kf7
^ gS;f sfo{
gS;f agfpg' Pp6f snf xf] . gS;fsf] ko| fu] k/fk"js{ fnbl] v g} xF'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljutsf
gS;f lglZrt gfkdf cfwfl/t geO{ lrqsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Gy] . clxn] cfw'lgs ljlw kl| jlwsf]
k|of]uaf6 gS;f agfOg] xg' fn] a9L j1} flgs xG' 5 / o;n] ljleGg ks| f/sf ;r" gf k|bfg u5{ .
To;}n] lglZrt gfk / ;ª\s]tsf] cfwf/df w/ftnsf] s'g} efunfO{ sfuhdf k|:tt' ug{] ljlw g}
gS;f sfo{ xf] .
hldgdf ePsf ;a} l7sl7s :yfgnfO{ ptf/]sf] /v] flrqnfO{ gS;f elgG5 . o;df uf]nfsf/
k[YjLnfO{ ;dtn ¿kdf bv] fOPsf] xG' 5 . gS;f kY[ jLsf] w/ftnsf] jf o;sf] s'g} efusf] To:tf]
kl| tlglwTj xf] h;df ef}lts, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts :j¿knfO{ ;dtn sfuhdf s'g} lglZrt
gfkcg';f/ ptfl/Psf] xG' 5 . o;df lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO,{ 3/, dlGb/, ;8s, vfn] f, le/, klx/f,]
;Dd, pRr 7fpF Pjd\ cGt/f{li6o« / kf| GtLo l;dfgf b]vfOPsf] xG' 5 . lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] ljsf;n]
gS;f agfpg] sfod{ f ;lhnf] xFb' } uPsf] 5 . xfdLn] ;lhn} ljleGg k|sf/sf ;"rgf÷;ªs\ ]t Pp6}
gS;fsf] dfWodaf6 k|:tt' ug{ ;S5fF} . clxn] sDKo6' /sf] ;xfotfn] gS;f agfpg ;lsG5 .
k[YjLsf] gS;f lvRgsf nflu e"pkux| klg k|ofu] ug]{ ul/G5 . o;nfO{ xfdLn] cfjZostfcg;' f/
;fgf] jf 7n' f] agfP/ xg] { ;lsG5 . 7n' f gS;fx¿ ;8s, k'n, ejg lgdf0{ fsf nflu ;xof]uL
x'G5g\ .
!= gS;fsf ks| f/
gS;fdf lj:tt[ ljj/0f kb| fg ug{ ;fgf] jf 7n' f] gfkfd] f lvRg ;lsG5 . oxfF gS;fsf] ks| f/af/]
;fdfGo rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ e;" DklQ dfglrq
;fj{hflgs jf JolStut ;DklQ l;dfgf;lxt b]vfOg] gS;fnfO{ e";DklQ dfglrq elgG5 . xfd|f]
3/ hUuf b]vfpg] gS;f o:t} gS;f xf] . o;k|sf/sf gS;fdf lsQf :ki6 bv] fO{Psf] x'G5 . o:tf]
gS;f k|zf;lgs Ifq] df pkof]uL dflgG5 . o;nfO{ lsQfsf6 gS;f klg elgG5 .
-v_ :ynfs[t gS;f
k|fs[lts / efu} f]lns b'j} :j¿ksf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] gS;fnfO{ :yfnfst[ gS;f elgG5 . o:tf
gS;fn] l;dfgf, lsQf, 3/, ejg cflb gb]vfP/ l;d;f/ If]q, hldg, ;x/, ufpF cflb ;fdfGo
:yn cfs[ltsf] ;ªs\ ]t u5g{ \ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 145
-u_ /fhgLlts gS;f
b]z, /fHo, ;x/ nufot /fhgLlts PsfO ;dfj]z ul/Psf] gS;fnfO{ /fhgLlts gS;f elgG5 .
o;k|sf/sf] gS;f a9L ko| fu ePsf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlts gS;fdf /fhgLlts PsfOx¿ b]vfOPsf]
xG' 5 . bz] sf] cGt/fl{ i6o« / cfGtl/s ;Ldfgf pNnv] ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;cGtut{ :yfglo ;x/,
kb| ]zsf] /fhwfgL tyf /fhwfgL ;x/ bv] fOG5 . dfgj lgldt{ cfsl[ t tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts s]Gb| tyf
;8sx¿ o:tf] gS;fdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] xG' 5 . /fhgLlts gS;fdf kf| oM kx]Fnf] jf rxlsnf]
/ªsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
-3_ ef}lts gS;f
efu} fl] ns :j¿kx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] gS;fnfO{ ef}lts gS;f elgG5 . o;leq kxf8, gbL, tfn,
d?e"ld cflbsf] ;ª\s]t x'G5 . o:tf] gS;f hldg tyf kfgLsf] efu bv] fpg ko| f]u ul/G5 . o:tf]
gS;fdf hldgsf] efunfO{ v/} f] / kfgLsf] efunfO{ lgnf] /ªsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
@= b'/Lsf] 1fg
gS;fdf hldgsf] jf:tljs b/' L / gS;fdf k|ofu] ePsf] b/' Llarsf] cgk' ftnfO{ g} gfkf] jf :s]n
elgG5 . gS;fdf pNn]v ul/Psf gfkf] jf:tljs :s]neGbf sd xG' 5 . gfkf] jf :s]nnfO{ ;fgf]
jf 7n' f] agfP/ klg bv] fpg ;lsG5 . dfgf}F hldgsf] jf:tljs b'/L % lsnfl] d6/ 5 eg] of] !
;]lG6ld6/n] k:| t't ul/Fbf gfkf] !M% xG' 5 . o:t} xfdLn] ! ;l] G6ld6/ a/fa/ ! lsnf]ld6/ jf !
OGr a/fa/ ! dfOn egs] f] hldgsf] jf:tljs ! lsnfl] d6/ jf ! dfOn b'/LnfO{ gS;fsf] !
;l] G6ld6/ jf OGrn] bv] fpg' xf] . :s]n jf gfk If]q, b]vfpgk' g]{ ljj/0f / sfuhsf] cfsf/df e/
k5{ . ;fgf] gfkf] ePsf gS;fn] ;fdfGo ljj/0f lbG5g\ eg] 7'nf] gfkf] ePsf gS;fn] a9L ljj/0f
lbG5g\ . gS;fdf :s]nnfO{ tLg tl/sfaf6 k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ sygfTds gfkf] M o:tf] gfkfd] f sfuh / hldgsf] b/' LnfO{ zAbåf/f JoSt ul/G5 . o:tf]
gfkf]nfO{ zAbdf h:t} ! ;]lG6ld6/ Ö !) ld6/, ! OGr Ö !) dfOnsf] ¿kdf JoSTf ug{
;lsG5 .
-v_ kl| tlglw leGGf gfkf] M olb gfknfO{ hldg / sfuhsf] b'/Lsf] cgk' ftdf k:| tt' ul/G5
eg] To:tf] :sn] nfO{ k|ltlglw leGg gfkf] elgG5 . o:tf] gfkfs] f] leGgsf] x/n] w/ftnsf]
b'/L tyf c+zn] sfuhsf] b/' LnfO{ ae' mfp5F . o;df cz+ nfO{ h'g PsfOdf bv] fOG5 x/nfO{
klg ToxL PsfOdf k:| t't ug'k{ 5{ . o;nfO{ (R.F. jf representative fraction scale)
eg]/ nl] vG5 . dfgf}F !M!)),))) cyjf !÷!,))),)) egs] f] gS;fsf] ! PsfOn] jf:tljs
;txsf] !)),))) PsfOsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . of] ;]lG6ld6/ jf OGrdf k|:t't ul/G5 .
sfuhdf h'g PsfO ko| fu] ul/G5 hldgsf nflu klg ToxL PsfO ko| f]u ug'k{ 5{ .
146 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
-u_ lrqfTds gfkf] M sfuh / w/ftnlarsf] b/' Lsf] cg'kft Pp6f ;/n /v] fdf lvrL ;'ljwfcg';f/
ljefhg u/]/ b]vfOG5 eg] To;nfO{ lrqfTds gfkf] elgG5 . o; gfkfd] f /v] f gfk]/ gS;f
/ jf:tljs hldgljrsf] cgk' ft lgsflnG5 / jf:tljs b/' L kQf nufOG5 .
#= gS;f agfpg] ljlw
gS;f Ps lsl;dsf] efiff xf] / o;df /v] flrqsf] efiff ko| f]u ul/Psf] xG' 5 h;n] ubf{
k|of]ustf{nfO{ lbg vf]h]sf ;r" gf ;lhn} ae' \mg ;lsG5 . gS;f agfpgsf nflu xft jf
sDKo6' /df cfwfl/t ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k0| ffnLsf ljlw kr| lnt 5g\ . hfnLbf/ /v] flrq -Grid_ sf]
cfwf/df, cg/' v] 0f sfuh -Tracing Paper_ sf] cfwf/df, hldg ;jI]{ f0f -Survey_ sf] cfwf/df
/ sDKo6' /df cfwfl/t efu} fl] ns ;r" gf k0| ffnL (Geographic Information System-GIS) sf]
cfwf/df o:tf gS;f agfOG5 . gS;f agfpbF f p2Z] o Pjd\ ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df
ljlwsf] 5gf6] ugk{' 5{ . oxfF hfnLbf/ ljlwsf] ko| fu] u/L gS;f agfpg] ljlwsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ hfnLbf/ /v] flrqsf] cfwf/df gS;f afpg] ljlw M o; ljlwåf/f gS;f agfpg k]lG;n, snd,
:sn] , O/h] / / cfwf/ gS;f rflxG5 . ;jk{ |yd cfwf/ gS;f -lrq s_ / sfuhdf hfnLbf/
/]vflrq sf]gk'{ 5{ -lrq -v_ . To;kl5 -lrq u_ df lrgf] nufPh:t} sfuh / cfwf/ gS;fdf
lrgf] nufpg'k5{ . lrgf] ;lhn} /]vfx¿ sf]g{ ;lsg], ;lhn} ;lDemg] / sx] L cK7\of/f] cUnf]
/ xfr] f] 7fpxF ¿df nufpgk' 5{ . kmn:j¿k -lrq g+=3_df h:t} gk] fnsf] gS;f sfg] { ;lsG5 .
-s_ -v_
-u_ -3_
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 147
:fªs\ ]tM ;ª\st] eg]sf] gS;f agfpFbf w/ftndf ePsf tYox¿nfO{ j0fg{ ug{] lrx\g xf] .
;ªs\ t] n] gS;fdf k|oS' t lrxg\ ,cfsf/, /ª cflbnfO{ hgfp5F . o;n] gS;f k|of]u stf{nfO{
gS;fdf k|oS' t tYox¿ ;Dk]|if0f u5{ . gS;fdf tYox¿ b]vfpg lglZrt /ª jf ;ªs\ t] sf] ko| fu]
ul/G5 . /ª jf ;ªs\ ]tsf] k|ofu] n] To:tf tYo k9g\ tyf a'‰g ;lhnf] xG' 5 . o:tf ;ª\st] x¿
ljZjJofkL x'G5g\ . To;}n] k|o'St /ªsf] cfwf/df ;a} dflg;sf ae' mfO ;dfg x'G5g\ . kfgLsf]
efu b]vfpg lgnf] tyf hldgsf] efu b]vfpg v}/f] /ªsf] ko| fu] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ gS;fdf k|ofu]
xg' ] ;ªs\ ]t÷lrxg\ df klg Ps¿ktf sfod xG' 5 .
$= gS;fsf] pkofu]
gS;f ;r" gfsf] ;f| ]t xf] . gS;faf6 xfdLnfO{ w/] } s/' fsf] hfgsf/L kf| Kt x'G5 . gS;fnfO{ o;k|sf/
pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ kf| s[lts ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] cj:yf bv] fpg
-v_ b]zsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f k:| tt' ug{ tyf hg3gTj b]vfpg
-u_ ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/ / ;~rfngsf nflu ef}uf]lns cj:yf yfxf kfpg
-3_ hldgsf] ljt/0f b]vfpg tyf hldgsf] cj:yf b]vfpg
-ª_ ko{6snfO{ s'g} klg 7fpFsf] ljljw cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lbg
lj|mofsnfk
!= ! ;l] G6ld6/ a/fa/ ! lsnf]ld6/ sygfTds gfkf] xf] . sygfTds gfkf]nfO{ k|ltlglw leGg
:s]ndf kl/jtg{ ubf{ !M!,))),))) x'G5 . b'j} gfkdf dfkgsf] PsfO ;]lG6ld6/df x'G5 .
gS;fsf] ! ;l] G6ld6/n] jf;tljs hldgsf] !))))) ;l] G6ld6/ bv] fpF5 . o;} u/L !
;l] G6ld6/ a/fa/ !) lsnfl] d6/ :sn] nfO{ kl| tlglw leGgdf bv] fpg'xf;] \ .
@= s'g} lglZrt gfksf] cfwf/df sIffsf] gS;f agfpg'xf;] \ .
#= lbPsf ;ª\s]t agfpg] cEof; ugx{' f];\ M
;8s, tfn, k'n, eGHofª, ;x/, kj{t >0] fL, gbL, xjfOd{ fu,{ dlGb/, /n] dfu,{ r'r'/f], 3fF;]
el" d
148 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ gS;f egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf k|sf/ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ P6n;sf] ;xfotfn] sf7df8fF} / cfˆgf] kb| ]z /fhwfgLsf] b'/L gfk/] ;fyLx¿;Fu t'ngf
ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ gk] fnsf] gS;f jgfpgx' f;] \ / pkoS' t ;ªs\ t] sf] ko| fu] u/L lgDglnlvt tYox¿ egx{' f;] \ M
-c_ ;u/dfyf -cf_ lrtjg /fli6o« lgs'~h
-O_ Onfd -O_{ sflnu08sL gbL
-p_ /f/f tfn
-3_ g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg'xf];\ / pkoS' t ;ª\s]tsf] ko| fu] u/L lgDglnlvt tYo eg{x' f];\ M
-c_ dx]Gb| /fhdfu { -cf_ clk gfDkf ;/+ If0f Ifq]
-O_ sgrghª\3f lxdfn -O_{ skf; vt] L x'g] Ifq]
-p_ ¿kftfn -pm_ sf;] L gbL
-C_ d'lStgfy -P_ wgu9L
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 149
kf7
& Pl;of
!= cjl:ylt
Pl;of dxfb]z ljZjsf]
;a}eGbf 7'nf] dxfbz] xf] h'g
pQ/L ufn] fws{ f] !)°b]lv
*)° pQ/L cIffz+ ;Dd tyf
@%° k"j{b]lv !*)° k"jL{
bz] fGt/;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 .
Pl;of dxfb]z tLglt/af6
dxf;fu/ / Psflt/af6
hldgn] 3l] /Psf] 5 . Pl;ofsf]
kj" d{ f kz| fGt dxf;fu/,
pQ/df ;'d]? dxf;fu/ tyf
blIf0fdf lxGb dxf;fu/ k5{ .
o; dxfbz] sf] klZrdtkm{
o/' f]k dxfbz] k5{ . o'/fn
kjt{ n] Pl;of / o'/fk] nfO{ 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;/b/ rf8} fO *^)) lsnf]ld6/ /
nDafO (^)) lsnf]ld6/ 5 . o; dxfb]zn] ljZjsf] :yn efusf] emG8} @(=$Ü ee" fu cf]u6]sf]
5 . o; dxfbz] cGtut{ %! cf6] f bz] 5g\ . of] dxfb]z ef}uf]lns ¿kdf ljljwtfo'St 5 .
