ ck/fwcGtut{ kg]{ ljm| ofsnfk s] s] xg' \ < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ ;fOa/ ck/fwn] JolStdf s] s:tf c;/ kf5{ <
-r_ ;fOa/ ck/fw lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfo nV] gx' f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOF{sf] sIffsf ;fyLsf] ;fOa/ ck/fw;DaGwL s] s:tf wf/0ffx¿ /xs] f 5g\ < sIffsf
;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L pgLx¿sf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6b\ } Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ ug{x' f];\ .

76 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
@ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ljleGg ¿k
xG' 5g\ . oL :yfg, wd,{ hflt, ju{,
cf:yf / JolStsf cfwf/df km/s km/s
x'G5g\ . ;dfhdf ljBdfg clzIff,
a/] fh] uf/L ?l9jfbL ;+:sf/n] ubf{
;fdflhs ;d:of a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . oL
;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ljleGg ko| f;
/ cEof; xbF' } cfPsf 5g\ . ;dfhdf
ljBdfg sx] L ;d:of / ltgsf c;/ /
;dfwfg ;DaGwdf tn rrf{ ul/Psf]
5.

!= xTof

xTof klg Ps ;fdflhs ck/fw xf] . kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf x'g] em}emu8f / åGån] xTofsf] k|j[lQnfO{
a9fpg] u5{ . clwsfz+ xTofsf 36gf cfj]zdf cfP/ xG' f] u5g{ \ . To:t} nfu' kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gdf
k/s] f JolStn] klg o:tf 36gf 36fpg ;S5g\ . JolSt / ;dx" n] ljleGg k|nf]egdf k/]/ xTofsf]
of]hgf agfp5F . kl5 s] efU] g'k5{ eGg] g;f]rLsg cksNkgLo 36gf 36fp5F . x/]s ;d:ofn]
kl5;Dd dgf]j1} flgs, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;d:of pTkGg u/fpF5 .

xTofn] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofp5F . o;n] JolStdf dgfj] 1} flgs c;/
kf5{ . 8/ / qf; / cfTfªs\ sf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u5{ . jbnfsf] efjgf ;h[ gf u5{ . kl/jf/df
czflGt a9fpF5 . kl/jf/ l5Gg leGg x'G5 . kl/jf/sf] larNnL xG' 5 . ;DaGw lauf5{ . ;dfhdf
cfTfªs\ ;[hgf xG' 5 . ;fdflhs snx a9\5 .

xTofsf 36gfx¿nfO{ lg?T;fxg ugs{ f nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf pkfo cjnDag ug'k{ 5{ M

-s_ ljBfno, 3/ kl/jf/df zflGt ;+:sl[ tsf] cEof; ugk'{ 5{ .
-v_ emu8f jf åGånfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ug'k{ 5{ .
-u_ l/; jf cfju] nfO{ lgoGq0f ugk'{ 5{ .
-3_ xTofn] lgDTofpg] kl/0ffd / b08 ;hfo ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L kb| fg ug'{k5{ .
-ª_ ;xofu] , ;xsfo{, d]nldnfk / efOrf/fsf] jftfj/0f ;h[ gf ug'k{ 5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 77

-r_ dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u / dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;xhtf k¥' ofpg'k5{ .
-5_ ;fdb' flos lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf u/fpgk' 5{ .
-h_ dgsf s/' f vf]Ng dq} Lk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f ug{k' 5{ .
-em_ cfkm" s;/L ;/' lIft /xg] eGg] r]tgf hfut[ u/fpg'k5{ .
-`_ ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f+:sl[ ts / zl} Ifs If]qdf ;zStLs/0f ug{ h?/L

x'G5 .

@= cfTdxTof

cfTdxTof Ps ck|fs[lts d[To' xf] . o;df JolStn] cfkm\gf] Hofg cfkm}Fn] lng] u5{ . dgf]lj1fgn]
cfTdxTofnfO{ dfgl;s ;d:ofsf] pkh 7fG5 . cfTdxTof k|d] df wfs] f, kfl/jfl/s snx, sdhf/]
cflys{ cj:yf, dfgl;s /f]u, dfbskbfy{ ;]jgnufotsf sf/0fn] xg' ] u5{ . of] lg/fzfsf] ulx/f]
efjgfaf6 pbo xG' 5 . cfTdxTofsf 36gf a9\b} hfgd' f tgfjnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cfTdxTofsf]
sf/0f cfTdxTof ug]{ JolSt leq} /x]sf] dfgl;s ljrng xf] . dfgl;s ljrng Ifl0fs xG' 5 .
klxnf cfTdxTofsf] k|of; u/s] fn] kl5 klg ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;af6 ;fjwfg xg'
;sd] f cfTdxTofaf6 jRg ;lsG5 . 3/n] ' lx;+ f Gog" ug{ ;lsP cfTdxTof ug]{ b/ klg 36g\
;S5 .

cfTdxTofn] JolSt, kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;dfhdf c;/ kf5{ . JolStn] hLjg u'dfpg kU' 5 eg]
kl/jf/df g}/fZo x'G5 / ck"/0Lfo Iflt x'G5 . ;dfhdf eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'G5 .
kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ ;dfhn] x]g{] b[li6sf0] f km/s xG' 5 .

cfTdxTofsf 36gfdf sdL Nofpg ljBfno:t/b]lv g} dgf]lzIffsf] cWofkg u/fpgk' 5{ . o:tf
JolStnfO{ kl/jf/n] klg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . ;sf/fTds ;f]rfOsf] ljsf; ug]{,] cfkm\gf] 6f]n
5/l5ds] df hgr]tgf kmn} fpg], dfgl;s ;d:of 5 eg] To;sf] dgf]k/fdz{ tyf pkrf/ u/fpg
:jf:Yo s]Gb| nh} fgk' 5{ . k/LIffdf ljkmn ePsf] eP klg ;DemfOae' mfO ug'{k5{ . ;fdflhs ¿kn]
PSn} ga:g], ofu] Wofg k|f0ffofd ug],{ kl/jf/df k]|ddo kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug],{ tgfj
Joj:yfkgsf lj|mofsnfk ug{] u/fpg] sfo{ ug{k' 5{ .

#= Pl;8 cfj|md0f

s'g} klg JolStnfO{ s'¿k agfpg] jf cªu\ eªu\ ug]{ jf xTof ug{] p2]Zon] Pl;8 -cDn_ k|of]u
u/L ul/g] lx+;f Pl;8 cfj|md0f xf] . of] ;fdflhs ck/fw xf] . Pl;8 cfjm| d0f z/L/sf ljleGg
cª\ux¿df ug{] u/s] f 36gf kfOG5g\ . Pl;8 kx| f/sf 36gf gk] fndf klg ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf
b]vf k/]sf] 5 . oj' f ju{df of] ljsl[ t a9b\ } uPsf] 5 . sltko :yfgdf bfOhf,] kd]| / JolStut
l/l;aLsf] sf/0f o:tf 36gf 3l6/xs] f kfOG5g\ .

78 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

Pl;8 cfj|md0fn] kLl8tsf] 5fnfnfO{ 88fOlbg] u5{ . To:t} xf8 hf]gL{df ;d]t ulx/f] k|efj kf5{ .
Pl;8 cfj|md0faf6 x'g] bL3s{ fnLg c;/df cGwfk] g, z/L/ / 5fnfdf gdl] 6g] bfu a:g] h:tf
zf/Ll/s ;d:of b]lvG5Gf\ . ;dfhdf klg kLl8tnfO{ 30[ ffsf] gh/n] xg] ]{ ul/G5 .