;;+ f/sf] ;ae} Gbf xf]rf] efu dt[ ;fu/b]lv ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] :yfg ;u/dfyf -**$*=*^
ld6/_ klg oxL dxfb]zdf k5{g\ . of] dxfbz] cGtu{t kg]{ ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] b]z ?; tyf ;fgf] b]z
dflNbE; xf] .
@= w/ftnLo :j¿k
Pl;of dxfb]z w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df ljljwtfk"0f{ 5 . st} cUnf kxf8, kj{tx¿ 5g\ eg]
st} ;dy/ db} fg 5g\ . Pl;of dxfb]zsf] w/ftnLo :j¿knfO{ lgDglnlvt kfFr efudf ljefhg
ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ pQ/L db} fgL If]q M Pl;ofsf] pQ/L efudf klZrddf o'/fn kj{tb]lv k"jd{ f lngf gbL
tyf ltAat / dª\uf]lnofsf] pQ/df cjl:yt db} fgL efunfO{ pQ/L d}bfgL If]q elgG5 .
of] db} fgL Ifq] ?;sf] ;fOa]l/of If]qdf lj:tt[ ¿kn] k}mlnPsf] x'gfn] of] db} fgL If]qnfO{
150 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
;fOal] /ofsf] db} fg klg elgG5 . cf]a, ofG;L / lngf o; Ifq] sf] d'Vo gbLx¿ x'g\ . ;;+ f/sf]
;a}eGbf ulx/f] as} fn tfn klg oxL If]qdf k5{ .
-v_ dWojtL{ k7f/ / kjt{ Lo If]q M o; dxfbz] sf] pQ/sf] d}bfgL efu tyf ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf]
lardf cjl:yt Ifq] nfO{ dWojtL{ k7f/ / kjt{ Lo If]q elgG5 . oxfFaf6 kj{tx¿ rf/l} t/
k}mlnPsf 5g\ . o; efunfO{ kfld/sf] uf7F f] jf ;+;f/sf] 5fgf] klg elgG5 . kfld/sf] k7f/sf]
kj" l{ t/ rLgsf] ltAat k5{ . oxfFaf6 lxdfno, s'gng' / s/fsf]/d kjt{ >0] fLx¿ rf/}
lbzflt/ k}mlnPsf 5g\ .
-u_ blIf0fL k7f/ M dWojtL{ k7f/ / kjt{ Lo If]qsf] blIf0flt/ kf| rLg r6\6fgn] ags] f] k7f/L efu
5g\ . o;cGtu{t 8]Ssg pRr ;d:ynL, c/asf] k7f/ jf pRr ;d:ynL / O/fgsf] pRr
;d:ynL k5{g\ .
-3_ gbL aF;] L M gbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] df6f] yl' k|P/ ag]sf] a];F LnfO{ gbL aF];L elgG5 . Pl;ofdf
o:tf yk' }| gbLa]F;Lx¿ 5g\ . o;cGtut{ l6lu|; / ok' ]m| 6; gbL db} fg, l;Gw', a|x\dk'q /
O/fjtL gbLsf] gbL a]F;L jf d}bfg k5{g\ . o;} u/L x\jfª\xf,] ofª\;L, l;Sofª, d]gd, d]sfª
cflb gbLn] lgld{t d}bfgx¿ klg Pl;ofsf k|d'v gbL aF;] Lx¿ xg' \ . of] db} fgL If]q wfg
pTkfbgsf nflu k|l;4 5 .
-ª_ åLk ;dx" M Pl;of dxfbz] sf] blIf0f kj" L{ tyf kj" L{ efu ljleGg 6fkx' ¿ ldn/] ags] f] 5 .
o:tf åLk;dx" cGtu{t d'Vo u/L lkmlnlkG;, OG8fg] ]l;of / hfkfg k5g{ \ . o:tf åLkx¿sf]
dWo efu s]xL cUnf] / t6Lo efu ;dy/ 5 . o;cGtut{ OG8f]g]l;of ;a}eGbf 7n' f] åLk
;dx" xf] .
#= xfjfkfgL / jg:klt
Pl;of dxfb]z ed" Wo/]vLo xfjfkfgLsf] If]qb]lvbl] v pt/L w'|jsf] 6'G8«f xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] ;Dd
k}mlnPsf] 5 . To;}n] oxfFsf] xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf 5 . oxfF ljZjdf kfOg] ;a} ks| f/sf xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . oxfF kfOg] xfjfkfgL jg:klt tyf jGohGt' lgDgcg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 .
jm| =;= xfjfkfgL ljz]iftf jg:kltsf ljzi] ftf
! e"dWo/]vLo of] xfjfkfgL dn]l;of / oxfF ;bfjxf/ jg:klt
xfjfkfgL
kj" L{ åLk ;d"xsf bz] x¿df kfOG5g\ . hªu\ n cToGt
kfOG5 . jflifs{ cf};t 3gf, cUnf / s8f sf7df
tfkjm| d @&° ;=] / a;e{} l/ ?v kfOG5g\ . of] xfkfgLsf]
kfgL k5{ . cf};t jflif{s jiff{ Ifq] df lrDkfGhL, xfQL, af3
@)) ;l] G6ld6/ xG' 5 . tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;/L;k[
/ r/fr'?ªu\ L kfOG5g\ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 151
@ pmi0f df};dL of] xfjfkfgL gk] fn, ef/t, o; xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] df
xfjfkfgL lkmlnlkG;, rLgnufotsf ktem/ jg:klt kfOG5g\ .
bz] df kfOG5 . uL| iddf oxfF 3gf hªu\ n kfOG5 .
cf};t tfkjm| d #@° ;] / lr;fs] f] sf/0fn] ?vsf] kft
lxpFbdf !%° ;=] / jiff{ @)) lxpFb dlxgfdf em5{ . o;
;l] G6ld6/ eGbf a9L xG' 5 . xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] df af3,
xfQL, u}8+ f, d[u, ab]n,
ljleGg ;l/;k[ x¿ tyf
r/fr?' ªu\ L kfOG5g\ .
# ;dzLtf]i0f df:} fdL of] xfjfkfgL pQ/ / dWo o; xfjfkfgLsf]
xfjfkfgL rLg, sfl] /of tyf hfkfgdf Ifq] df ;dzLtfi] 0f ktem/
kfOG5 . uL| id Gofgf] / @)° hªu\ n kfOG5 . t6Lo
;] tyf lxpFb 7G8f x'G5 . Ifq] df ;bfjfx/ leqL
uL| iddf cf};t tfkj|md @)° efudf ktem/ / prfOdf
/ lxpbF df cf};t tfkjm| d )° sf]0fwf/L jg:klt
;] x'G5 . uL| iddf jiff{ xG' 5 . kfOG5 . o; xfjfkfgLsf]
cf};t jiff{ !%) ;]lG6ld6/ If]qdf Gofp/Ld;' f,] j]e/,
x'G5 . Ajf;F f,] :ofn, du[ , ;k{,
efn' cflb hgfj/ tyf
r/fr'?ª\uL kfOG5g\ .
$ pmi0f d?:ynLo of] xfjfkfgL yf/ d?e"ld oxfF Sofs6; hftsf
xfjfkfgL If]qdf kfOG5 . oxfF uL| id jg:klt kfOG5g\ . kft
udL{ / ;S' vf tyf lxpFb afSnf,] kftdf sf8F f xg' ] tyf
7G8f / ;'vf xG' 5 . cf};t nfdf] h/f xG' 5 . kfgL kfOg]
tfkj|md uL| iddf $(° / 7fpdF f kfd / gl/jnsf af]6
lxpbF df )–!)° ;] hlt kfOG5g\ . o; xfjfkfgLsf]
xG' 5 . jiff{ @% ;]lG6ld6/ If]qdf xfogf, ;k{, 5]kf/f]
eGbf sd xG' 5 . ˆofp/f] laR5L tyf s]xL
r/fr?' ª\uL kfOG5g\ .
152 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
% zLtf]i0f d?:ynLo of] xfjfkfgL dWo Pl;ofsf] oxfF d?:ynLo jg:kltx¿
xfjfkfgL ltAat / uf]aL If]qdf guGo dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . of]
kfOG5 . ;d'bb| ]lv 6f9f xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf ˆofp/f
kg]{ / prfOsf] sf/0fn] oxfF d?el" ddf kfOg] d;' f tyf
a;{e} l/ 7G8f x'G5 . ljiffn' ls/fx¿ kfOG5g\ .
^ dGr'l/of ks| f/sf] o; ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kj" L{ prfOcg;' f/ ktem/ /
xfjfkfgL Pl;ofsf] pQ/L hfkfg / sf0] fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5g\ .
sfl] /ofdf kfOG5 . oxfF uL| id o; xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] lr;f] xg' fn]
Gofgf] / cf;} t tfkjm| d @)° oxfF afSnf] /fF} ePsf hgfj/
;] tyf lxpbF 7G8f xG' 5 . kfOG5g\ . o; Ifq] df
uL| iddf jiff{ xg' ] / cf;} t jiff{ Gofp/Ld;' f,] efn,' ˆofp/f,]
&% ;l] G6ld6/ hlt xG' 5 . v/fof,] du[ kz| :t kfOG5 .
& e"dWo ;fu/Lo o; ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL klZrd oxfF ;bfaxf/ jg:klt
xfjfkfgL
Pl;ofdf kfOG5 . oxfF uL| id kfOG5g\ . ljleGg
Gofgf] / ;S' vf tyf lxpbF 7G8f k|sf/sf kmnk"mn klg kz| :t
/ cfb{| xG' 5 . uL| idsf] cf;} t kfOG5g\ . oxfF v/fof,] a]a/,
tfkjm| d @!–@^° ;] tyf :ofn, Gofp/L d;' fnufotsf
lxpbF df %–!)° ;] hlt xG' 5 . nfdf] kR' 5/ / 5f6] f] kv]6f
jiff{ $) ;=] ld6/;Dd xG' 5 . ePsf r/fr'?ªu\ L kfOG5g\ .
* ;dzLtf]i0f 3fF;] of] xfjfkfgL ufa] L oxfF 3fF;] e"ld ljzfn
el" dsf] xfjfkfgL d?e"ldeGbf pQ/lt/ kfOG5 . Ifq] df km} lnPsf] kfOG5 .
oxfF uL| iddf udL{ / cfb|{ x'G5 oxfsF f] 3fF;] el" dnfO{ :6]K;
eg] lxpbF df 7G8f x'G5 . -Steppes_ elgG5 . la;g,
lxpFbdf lxpF k5{ . jiff{ klg du[ , :ofn, v/fof]
@% ;]lG6ld6/ eGbf sd tyfnufotsf r/fr?' ªu\ L
x'G5 . kfOG5g\ .
( 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f Pl;ofsf] pQ/L efu ;fOal] /ofdf sf0] fwf/L
xfjfkfgL ljzi] f u//] ;fOa]l/ofdf jg:klt kfOG5 . ?vx¿
o; ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL ;bfjxf/ xG' 5g\ . o:tf
kfOG5 . oxfF u|Lid 5f]6f] hª\unnfO{ 6fOuf elgG5 .
/ Gofgf] tyf lxpbF nfdf]
/ 7G8f x'G5 . oxfF lxpsF f]
¿kdf j[li6 x'G5 .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 153
!) 6'G8f« xfjfkfgL pQ/L w'j|sf] 5]p5fp jf sfO,{ ‰ofp n]p dfq
;d' ]? jQ[ sf] pQ/tkm{ of] kfOG5 . sd prfOdf
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . u|Lid 5f]6f] sx] L l56f] kmN' g] jgiklt
/ lxpbF nfdf] tyf 7G8f kfOG5g\ . oxfF w'jLo efn',
x'G5 . oxfF a;}{el/ lxpF k5{ . /g] l8o/nufotsf hgfj/
kfOG5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= Pl;of dxfbz] sf] gS;f agfO{ pkoS' t lrxg\ / ;ªs\ t] sf] ko| fu] u/L lgDglnlvt tYox¿
eg'{xf];\ .
;a}eGbf xfr] f] e"efu, ;a}eGbf cUnf] e"efu, ed" Wo/]vLo xfjfkfgL kfOg] Ifq] , 6f]lsof],
uf]jL d?el" d, kfld/sf] uf7F f], ds] ª gbL, uªu\ f gbL, lxGb dxf;fu/, ;d' ]? j[Q, 6fOuf
jg:kltsf] If]q
@= sIffdf ljleGg ;d"xdf ljeflht eO{ Pl;of dxfb]zsf] cjl:ylt, kf| s[lts :j¿k, gbL,
xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf] af/]df P6n;sf] dfWodaf6 vfh] L u//] kf| Kt ljj/0f sIffdf k|:t't
ugx{' f;] \ .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ Pl;of dxfb]zsf] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] rrf{ ug{x' f;] \ .
-v_ Pl;of dxfb]zdf kfOg] d'Vo gbLx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-u_ Pl;of dxfb]zdf kfOg] xfjfkfgLsf] ljj/0f lbgx' f;] \ .
-3_ Pl;of dxfbz] df kfOg] kf| sl[ ts jg:kltx¿sf] ks| f/ / ljzi] ftf tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ Pl;of dxfb]z ljljwtfoS' t 5 egL k'li6 ug{x' f];\ .
;d"x sfo{
k:' tsfnodf uP/ Pl;of dxfb]zdf cjl:yt b]zx¿ / ltgsf] /fhwfgL vf]hL u//] tflnsfdf
n]vL sIff sf7] fdf 6fF:gx' f];\ .
154 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
kf7
* Pl;of M cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdflhs hLjg
Pl;of dxfbz] ea" gf6] , xfjfkfgL, kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf tyf pkof]usf] cfwf./df
ljljwtfo'St 5 . oxfFsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk / hLjg zn} L k|ToIf¿kdf log} kIfaf6 k|efljt
5 . Pl;of dxfbz] xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6n] ljifdtfsf] dxfbz] dflgG5 . oxfF leGg leGg cfly{s
lj|mofsnfk / hLjg zn} L kfOG5 . oxfFsf] d'Vo cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdflhs hLjgnfO{
lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= klZrd Pl;of -dWok"j{_
klZrd Pl;of- dWok"j{_ sf] Ifq] cGtu{t ;fpbL c/a jl/kl/sf If]q tyf o'km| ]6\; (Euphrates)
/ l6lu;| (Tigris) gbLlarsf e"efu k5{g\ . of] I]fq Pl;ofsf] klZrd efu tyf o'/fk] sf] blIf0f
efudf cjl:yt 5 . oxfF d?:ynLo k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOg] sf/0fn] sl[ if pTkfbg sd xG' 5 .
oxfF sts} t} d?Bfgdf dfq kfgL kfOG5 . o:tf] 7fpdF f ux,F' sf]bf,] ds} tyf h6' , skf;, kfd
/ gl/jn pTkfbg x'G5 . oxfFsf] hgwgTj klg cToGt sd 5 . hLjgz}nL klg sl7g 5 .
d?el" d If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] cflys{ / hLjgzn} Lsf] dV' o cfwf/ g} kz'kfng xf] . e]8f, afvf| ,
ufO{ tyf pF6 oxfF kflng] hgfj/ xg' \ . p6F of] hgfj/ w/] } lbg;Dd kfgLlagf afRF g / lx8F \g ;Sg]
ePsfn] o; Ifq] df pm6F nfO{ oftfoftsf] dV' o ;fwgsf ¿kdf ko| f]u ul/G5 . o;nfO{ d?e"ldsf]
hxfh (ship of the desert) klg elgG5 .of] efu O;fsf] kfrfF} ztfAbLlt/ g} dxŒjk"0f{ cfly{s
sG] bs| f] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . To;n} ] oxfsF f dflg;x¿ Jofkf/ tyf pBfu] df ;n+ Ug ePsf]
kfOG5 . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ kf6kh' f,{ l:6n, kmnfd clb pBfu] x¿df ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 .
of] Ifq] k]6f« ]lnod kbfys{ f] e08f/gsf nflu kl| ;4 dflgG5 . k6] «f]lnod kbfys{ f] pTvgg tyf
pTkfbg ePkl5 oxfsF f] cflys{ l:ylt / hLjg :t/df 7n' f] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] s'n
k]6«f]lnod kbfys{ f] lgoft{ sf] nueu ## k|ltzt lx:;f o; Ifq] af6 x'G5 . clxn] ljz]if u/]/
c/asf] d?:ynLo Ifq] df ko6{ sLo ultljlwdf Jofks ¿kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOG5 .
oxfFsf clwsf+z JolSt dl' :nd wdfj{ nDaL 5g\ . oxfF a:g] dflg;x¿ c/]las, lxa,'| kl;o{ g tyf
ts' L{ efiff afN] 5g\ . of] Ifq] O:nfd tyf O;fO{ wd{sf] pb\ud :yn klg xf] . oxfF ljz]if u//]
c/a, ts' { tyf O/flgog hfltsf] a;fa] f; kfOG5 .
@= blIf0f Pl;of
oL bz] dWo] sltko bz] åLkdfnfcGtu{t klg k5g{ \ . o; Ifq] nfO{ blIf0f Pl;of klg elgG5 .
Pl;ofsf] lxdfno zª[ \vnfeGbf tn /xs] f] ef/t tyf jl/kl/sf] Ifq] nfO{ ef/tLo pkdxfåLk
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 155
elgG5 . o; Ifq] df kfgLsf] k|r/' pknAwtf 5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f oxfFsf gbL lxdfno Ifq] af6
pTklQ x'gfn] xf] . oxfFsf] hldg gbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] kfuF f] df6faf6 lgldt{ 5 . t;y{ oxfF yk' |}
pj{/ gbL a]F;L tyf ;dy/ e"efu /xs] f 5g\ . sl[ if, kz'kfng, pBf]u, jfl0Ho Jofkf/ tyf ko6{ g
/ df5f dfg]{ dV' o cffly{s ljm| ofsnfk x'g\ . oxfF wfg, uxF', dsh} :tf vfB afnL tyf lrof, h6' ,
pv', t]nxg, bnxg, d;nf cflb gub] afnLx¿sf] k|z:t pTkfbg x'G5 . o; Ifq] sf] cyt{ Gq
sl[ if tyf kzk' fngdf cfwfl/t 5 . clxn] pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfsf] ljsf; klg la:tf/} xF'b}
uPsf] 5 . ef/t, kfls:tfg, >Lnªs\ fnufotsf bz] x¿df vfgL, kz', sl[ if tyf jg:klthGo
pBfu] x¿ kz| :t 5g\ .k mnfdsf] wfp,DoflUgh, aS;fO6 tfdf tyf k6] «fn] , ;'g rfbF L h:tf vlgh
kfOG5g\ . sf]Onf, k6] «fn] tyf hnljBt' \ h:tf phfs{ f] pkofu] / vkt ePsf] kfOG5 . oxfFsf]
hg3gTj a9L 5 / hg;ª\Vof jb[ \lwb/ pRr klg 5 . ;:+ s[ltsf] bl[ i6sf]0fn] of] If]q dxŒjk0" f{
dflgG5 lsgeg] oxfF kf| rLg ;Eotf / ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] . lxGb' / af}4
wd{sf] pTklQ klg oxL ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] o; If]qnfO{ k"jLo{ ;Eotf / ;+:sl[ tsf] pb\ud :yn
dflgG5 . o;afxs] O;fO{ tyf O:nfd wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; kfOG5 . oxfF lxGbL,
aª\ufnL, gk] fnL, pb"{ tyf cGo efiffx¿ afl] nG5 . oxfF ^%) eGbf a9L efiff af]lnG5g\ .
#= blIf0f kj" L{ Pl;of
rLgsf] blIf0fL efu tyf Pl;ofsf] blIf0f kj" {sf Dofgdf/ dn]l;of, l;ªu\ fk'/, OG8f]gl] ;of,
lkmlnlkG;, yfONofG8 cflb o; If]qcGtu{t k5g{ \ . yfONofG8, OG8fg] ]l;of, l;ufª\k'/, lkmnLkfOG;
/ dn]l;ofn] cfB} f]lusLs/0fdfk{mt tLj| cfly{s jl[ 4 ul//xs] f 5g\ . o; Ifq] df hgcfjfbL afSnf]
5 . o; Ifq] sf dflg; sl[ if, kzk' fng, ko6{ g, pBf]u, Jofkf/ tyf df5f dfg{] sfddf ;+nUg
ePsf] kfOG5 . sl[ ifcGtu{t vfBfGg afnL tyf guba] fnL nufOG5 . vfBfg afnL cGtut{
wfg, ds}, uxF' h:tf afnL nufOG5 . gub]afnLcGtut{ /a/, skf;, h6' , gl/jn cflb pTkfbg
xG' 5 . t6Lo If]qdf a:g] dflg;x df5f dfg]{ Joj;fodf ;n+ Ug ePsf] kfOG5 . oxfF pBf]uwGbf
/ Jofkf/ km:6fO/xs] f] kfOG5 . oxfF klg clwsfz+ sl[ ifhGo pBfu] ;~rfng ePsf] kfOG5g\ .
ko6{ g pBf]usf] /fdf| ] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . oxfF h:tf, aS;fO6, kmnfdsf] wfp, k]6f« ]n, sfn] f k|z:t
kfOG5 . dnl] ;of, l;ª\ufk'/ / yfONofG8sf JolStx¿sf] hLjg :t/ /fdf| ] 5 . oxfF dªu\ fn]
hfltsf ;fy} ef/tLo / lgu|f] hfltsf] afxN' o kfOG5 . oxfF O:nfd, af4} , O;fO{ / gu0o dfqfdf
lxGb' wdfn{ DaL a;fa] f; u5{g\ .
$= kj" L{ Pl;of
of] If]q Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t Ifq] xf] . rLgsf] k"jL{ If]q, sfl] /of tyf hfkfg o; If]qdf
k5{g\ .of] Ifq] Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf a9L hg3gTj w/] } 5 . o; If]qsf dflg;x¿ s[lif, kz'kfng,
pBf]u, ;j] f, Jofkf/ tyf df5f dfg]{ sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 . pBfu] tyf ;j] f oxFfsf] d'Vo
cfly{s lj|mofsnfk xf] . .rLgsf] sx] L efu, hfkfg tyf sf]l/of wfg pTkfbgsf nflu k|l;4 5g\ .
156 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
of] afxs] o; If]qdf ds,} ux'sF f] klg 7'nf] dfqfdf ptkfbg xG' 5 . o; If]qdf lrof,skmL, skf;,
tyf /;] d h:tf gub] afnLx¿sf] pTkfbg ul/G5 . s[lif tyf kz'kfngdf cfwl' gs k|ljlwsf]
ko| fu] ul/Psf] 5 . kmnfdsf] wfp, l;;f, h:tf, tfdf sfO] nf, k6] fn] vfgL kz| :t kfOG5g\ . oxfF
pTkflbt hnljBt' \ cfB} f]lus kf| h] gsf nflu pkof]u ul/G5 . . oxfF pBf]u wGbf tyf Jofkf/
km:6fPsf] kfOG5 . xfn o; Ifq] df vlghhGo pBf]usf] tLj| ljsf; x'gfn] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult
pRr 5 . o; Ifq] sf] t6Lo efu cfwl' gs df5f Joj;fosf nflu k|l;4 dflgG5 . kl| tJolSt
cfo / cf;} t pd/] pRr x'gsf ;fy} hLjg zn} L cfwl' gs k|sf/sf] 5 . of] If]q ljZjs} ljsl;t
Ifq] df k5{ . o; If]qsf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ cflys{ lj|mofnfk ko{6g xf] .
clwsf+z dªu\ f]n hflt /x]sf] o; Ifq] df af}4 wd{ dflgG5 . t/ sGkml' ;o;, l;Gtf,] tfcf,] O:nfd,
O;fO{ wd{ dfGg] dflg; kfOG5g\ . ljleGg hfthfltsf] a;fa] f; xg' fn] oxfF w]/} efiff afN] g]
dflg;sf] a;f]af; ePsf] kfOG5 . oxfsF f] ;If/tf b/ klg pRr 5 .
%= dWo tyf pQ/L Pl;of
lxdfnosf] pQ/L efu tyf ?;sf] blIf0fL If]qsf efudWo] tyf pQ/L Pl;ofdf k5{g\ . o;
If]qcGtu{t k"j{ ;f]leot ;ª3\ ?; tyf rLgsf] klZrdL tyf dWov08, dª\ufl] nofnufotsf
bz] k5g{ \ . ljifd xfjfkfgLsf] sf/0fn] dWo tyf pQ/L Pl;ofsf] cfly{s l:ylt tyf hghLjg
Tolt /fdf| ] 5g} . o; Ifq] sf] d'Vo cflys{ ;|ft] ;fwgdf s[lif tyf kzk' fng k5{g\ . oxfF pTkfbg
x'g] vfBafnLdf wfg, hf,} ds}, ux',F cfn' cflb xg' \ . gub] afnLdf skf;, lrof, /;] dsf] pTkfbg
x'G5 . kzk' fng oxfFsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk xf] . oxfF dWo Pl;ofsf] 3f;F e] l" d
cjl:yt x'gfn] kz'kfng k|z:t ul/G5 . oxfsF f + dflg;x¿ e8] f / afvf| , 3f]8f kfng sfo{df
;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 . cToGt} lr;f] xfjfkfgLsf] sf/0f o; Ifq] df cfafbL Psbd kftnf] 5 .
?;sf] pQ/L Ifq] df klg oxL efudf k5,{ h;nfO{ ;fOa]l/of elgG5 . o; Ifq] df kfOg] sf0] fwf/L
hªu\ nnfO{ 6fOuf (Taiga) elgG5 of] sfuh pTkfbgsf nflu pkofu] L dflgG5 . ?;tyf
rLgdf kz| :t hnljB't\ pTkfbg x'G5 . sf]Onf, lgs]n, ;g' , t]n tyf, vfgL pNnV] o dfqfdf
kfOg] sf/0fn] oxfsF f] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;sf/fTds ke| fj kf/s] f] 5 . oxfFsf]
hg3gTj sd 5 . oxfF ss]l;og tyf dª\ufn] hfltsf] afx'No kfOG5 . pQ/L If]qdf a:g] dflg;
O;fO{ wd{ tyf dWo Pl;ofsf b]zsf dflg; rLgsf] wd{ O:nfd wd{ dfGb5g\ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 157
lj|mofsnfk
!= Pl;of dxfbz] sf] ljleGg Ifq] sf] hLjgzn} L / cfly{s ljm| ofsnfksf] ljj/0f tflnsfdf
k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .
@= Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf pkoS' t ;ª\st] sf] k|ofu] u//] lgDglnlvt tYo eg{x' f];\ M
-s_ 7fpF M ltAatsf] pRr ;d:ynL, ;u/dfyf, yf/ d?e"ld, l/ofb, sfa'n, >Lnªs\ f,
l;ªu\ fk/' , dªu\ fl] nof, lbNnL, aO] lhª, 6f]lsof]
-v_ gbL M ok' ]m| 6;, n]gf, d]sª, O/fjtL, uª\uf, x\jfªx\ f,] ofª\T;L, sf;] L
-u_ tfn÷;d'bM| as} fn, aªu\ fnsf] vf8L, c/]laog ;fu/, Sofl:kog ;fu/
-3_ kjt{ M lxdfno, sg' ng' , ltofg zfg, sf/fsf/] d
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ :6]K; / 6fOufsf] cfly{s dxŒj nV] gx' f;] \ .
-v_ Pl;ofsf] ljleGg If]qdf hg3gTj c;dfg xg' fsf sf/0f n]Vgx' f];\ .
-u_ blIf0f Pl;of / blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofsf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] t'ngf ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ sf/0f lbgx' f;] \ M
-c_ Pl;ofsf] kj" L{ efudf k|z:t jiff{ x'G5 eg] klZrd efudf sd jiff{ x'G5 .
-cf_ l;ª\ufk/' / OG8f]g]l;ofdf a;e}{ l/ kfgL k5{ .
-O_ hfkfgdf df5f dfg]{ Joj;fo km:6\ofPsf] 5 .
-O_{ blIf0f Pl;ofdf hg3gTj pRr 5 .
158 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
kf7
( o/' fk] M efu} fl] ns tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0f
o/' fk] bf;] |f] ;fgf] dxfb]z xf] . o; dxfbz] nfO{
;d'b|n] tLglt/af6 / hldgn] Pslt/af6
3/] ]sf] 5 . o:tf] ee" funfO{ kf| oåLk
elgG5 . o/' fk] df y'k}| /fi6« kf| oåLk x'gfn] o;
dxfb]znfO{ kf| oåLksf] klg kf| oåLk elgG5 .
nfdf] t6Lo Ifq] tyf ;db' | hldgsf] leqL
efu;Dd 3;' /] pQ/L o/' fk] df lkmof8] x{ ¿
ag]sf] kfOG5 . To;n} ] o/' fk] sf clwsfz+
b]zx¿sf] ;d'bL| kx'rF ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
oxfF sx] L e"kl/jl] i6t b]zx¿ ;d]t 5g\ .
!= cjl:ylt
of] dxfbz] #(° pQ/ cIffz+ bl] v &!° pQ/L cIff+z / @)° klZrd bz] fGt/bl] v ^%° kj" L{
bz] fGt/;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . o; dxfbz] nfO{ k"jd{ f o/' fn kj{t / Sofl:kog ;fu/n] Pl;ofaf6
5'6o\ fPsf] 5 . o;sf] klZrddf cfGw|dxf;fu/, pQ/df ;d' ?] dxf;fu/ / blIf0ftkm{ ed" Wo;fu/
k5g{ \ . o;sf] cf;} tk"j{ klZrd nDafO ^$)) lsnf]ld6/ / pQ/ blIf0f rf}8fO $*))
lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
@= efu} fl] ns :j¿k
o'/f]knfO{ efu} fl] ns :j¿ksf] cfwf/df tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ pQ/ klZrdsf] pRr e"ld
pQ/sf] gj]{, l:j8]gb]lv klZrddf :s6NofG8;Dd km}lnPsf] pRr e"efunfO{ pQ/ klZrdsf]
pRr e"ld elgG5 . o;nfO{ :sG] l8gl] eog pRr el" d klg elgG5 . of] efu k'/fgf] df8] bf/ kjt{
tyf s8f r66\ fgaf6 lgldt{ 5 . l:j8g] / lkmgNofG8sf] pRr el" dnfO{ aflN6s l;N8 klg elgG5 .
oxfF ljleGg ks| f/sf vlgh tŒjx¿ kfOG5g\ . o; Ifq] df kz| :t hnljBt' \ pTkfbg xG' 5 .