. s'g} klg JolStnfO{ Pl;8 kx| f/ xbF' f lghsf] cgx' f/ / z/L/df dfq rf]6 gnfuL p;sf]
cfTd;Ddfg tyf cfTdljZjf;df klg rf]6 k'U5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k lghn] k6s k6s kL8f,
lt/:sf/ / xn] f ;x/] cfhLjg afFRg'kg]{ x'G5 . sltko kLl8tx¿n] dfgl;s ¿kdf k/s] f] o;
kL8fnfO{ ;xg g;s]/ cfTdxTof ;dt] ug{ k'U5g\ . o;df kLl8t JolStnfO{ dfgl;s¿kdf
xf;} nf kb| fg ugk'{ 5{ . hg;db' fodf ;sf/fTds ;f]r jl[ 4 ug{] vfnsf] cleofg rnfpgk' 5{ .
;dfg'e"ltsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ . c?sf] ljrf/ efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug,] ;xofu] , d]nldnfk
/ ;xsfod{ f hf8] lbgk' 5{ . . s'g} klg JolStdf o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePdf ;DalGwt lgsfodf
ph'/L ug'k{ 5{ . o:tf ck/fwnfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug{ cfcfkmg\ f] ;d'bfodf ;rt] gf sfo{jm| dx¿
;~rfng ug,{] afnaflnsfdf ;sf/fTds ;fr] sf] ljsf; u/fpg] zflGt dq} L jftfj/0f l;hg{ f
u/fpg], dgf]k/fdz{ u/L o:tf 36gf x'g glbg] ug{k' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xs] f] xTof, cfTdxTof lj?4 hgr]tgf hfut[ u/fpg]
krfs{ f] gd'gf tof/ u/L sIff sf]7fdf k|:t't ugx{' f];\ .

@= sIffsf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;dx" ;dx" df ljefhg ugx'{ f;] \ . Pp6f ;d"xn] xTof, csf{] ;d"xn]
cfTdxTof / csf{] ;d"xn] Pl;8 cfjm| d0fsf] c;/ / aRg] pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ;d"xut
5nkmn u/L cfPsf lgisifx{ ¿nfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f];\ .

#= cfTdxTof / Pl;8 cfjm| d0f lj?4sf gf/f / kf]:6/ agfO{ an' ]l6g af8] d{ f 6fF:gx' f;] \ .
$= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9]/ hjfkm lbg'xf;] \M

æs:tfl;t uPsL /lx5] <Æ hdbf/ sfG5fn] ;f]w] .

æotfaf6 ;fyLsf] lax] eGyL, pg} hfg=] ==Û afa' Û ca ;f/f ;dfh, j}ej, OHhtsf] d/] f nflu
s] cy{ ef] / ÛÆ af]Nbfaf]Nbf l67nfUbf b]lvP l86\7faf . To; lbg xs' {] a9s] L alatfsf] af/]df
hdbf/ sfG5fn] ;Demfpg;Dd ;DemfP . 5 lbgcl3 laxs] f] lgDtf] dfGg /fhwfgL uPsL
alatf 3/ gkms]{sLn] ufpFe/ xNnf rns] f] lyof] .

;ftf}F lbgdf lem;ld;] gx'bF } l867\ f x/fP eGg] va/ ;'lgof] . PSsfl; pgLsxfF l5ds] Lx¿sf]
cf]O/f] nfUof] . l86l\ 7gL cfdf dem/] Lsf] Psf5p] df 3'D6f] 9fs/] a;]sL lyOg\ . sx] L Oi6ldqx¿n]
pgnfO{ ;DemfO/x]sf lyP . z'elrGts s;s} f klg cfFvf cf]efgf] lyPgg\ . uf7] df j:t'efp
8j\ fF8\jfF s/fO/x]sf lyP . 3/ ;'g;fg lyof] . ufpF g} :tAw lyof] .

s;n} ] eg,] æPsn ;Gtfg kl/jf/df tgfj eGy,] ;fRF r} clxn] a9' fsf] of] xljut ;G' gk' ¥of] ÛÆ

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 79

s;n} ] ;xfge' "ltk"j{s eg,] æ===Tolt k9]nv] ]sL 5f/] L s;}l;t lxlF 8xfNg' t gkg]{ xf], st}
uG' 8fx¿sf] km]nf k/L ls ===ÛÆ

ætLgrf/ lbg otf l86\7faf cln cflQg'eÚsf] h:tf] bl] vg'xG' Yof] .Æ kNnf 3/sL dfOnLn]
;a}sf ;fd' elgg\ .

Psflaxfg}b]lv gfgfy/Lsf xNnf ufpdF f ;l' gbF } lyP . sf]xL ns' 'jfkmf6F xbF' } d:of{ªb\ L 3f6lt/
bf8} bF } lyP . sf]xL ;Defljt cGo Oi6ldqsxfF kmfg] ub}{ lyP . d'n'sdf cfj|mfGt xTof,
cfTdxTof, Pl;8 cfj|md0f h:tf clk|o ;dfrf/ ;n] fO;s]sf lyPgg\ . zª\sf pkzª\sfdf
;dfh /geN' n lyof] . otf rf/ lbgd} kms{g] egs] L alatfsf] cf7fF} lbgdf 3/df lr7L cfof] .

;dod} kq n]Vg g;s]sfdf Ifdf rfxG5' . sf7df8faF} f6 lax]nuQ} 3/ kms{g nfUbf uLtf,
c~hgf, dfw/' L e]6 eP . nfdf] cGt/fndf e]6 ePsf tL ;fyLx¿sf cg/' fw] nfO{ xfg{ ;lsgF
/ d pgLx¿l;t} kfv] /ftkm{ nfuF] . ufpdF f kmfg] gePsfn] ;Dksd{ f /xg ;lsgF . ;don]
;fy lbPdf d cfpbF f] a'waf/;Dd 3/ kms{G5' . lk/ gdfGg," n .

;|f]t M ;do ;Gbe{, @)^(

kZ| gx¿

-s_ k:| tt' cg'R5]bn] sg' ;fdflhs ;d:ofnfO{ phfu/ u/s] f] 5 <

-v_ ;dfhdf s:tf dflg; x'G5g\ <

-u_ 5f/] Lkl| t ;dfhsf] wf/0ff s:tf] xg' ;Sg] bv] fOPsf] 5 <

-3_ k:| t't cg'R5b] sf] kfl/jfl/s kL8fsf] ;dfwfg s] xf]nf <

-ª_ dflysf] cg'R5]bdf lbOPh:t} ;dfhdf x'g] u/s] f s'g} Ps 36gfsf] af/]df 5nkmn
ug{x' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ xTofn] ;dfhdf kfg]{ c;/ / lgoGq0fsf pkfo n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ jt{dfg ;dfhdf cfTdxTofsf 36gfdf sdL Nofpg s:tf sbd rfNg'knf{ <
-u_ Pl;8 cfjm| d0fn] k'¥ofpg] ;fdflhs / JolStut c;/sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .
-3_ x/]s ljs[ltn] ;d:of pTkGg u/fp5F . pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ug{x' f;] \ .
-ª_ jtd{ fg g]kfnL ;dfhdf /xs] f ljsl[ t lgoGq0f ug{ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 rfNgk' g{] sbd /

gful/sn] ugk{' g{] st{Josf] ;r" L tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .

80 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
# ;fdflhs ;w' f/df :yfgLo ;ª3\ ;+:yf

:yfgLo ;db' fodf ljm| ofzLn ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;ª3\ ;:+ yf elgG5 . ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf
nflu :yfgLo ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿n] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . logn] ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf]
Ifq] df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg ;¥xfgLo 5 . tLdWo] sx] Ln] sg' } :yfg ljzi] fnfO{ dfq s]Gb| agfO{ sfo{
u/]sf 5g\ . oL ;:+ yfn] ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0f, rt] gf clejl[ 4 / z;lSts/0fdf dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ;rt] gf cleofg, zflGt, dn] ldnfkdf klg logLx¿sf]
e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ 5\ .

o;} ;Gbed{ f sNkgf lrqsf/n] xfdf| ] ufpsF f] Pstf cfdf ;dx" s:tf] ;fdflhs ;:+ yf xf] eg/] ;fl] wg\ .

lzIfs xl/ZrGbn| ] o;/L k|:6\ofpge' of] M

cfkmg\ f] 6f]n l5d]sdf /x]sf dlxnfx¿ ldn]/ Pstf cfdf ;d"x gfds ;+:yf u7g u/s] f xg' \ .
o; ;:+ yfn] ;dfhdf /x]sf ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / lj;ª\ultnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu ;xofu]
u5{ . dlxnf lx;+ f lj?4df cfjfh p7fp5F . sg' } dlxnfnfO{ c;lhnf] k/]df zf]if0f ePdf,
3/af6 lgsflnlbPdf o; cfdf ;dx" n] pgLx¿sf xs / clwsf/sf] af/d] f cfjfh p7fpg] sfd
u5{ . ljleGg lx+;flj?4 sfo{ ug,]{ sfg'gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u5{ . ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L
btf{ u/fO{ kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg ;xofu] u5{ .

;f/yLn] ;fl] wg\, æ6f]n6f]ndf u7g ul/Psf oj' f Snax¿ s:tf vfnsf ;:+ yf xg' \ / logn] s]
s:tf ;fdflhs sfo{x¿ u5g{ \ ;/ < Æ

lzIfs xl/ZrGbn| ] eGg'eof] M

Sna eg]sf] cfcfkmg\ f] 6f]n l5ds] sf u7g ul/Psf] ;+:yf xf] . xfd|f] ufpFsf] oj' f Sna ;dfhsf]
pTyfg ug{ / ;dfhnfO{ hfu?s agfpg, ;fdflhs ;be\ fj a9fpg, cGofo cTofrf/ /
lj;ª\ultnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] xf] . o;s]f ljlwjt\ btf{ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf
cfjZos sfuhft k;] u/k] l5 ePsf] xf] . of] ;+:yfn] ufpFdf ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo{df ;l/s
eO{ ;fdflhs ;b\efj a9fpg] sfo{ ;d]t u5{ . cfkmg\ f] 6f]n ;db' fodf /xs] f afnaflnsfnfO{
cfjZos 1fg, l;k / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1x¿ lemsfP/ cfjZos
tflnd lbg] sfo{ u5{ . o;n] 6fn] df /x]sf] kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg tyf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf
cfjZos sbd rfN5 . :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/sf jftfj/0fLo dxŒj / ;d:ofaf/]
hgr]tgf km}nfpg] sfo{ u5{ . ;dfhdf ljkb\ k/s] f] a]nf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg s;/L u/fpg] egL
cfjZos sbd rfN5 . an] fa]nfdf 6f]naf;Llar d}qLk"0f{ vn] sf] cfofh] gf u5{ . /Stbfg,
:jf:Yo ;]jf lbg'sf ;fy} lg;xfosf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u kb| fg u5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 81

efuL/yLn] ;f]lwg\, æ;/ xfd|f] ufpdF f ;~rflnt :j0f{u0f]z gfds ;:+ yf s:tf] ;+:yf xf] < o;n]
s] s:tf] sfo{ u5{ a'emfOlbgf];\ g <Æ
lzIfs xl/ZrGbn| ] eGge' of] M
:j0f{u0f]z gfds ;:+ yf :yfgLo :t/df u7g ePsf] ;:+ yf xf] . xfdf| ] ufpsF f] ljsf; ug{sf
nflu u7g ePsf] ;+:yf xf] . o;n] ;fdflhs ljsl[ tnfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug],{ ;fdflhs ljsf; ug]{,
ufpuF fpFdf uO{ JolStnfO{ ;r]tgf hufpg] sfo{ u5{ . o;sf cltl/St ufpFdf vfgk] fgLsf]
plrt ka| Gw ug]{, ljBfno hfgaf6 jl~rt ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpgsf nflu
k|fT] ;fxg ug,{] ;db' fodf a]nfavtdf dq} Lk0" f{ vn] sf] cfofh] gf ug],{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:of
pTkGg ePdf :jf:Yo sG] b| ;Dd la/fdLnfO{ k¥' ofpg] sfd u5{ . o; ;+:yfn] u/s] f ultljlwn]
xfdf| ] ufpFsf jfl;Gbf ;Gti' 6 ePsf 5g\ . tkfOFx{ ¿ klg o:t} ;fdflhs sfo{ u//] ;dfhsf]
pGglt / ku| ltdf Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .
cGTodf lzIfsn] lgisif{ o;/L k:| tt' uge{'[ of] M
b]zsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] ;j+ fxssf ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;:+ yfnfO{
klg lng ;lsG5 . o;df :yfgLo :t/sf ;lj|mo, pmhf{jfg / ultzLn ;d"x / JolSt ;xefuL
x'G5g\ . 6f]n l5ds] sf] ljsf;sf nflu dfgj ;f| ]t / ;fwg nfO{ kl/rfng ug{] ;+:yf ePsfn]
logLsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{sF f] ;d'bfodf lj|mofzLn ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sg' } Pp6f ;+:yfn]
k¥' ofPsf] ofu] bfgsf ;DaGwdf ;f]wvfh] u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f];\ .

@= ;fdflhs ;'wf/df ljBfyL{ / ljBfnon] s] s:tf el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{ ;S5g,\ ;d"xdf
5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f];\ .

#= tkfOsF{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{] pkfox¿ ;d6] L :yfgLo
lgsfosf] k|ltlglwnfO{ ;f]Wg] kZ| gfjnLsf] gd'gf tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yf eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
-v_ cfdf ;dx" s:tf] ;fdflhs ;+:yf xf,] nV] g'xf];\ .
-u_ ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf lglDt o'jfjun{ ] s:tf] el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{ ;S5g\ < n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

cfkm" /x]sf] :yfgLo txdf sfo/{ t ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] sfof{nodf uO{ ;:+ yf :yfkgfsf] ki[ 7el" d,
p2Z] o / sfo{ tyf cfly{s ;|ft] ;DaGwdf ;f]wvfh] u/L Ps k|ltjb] g tof/ ugx{' f];\ .