-v_ dWo d}bfgL efu
dWo d}bfgL efu pQ/L pRr e"ldsf] blIf0flt/ cjl:yt 5 . of] kj" {sf] o/' fn kj{tbl] v klZrdsf]
cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] lsgf/L efu;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . lqsf]0ffTds cfsf/df km}lnPsf] of] d}bfgsf]
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 159
klZrdL efu ;fFu/' f] 5 eg] k"jl{ t/sf] efu jm| dzM km/flsnf] xF'b} uPsf] 5 . of] efu pQ/af6
blIf0flt/ s]xL le/fnf] x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . of] d}bfgL efun] ?;sf] lj:t[t Ifq] nfO{ klg cf]u65\ .
k|frLg r66\ fgaf6 lgldt{ of] efu vlgh ;fwgsf nflu kl| ;4 dflgG5 . o; If]qn] ?;, hdg{ L,
pQ/L k|mfG;, a]lNhodsf] 7n' f] If]qnfO{ cf]u6\5 . of] Ifq] efN] uf, 8g, lgk/ cflb gbLn] NofPsf]
df6f] yl' k|P/ ag]sf] 5 . ufof] d}bfgL efu dlnnf] 5 / s[lifsf nflu pkoS' t 5 . o'/f]ksf] a9L
hg3gTj klg oxL efudf 5 .
-u_ blIf0fsf] kj{tLo Ifq]
dWo d}bfgL efusf] blIf0flt/ blIf0fL kjt{ Lo Ifq] cjl:yt 5 . of] kj{tLo If]q cfNK;, ss;] ;,
sfkfl{ yo;,\ kfo/l] gh\ kjt{ >]0fL ldn/] ags] f] 5 . oL kj{t Pl;ofsf] lxdfno If]qsf] ;dsfnLg
dflgG5g\ . cfNK; kjt{ Lo z[ª\vnf k|mfG; / l:jh/NofG8sf] lar efu eP/ hfG5 . cfNK;
>]0fLsf] ;ae} Gbf pRr kj{t JnfGs kjt{ -$*)& ld_ xf] . cfNK;sf] kj{tsf] kj" l{ t/ sfkfl{ yog
kjt{ >]0fL k5{ . kfo/]lgh\ kjt{ km|fG; tyf :k]gsf] ;Ldfgfdf cjl:yt 5 .
#= xfjfkfgL / k|fsl[ ts jg:klt
nfdf] t6Lo Ifq] / ;dzLtfi] 0f kb| ]zdf cjl:yt xg' fn] o'/fk] sf] xfjfkfgL ;db' ÷| dxf;fu/af6
ke| fljt 5 . To;n} ] oxfsF f] xfjfkfgL dWod tyf /Do k|sf/sf] 5 . oxfF ;dzLtf]i0f ks| f/sf]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . s]xL leqL efuafxs] cGo :yfgdf k|z:t jiff{ xG' 5 . ;d' ?] jQ{ eGbf dflysf]
gj,{] l:j8]g, lkmgNofG8 / ?;df 6'G8f« xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . u|Lid cToGt 5f]6f] / ;S' vf xG' 5 eg]
lxpFb nfdf] x'G5 . oxfF a;{}el/ lxpFn] 9flsPsf] xG' 5 . u|Lidsf] tfkjm| d !)° ;=] b]lv !@° ;=]
hlt x'G5 eg] lxpFbdf )° ;] eGbf w/] } sd xG' 5 . pQ/ klZrd efudf lal| 6; ks| f/ jf klZrdL
;fd'lb|s k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ;d'b|sf] glhs kg{] / klZrdL jfos' f] k|efjn] o; If]qdf
a;{e} l/ kfgL k5{ . oxfF lxpFb 7G8f / cfb|{ tyf u|Lid cfb|{ / Gofgf] xG' 5 . o; xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] df
lxpFb / u|Lidsf] tfkfGt/ w/] } x'bF g} .
o/' f]ksf] k"jk{ 6l\ 6sf] d}bfgL efudf ;dzLtf]i0f 3f;F ]el" dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . u|Liddf udL{ /
lxpbF df cToGt hf8f] x'G5 . of] xfjfkfgL ljifd ks| l[ tsf] x'G5 . jiff{ uL| iddf x'G5 t/ cToGt
sd x'G5 . o:tf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ ;dzLtf]i0f t[0f e"ldsf] xfjfkfgL elgG5 . Sofl:kog ;fu/ tyf
o'/fn kj{t;Ddsf] efudf ;dzLtf]i0f d?el" dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF u|Lid udL{ / ;'Svf tyf
lxpbF 7G8f / ;'Svf xG' 5 . u|Liddf cGToGt sd jiff{ x'g] t/ lxpbF df lxpF kg{] x'gfn] o;nfO{
cw{ d?e"ldsf] If]q klg elgG5 . o/' fk] sf] blIf0fL efudf ed" Wo;fu/sf] jl/kl/ e"dWo;fu/Lo
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF u|Lid udL{ / ;'Svf tyf lxpbF 7G8f / cfb{| xG' 5 . klZrdL jfo'sf] ke| fjn]
lxpFbdf jiff{ x'G5 eg] jfl0fHo jfo'sf] ke| fjn] u|Lid ;'Svf xG' 5 . o:tf] xfjfkfgL :k]g, k|mfG;,
O6fnL / lu|;df kfOG5 .
160 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
xfjfkfgLsf] k|efjn] kf| sl[ ts jg:kltdf ljleGgtf kfOG5 . cToGt lr;f] xg' fn] ;fOal] /of tyf
pQ/L efudf af6] la?jfljxLg db} fgL efu 5 . oxfF sfO{, emo\ fp tyf np] h:tf jg:klt dfq
kfOG5g\ . of] eu] sf] blIf0flt/ lj:t[t Ifq] df sf0] f3f/L jg:kltsf] If]q km} lnPsf] 5 . oxfF kfOg]
sf]0fwf/L jg:kltnfO{ 6fOuf elgG5 . oL ;bfjxf/ sf0] fwf/L hªu\ ndf ;Nnf] w'kL cflb hftsf
jg:klt kfOG5g\ .
si[ 0f ;fu/ / Sofl:kog ;fu/sf] larsf] Ifq] df ;dzLtf]i0f t0[ fel" dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o;
Ifq] df dl;gf, afSnf / kf]l;nf 3f;F I] f]q lj:tt[ ee" fudf k}mlnPsf] 5 . oxfF kfOg] 3fF;] e"ldnfO{
:6K] ; elgG5 . ed" Wo;fu/ jl/kl/ nfdf] h/f, 5f6] f], dl;gf / lrNnf] kft ePsf, afSnf] afj] |mf
ePsf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . oxfF ht} g' , cfs] , ;'Gtnf, sfutL, cªu\ '/ cflb hftsf jg:klt
/ kmnkm" n kfOG5g\ . To;n} ] o; xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] nfO{ ;+;f/sf] aur}F f klg elgG5 . blIf0fL
pRrel" ddf eg] cNkfOg jg:klt kfOG5g\ . o:tf jg:kltdf ;Nnf,] ba] bf?, cfv] /, PNd, ar{
h:tf g/d hftsf ?v kfOG5g\ . o/' fk] df bz] df ljleGg k|hfltsf hgfj/ / r/fr'?ª\uL kfOG5 .
oxfF kfOg] d'Vo hgfj/df v}/f] efn', nfv] s{], la;g, v/fof,] du[ cflb x'g\ . oxfF ljleGg k|sf/sf
r/fr?' ª\uL kfOG5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= o/' f]ksf] gS;f agfO{ pko'St ;ª\s]tsf] k|ofu] u/L lgDglnlvt tYox¿ eg'x{ f];\ M
-s_ pQ/L klZrdsf] pRr e"ld
-v_ sG] b|Lo d}bfgL efu
-u_ blIf0fL pRr e"ld
@= o/' fk] sf] gS;f agfO{ pkoS' t ;ªs\ t] / lrxg\ sf] ko| fu] u/L lgDglnlvt tYox¿ egx{' f;] \ M
-s_ cfNK;, /fd] , 8G] o'a gbL, 6fOuf, l:6K;, a;e}{ l/ jiff{ x'g] Ifq] , nG8g
-v_ kl] /;, d:sf,] cfGw| dxf;fu/, aflN6s ;fu/, ed" wo ;fu/, cfg] u] f tfn, Ona|';
kj{t
-u_ lxpbF df jiff{ x'g] Ifq] , pQ/L pRr e"ld, cfa]l/og k|foåLk, lha| fN6/, cf:] nf,] lu;| ,
ln:ag
#= o/' fk] dxfbz] sf s]xL bz] x¿ ljsl;t 5g\ t/ s]xL bz] x¿ sd ljsl;t klg 5g\ .
k:' tsfno tyf lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ljsl;t tyf sd ljsl;t bz] x¿sf] ;"rL agfP/
sf/0f 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ / kf| Kt ljj/0f sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 161
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ o'/fk] sf ef}ufl] ns If]qsf] ljj/0f lbgx' f;] \ .
-v_ o/' f]ksf d'Vo gbLx¿ / kjt{ >]0fLx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ sf/0f lbg'xf;] \ M
-c_ k"jL{ o/' f]kdf 3f;F ] d}bfg kfOG5 .
-cf_ blIf0fL efudf lxpbF df dfq jiff{ xG' 5 .
-O_ pQ/L o/' f]kdf sf]0f3f/L jg:klt kfOG5 .
-O{_ o/' f]knfO{ k|foåLksf] klg k|foåLk elgG5 .
-p_ o'/fk] sf] cUnf] kj{t, nfdf] gbL, lxpbF df jiff{ xg' ] Ifq] / a;{}el/ kfgL kg]{ If]q
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-pm_ o/' fk] dxfbz] df kfOg] xfjfkfgLsf] ;r" L agfO{ ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-P_ o/' f]k dxfb]zdf kfOg] jg:kltsf] ;r" L agfO{ ljzi] ftf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-P]_ e"dWo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgLsf] If]qnfO{ lsg ;;+ f/sf] au}rF f elgG5 < nV] gx' f];\ .
162 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
kf7
!) o/' f]k M cfly{s / ;fdflhs hghLjg
o'/f]knfO{ ljsl;t dxfbz] elgG5 . oxfsF f dflg;n] lj1fg, cGj]if0f / vfh] sf] If]qdf w]/} k|ult
u/]sf 5g\ . lj1fg tyf kl| jlwdf xfl;n u/]sf] k|ultn] pgLx¿nfO{ zlStzfnL aGg dbt u¥of] .
c7f/fF} ztfAbLsf] cfB} fl] us j|mflGtn] s[lif, vfgL, pBfu] , oftfoft, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf
7'nf] kl/jt{g Nofof] . ToxL kl/jt{gsf] ke| fj cflys{ , ;fdflhs Ifq] df k¥of] . cf}Bfl] usLs/0fsf]
;?' cft a]nfotaf6 eP klg c? b]zx¿df klg o;sf] ke| fj k¥of] . clxn] clwsfz+ b]zx¿df
pBfu] snsf/vgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf] cyt{ Gqdf o/' f]kLo b]zx¿n] ljZjnfO{ g} k|efj
kfg{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
oxfF a;fa] f; ug]{ uf/] f hfltnfO{ ss]l;og elgG5 . oxfF Pl;of, clk|msf tyf cGo dxfb]zaf6
cfPsf dªu\ fn] , lgu|f]nufotsf dflg;sf] a;f]af; 5 . lzIff / :jf:Yosf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
oxfF cªu\ h]| L, km| G] r, hd{g, :kl] g; efiffx¿ d'Vo ¿kn] af]lnG5g\ . o; dxfbz] n] 7'nf7n' f
j1} flgs / cGji] fsx¿nfO{ hGdfPsf] 5 . o:tf j}1flgs, snfsf/, nv] s, bfz{lgsn] ;du| dfgj
;d'bfosf] pGglt / k|ultdf dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg lbPsf 5g\ . of] dxfb]Zfsf clwsfz+ dflg;x¿
O;fO{ wd{ dfGb5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkofu] u//] oxfFsf dflg;x¿n] cflys{ ku| lt /
pGglt xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . of] dxfb]zsf d'Vo cflys{ lj|mofsnfknfO{ lgDgfg';f/ JofVof ug{
;lsG5 M
!= sl[ if
o/' fk] sf sl/a !) k|ltzt dflg; s[lif k;] fdf ;n+ Ug 5g\ . xfjfkfgL / efu} fl] ns :j¿ksf]
ljljwtfn] ubf{ ljleGg k|sf/sf afnLsf] pTkfbg xG' 5g\ . oxfF pTkfbg x'g] dV' o vfBfGg afnL
ux',F hf,} ds} tyf gub]afnLdf skf;, ;t' L{, pv' tyf kmnkm"n k5g{ \ . ljleGg ks| f/sf ;3g
v]tL k0| ffnL cjnDag ul/G5 . yf/] } hldgdf kl/>d, k'hF L, cfw'lgs cf}hf/x¿ / d]l;gx¿ tyf
o:tf s[lifdf pGgt dnlap, sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] ko| fu] u//] a9L pTkfbg ul/G5 . hg3gTj
a9L ePsf] 7fpFdf vt] Lof]Uo hldgsf] cefjn] o:tf] vt] L ug]{ ul/G5 . sltko bz] x¿df eg]
7n' f] kl/df0fdf Jofj;flos kmnkm"n / k'ik vt] L klg ul/G5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] v]tL e"dWo;fu/sf]
cf;kf;sf Ifq] df ul/G5 . oxfF pTkflbt afnL cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{sf] ¿kdf ko} fu] ul/G5 .
@= kzk' fng
o'/f]ksf] clwsf+z efu ;dzLtfi] 0f k|b]zcGtu{t k5{ . To;}n] ubf{ oxfF k|z:t 3f;F ] e"ld
kfOG5g\ . oL kfOg] 3fF;] e"lddf kz'kfng Joj;fo d'Vo ¿kdf ul/G5 . kz'kfng pQ/
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 163
klZrdsf] :s]lG8g]leogbl] v an] fot;Ddsf] efu / kj" L{ efusf] 3f;F ] el" ddf ul/G5 . oxfF ufO,{
e]8f, ;uF '/ tyf xfF; sv' /' fx¿ kfng ul/G5 . 8]gdfs{, gb] /NofG8, hdg{ L, k|mfG;, kfN] ofG8,
a]lNhod / a]nfot bU' whGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbgsf nflu ljZj k|l;¢ 5g\ . kj" L{ o'/fk] df e8] f /
afvf| x¿ df;,' b'w / pgsf nflu kfng ul/G5 . afNsg If]q, blIf0fL efu, la|l6; åLk ;d"xsf
dflg; klg klg kzk' fng sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= dT:o Joj;fo
o/' fk] dxfbz] tLglt/af6 ;db' |n] 3l] /Psf] 5 . o;sf] nfdf] t6Lo Ifq] xg' fn] df5f dfg]{ Joj;fo
km:6fPsf] kfOG5 . t6Lo Ifq] sf dflg; df5f dfg{] Joj;fodf ;n+ Ug ePsf x'G5g\ . oxfF hfn,
8'ª\uf, cfw'lgs k|ljlw, cf}hf/ cflbsf] k|of]u u//] df5f dfg]{ ul/G5 . df5f dfgs{ f nflu hxfh
k|of]u ul/G5 / df5f k|zfw] g u/L lgoft{ ul/G5 . gj,{] l:j8]g, lkmgNofG8, 8g] dfs{, cfO;NofG8,
gb] /NofG8, an] fot, hdg{ L, km| fG;, :kg] , kfr] u'{ n l:j8g] df df5f dfg{] Joj;fo km:6fPsf] kfOG5 .
$= vlghx¿
o'/f]kdf ljleGg k|sf/sf] vlghsf] 7'nf] dfqfdf e08f/0f /xs] f kfOG5 . oBlk vlgh tŒjsf]
;dfgk' flts ljt/0f eg] kfOFbg} . hdg{ L, kf]NofG8, al] Nhod, km| fG;, :k]g, a]nfot, oj' |m]g / r]s
l/klAnsdf sf]Onf kfOG5 . l;;f hdg{ L, l:j8]g, k|mfG;df kfOG5 . h:tf :kg] , kmnfdsf] wfp
k|mfG;, al] Nhod / kf]NofG8df kfOG5 . k|mfG;, /l;of, hdg{ L, gj{,] an] fot cl:6o« fdf cfNdl' god
/ k|]6f« ]n kfOG5 . /l;of, gj{]sf] pQ/L ;fu/, /f]dflgofdf kz| :t k|sl[ ts UofF; klg kfOG5 .
%= hnljBt' \
o/' fk] hnljBt' \ pTkfbgsf nflu kl| ;4 5 . o/' fk] sf] pQ/L tyf blIf0fL Ifq] df hnljBt' \ pTkfbg
ul/G5 . cGo sltko bz] x¿n] ydn{ KnfG6, ;fo} { pmhf{ tyf jfo' pmhfa{ f6 klg ljBt' \ pTkfbg u/s] f]
kfOG5 . O6fnL, l:j8g] , gj,{] kmf| G; tyf l:jh/NofG8 hnljBt' \ pTkfbgdf cu| :yfgdf 5g\ .
%= pBfu]
cf}Bfl] us jm| flGtsf] ;?' jft an] fotaf6 eP klg o;sf] ke| fj c? b]zx¿df klg k¥of] . To;}
sf/0fn] clwsf+z o'/f]lkog bz] x¿df cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ePsf 5 . vfgL, j}1flgs / k|fljlws
ljsf; sf/0fn] ubf{ cfB} f]lusLs/0f nfO{ ;3fp k'us] f] b]lvG5 . clwsf+z bz] x¿ k|zfl] wt
j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg u5g{ \ . oxfF sl[ if hGo, vlghhGo, kzh' Go / jg:klthGo pBf]u w/] } 5g\ .
s[lifhGo pBf]ucGtu{t sk8f, pgLsf ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg ul/G5 . jg:klt hGo pBf]ux¿n]
sfuh, kNk cflb pTkfbg u5{g\ . kmnfd / l:6n, kf6k'hf,{ hxfh, uf8Lx¿, cfi} fwL tyf cGo
d];g/Lsf ;fduL| pTkfbg ug]{ pBfu] x¿ w/] } 5g\ . ljleGg bz] x¿df /f;folgs dn, l;dG] 6,
Knfl:6s, /;fog, cf}ifwL, :ofGyl] 6s sk8fsf pBfu] 5g\ . ljz]if u//] ed" Wo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgLsf]
Ifq] df cjl:yt bz] x¿df jfOg, lao/, cflb pTkfbg ug{] pBfu] x¿ kz| :t kfOG5g\ .
164 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
lj|mofsnfk
!= o'/f]k dxfbz] sf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / hglhjg 5nkmn u/L k|fKt ljj/0f sIffdf k|:t't
ug{x' f;] \ .
@= olb tkfOF{ o'/f]k dxfb]z dfgj a;fa] f;sf nflu pko'St x'gfsf sf/0f vfh] L u//] sIffdf
k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .
#= gk] fn / o'/f]ksf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf s] s:tf ;dfgtf / leggtf KffOG5g\ < vfh] L u/]/
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf;] \ .
$= o/' fk] dxfbz] sf] gS;f agfP/ pkoS' t lrx\g / ;ªs\ t] sf] ko| f]u u/L lgDglnlvt tYox¿
egx{ f;] \ M
Pl8o« fl6«s ;fu/, Oªl\ n; Rofgn, k6] «f]n pTkfbg Ifq] , sfO] nf pTkfbg If]q, ux'F pTkfbg
Ifq] , kmnkmn" vt] L xg' ] Ifq] , :sl] G8g]leog Ifq]
cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ o/' fk] dxfb]zdf df5f dfg]{ Jofj;fo km:6fpg'sf sf/0f n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ o'/fk] s[lifdf cfwl' gsLs/0f x'gfsf sf/0f nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ k"jL{ o'/fk] df cjl:yt 3f;F ] db} fgsf] cfly{s dxŒj nV] g'xf];\ .
-3_ o/' fk] sf pQ/ klZrddf cjl:yt bz] x¿df 8/] L pBfu] sf] ljsf; xg' fsf sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-ª_ o'/fk] dxfb]zsf] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] rrf{ ug'x{ f;] \ .
-r_ gk] fnn] o/' f]kLog bz] n] u/]sf cflys{ ku| ltaf6 s] kf7 l;Sg ;S5 <n]Vgx' f;] \ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
lbPsf] tflnsfsf] cfwf/df o/' fk] sf lj:t[t ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M
Ifq] bz] xfjfkfgL s[lif vfgLhGo pBf]u
pQ/L o/' fk]
klZrd o/' fk]
dWo o/' f]k
blIf0fL o/' fk]
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 165
kf7
!! c:6«l] nof M efu} f]lns / kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f
Ifq] kmn / cjl:ylt
o; dxfbz] sf] k"j{df kz| fGt dxf;fu/,
klZrddf lxGb dxf;fu/, pQ/df
c/fk'm/f ;fu/, l6df]/ ;fu/ / blIf0fdf
blIf0fL ;fu/ k5{g\ . of] dxfb]z !)°
blIf0fL cIffz+ b]lv $)° blIf0fL cIff+z
/ !!$° kj" L{ b]zfGt/bl] v !%$°
k"jL{ bz] fGt/;Dd km} lnPsf] 5 . of]
dxfbz] cGtut{ kj" L{ l6df]/, kkj' f Gol' ugL
/ Go'lhNofG8;lxt !$ cf6] f bz] k5g{ \ .
ds/ /v] f o; dxfb]zsf] lar efuaf6
uPsf] 5 . o; dxfb]zn] ljZjsf] s'n
ee" fusf] %=( kl| tzt Ifq] kmn cf]u6s] f]
5 . o; dxfb]zsf] vf]h h]D; s'sn] u/]sf xg' \ . c:6]«lnofsf] w/] } efu xfr] f] / ;dy/ 5 .
c:6«l] nof ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfbz] xf] . of] dxfb]z k"0ft{ M blIf0fL ufn] fw{df cjl:yt 5 .
o; dxfb]zsf] hg3gTj tn' gfTds ¿kdf sd 5 . oxfF cflbjf;Lsf] ;Vof sd / cfkj| f;Lx¿sf]
;ªV\ of a9L 5 .
!= efu} fl] ns ljefhg
c:6l]« nof dxfbz] sf] ef}uf]lns :j¿knfO{ lgDgcg';f/ tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ k"jL{ pRr e"ld
pQ/k"j{sf] s]kof]s{ k|foåLkb]lv blIf0fsf] tf:dflgof;Dd km} lnPsf] efunfO{ k"jL{ pRr e"ld
elgG5 . o;sf] k"jd{ f pQ/b]lv blIf0f;Dd k}mlnPsf] sx] L cUnf] ;;fgf kxf8sf] ee" fu 5,
h;nfO{ u]6| l8efOl8ª /]Gh elgG5 . of] kxf8 pQ/lt/ sx] L xfr] f] / km/flsnf] tyf blIf0flt/
s]xL cUnf] / ;f3F 'l/bF } uPsf] 5 . o; kxf8sf] cf;} t prfO ;d'b| ;txaf6 sl/a ()) ld6/ dfq
5 . oxfsF f] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] efu Sol' ;:sf] lzv/ -@,@@* ld6/_ k5{ . o;sf] k"jL{ efudf db} fgL
efu klg k5{ h'g pQ/af6 blIf0flt/ j|mdzM ;f3F l' /Fb} uPsf] 5 . oxL t6Lo d}bfgL efu;uF } u|]6
Aofl/o/ l/km cjl:yt 5 .
166 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
-v_ dWo d}bfgL efu
sf/k]G6l/ofsf] vf8Lbl] v blIf0fL ;d'b|;Dd km} lnPsf] ee" funfO{ dWo db} fgL efu elgG5 . of]
k"jL{ pRrel"d / klZrdL pRr ;d:ynLsf] lardf cjl:yt 5 . of] efu ;a}eGbf xfr] f] / ;dy/
ee" fu xf] . of] db} fgL efu gbL a]F;L tyf tfnx¿sf] Ifq] ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] ;ae} Gbf
dxŒjk"0f{ gbL d/' ]{ / o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿ xg' \ . of] dWo db} fgL efunfO{ klg tLg efudf
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 sf/kG] 6l/ofsf] el" d, n]s cfo/ a;F] L / d'/]{8fln{ª gbL a;]F L . oxfF s]xL
tfn klg 5g\ . oxfFsf dV' o tfnx¿ cfo/ / n/G] ; x'g\ .
-u_ klZrdL pRr e"ld
of] pRr ;d:ynLn] c:6«l] nof sl/a @) k|ltzt tyf klZrdL efusf] sl/a bO' {ltxfO ee" fu
cfu] 6]sf] 5 . of] efu kf| rLg s8f r66\ fgaf6 lgldt{ 5 . o; efudf ljleGg ks| f/sf vlghx¿
kfOG5g\ . of] pRr ;d:ynLsf] clwsf+z ee" fu cw{ d?e"ld jf d?e"ld Ifq] cGtu{t k5{ .
rf/cf]6f d?el" dx¿sf] ;o+ S' t efunfO{ u|]6 c:6]«lnog d?el" d elgG5 . o;cGtut{ luj;g
d?e"ld, u]|6 :ofG8L d?el" d, u6]| leS6fl] /og d?e"ld / pn'?sf] u]6| cfo/ r66\ fgsf] efu k5{g\ .
cfo/ r6\6fg ko{6ssf nflu kl| ;4 5 . of] efu dWo db} fgL ef eGbf s]xL cUnf] 5 .
@= xfjfkfgL
c:6]l« nofsf] xfjfkfgLdf ljleGg ks| f/sf tŒjx¿n] k|efj kf/s] f 5g\ . of] dxfb]z blIf0fL
ufn] fw{df kg]{ x'gfn] oxfsF f] xfjfkfgL pQ/L uf]nfws{ f] eGbf ljk/Lt 5 . To;}n] g]kfndf u|Lid
Ct' xF'bf c:6l«] nofdf lxpbF Ct' xG' 5 . pQ/L Ifq] / lSjG;NofG8df pmi0f dg;g' L] xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . klZrdL pRr ;d:ynL Ifq] df pmi0f d?el" dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; xfjfkfgLsf]
If]qdf lbgdf w]/} udL{ / /ftL w]/} lr;f] x'G5 . oxfF jflif{s jiff{ @% ;l] G6ld6/eGbf sd x'G5 .
blIf0fL efudf ;dzLtfi] 0f ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . c:6l]« nofsf] blIf0f k"jL{ / blIf0f klZrdL
efudf e"dWo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] df u|Lid ;S' vf / udL{ tyf lxpbF
lr;f] / cfb|{ x'G5 . d/' ]8flnª{ gbL a];F L jl/kl/ ;dzLtfi] 0f 3f;F ]el" dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF
u|Lid Gofgf] / cfb{| tyf lxpFb lr;f] / cfl] ;nf] x'G5 .
#= jg:klt / hgfj/
xfjfkfgLsf] k|sf/cg;' f/ jg:kltdf klg leGgtf kfOG5 . pQ/ kj" L{ t6Lo efudf ed" Wo/]vLo
If]qdf kfOg] jg:klt kfOG5g\ . oxfF a9L jiff{ xg' ] / tfkjm| d pRr xg' ] xg' fn] pmi0f ;bfaxf/
jg:klt kfOPsf] xf] . st} st} eg] ktem/ jg:klt klg kfOG5g\ . ljzi] f u/]/ s]kof]{s
k|foåLksf] If]qdf o;ks| f/sf] jg:klt kfOG5 . pQ/ k"jL{ t6Lo efusf] blIf0flt/ ;fefgf 3f;F ]
e"ld kfOG5 . oxfF cUnf / v;|f 3f;F kfOG5g\ . d'/8{] fln{ª gbLsf] aF;] Ldf g/d 5f]6f jg:klt
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 167
kfOG5g\ . o:tf 3fF;] If]q ;dzLtf]i0f 3fF;] el" dsf] If]qcGtu{t k5{g\ . oxfF kfOg] lj:tt[ 3fF;]
e"ldnfO{ 8fpG; elgG5 . blIf0f k"jL{ / blIf0fL klZrdL tf:dflgof Ifq] df e"dWo;fu/Lo jg:klt
kfOG5 . oxfF oS' nfOK6; -d;nf_ hftsf ?vx¿ k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . o;nfO{ cfi} fwL
agfpgsf nflu k|ofu] ul/G5 . klZrdL pRr ;d:ynLsf] Ifq] df afSnf] kft, kftdf sfF8f /
nfdf h/f ePsf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . of] dxfb]zdf ljleGg clåtLo hgfj/ kfOG5g\ . df]gf6] ]D« ;,
sfc] fnf, l8ªu\ f], sª\uf?, Plsbgf cflb emG8} rf/;o kh| fltsf hgfj/ kfOG5g\ . oxfF ss' fa'/f,
Od' tyf ljleGg hftsf ;/L;k[ kfOG5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= c:6]«lnof dxfbz] sf] gS;fdf kxf8L ee" fu, pRr ;d:ynL, d}bfg cflb vfh] L ugx{' f;] \ /
sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
@= c:6l]« nof dxfb]zdf kfOg] hgfj/ / jg:kltsf] tflnsf agfpgx' f];\ .
# c:6l]« nof dxfbz] sf] pn'? If]qdf kfOg] cfo/ /s ;DaGwL ;"rgf vf]hL k|fKt ljj/0f
;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
$= c:6«]lnofsf] gS;f agfP/ pkoS' t ;ªs\ ]t ko| f]u u/L lgDglnlvt tYox¿ egx{' f;] \ M
-s_ 8fljg{ , l;8\gL, kz| fGt dxf;fu/, d/' {8] fln{ª gbL, u|6] l8efOl8ª /~] h, u|]6 c:6«l] nog
d?el" d, tf:dflgof
-v_ lxpbF df jiff{ xg' ] If]q, u6|] :ofG8L d?el" d, u|6] Aofl/o/ l/km\ 6, cfo/ tfn, pn'?,
s'nuf8L{
cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ c:6«]lnof dxfb]zsf] efu} f]lns :j¿ksf] JofVof ug{'xf;] \ .
-v_ c:6«]lnof dxfbz] df kfOg] xfjfkfgL / ltgsf ljzi] ftf n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-u_ c:6l]« nof dxfb]zdf kfOg] jg:klt / ltgsf ljz]iftf n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ sf/0f lbgx' f;] \ M
-c_ c:6l]« nof / gk] fndf ljk/Lt Ct' xG' 5 .
-cf_ c:6l]« nofsf] k"jL{ t6Lo efudf hg3gTj a9L 5 .
-O_ c:6«l] nofsf dWo klZrdL efu a;fa] f;sf nflu cgk' o'St 5 .