82 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
$ ;fdflhs ;'wf/df /fli6o« ;ª3\ ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf

;fdflhs ;'wf/df ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] vN] b} cfPsf] el" dsfnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . log}
;:+ yfx¿n] ;dfhsf] pGglt ku| lt / ;w' f/sf nflu 7n' f] of]ubfg lbG5g\ . o;sf nflu x/]s
;dfhdf ljleGg ;+:yf sfo{/t 5g\ . gk] fn /8] jm| ; ;f];fO6L, g]kfn :sfp6, dfOlt gk] fn ,
gk] fn afn ;ªu\ 7g, Pdgl] :6 OG6/g];gn gk] fn, l;ljg cflb ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;'wf/df
e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf 5g\ . ctM ;fdflhs ;'wf/df sx] L /fli6«o ;ª3\ :yfx¿sf] el" dsfnfO{
lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M

!= gk] fn /]8jm| ; ;f];fO6L

g]kfn /]8jm| ; ;f];fO6L dfgj ;j] f ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf
ePsf] ;:+ yf xf] . hfF x]g/L 8\og' fn] O={ ;+= !*^# cS6f]a/ @)
df dfgj sNof0fsf nflu s]xL ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ;f]rsf ;fy
/8] j|m; ;:+ yfsf] :yfkgf u/]sf xg' \ . cGt/fl{ i6«o /]8j|m;
cfh ljZjsf !() /fi6«df km}lnPsf] 5 . g]kfndf o;sf]
:yfkgf lj=;=+ @)@) ef› !( ut] ePsf] xf] . /8] jm| ; cGo
u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfeGbf leGg ks| [ltaf6 ;~rfng eO/xs] f]
;+:yf xf] . g]kfnsf] kl/k]I| odf cGo ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf] sfoI{ f]q
ltgLx¿sf] ljwfg / ;+:yf btf{ Pg] cGtu{t x'G5 . g]kfn /]8jm| ;sf] sfd sf/afxL ;+:yfsf]
ljwfgcg'¿k h]ge] f dxf;lGwcg';f/ xG' 5 . o;sf] sfoI{ f]q zflGtsfndf ;fd'bflos ljsf;,
o4' jf åGådf t6:y /xL lgikIf eP/ dfgjLo ;]jf ug{' xf] . o'4df 3fOt] ePsf JolStnfO{
lagfeb] efj ;xofu] k'¥ofpg] o; ;+:yf dfgjLo ljklQnfO{ sd ug{ k|oTgzLn 5 .

/]8j|m;sf ;ft l;4fGtx¿df dfgjtf, lgikIftf, t6:ytf, Pl] R5s ;]jf, Pstf / ljZj Jofkstf
xg' \ . /8] jm| ;n] /fli6o« tf, hflt, wd{, ju{ / /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj ub}g{ .
o;n] ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] Pg] sfgg' kfngf u/L dfgjLo ;j] f sfo{df ;bj} ;xofu] u5{ .

g]kfn /]8j|m;n] ljkb\ tyf ;ª\s6 Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if u/]/ af9L / klx/f,] cfunfuLdf lj|mofzLn
/xbF } cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ;8s b3' 6{ gf, r6o\ fª, xfjfx'/L;Fu ;DalGwt ljkb\ k"jt{ of/L;DaGwL
hgrt] gfdn" s sfoj{ |md klg ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu kj" {tof/L
:j¿k ljleGg tflnd lbgs' f ;fy} ;d'bfo:t/df :jod\;]js dfkmt{ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfO/xs] f]
5 . x/]s lhNnfdf ljkb\ /fxtsfi] f :yfkgf u/L /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 5 . sx] L jif{
cufl8b]lv gk] fn /8] jm| ;n] ;]jf / ljsf;d"ns u/L bj' } ks| f/sf sfo{ klg ub}{ cfO/xs] f] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 83

PDan' ]G;, /St;~rf/, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, k|fylds pkrf/ h:tf dfgjLo ;j] fdf o;s]f dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf /xs] f] 5 . To:t} vfg]kfgL, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo x/] rfx, z/0ffyL{ Joj:yfkgdf klg of]
;:+ yf ;lj|mo /xG5 . dlxnf ;zStLs/0f, ;db' fosf] Ifdtf clejl[ 4, PrcfOeL / P8;\ /fs] yfd,
dfgjLo d"Nosf] kb| z{g, ;/;kmfO, b'Jo{;gnufot ljleGg ultljlwdfkmt{ \ ;dfhdf ;j] f k¥' ofpFb}
cfO/xs] f] 5 . ljBfno txdf h'l/o/ /8] j|m; ;sn{ sf] ;dt] u7g u/L cfjZos ;xof]u ub}{
cfPsf] 5 .

@= gk] fn :sfp6

gk] fn :sfp6 lj=;=+ @))( ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] ;:+ yf xf] . of]
cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] ;+:yf xf] . o;sf cfkm\g} p2]Zo, dN" o / dfGotf
5g\ . :sfp6n] cGt/f{li6o« Ifq] df k'?if ljefu / dlxnf ljefu u/L
b'O{ zfvf u7g u/s] f] 5 . ljZj AjfOh :sfp6 ;:+ yfsf] d'Vofno xfn
dnl] ;ofdf /x]sf] 5 eg] ljZj un{ :sfp6 ;:+ yfsf] jn] fotdf 5 .
gk] fn :sfp6n] oL b'j} ljZj ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ul/;ss] f] 5 .
xfn ljZjsf !&) bz] df AjfOh / !%) bz] df un{ :sfp6 /fli6o«
;+:yf 5g\ . ljZje/ oL ;:+ yfsf kfFr s/f8] AjfOh :sfp6 / Ps s/f8] un{ :sfp6 ;b:o 5Gf\ .
g]kfn :sfp6 g]kfnsf] :sfpl6ª / ufOl8ª ;+:yf xf] . afnaflnsf tyf o'jf jun{ fO{ :sfp6df
a9L dfqfdf ;xefuL u/fO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s ljsf; u/fpg' o;sf] dV' o p2Z] o xf] .
To:t} ltgLx¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t / :jfjnDaL agfO{ bz] ljsf; sfod{ f ;xefuL u/fpg' o;sf]
nIo xf] . kT| os] /fi6«df :sfp6 gfds ;:+ yfnfO{ ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ePsf] xG' 5 . ljwfg,
lgod / Joj:yf ;/sf/n] lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf] dfkb08df s]lGbt| /xL ;?' b]lv g} :jod;j] Lsf] ¿kdf
sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . :sfp6sf] ljZoJofkL kl| t1f Pp6} x'G5 . :sfp6df ;xefuL ;b:on] d
cfkmg\ f] gfd cfTdf ;fIfL /fvL cfkm\gf] do{fbfdf /xL ;se/ bz] , OZ{ j/ / wd{k|lt cfkm\gf] stJ{ o
kfng k/fk] sf/ tyf :sfp6df lgod kfngf u5{' egL jrga4 x'g'k5{ . :sfp6 / ufO8n] o;sf
lgodx¿nfO{ kfngf ugk{' 5{ . tL lgodx¿df :sfp6 ljZjf;ofU] o x'g,' eSt xg' ,' pkof]uL /
;xof]uL xG' f', ;as} f] ldq xg' ' x'g\ . To:t} k/:k/df ef| tT[ j tyf eflulgTj sfod /fVg,' ljgd|
tyf bofn' xg' ', cg'zfl;t / cf1fsf/L xg' ', axfb/' / ;wF} k|;Gg x'g,' ldtJooL / dg, jrg /
sdd{ f kljq x'g' o;sf lgod xg' \ . oxL kl/lwleq /x]/ ;an} ] sfo{ ug'{k5{ .

gk] fnsf clwsfz+ ljBfnodf hl' go/ :sfp6sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ltgLx¿n] ljkt\ kgx{] ¿nfO{
cfjZos ;xof]u ug{] u5{g\ . o;sf] u7gn] afnaflnsfx¿df cfk;L ;xof]u / ;be\ fjsf]
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . rl/q lgdf{0fsf nflu o;n] ljz]if el" dsf lgjf{x u5{ .