168 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
kf7
!@ c:6l]« nof M cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdflhs hLjg
c:6«l] nof dxfbz] ljs;Lt dxfbz] xf] . oxfF hg3gTj cToGt sd 5 . oxfsF f cflbjf;Lx¿
sfnf] 5fnf ePsf Pafl] /lhG; x'g\ . oL dflg; oxfF #) xhf/ jifc{ l3 blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 uPsf]
cgd' fg ul/G5 . oxfsF f cflbjf;Lx¿ t'nfgfTds ¿kdf ul/a / lk5l8Psf 5g\ . logLx¿n]
clxn] klg lkm/Gt] hLjg latfp5F g\ . logLx¿sf] dV' o a;fa] f; ;dzLtfi] 0f 3f;F ] el" dsf] jl/kl/
/xs] f] kfOG5 . l;sf/ vN] g], kzx' ¿ kfNg] / sGbdn" ;ª\sng ug{] sfddf ;+nUg xG' 5g\ . t/
clxn] oxfF cflbjf;Lx¿sf] hg;ªV\ of cToGt sd 5 .
!( cfF} ztfAbLdf ha ;g' vfgLsf] pTvgg ul/of,] 7n' f] ;ªV\ ofdf o/' fl] kog cfkj| f;Lx¿ oxfF
k|j]z u/] . To;n} ] oxfsF f clwsfz+ dflg;x¿ o/' fl] kog dn" sf 5g\ . cem ljz]if u/]/ an] fotaf6
a;fO{F ;//] cfPsf dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof w]/} 5 . o;sf ;fy} Pl;og d"nsf dflg; klg oxfF
a;f]jf; u5{g\ . c:6«]lnofdf bz] df Pl;ofnL bz] af6 cfPsf dflg;x¿ sf] a;f]af; kfOG5 .
ljzi] f u//] Pl;ofnL bz] x¿ ef/t, l;ªu\ fk'/, dnl] ;of tyf rLgaf6 cfPsf dflg;x¿sf]
pNnV] o j;f]af; kfOG5 . oxfF lzIff / :jf:Yosf] /fd|f] ;l' jwf 5 . oxfF clwsf+z dflg; O;fO{
wd{fjnDaL 5g\ . oxfF afl] ng] d'Vo efiff cªu\ ]h| L, lrlgofF, O6flnog x'g\ . oxfFsf cflbjf;Lx¿
cfkmg\ } efiff afN] 5g\ . oxfsF f dflg;sf] hLjgzn} L o/' fl] kog;uF ldNbf]hN' bf] 5 . oxfF a;f]af;
ug]{ ck|jf;Lx¿ ;db' L| t6Lo Ifq] / ;x/L Ifq] df a;fa] f; u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] t6Lo Ifq] df
kg]{ l;8\gL, la;| jg] , d]njg{ cflb ;x/x¿df hg3gTj a9L 5 .
!= d'Vo ;f| t] / ;fwg
-s_ hª\un
o; dxfbz] sf] sl/a ^ k|ltzt e"efu hªu\ nn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . k"jL{ efusf] a9L jiff{ xg' ] Ifq] df
hª\unx¿ kfOG5 . oxfF d'Vo u/]/ os' flnK6; / kfdsf ?v kfOG5g\ . o'sflnK6; t]n lgsfNg,
cf}ifwL tyf sfuh / kmlgr{ / agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 . t/ pQ/kj" L{ t6Lo Ifq] df pmi0f xfjfkfgLsf]
Ifq] df kfOg] jg:klt kfOG5g\ .
-v_ sl[ if
c:6«]lnofsf] sl/a rf/ kl| tzt e"efu dfq s[lifsf nflu pko'St 5 . blIf0f klZrdL efu, blIf0f
k"jL{ efu / t6Lo Ifq] df k|z:t jiff{ xg' ] xbF' f vt] LkftL ul/G5 . oxfsF f] v]tL k0| ffnL cfw'lgs
k|sf/sf] 5 . ls;fgn] yf]/} hldgaf6 w]/} pTkfbg u5g{ \ . oxfsF f] d'Vo vfBfGg afnL ux'F xf] .
Go' ;fpyjN] ; uxF' pTkfbg x'g] dV' o If]q xf] . hf,} ds,} pjf oxfFsf cGo pTkfbg x'g\ . l;FrfO
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 169
;l' jwf ePsf] Ifq] df wfg klg pTkfbg x'G5 . lSjG;NofG8 If]qdf pv', ;'tL,{ skf; h:tf gub]
afnL k|z:t pTkfbg xG' 5 . oxfF cªu\ /' nufotsf ljleGg kmnkmn" pTkfbg ul/G5 .
-u_ kzk' fng
c:6«]lnof e8] f / cGo 3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf nflu ljZj kl| ;4 5 . oxfF ;+;f/df pTkfbg x'g]
pgdWo] #) k|ltzt pg pTkfbg xG' 5 . oxfFsf] ;dzLtf]i0f k|bz] df Jofj;flos ¿kdf e8] f
kfng ul/G5 . Go' ;fpyjN] ;, klZrdL c:6]l« nof, leS6f]/Lof / blIf0fL c:6«l] nof e]8fkfngsf
d'Vo If]q xg' \ . c:6«]lnof ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf w/] } e]8fsf] pg / df;' lgof{t ug]{ bz] xf] .
pmi0f k|b]zLo 3fF;] db} fgdf b'Uw hGo kbfy{ / df;s' f nflu ufO{kfng ul/G5 . kzk' fng dWod
jiff{ x'g] / tfkj|md klg dWod vfnsf] ePsf] If]qdf ul/G5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlw ko| f]u u/L, b'w,
w'nf] bw' , gfg} L, lrh cflb pTkfbg ul/G5 . o; If]qcGtu{t lSjG;NofG8 / Go';fpy j]N; k5g{ \ .
-3_ vfgL
c:6l«] nofdf w]/} ks| f/sf vlghx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF ;'g, tfdf, h:tf, kmnfd, lzzf, sf]Onf,
rfbF L, cfNdl' god, k6] «fl] nod kbfy{x¿ kz| :t kfOG5g\ . c:6«]lnofsf] pQ/ klZrd Ifq] df kg{]
sflnun' L{ / s'nuf8L{ ;g' sf] pTkfbgsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ 5g\ .
Go' ;fpyjN] ;, lSjG;NofG8, blIf0f klZrd c:6l]« nofdf sfO] nf kfOG5 . kmnfdsf] wfp klZrd
c:6l]« nof, h:tf a|fs] g lxn, o/' l] god blIf0fL c:6]«lnof / pQ/L If]qdf kfOG5 . tf:dflgof, Go'
;fpyjN] ; / klZrd c:6]«lnofdf k6] f« n] kfOG5 . leS6fl] /of, Go;' fpyjN] ; / klZrdL c:6«]lnof
kf| sl[ ts Uof;F sf nflu k|l;4 5g\ .
-ª_ pBf]u / Jofkf/
c:6]l« nof cf}Bfl] us ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg kl| ;4 5 . l:6n, uf8L / hxfh lgdf{0f oxfFsf
dV' o pBfu] x'g\ . d/' 8]{ flnª{ gbL a;]F L / o;sf] cf;kf;df Jofj;flos uxF' v]tL x'G5 . c:6]«lnofn]
ux'F, pg, bU' w kbfy,{ df;', kmnfd / dl] ;g/L ;fdfg cflb lgoft{ u5{ .
-r_ hnljB't\ / ko{6g
c:6«l] nofsf] :gfO] { d/' ]{ ljsf; cfofh] gf dxŒjk0" f{ cfof]hgf xf] . :gf]O{ gbLsf] kfgL d'/] gbLsf]
dflyNnf] efudf nu]/ ljB't\ pTkfbg / l;rF fOsf nflu ko| fu] ul/Psf] 5 . d'/{–] ! af6 (%)
d3] fjf6 / d/' {–] @ af6 %%) d]3fjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu u|6] l8efOl8ª
/]Ghaf6 !% lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] ;'?ª agfP/ kfgLnfO{ d/' ]{ gbLdf nluPsf] 5 .
oxfFsf] /fli6o« lgs~' hdf sª\uf?, Od'nufot cGo hgfj/ xg] { ko6{ s cfp5F g\ . To:t} d'ufsf]
ljzfn t6Lo If]q -Great barrier reef_ sf] cjnfs] g ugs{ f nflu ko{6sx¿ cfpF5g\ . ko6{ g
pBfu] cfDbfgLsf] dV' o ;|f]t xf] .
170 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
lj|mofsnfk
!= P6\n;sf] ;xfotfn] c:6l]« nofdf kfOg] dxŒjk"0f{ vlgh vfh] L u/L] gS;fdf bv] fpg'xf];\ .
@= ljleGg ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ c:6«]lnof dxfb]z cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkGg x'gs' f sf/0f vf]hL
ugx{' f];\ / sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f];\ .
#= c:6]«lnofsf d'Vo ;x/, cfoft / lgoft{ ug{] j:tx' ¿ tflnsfdf bv] fpg'xf];\ .
$= c:6«]lnof dxfbz] sf] gS;f agfpgx' f];\ / pko'St ;ª\st] ko| f]u u/L lgDglnlvt tYox¿
eg{'xf];\ M
-s_ dfpG6 Sof;] '?sf,] ky,{ u|6] c:6]«lnog d?el" d, sfk{]G6l/ofsf] vf8L, d'/]{ gbL
-v_ tf:dflgof ;fu/, lxGb dxf;fu/, cfo/ tfn, la:| j]g, ds/ /v] f
%= c:6]l« nofsf] gS;f sf]g{'xf;] \ / pko'St ;ªs\ t] k|ofu] u/L /fhgLlts ljefhg bv] fpg'xf;] \ .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ c:6l]« nof dxfbz] sf] ;fdflhs hLjgsf] rrf{ ug'{xf;] \ .
-v_ c:6«]lnof dxfb]zsf dV' o cfly{s lj|mofsnfk pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ c:6«]lnof dxfb]zsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f c;dfg xg' fsf sf/0f :ki6 kfg{'xf;] \ .
-3_ c:6«]lnof dxfb]zdf kzk' fng kz| :t xg' fsf sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 171
kf7
!# ljkt\
7n' f] wghgsf] Iflt xg' ] u/L crfgs
¿kdf 36g\ ] 36gfaf6 l;lh{t cj:yfnfO{
ljkt\ elgG5 . o;n] k"jf{wf/, kof{j/0f
/ dfgj ;Eotfdf gsf/fTds k|efj
kf5{ . es" Dk, ;g' fdL, af9L, klx/f,] 89]nf],
dxfdf/L, zLt nx/, r6\ofª cflb ljkts\ f
k|sf/ xg' \ . kf| s[lts sf/0fn] ;[hgf x'g]
ljktn\ fO{ kf| s[lts ljkt\ elgG5 . dfgjLo
sf/0fn] ;[hgf xg' ] ljktn\ fO{ dfgj ;l[ ht
ljkt\ elgG5 . ad lj:kmf]6, /l] 8of]wdL{
ljls/0f rx' fj6, ;8s bw' 6{ gf, /n] ,
xjfOh{ xfh b3' 6{ gf, cfunfuL dfgj ;[lht ljkt\ xg' \ . cfuf]nfuL eg] dfgjLo tyf kf| sl[ ts b'j}
ks| f/sf] ljkt\ xf] . ljZjJofkL tfkj|md jl[ 4 klg ljkts\ f] sf/0f xf] .
!= ljkt\sf ks| f/
-s_ kf| s[lts ljkt\ M o;cGtut{ hn tyf df};d, efu} le{s k|sfk] / hl} js ks| fk] ;uF ;DalGwt
ljkt\ k5g{ \ . o;cGtu{t af9L, klx/f,] 89]nf,] tk' mfg, cfFwL, v8/] L, e"sDk, Hjfnfd'vL cflbaf6
pTkGg ljkt\ k5{g\ . sltko ljkt\ kf| sl[ ts kl| j|mofsf sf/0fn] 365\ g\ . dfgj hfltsf] ljsf;j|md
;Fu;Fu} ljleGg k|sf/sf k|fs[lts ljkt\ pTkGg eP/ ck/" 0Lfo Iflt lgDTofPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))%
sf] s]l6«gf cfFwLa]x]/L, ;g\ @)!) sf] xfO6Lsf] e"sDk, ;g\ @)!! sf] kz| fGt dxf;fu/df cfPsf]
;'gfdL, ;g\ @)!% sf] g]kfnsf] es" Dk, ;g\ @)!( df ;?' ePsf] sf]le8 !( sf] dxfdf/L
tyf ;g\ @)@) sf] c:6«]lnofsf] hª\undf nfus] f] 89n] f] sx] L ljgfzsf/L kf| sl[ ts ljkts\ f
pbfx/0f x'g\ . ljkt\cGtut{ efu} f]lns, hnpTkGg, jfo'l;lh{t, vufn] Lo, hl} js -;nx, /fu]
tyf dxfdf/L_ cflb k5{g\ . cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f, a9\bf] kb| "if0f, kofj{ /0fLo ljgfz, hgrt] gfsf]
sdL o;ks| f/sf ks| f]ksf dV' o sf/s tŒj x'g\ . dfgjLo tyf cGo sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] jgljgfz
tLj| x'bF } uPsf] 5 . tLj| jg ljgfzsf] sf/0fn] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/s] f] 5 .
ljleGg k|sf/sf ljkt\ l;lh{t xg' 'df jg ljgfz sf/s tŒj dflgG5 t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
hnjfo' kl/jt{g klg kf| s[lts ljklQsf] csf{] dxŒjk0" f{ sf/0f xf] . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] dflg;sf]
/xg;xg, hLjgz}nL tyf af9Lklx/f] hfg] sfddf e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . cltj[li6, cgfjl[ i6
172 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] l;h{gf xG' 5 . jghªu\ n km8F fgL / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|fsl[ ts
ljkts\ f sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . o:tf ljkt\ s]xL dfgjLo x'G5g\ eg] sx] L k|fsl[ ts klg x'G5g\ .
-v_ hnpTkGg ks| fk]
hnpTkGg k|sf]k eGgfn] kfgLsf]
dfWodaf6 x'g] kf| sl[ ts k|sfk]
xf] . af9L, klx/f,] eI" fo, lxdtfn
ljikmf6] af6 xg' ] af9L, uu] f| gsf]
axfj hnpTkGg k|sfk] sf pbfx/0f
x'g\ . hnpTkGg k|sfk] k|fsl[ ts
/ dfgjLo sf/0fn] l;lht{
xG' 5 . af9Lklx/f], eI" fo cflb
k|fsl[ ts sf/0fn] klg xG' 5 . jiff{sf
dfqfdf km/] abn xb'F f af9L, klx/f],
cfwF La]x]/L, v8/] Lsf ;fy;fy} cgluGtL hnpTkGg /fu] x¿ lglDtg] vt/f xG' 5 . gk] fn dg;'gL
jiffs{ f] pRr hfl] vdsf] If]qdf k5{ . gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns cj:yf, hldgsf] agfj6 tyf df};dL
jiff{ h:tf sf0fn] ubf{ gbL tyf hnfwf/ Ifq] df klx/f] / eI" fo eO{ kT| o]s jif{ wghgsf] 7'nf]
Iflt x'G5 . hnpTkGg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug{ le/fnf] hldgdf ?v /fK] g], gbL lsgf/fdf t6aGw
nufpg], vfnL 7fpdF f lj?jf /f]Kg,] jghª\un kmF8fgL gug]{ / j1} flgs ¿kdf ep" kofu] ug]{ h:tf
pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
@= ljkt\sf c;/
-s_ ljktn\ ] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ .
-v_ ljkts\ f] sf/0fn] wghgsf] Iflt x'G5 .
-u_ dflg;x¿ 3fOt] xg' ] tyf hghLjgdf pynky' n cfpg ;S5 .
-3_ efl} ts ;/+ rgfdf Iflt kU' 5 .
-ª_ ljleGg ks| f/sf dxfdf/L km}lnG5 .
-r_ vfBfGg, vfg]kfgL cflbsf] cefj x'g ;S5 .
-5_ ljktn\ ] ubf{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ .
-h_ dgf]j1} flgs qf; / c;/' Iff x'G5 .
#= ljkt\ Joj:yfkg / ;fdflhs bfloTj
ljkt\ /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f, p4f/ / k'g:yfk{ gfsf] sfon{ fO{ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ljkt\
hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0f tyf Joj:yfkg Pg] , @)&$ n] ljkt\ hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0f, ljkt\ kl| tsfo{ jf
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 173
ljkt\ k'gnfe{ ;uF ;DalGwt ;Dk0" f{ lj|mofsnfknfO{ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
ljkts\ f] k"j{tof/Lsf] cj:yf, ljkt\ cfPkl5 tTsfn lgoGq0f, p4f/ Pjd\ /fxt tyf ljktk\ l5sf]
kg' Mlgdf0{ f / kg' M :yfkgf;Ddsf] pkfo g} ljkt\ Joj:yfkg xf] . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf ;fdflhs
bfloTj eGgfn] ;dfhn] ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ug]{ ultljlw eGg] a'lemG5 . ;dfhdf 36\g]
;a}vfnsf ljkt\df ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf] el" dsf x'G5 . o;/L ;b:ox¿n] lgjfx{ ug]{ bfloTjnfO{
;fdflhs bfloTj elgG5 . ;fdflhs bfloTjcGtu{t ljkt\ kj" ,{ ljkt\ eO/xs] f] an] f / ljkt\
k5fl8 ug'{kg{] ultljlwx¿ hf]l8Psf xG' 5g\ . To;}n] ;dfhsf ;b:o tyf ljkt\;uF ;DalGwt
hgzlStn] ;Defljt ljkt\sf] Vofn /fVgk' 5{ . ;dud| f ljkt\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ pNn]v
ug{ ;lsG5M
-s_ ljkt\ kj" t{ of/L
-c_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ofh] gf tof/L / sfoG{ jog ug]{
-cf_ cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf 36\g ;Sg] k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lht{ k|sfk] x¿ kj" { cfsng ug{]
-O_ ;db' fodf ljkt;\ DaGwL ;rt] gf k}mnfpg]
-O_{ ;fdflhs ;~hfndfkm{ t ljkts\ f sf/s, c;/ tyf Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿
kr| f/k|;f/ ug]{
-p_ cfkm" ;uF ljkts\ f an] f cfjZos kg{] kf| ylds pkrf/sf ;fwgx¿, vfBfGg, OGwg
tyf cGo cTofjZos bl} gs hLjgsf ;fdfgx¿ ;l~rt u//] /fVg]
-pm_ k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lht{ k|sfk] lj?4 hLjg tyf ;DklQ ladf u/fpg]
-C_ cfkm" h:tf];s' } jftfj/0fdf tyf kl/l:yltdf a:g of]Uo aGg]
-P_ k|sfk] ;Fu ;DalGwt /xL kj" { cEof;sf sfo{ ug]{
-P_] cfkm" n] hfgs] f k|sfk] ;uF ;DalGwt ;"rgf c?nfO{ afF8\g] tyf c?af6 ;r" gf Pslqt
ug]{
-v_ ljkt\sf an] f
-c_ vfh] tyf p4f/ ug{]
-cf_ kLl8tnfO{ ;/' lIft :yfgdf ;fg{]
-O_ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ / uDeL/ rf]6k6s nfu]sfnfO{ c:ktfn nfg] k|aGw
ldnfpg]
-O_{ cfwf/et" ;/;kmfO, JolStut tyf ;fdb' flos :jf:Yodf Wofg lbg]
-p_ vfBfGg tyf a;fa] f;sf] plrt Joj:yf ug]{
174 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
-pm_ afnaflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt, la/fdL tyf dlxnfx¿sf] plrt
/v] b]v / Joj:yfkg ug{]
-C_ oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ cf]xf/] bf]xf/] ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
-u_ ljktk\ l5
-c_ cfd;~rf/sf dfWod tyf ;fdflhs ;~hfndfk{mt\ lgoldt ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{
-cf_ o:tf] a]nfdf xg' ;Sg] ck/fwsf ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{ plrt ka| Gw ldnfpg]
-O_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th{d' f tyf nfu' ug]{
-O_{ wghgsf] Ifltsf] cfsng ug]{
-p_ kLl8tx¿nfO{ /fxt ljt/0f tyf kg' :yf{kgf ug{]
-pm_ ljkt\sf kLl8tx¿nfO{ Goflos Ifltkl" t{ pknAw u/fpg k|aGw ldnfpg]
-C_ dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ lbg] Joj:yf ug{]
lj|mofsnfk
!= ljkt\sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;fdflhs bfloTj ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L kf| Kt lgisif{
nV] g'xf];\ .
@= tkfOF{ If]qdf x'g] s'g} Ps hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfo sIffdf 5nkmn u/L
nV] g'xf;] \ .
#= :yfgLo ;db' fodf 36\g ;Sg] ljkt\;DaGwL gdg' f k"j{sf -Mock drill_ ljm| ofsnfk
;~rfng ugx'{[ f;] \ .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ ljkt\ egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ k|fsl[ ts / dfgjLo ljktl\ arsf] leGgtf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ ljkts\ f c;/ nV] g'xf];\ .
-3_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] < ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo txsf] e"ldsf nV] gx' f];\ .
-ª_ g]kfndf x'g] hnpTkGg k|sfk] sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-r_ hnpTkGg ks| fk] sf sf/0f pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 175
PsfO xfd|f] ljut
;ft
l;sfO pknlAw
• P]ltxfl;s ;f| t] x¿sf] vfh] , cWoog ug{ Pjd\ To;sf]
;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{
• a4' hGddl" d slknj:t'sf] zfSo j+zLo Oltxf;sf]
5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{
• gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgsf d'Vo 36gfx¿ pNn]v
ug{
• g]kfn cªu\ |h] o4' df gk] fnL jL/jL/ª\ugfx¿sf] of]
ubfgsf] ;dLIff ug{
• /f0ffzf;gsf] pbo Pjd\ cGTosf sf/0f / o;n]
kz| f;lgs, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kIfdf kf/]sf] k|efj
atfpg
176 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
kf7
! Pl] txfl;s ;f| ]t
gk] fndf P]ltxfl;s, ef}ufl] ns, wflds{ , ;f+:s[ltsnufot ljljw ;Dkbf /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;Dkbfsf]
klxrfg ug'{ xfd|f] cfjZostf xf] . ;Dkbfsf] P]ltxfl;s kIf ljZni] f0f ubf{ w/] } k|sf/sf ;fduL| sf]
cWoog ugk{' 5{ . ljgfljZn]if0f nl] vPsf] Oltxf;n] ;To 1fgsf] k|;f/ ub}{g . jf:tljs Oltxf;sf]
vfh] ugs{ f ljleGg ;fduL| x¿sf] ;ª\sng, t'ngfTds cWoog / d"Nofªs\ g ugm'{ cfjZos xG' 5 .
Oltxf;sf ;|ft] /fi6«sf klxrfg xg' \ . ltgsf] ;+/If0f ugk'{ b{5 . Pl] txfl;s ;|ft] lgDglnlvt
xG' 5g\ M
;f| ]tsf k|sf/
-s_lnlvt ;|f]t j+zfjnL, hLjgL, k:' ts, db' f| , tSdf, ljei" f0f, lnvt, lznfkq, tfd|kq,
lan, efr} /, efh] kq, tf8kq, kf08'lnlk, :j0f{kq, ofqf ljj/0f, dNnsfnsf
36gfx¿sf] l6kf6] -7\of;km_' , Oltxf;ljb,\ a'l4hLjL;uF sf k|ZgfjnL tyf
cGtjf{tfs{ f lnlvt clenv] klg lnlvt ;|ft] x¿ x'g\ .
-v_ dfl} vs jL/ufyf, nfs] uLt, ;jfO{, syf, cfVofg, ls+jbGtL, sxfjt, ctL{ pkbz] ,
;f| ]tx¿ vfF8f] hufpg] dGq dfl} vs ;f]t xg' \ .
-u_ snfs[lt / d"lt{, lrqx¿, ejg, k'n, u'kmf, dlGb/, lsNnf, ufF}8f, xltof/, kf;] fs,
7f]; j:t' snfsl[ t, uxgf, z[ª\uf/, eUgfjzi] f, cjzi] f, 3f6, snfs[lt cflb 7f;]
j:t' xg' \ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 177
gk] fnsf] Oltxf; cWoog ug{] k|dv' ;f| t] x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!= jz+ fjnL
jz+ fjnLdf 36gfnfO{ sfnjm| dcg;' f/ ldnfP/ /flvPsf] xG' 5 . g]kfndf Oltxf; nv] g sfos{ f]
;'?jft gx'bF } j+zfjnLn] g} Oltxf;sf] sfd u/s] f] lyof] . jz+ fjnLdf zf;sx¿sf gfd, jz+ ,
ldltltly, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, wfld{s 36gf / ;w' f/x¿sf] j0fg{ ul/Psf] xG' 5 .
gk] fndf uf]kfn/fh jz+ fjnL, efiff j+zfjnL / gk] fn bz] sf] Oltxf; gfds jz+ fjnL k|sfzdf
cfPsf 5g\ .
@= clenv]
9'ª\ufdf n]lvPsf clenv] nfO{ lznfnv] elgG5 . o;n] Oltxf;sf ljljw s/' fx¿sf] 1fg
lbnfp5F . wft,' sf7, 9ª' u\ f, sfuh, tf8kq / leQfdf nl] vPsf 36gf ljj/0fnfO{ clen]v
elgG5 . clen]vsf cfwf/df ljutsf 36gf ljj/0fsf] 1fg kfpg ;lsG5 . /fhfdxf/fhfn] cfkmn" ]
u/]sf dxŒjk0" f{ sfos{ f] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljj/0fx¿ wftd' f sFb' ]/ /fVg nufpyF ] . wftn' ]vx¿df
tfdk| q, /htkq / ;j' 0fk{ q kd| v' dflgG5g\ . P]ltxfl;s cWoogsf nflu clenv] n] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]ns] f 5 .
#= db' |f
g]kfndf ;g' , rfFbL, 5fnf, tfdf, df6f] cflbsf d'bf| k|rngdf /x]sf lyP . ;'gsf db' f| nfO{ c;kmL{
elgG5 . g]kfndf ;jk{ |yd d'b|fsf] k|rng lnR5lj /fhf dfgb]jsf] kfnfb]lv ePsf] lyof] .
dNn/fhf /TgdNnn] tfdfsf] k;} f kr| ngdf NofPsf lyP eg] /fhf dx]Gb|dNnn] rfFbLsf dfx] /
kr| ngdf NofPsf lyP . g]kfnsf] db' f| kf| rLgsfnbl] v g} ltAatdf rlncfPsf] lyof] . d'bf| df
ze' sf kt| Ls:j¿k b]jLb]jtf, lqz"n, ;f9F ,] 3f8] f, ;"o,{ rGb| cflbsf lrq klg /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
dfgb]jn] k|rngdf NofPsf db' |fsf] Psfk6\l6 >Ldfgfª\s / csf{]k6\l6 >Lefu] LgL nl] vPsfn]
dfgb]jsL h]7L kTgL >Lef]uLgL lyOg\ eGg] k|dfl0ft xG' 5 . g]kfndf kf| Kt db' f| df uf/] vgfy,
nfs] gfy, >L ejfgL, g]kfn]Zj/, g]kfnd08n]Zj/ cflb pNnv] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sflGtk'/,
nlntk/' / eStk'/sf d'b|fdf j|mdzM kzk' lt, t'nhf ejfgL / s?0ffdosf] lrq /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
bj] L bj] tfsf] gfd k;} fdf pNn]v ugf{n] To; an] fsf zf;s / hgtf eujfgk\ |lt ljZjf; ub{y]
eGg] al' emG5 . /f0ffsfneGbf cufl8 c;kmLs{ f] kr| ng lyof] . k|wfgdGqL h4' ;d;/] sf] ;dob]lv
sfuhL d'b|fsf] kr| ng ;?' eof] . db' f| sf] cWoogaf6 tTsfnLg ;dosf] jf:tljs Oltxf;
klxrfg ug{ w]/} ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
178 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
$= wflds{ uG| y
gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf lxGb' wd{;Fu ;DalGwt dxfef/t, /fdfo0f / k'/f0f klg
dflgG5g\ . o:tf wfld{s u|Gyx¿n] kf| rLg Oltxf; hfGgdf ;xofu] k'¥ofpF5g\ . k|frLg Gofo
Joj:yf, cy{ Joj:yf, wflds{ cj:yf, /fHo Joj:yf /0fsfz} ntfsf] af/d] f klg 1fg lng ;lsG5 .
%= ljbz] Lsf ljj/0f
ljleGg sfnv08df gk] fn ed| 0f u/L ljbz] L ofqLx¿n] ljleGg ljj/0f ks| fzdf NofPsf 5g\ .
lrlgofF ofqL x'ofg;fª ;g\ ^@( bl] v ^$# O{=-lj=;+= ^*^ bl] v &))_ ;Dd ef/tsf] e|d0fdf
hfFbf cfpbF f g]kfnsf] af6f] eP/ u/s] f lyP . pgn] cfˆgf] ofqf ljj/0fdf gk] fndf k|tfkL /fhf
c+zj' df{sf] zf;gsfn, c+zj' dfå{ f/f lgld{t s}nfzs6' ejg, g]kfnsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs kIfsf]
klg rrf{ u/s] f lyP . kf| rLgbl] v cfwl' gs g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgdf0{ fdf ljbz] L ofqLsf] ljj/0f
a9L dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] bl] vG5 .