84 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lj|mofsnfk

!= g]kfn /]8j|m; ;f;] fO6Lsf p2Z] o vf]hL u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f];\ .

@= g]kfn /8] j|m; ;f];fO6L / g]kfn :sfp6n] ;fdflhs ;d:ofdf k/s] f JolStnfO{ s;/L
;xofu] k¥' ofpbF } cfPsf] 5 < tkfOFs{ f] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{'xf;] \ M

gk] fn /]8jm| ;n] u/s] f sfo{ g]kfn :sfp6n] u/s] f sfo{

#= kf7df ;dl] 6Psf afx]s ljleGg /fli6«o:t/sf ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿sf] vfh] L u/L ltgLx¿sf]
of]ubfgsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{x' f;] / sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ gk] fn /]8j|m; ;f];fO6Lsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ gk] fn :sfp6 s:tf] ;+:Yff xf] < ;fw] vfh] / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df o;df ultljlwx¿ pNn]v

ug'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ g]kfndf /fli6«o :t/sf ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] lsg cfjZostf 5 < cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoSt

ug{'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

/fli6o« :t/df sfo/{ t ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] sfofn{ odf uP/ jf ;Gbe{ ;fduL| cWoog u/L pSt
;+:yfn] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf ljs[lt lgoGq0f ug{ k'¥ofPsf of]ubfg ;DaGwdf
;f]wvf]h u/L Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 85

kf7
% ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf df}lns cEof;

;fdflhs s;' +:sf/ / ljsl[ t
xfdf| ] ;dfhdf cem} klg
kfOG5g\ . o:tf ;fdflhs
;d:of / ljs[ltnfO{ ;dfhaf6
lg?T;fxg ug'{k5{ . o;n]
;dfhnfO{ ku| ltpGdv' gul/sg
ktgfG] dv' u/fp5F . /fHon]
k|bfg u/s] f] clwsf/ Ifq] leq
/x/] ufpF6f]n 5/l5ds] /
:yfgLo lgsfon] ljleGg gLlt
lgod agfpbF } ;fdflhs ;d:of
;dfwfgdf cu;| / x'gk' 5{ . o;} l;nl;nfdf ;fdflhs ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ugs{ f nflu
cfkm" a;f]af; u/s] f If]qdf sg' s'g sbd rflnPsf 5g\, ;f] ;aGwdf ;fdflhs ljifosf
lzIfs wgL/fd dxtf]n] gf} sIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyLx{ ¿;uF ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf
dfl} ns cEof;;DaGwL pgLx¿sf cge' j / ljBdfg cEof; ;DaGwdf ;fw] vfh] u//] l6kf]6 ug{
eGge' Psf] lyof] . ljBfyLn{ ] klg cfkmg\ f ufp6F fn] l5d]ssf ePsf dfl} ns cEof; ;DaGwdf
l6kf6] u/s] f s'/fx¿nfO{ o;/L k|:t't u/] M

wgL/fd dxtf] M tkfOFx{ ¿sf] ufpF ;dfhdf ljleGg lsl;dsf s/' Llt / y'k|} sk' |yf cem} klg
hLljt} xfn] fg\ < olb To:tf ;fdflhs s';:+ sf/ s'/LltdWo] s'g} Pp6f ljifodf s]xL atfpg
;Sg'x'g] 5 < ;fy} :yfgLo ;dfhn] agfPsf gLlt lgod / ;'wf/ 5g\ eg] klg atfpg'xf;] \ .

;'lgtfM ;/ xfdf| ] 6fn] 5/l5ds] df ;ffdflhs sk' |yfdWo] afS] ;L ky| f clxn] klg ljBdfg 5 .
o;sf] af/d] f atfpbF } 5' . gk] fnL ;dfhdf k|rlnt ljleGg cGwljZjf;dWo] af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k
nufpg] kr| ng xfd|f] ufpdF f /xL cfPsf] 5 . of] cGwljZjf; / nª} \lus lx;+ fdf ;d]t kl/0ft
ePsf] 5 . s'g} JolStnfO{ af]S;L cf/fk] nufO{ s6' lk6 u/L To;nfO{ dnd"q v'jfpg] u/s] f]
b]vF] . o:tf 36gfx¿ k|fou/L k?' ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfnfO{ nufpg] u/]sf] kfPF . o:tf ju{df
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts / zl} Ifs ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf] ;db' fo g} bf]if nufpg] u/]sf] b]lvof] .
o:tf 36gf a9b\ } uPsf] xg' fn] xfdf| ] 6f]n5/l5d]ssf :yfgLo ebe| nfbdL ;fdflhs cleoGtf
Ps} 7fpdF f en] f eP/ ca pkf| Gt s;n} ] s;n} fO{ afS] ;faf]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufpg gkfpg] lgod
agfPsf] d]n] bv] F] . olb bf]if nufPsf] kfOPdf To:tf JolStnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ;hfo ug]{ /

86 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

u/fpg] lgod klg agfPsf] kfPF . o;/L xfdL a:g] ;db' fodf o:tf lsl;dsf yk' }| :yfgLo
dfl} ns cEof; ePsf 5g\ .

wgL/fd dxtf] M lagf rf}w/LhL, tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfodf :yfgLo :t/af6 ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu s]xL df}lns cEof; ePsf xfn] fg\ . ltgsf af/d] f atfpgx' f];\ g .

lagf rf}w/L M ;/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf dT[ o';+:sf/ / h7' f] ;"tsaf/] s]xL df}lns cEof; ePsf
5g\ . d[To' ;+:sf/af/] klg cfcfkmg\ f] s'n wd{ k/Dk/fcg';f/ d[To' ;+:sf/ ug]{ / cgfjZos
emGem6nfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o klg xfd|f] ;dfhn] u/s] f] 5 . s;}sf] 3/df ;"ts k/]df ToxL 3/sf]
dflg;nfO{ dfq ;t" s nfUg] / cGo bfh'efO vnsnfO{ afg'{ gkg]{ u/L xfd|f] ;dfhn] lg0fo{ u/s] f]
5 . To:t} 6f]nl5ds] df 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g u/L ufpFnfO{ ;dG' gt kfg{ ;/;kmfO sfo{jm| d
;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 .

wlg/fd dxtf] M al' 4dfg ufn] ]hL, tkfOs{F f] ;db' fodf sx] L ;fdflhs ;w' f/x¿ ePsf] kfpg'ePsf]
5 < o;af/] atfpgx' f];\ g .

a'l4dfg uf]n] M ;/ xfdf| ] ;db' fodf ;w}F h;f] hfF8/S;L vfP/ 6fn] 5/l5ds] nfO{ s]xL JolStn]
xfx] Nnf u/L jftfj/0f g} k|b"if0f kfg]{ uy]{ . s;n} ] nfu'kbfy{sf] ;]jg u//] htfkfof] Tot} klN6g,]
c?nfO{ bM' v lbg], k};f dfUg], glbPdf s'6g\ vfH] g] h:tf unt sfo{df ;l/s lyP . o;sf]
;ªV\ ofdf lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsfn] 6f]naf;L Ps} 7fpdF f e]nf eP/ ;w' f/;DaGwL sx] L gLlt lgod
klg agfP . ca pkf| Gt sfx] L s;} o;sfo{df ;n+ Ug ePdf jf To:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g u/]df To:tf
JolStnfO{ cfjZos sf/jaxL 6fn] af;Ln] g} ug]{ / TotL ubf{ klg g;w' ]d| f ;DalGwt lgsfodf
k7fpg] lg0fo{ ;dt] u/s] f 5g\ . o:tf lsl;dsf gLlt lgodn] clxn] ufpdF f ;w' f/ xFb' } uPsf] 5 .