^= ;/sf/L clen]v tyf sfuhkq
;/sf/L sfuhkq gk] fnsf] Oltxf; cWoogsf ;f| ]t xg' \ . oL ;|f]taf6 /fhfsf] gfd, zf;gsfn,
ef/bf/x¿sf] gfd, Gofo, k//fi6,« cflys{ cj:yf, bz] sf] cfDbfgL vr,{ ;l} gs Joj:yf, ljleGg
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;w' f/x¿, /fhsfh;DaGwL gLlt / lgod cflbsf] af/d] f 1fg k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . ljleGg c8\8f, sfof{noaf6 nfndfx] /, v8u\ lgzfg, ;Gb]z, cfb]zkq, ;gb ;jfn,
kms' j' fkq, ;lGwkqx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . rGb|;d;/] n] lj=;+= !(*! df bf;k|yfsf] cGTo ubf{ lbPsf]
efif0f, h'4;d;/] n] klg kbTofu ug{] a]nfdf lbPsf] jStJo, kbd\ ;d;/] n] jw} flgs sfg'g
@))$ 3f]if0ff ubf{sf] jStJo, >L % lqej' g / dxG] b|sf efif0f klg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf dxŒjk0" f{
Pl] txfl;s ;f| ]t xg' \ . o;n] Oltxf;sf] ;:+ sl[ t, /fHoJoj:yf, zf;g Joj:yf, ;fdflhs ;w' f/
cflbnfO{ ;ª\s]t u5{g\ . lj=;+= !(!) df hªu\ axfb'/n] agfPsf] dn' 'sL Pg] nfO{ klg kd| 'v ;|ft] sf
¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
&= snfsf}zn
dlGb/, ljxf/, :df/s, ejg, lsNnf, :t"k tyf d"lt{x¿df /flvPsf ;fduL| x¿n] Pl] txfl;s
cj:Yffsf] hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . snfs[lQx¿df wflds{ Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts cj:yf, jz] ei" ff, dl" t{snf,
jf:ts' nf, lrqsnf, ;fdflhs–cflys{ l:yltsf] ljifodf cWoog u/L tYo s/' f kf| Kt ug{
;lsG5 . g]kfndf k|fKt snfs[lQx¿df rfFug' f/fo0fsf] dlGb/, kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/, xg'dfg9fs] f,
kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/, :joDe"gfy, af4} gfy, /fhf dxf/fhfx¿sf ;flns, Goftkfn] cflb k|dv'
5g\ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 179
*= Yof;km'
Yof;k'm gk] fnsf] Pltxfl;s tYox¿ bv] fpg] Pp6f ;|ft] xf] . o;nfO{ gf6] jf 8fo/L tyf gj] f/L
efiffdf 7o\ f;km' elgG5 . Yof;km'af6 dV' o ¿kdf tTsfnLg ;dodf /fhf, dGqL, ef/bf/sf]
gfd, wfld{s, ;fdflhs sfo,{ /fHolarsf] cfk;L ;DaGw, kf| sl[ ts 36gfx¿ / kd| v' Pl] txfl;s
36gfsf] af/]df hfGg ;lsG5 .
plNnlvt gk] fnsf] Oltxf; cWoog ug]{ ;|ft] nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;+/If0f ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 M
-s_ Oltxf;sf ;f| ]tx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f u/L /fli6o« s/0f ug]{
-v_ rf/] L xg' af6 ;/' Iffsf] ka| Gw ug{]
-u_ ljleGg :yfgdf kf| Kt u/s] f ;f| t] x¿nfO{ ;ª\sng ug{]
-3_ k:' tsfno tyf ;ª\uf| nosf] lgdf0{ f u/L ;+/lIft ug{]
-ª_ k|fKt ;f| t] x¿nfO{ ljBt' Lo dfWodaf6 kmfOlnª u/L Jojl:yt ug{]
lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfOF{ a:g] ;db' fodf Oltxf;sf ;|f]tx¿ xg' ;S5g,\ ltgLx¿sf] ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf
k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .
@= cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿lar ;dx" lgdf0{ f u/L Oltxf;sf ;|ft] x¿sf ;DaGwdf Pp6f ;+jfb tof/
ugx'{ f];\ .
#= cfkmg\ f ;db' fosf JolSt;Fu ;fw] /] ToxfsF f] Oltxf; ;DaGwL :yfgLo hg>l' t tyf nf]suLt
l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
!= gk] fnsf] Pl] txfl;s ;|ft] x¿sf] cWoog s] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
@= olb tkfO{nF fO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; vfh] L ug{] lhDdf lbOof] eg] sg' s'g ;|f]tsf] pkof] u
ug'x{ 'G5 < lsg <
180 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
kf7 zfSoj+zLo Oltxf;
@
slknj:t'sf] zfSo jz+ fjnL
lgk'0f
cfS] sfs
cfS] sfd'v
rGbd'v l;+xjfxg' l;+x:j/
l;x+ :j/
l;x+ :j/
zb' w\ fb] g±dxfdfof ;Snf]bg zfSofb] g wft] f]bg cletfb] ]g
z4' fb] g±ozfw] /f gGbsd' f/ gGbs'df/L
gGbs'df/
!= zfSojz+ sf] pTklQ
slknj:t' lhNnfsf] ltnf}/fsf6] g} zfSox¿sf] kf| rLg slknj:t'sf] /fhwfgL lyof] . O:jL ;j+ t\
k"j{ cf7fF} ztfAbLdf pQ/ ef/tsf] ;fs]t eGg] /fHodf cfS] sfs /fhfn] /fHo uy]{ . zfSox¿ /fhf
cfS] sfsnfO{ cfkmg\ f kv" f{ dfG5g\ . /fhf cfS] sfssf kfrF /fgLx¿ lyP . tL /fgLdWo] h]7L /fgL
eqfaf6 rf/ /fhsd' f/ / kfFr /fhsd' f/Lsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . s]xL ;dokl5 /fhf cf]Ssfs Ps
dlxnf;Fu k]|ddf k/L pgL;Fu 5}6f}F ljjfx u/] . tL sfG5L /fgLaf6 hGt' gfd u/s] f /fhs'df/sf]
hGd eof] . tL /fgLsf] if8\oGq / hfnem]ndf k//] /fhfn] tL 5f]/fnfO{ /fHo lbg rfx] . /fhfn]
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 181
c? /fhsd' fx¿nfO{ b]z lgsfnf u/L lgjf{;g u/] . lgjf;{ gdf k/]sf gf}hgf pQ/lt/ lxF8] /
lxF8\b} hfFbf kxf8sf] kmb] df ;fnsf] 3gfhª\un ku' ] . =ToxfF pgLx¿sf] slkndl' g;Fu e6] eof] .
slkndl' gs} ;Nnfx / ;xof]udf Tof] If]qdf pgLx¿n] Pp6f a:tL a;fn] . ;fs -;fn_ sf]
hªu\ ndf a:tL a;fn]sfn] pgLx¿nfO{ zfSo elgof] . slkndl' gsf] ;xof]u, ;Nnfx / x]/rfxdf
a;]sf] j:tL xg' fn] pSt a:tLnfO{ slknj:t' elgof] . kl5 pSt a:tL kml} nbF } uof] / Pp6f
u0f/fHo aGof] hg' w/] } k/;Dd kml} nP/ zlStzfnL /fHo eof] .
s]xL jif{kl5 /fhf cf]Ssfsn] cfˆgf dGqLx¿nfO{ /fhs'df/ /fhs'df/Lx¿ sxfF a:5g\ a'‰g
k7fP . pgLx¿n] slknj:ts' f] zfs jgdf a;s] f] hfgsf/L /fhfnfO{ lbP . tL bO' { dGqLx¿ klg
gofF gu/ slknj:td' f a;f]af; ug{ yfn] . Tof] la/fgf] 7fpFdf /fh3/fgfsf] ;+:sf/ / ufq] hft
gldNg] ckl/lrt JolSt klg ePsfn] cfˆgf] sn' Lgtf glaufg{ / hflt s'nsf] dofb{ fnfO{ arfpg
/fhsd' f/ /fhsd' f/Lx¿n] h7] L /fhsd' f/L lko| fnfO{ /fhdftfsf] :yfg lbP . c¿ /fhs'df/Lx¿n]
cfˆgf] jz+ jl[ 4sf] p2]Zosf ;fy /fhs'df/;uF ljjfx ug{] lg0fo{ u/] . of] s'/f /fhf cf]Ssfsn]
yfxf kfPkl5 /fhsd' f/x¿ zSo 5g\ eGg] pbu\ f/ JoSt u/] . tTkZrft\ slknj:t'sf] u0f/fHo
:yfkgfsf ;fy} ;Sof -;Ssf_ af6 zfSo hftsf] kf| b{e' fj ePsf] aofg a'4 uG| y, lqlk6s,
lb3lgsfo, cDai7 syfdf pNnv] 5 . o;/L /fhf cfS] sfs zfSo jz+ sf d"n k'vf{ lyP .
logsf h]7f kq' /fhs'df/ cf]Ssfdv' -pNsfdv' _ slknj:t'sf ;:+ yfks /fhf eP . o;/L a4' sf]
hGdcufl8 / lgjf0{ fk5fl8;Dd zfSo j+zsf] zf;g slknj:t' u0f/fHodf /lx/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
slknj:t'df ho;g] /fhf ePkl5 l;x+ xg' logsf pQ/flwsf/L eP . zfSo /fhf l;+xxgs' f s~rgf
gfds /fgL lyOg\ . logsf] sf]vaf6 z'4fw] g;lxt kfFr bfh'efO / Ps alxgL eP . z'4f]wg h]7f
5f]/f ePsfn] pgL gk] fnsf] t/fO{ kb| z] df /x]sf] :jfoQ u0f/fHo slknj:t'sf] /fhf eP . sl/a
@^)) jif{ cufl8 pgn] ToxfF /fHo u/]sf lyP . pgL hgtfdfem cToGt} nfs] lko| /fhf dflgGy] .
logsL h7] L /fgL dxfdfofb]jLaf6 h]7f] 5f]/fsf ¿kdf l;4fy{ uft} dsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .
/fhf z4' f]wgsL sfG5L /fgL k|hfklt uf}tdLsf tkm{af6 5f]/f gGbs'df/ / 5f]/L gGbs'df/Lsf]
hGd eof] . zfSox¿df cfkm\gf] /Stsf] z4' tf / hftLo pRrtfsf] cledfg lyof] . pgLx¿
cfkmn" fO{ ;o" {j+zL o:jfs' s'n uft} d ufq] sf] sn' Lg If]qLo dfGy] . l5ds] sf sfn] Lo jf -b]jbx_
zfSox¿;Fu If]qLo sn' Lg zfSox¿sf] cfk;df jj} flxs ;DaGw ufFl;g kU' of] . /fhf z'4fw] gsL
km'ks" f] ljjfx sf]nLo dxf/fh c~hg;uF eof] . pgsf bj' } 5f]/L dxfdfofb]jL / k|hfklt uf}tdLsf]
ljjfx zfSo/fh z4' f]wg;uF eof] . To:t} sf]nLo/fh c~hgsf 5f/] f ;ka| 4' sL 5f/] L ozf]w/fsf]
ljjfx zfSo /fhsd' f/ l;4fy{ uft} d;uF eof] . /fhs'df/ l;4fy{sf] hGd xg' f;fy slknj:t'df
bj} L zlSt afl] w;Œjsf] hGd ePsf] lrxg\ b]lvg yfns] f lyP eGg] ls+jbGtL /xs] f] 5 .
k|frLg u0f/fHodWo] zfSox¿sf] of] /fHo ljzi] f pNn]vgLo lyof] . j|ms'5Gb, sgsdl' g, l;4fy{
uft} dnufotsf a'4x¿sf] hGd oxL :yfgdf ePsf] lyof] . l;4fy{ uft} d a4' wd{sf kj| ts{ uf}td
182 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
a'4sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . kf| rLg slknj:t' gu/ k~reh' fsf/ lsNnfsf] ¿kdf a;fOPsf]
lyof] . ;fwf/0f ;efn] /fHosf] sfo{sf/L ;efsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ub{Yof] / o:tf] sfo{sf/L ;efsf
dV' o JolStnfO{ g} /fhf elgGYof] . a4' sf] hGdtfsf sfos{ f/L ;efsf dV' o JolSt z'4fw] g lyP .
slknj:t' /fHosf] l5ds] df kg]{ sfz] n /fHosf /fhf lj?4sf] cfjm| d0fdf k//] slknj:t' /fHo
lj36g eof] .
l;4fys{ L cfdf dfofbj] LnfO{ dxfdfof klg elgG5 . dxfdfgjsf] hGd lbg] dxfg cfdfnfO{
dxfdfof eGg] cnªs\ f/ pgsf] ;Ddfgfy{ kl5 ylkPsf] xf] . To:t} 5f]/f l;4fyn{ fO{ hGd lbPsf]
;ft} lbgdf c;fdlos lgwg ePsL dfofbj] LkZrft\ dfofbj] Ls} alxgL tyf /fhf z'4fw] gsL csL{
kTgL k|hfklt uf}tdLn] l;4fy{sf] kfngkfi] f0f / /v] bv] ul/g\ . /fhs'df/ l;4fyn{ fO{ 1fgk|fKt
a4' , uf}td a'4, l;4fy{ uf}td jf zfSodl' g a4' elgPsf] xf] . oxfF dl' g klg ;Ddfgfy{ /flvPsf]
cnª\sf/ xf] . zfSo ;d'bfosf dxfg\ lrGts ePsfn] pgnfO{ d'lg elgPsf] xf] .
lj|mofsnfk
!= n'lDagL uf}td a4' sf] hGd:yfg xf ] . ljZjel/sf dflg;x¿ o; :yfgdf lsg cfp5F g\ <
@= tn lbOPsf uf}td a'4sf pkbz] sf] kfng ugf{n] s:tf] ;db' fosf] l;hg{ f ug{ ;lsPnf <
cfkmg\ f ljrf/ sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ M
afl] w;Tj k|flKtkl5sf pkbz] a4' sf cf7 1fg dfu{
-s_ ;+;f/df bM' v 5 ;+;f/ g} bM' v xf] . -s_ ;w}F ;fFrf] afn] .
-v_ bM' vsf] lg/f]w xG' 5 jf bM' v /fS] g -v_ c;n sfo{df nfu .
;lsG5 . -u_ c;n hLjg latfpm .
-u_ bM' vsf] lg/fw] sf pkfox¿ 5g\ . -3_ c;n sfo{df dfq ljZjf; u/ .
-3_ b'Mvsf sf/0f 5g\ . -ª_ c;n kl/>d u/ .
-r_ c;n ljrf/ u/ .
-5_ c;n p2]Zodf nfu .
-h_ c;n sfddf Wofg dUg xfp] m .
#= uft} d a4' sf] hLjgLdf cfwfl/t eO{ sg' } 36gfnfO{ clegodfkmt{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
$= af4} wds{ f] dV' o s]Gbs| f] ¿kdf /xs] f] n'lDagL Ifq] nfO{ ;;+ f/;dIf cem a9L lrgfpg s]
s] ug'{knf{ <
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 183
%= tnsf aFb' fdf s]lGb|t /xL a'4 hoGtLsf] cj;/df s'g} /fli6«o klqsfdf ks| fzg ul/lbg
x'g cg/' f]w ub}{ ;DkfbsnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ a4' sfnLg ;Eotf
-v_ dlGb/leqsf OF6f / eUgfjzi] f
-u_ nl' DagLsf] pTvgg
-3_ ltnf/} fsf]6
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ gk] fndf zfSojz+ sf] pTklQ s;/L eof] <
-v_ slknj:ts' f] gfds/0f s;/L /xg uof] <
-u_ gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df zfSojz+ Lo Oltxf; lsg dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 <
-3_ zfSo j+zLo /fHoJoj:yf s:tf] lyof] < To;af6 clxns] f] zf;g Joj:yfn] s] s:tf
k]/| 0ffx¿ kf| Kt ug{ ;S5 <
184 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
kf7
# jz+ / jz+ fjnL
wgsd' f/L /]UdL g]kfnsf] u08sL k|bz] sf] Ps u|fdL0f a:tLsL afl;Gbf xg' \ . ljBfno labf ePsf]
lbg pgn] cfkm\gf 7'nf]aa' f ofu] /fh /U] dL;uF cfkmg\ f] j+z / jz+ fjnLsf] af/d] f ;f]lwg\ .
j+z egs] f] dn" nx/faf6 emfFluP/ Ps k:' tfaf6 csf{] k':tfdf hfg] j|md xf] . jz+