gk] fnL ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifL wd{nDaLsf] ;lDd>0f ePsf] ;dfh xf] . oxfF Ps ;dfhn]
csf{] ;dfhnfO{ ;fdflhs ;be\ fj / cfk;L ;lxi0f' efj /fvL cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . To;c} g'¿k
gk] fnsf ljleGg If]qdf cfcfkm\g} ;db' fo / ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . /fHon] agfPsf] gLlt
lgodsf] cltl/St cfkmg\ f k|yf k/Dk/fdf ;w' f/ Nofpg / ;sf/fTds ;fr] df cufl8 a9fpgsf
nflu ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu a83/, dª\sfvn,
ljleGg s'n j+z k|lti7fg cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . logLx¿n] klg :yfgLo txdf a;]sf cfcfkm\g}
gLlt lgod agfP/ ;fdflhs ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ugt{ km{ pGdv' ePsf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df
gk] fndf ;dfh ;w' f/sf nflu ul/Psf k/Dk/fut tyf dfl} ns cEof; lgDgfg;' f/ 5gM\

-s_ /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf] vfgkfg /xg;xg, sk8f / u/uxgf
nufpg / hGd, ljjfx, d[To'af/] klg lglZrt lgod agfPsf lyP .

-v_ hªuaxfb/' /f0ffn] lj= ;+= !(!) df dn' 'sL P]g hf/L u/L ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf k|of; u/]sf
xg' \ .

-u_ bj] ;d;]/n] bz] e/ !%) eGbf a9L ljBfno :yfkgf u/L z}lIfs cEof;sf] yfngL u/]sf
lyP .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 87

-3_ rGb|;d;/] n] lj= ;=+ !(&& df ;tL k|yf / lj= ;+ !(*! df bf; k|yf cGTosf] 3fi] f0ff
u/]sf lyP .

-ª_ lj= ;= @)%& ;fpg @ ut] dWok] lZrd / ;'b"/ klZrdsf t/fO{ If]qdf ljBdfg sd}of
ky| fnfO{ cGTo ug]{ 3fi] f0ff u/s] f] lyof] .

-r_ lj= ;=+ @)^# h7] $ ut] kl| tlglw;efsf] 3fi] f0ffn] bz] nfO{ wd{ lg/kI] f 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .
-5_ cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg @)^# df cltl/St xs;DaGwdf yk Joj:yf u/]/ oy]i6 ;fdflhs

;'wf/sf k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
-h_ lj= ;+= @)^% ebf} @! ut] g]kfnaf6 ;b' /" klZrdsf gfc} f6] f lhNnfdf kr| ngdf /xs] f]

xlnof ky| fsf] pGdn" g u/]sf] 5 .

ljmofsnfk
!= tkfOFs{ f] sIffdf s]xL ;d:of xg' ;S5g\ . tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;fd"lxs ¿kdf

lgod k|:tfj u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sfofG{ jogdf nh} fgx' f];\ .
@= ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ltgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] pkfo ;DaGwdf syf, nfs] uLt,

sljtf jf lrq /rgfdWo] sg' } Pssf] lgdf{0f u/L ;r" gf kf6Ldf 6fF:gx' f;] \ .
#= ljleGg sfnv08df ljljw sk' y| fsf] pGdn" gsf 3fi] f0ff ul/P klg l56km'6 ¿kdf To:tf

;d:ofx¿ b]Vg jf ;'Gg kfOG5 . lsg o;f] ePsf] xf]nf < /fli6o« klqsfsf nflu Ps
ljZni] f0ffTds n]v tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ .
$= gk] fndf u0ftGq :yfkgfkl5 ;/sf/n] u/s] f ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf ko| f;x¿ ;f]wvf]h u/L
n]Vg'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] u/]sf ;fdflhs ;w' f/nfO{ a'bF fut ¿kdf n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ ;tL ky| f / bf;ky| fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \ .
-u_ sd}of ky| f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-3_ ;d'Ggt ;dfh agfpg s:tf] vfnsf] ;fdflhs ;w' f/ cfjZos x'G5 < ts{ lbgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ gk] fndf ;fdflhs ;w' f/df ePsf k|of;nfO{ ;do /]vfdf bv] fpg'xf;] \ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{sF f] ;db' fodf ljut !) jifo{ tf ;fdflhs ;'wf/df s] s] kl/jtg{ eP < ;dfhsf] hfgsf/
JolSt;uF ;f] wk'5 u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

88 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

PsfO gful/s r]tgf

kf“r

l;sfO pknlAw

• g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;jm| d pNn]v ug{ / g]kfnsf]
jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] ljzi] ftf atfpg

• jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgn] kb| fg u/]sf df}lns xs atfpg /
gful/s st{Jo kfngf ug{

• ;z' f;g / sfg'gL /fHosf] kl/ro / dxŒj pNn]v ug{
Pjd\ nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf] cjnDag ug{

• gful/s ;dfhsf] kl/ro / el" dsf vfh] L ug{
• ljljwtfdf PstfnfO{ Jojxf/df cfTd;ft ug{ /

ljljwtfdf /dfpg
• /fi6« / /fli6«otfsf] ;Ddfg ug{ / /fli6«o ;/fs] f/sf

ljifokl| t ;rt] /xg
• gful/s klxrfgsf cfwf/x¿sf] j0f{g ug{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 89

kf7
! ;l+ jwfgsf] kl/ro

;+ljwfg bz] sf] dn" sfg'g xf] . of] /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu gful/ssf rfxgf / cfsfª\Iff JoSt

ePsf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ sfgg' L b:tfj]h xf] . ;l+ jwfg zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] constituere

af6 cfPsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;/sf/ :yfkgf eGg] x'G5 . o;n] ;/sf/sf] :j¿k, clwsf/ Pjd\

sfd st{JonfO{ lgwf/{ 0f u5{ . o;df hgtfsf] xs clwsf/ /Iff, /fHo zlStsf] afF8kmF f8, To;sf]

k|of]u, lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ng;DaGwL Joj:yf xG' 5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;fje{ f}d;Qfsf] ko| fu] ug{] ljlw
atfplTjo5F l;wsa.ff/] ] ko| f]u, lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ng ;DjGwL Joj:yf xG' 5 . ;l+ jwfgn] ;fj{efd} ;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{
atfp5F

;l+ jw;f+lgjwnf]g/nfH] o/sfHfoscfª] \ucxª¿\uxs?fs] :fj] ¿:jk?klgwlgfw/{ f0/{ f0fugu]{,g/{,] fH/ofHsofslfjllejlGegGgcªcu\ ªlu\axr? calLwrsfc/slwfs] af/fsF8fk] mfF8

ug]{ asffF8ok{ Fmkf8lguug]{5s{ f.o/{ fkHlogsufbc{5ª.\u/lfaHorsf;cGtªn'u\ xg?safLord;uGtg'n],{ ggsfufol/dsucgl],{ wgsfuf/l/s;/' cIflwf sufg/]{ ;s/' fIdff klg
;l+ jwufgg{] ns] fdu5k{ lg. T;ol+ljtwfdgfnq] uxbfO]5{ g. zTof;ltsdLofq:xjf¿O] gkszff];lgswLof{/:0jf ?hks:tf] flgswffo{/0{ fkhlg:t;f l+ jswfof{xg?n]kulg5{ .

;+ljwfgn] ub5{ .

;l+ jw;fl+ gjwcfgg';cf/g;' cf/Gog}Pc]gG,olgPog] d, lgoadG5ga\ G.b5sgfg\ .'gssffg] J'gosffV] oJof fkVolgf k;lgl+ j;wf+ljgwsfgf] scf]kcI] kff]Icffgc';gf/;' fx/G' 5 .
;+ljwxG'f5g;.uF ;+lajwflfegm;gFu] safflFge'gmg] vsff/gh] 'gx?xG' v5fg/]h\ . xsG' 5fgg\g' . slgfgdg' f{0fl,gdsf0{ ffo, f{Gsjfoofg{GjotgyftyJfofJVoofVfofuugg{] {] s'/f
;l+ jwsf'/gfxd?f g;} l+ pjwNfng]vdf ugl} /pPNsn]vf xuG' 5l/Pgs\ .f oxG' ;5}gs\ .f/o0;f } ;s+lfj/0wf f;g+lnjfwOfg{ bn]zfOs{ bfz] ds"nf] dsn" fgs'gfgdg' fldgfGlg5G5. .

;l+ jwfgnfO;{ +lljjwlefgGngfOc{ lfjwlef/GdgfcjfwufL/s{ df/0jfluus{ g/{ 0;f ulsgG{ 5;ls. Gs5]x.L sc]lxfwcf/fwof/;x?k|sof;/ k5s| gf/\ M5g\ M

lnlvt lnlvt b:tfj]h xg' ] -cdl] /sf, ef/t, gk] fnsf]

b:tfj]hsf] ;l+ jwfg_

:j¿ksf cfwf/df clnlvt lnlvt :j¿k gxg' ,] clwsf+z s'/fx¿
/Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t x'g]
-an] fotsf] ;+ljwfg_

;|ft] sf lgld{t ;l+ jwfg -;a} lnlvt ;l+ jwfg_

cfwf/df ljs;Lt ;+ljwfg -ljleGg ;dodf ePsf 3fi] f0ff, clwsf/
kq, l/ltl/jfh, k/Dk/f / Goffonosf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df
ljs;Lt xg' ]_

;+zf]wg kl| jm| ofsf nlrnf] ;+ljwfg -;lhn} ;+zfw] g ug{ ;lsg], an] fotsf]
cfwf/df ;+ljwfg o;sf] pbfx/0f xf]_ ;fdfGo ax'dtn] ;l+ jwfg
;+zfw] g ug{ ;lsg] .

s7f]/ ;l+ jwfg

 ;+zfw] g ug{ b'O{ ltxfO{ rflxg]

 cd]l/sfsf] ;l+ jwfg s7f/] ;l+ jwfg dflgG5 .

90ljs;Ltc, ah:ktZ| f]gk|sc[lftps5F f] s:tf] ;l+ jwfg c;n ;+ljwfg xf] < jf:tjd;f fdlnfllvhts, ccWlnoovgLt, sjIfff (
eP klg ;+ljwfgdf lglZrt ljz]iftf
h:t} nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf,

sfg'gL zf;gsf] kT| ofe'tL, gful/s clwsf/, ;dfgk' flts ;dfjl] ztf cflb ePdf Tof] c;n

;+ljwfgdf nfs] tflGqs dN" o dfGotf, sfgg' L zf;gsf] kT| ofel" t, gful/s clwsf/, ;dfg'kflts
;dfjl] ztf ePdf Tof] c;n ;+ljwfg xG' 5 . ;l+ jwfg b]zsf] dn" sfg'g xf] / c? sfgg'
;l+ jwfgsf] cfwf/df ags] f] xg' 'k5{ . zf;g ;~rfng ubf{ sfg'gnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] x'g'k5{ .
hgpQ/bfoL zf;g k0| ffnL ckgfPsf] x'g'k5{ . ;l+ jwfg hgtf / ;/sf/lar ;sf/fTds ;DaGw
ePsf] / /fHosf cªu\ lar zlSt ky[ sLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf x'gk' 5{ . ;l+ jwfgn] hgtfsf]
dfl} ns xssf] ;'/Iff klg u/s] f] x'g'k5{ . ;+ljwfgdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ePsf] 5
eg] Tof] ;+ljwfg jf:tjdf c;n ;+ljwfg x'G5 . To:t} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf jm| ddf hg;xeflutf
;'lglZrt ePsf] ;+ljwfg c;n ;l+ jwfg xf] . ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] wf/0ffnfO{ klg ;+ljwfgn]
cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

;l+ jwfgsf ljleGg ;f| t] xG' 5g\ . ljleGg ;dodf agfOPsf] jf ljsf; ul/Psf] sfgg' nfO{
;+ljwfg lgdf0{ fsf] dV' o cfwf/ dflgG5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf k/Dk/fut k|yf, wfld{s ljZjf;,
;fdflhs /Lltl:ylt cflbnfO{ klg cfwf/ dfGg] ul/G5 . g]kfn, ef/t, an] fot, ?;, rLg cflb
bz] df lgld{t ;l+ jwfgdf ;fdflhs kIfn] pNnV] o ke| fj kf/s] f] b]lvG5 . To;}n] k|yf k/Dk/f klg
;+ljwfg lgdf0{ fsf cfwf/ x'g\ . ljåfg\, nv] s, Oltxf;sf/, ;+ljwfgljbs\ f JofVof, dfGotf cflbn]
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf e"ldsf vn] s] f] kfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= xfd|f] b]zsf] ;l+ jwfg s;/L ag]sf] xf] < lzIfs jf cGo JolSt;uF ;f]w]/ l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf
k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

@= ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fdf ;fdflhs k|yf k/Dk/f, wfld{s ljZjf;nfO{ klg cfwf/ dflgG5 eGg]
;Gbe{nfO{ ;d"x ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\ .

#= hg;xeflutfaf6 lgld{t ;+ljwfg c;n ;l+ jwfg dflgG5 < lsg < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;+ljwfgsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .
-v_ lnlvt / clnlvt ;+ljwfglar tn' gf ugx'[{ f];\ .
-u_ ;+ljwfgsf ;|ft] pNnv] ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ ;+ljwfgsf ljifz] tf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ ;ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;ae} Gbf pkoS' t tl/sf sg' xf] < sf/0f lbgx' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 91

kf7
@ ;+jw} flgs ljsf;jm| d

k|frLg gk] fnsf ufk] fn, dlxifkfn tyf ls/ftsfndf j}lbs k/Dk/fcg';f/ zf;g ;~rfng
ul/GYof] . lnR5ljsfndf /fhsLo a8fkqsf] cfwf/df zf;g ;~rfng ug{] kl/kf6L a:of] .
k|frLgsfndf lxGb' wd{ u|Gydf cfwfl/t eP/ zf;g ;~rfng ul/GYof] . dNnsfndf /fhfsf
cfb]z, k~hfkq -/fhfn] l;Gb"/ /ªsf] 5fk nufP/ lbPsf] P]g_, ;gb -s'g} sfd ug{ /fhfn] lnPsf]
cf1fkq_, ;jfn -c88\ f cbfntsf] sfd ;lhn} ug{ agfPsf] lgod_ tyf clen]vsf] cfwf/df
x'GYof] . zfxsfnLg zf;g rflxF ;jfnaf6 ;~rfng ul/GYof] . /f0fsfneGbf cl3sf] zf;g
;jfnaf6 ;~rflnt lyof] . /f0fk|wfgdGqL h8u\ axfb'/n] a]nfot ofqfkl5 d'ns' L Pg] hf/L u/]
/ ToxL cfwf/df zf;g ug{ yfn] . ;l+ jwfgsf] ;:yfut ljsf;sf] ;?' jft eg] /f0ff kw| fgdGqL
kbd\ ;d;/] n] u/s] f lyP . To;kl5 ljleGg ;dodf emG8} ;ftcf6] f ;+ljwfgsf] cEof; gk] fnn]
u¥of] . oL ;+ljwfgdWo] sltko ;l+ jwfg zf;ssf] OR5fcg';f/ 3fi] f0ff eP eg] s'g} ;+ljwfg
cfGbfn] gsf] k|efjn] hf/L eP .

lzIfssf] k:| tl' tkl5 ljBfyL{n] ;d"xut k|:tt' Ls/0f u/] .

;d"x s

xfd|f] ;d"xnfO{ g]kfnsf] jw} flgs sfgg' @))$ sf] cWoog u/L k|:tl' t ug{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf]
5 . pSt zf;g ljwfg;DaGwL ljleGg ;|ft] af6 xfdLn] k|fKt u/s] f hfgsf/L o;ks| f/ 5g\ .

of] g]kfnsf] klxnf] lnlvt ;+ljwfg xf] . of] ;l+ jwfg >L # kbd\ ;d;/] n] lj=;+ @))$ ;fn df3
!# ut] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . pSt 3fi] f0ffcg';f/ lj=;+ @))% ;fn jz} v ! uta] f6 sfof{Gjog
x'g] elgP klg of] ;l+ jwfg nfu' xg' ;sg] . o; ;l+ jwfgdf ^ efu, ^* bkmf / ! kmx] l/:t lyP .

ljz]iftf

-c_ o; ;l+ jwfgdf df}lns xs tyf clwsf/sf] Joj:yf lyof] .
-cf_ sfos{ f/L clwsf/ >L # df lglxt lyof] .
-O_ /fli6o« ;ef / ef/bf/L ;ef;lxtsf] Joj:yflksf lyof] .
-O_{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnf k~rfotsf] Joj:yf lyof] .
-p_ Ps hgf kw| fg GofofwLz;lxt !% hgf GofofwLzsf] ;jfR{] r Gofofnosf] Joj:yf lyof] .
-C_ zf;g ;ldlt, ;j+ w} flgs c8\ux¿sf] Joj:yf tyf /fhf gfd dfqsf] kd| v' /xg] k|fjwfg

pSt ;l+ jwfgdf lyP .

92 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

;dx" v

xfd|f] ;dx" nfO{ gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& sf] k:| tl' tsf nflu lhDdj] f/L lbOPsf] 5 .
xfdf| ] ;d"xn] pSt zf;g ljwfg;DaGwL ljleGg ;f| t] af6 k|fKt u/s] f] hfgsf/L o;ks| f/ 5 M

kh| ftGqsf] :yfkgf;Fu} lj=;+ @))& ;fn rq} !& ut] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff eof] .
pSt ;+ljwfg lj=;+ @))& ;fn rq} @( utbl] v nfu' ePsf] lyof] . of] zf;g ljwfg :yfoL
;l+ jwfg gag'Ghn] sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ljwfgdf & efu, &# bkmf / # cg';r" L
lyP .

ljzi] ftf

-c_ cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg 5f6] f] lyof] .
-cf_ of] zf;g ljwfgdf k:| tfjgf, /fHosf lgbz{] s l;4fGt tyf dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf lyof] .
-O_ sfo{kflnsf /fhfk|lt hjfkmbx] L lyof] .
-O{_ lgjfr{ g ;DkGg geP;Ddsf nflu ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
-ª_ b/vf:t kl/ifb\ tyf kw| fg Gofofnosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;d"x u

xfdf| ] ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% sf] k|:t'ltsf nflu lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf]
5 . xfdLn] pSt ;l+ jwfg;DaGwL ljleGg ;f| t] af6 k|fKt u/s] f] hfgsf/L o;ks| f/ 5 M

of] ;l+ jwfg klg d:ofb} f cfofu] n] tof/ kf/L hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . eujtLk|;fb l;x+ sf] g]t[Tjdf
;+ljwfg d:of}bf cfof]usf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] .

ljzi] ftf

-c_ /fhfåf/f lj=;+ @)!% ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
-cf_ an] fot ;+ljwfgljb\ ;/ cfOe/ h]lgª\;sf] ;Nnfxdf tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] .
-O_ o; ;l+ jwfgdf efu !) wf/f && cf]6f lyP t/ cg';r" L ;dfjz] ul/Psf] lyPg .
-O_{ /fhfsf] ljzi] f :yfg lyof]
-p_ ;;+ bLo zf;g k0| ffnLdf zf;g Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t lyof] .
-pm_ lå;bgfTds zf;g k0| ffnL cjnDjg ul/Psf] lyof] .
-C_ :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 93

;dx" 3

xfd|f] ;dx" nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] cWoog u/L k|:tl' t ug{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . pSt
;+ljwfg ;DaGwL ljleGg ;f| t] af6 xfdLn] k|fKt u/s] f hfgsf/L o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
tTsfnLg /fhf dx]G›n] lj=;+= @)!( k'; ! ut] …g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!(Ú hf/L u/] . of] ;+ljwfg
/fhgLlts bnx¿dfly kl| taGw nufO{ lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' ug{]tkm{ pGdv' lyof] .
pSt ;+ljwfgdf @) efu (& wf/f ^ cg';r" L lyP .

ljzi] ftf

-c_ ;fj{efd} ;Qf /fhfdf lglxt lyof] .
-cf_ lgb{lno k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ hf8] lbOPsf] lyof] .
-O_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfofu] nufot ljleGg cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
-O_{ Joj:yflksf Ps ;bgfTds lyof] .
-p_ hGdl;4 / cª\uLst[ gful/stfsf] ka| Gw ul/Psf] lyof] .
-pm_ of] ;+ljwfg tLg k6s ;+zfw] g ePsf] lyof] .

;dx" ª

xfdf| ] ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& sf] k:| t'ltsf nflu lhDdjf/L lbOPsf] 5 .
xfdLn] pSt ;+ljwfg;DaGwL ljleGg ;|ft] af6 k|fKt u/]sf] hfgsf/L o;ks| f/ 5 M
lj=;+ @)$& sflQs @# utb] ]lv nfu' ePsf] pSt ;l+ jwfgdf @# efu !## wf/f # cg;' r" L
lyP . of] ;+ljwfgsf lj1af6 lgld{t cfofu] n] tof/ kf/s] f] ;l+ jwfg xf] .

ljz]iftf

-c_ ;fj{efd} ;Qf gk] fnL hgtfdf lglxt lyof] .
-cf_ lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksf -/fli6o« ;ef / k|ltlglw ;ef_sf] k|fjwfg lyof] .
-O_ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ >L % / dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt lyof] .
-O_{ :jtGq Gofokflnsf / ;j+ w} flgs kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf lyof] .
-p_ dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf lyof] .
-pm_ ;j+ w} flgs /fhtGq / axb' nLo Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t zf;g k|0ffnLdf hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .
-C_ d[To"b08sf] ;hfo x'g] u/L sfgg' agfpg gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

94 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (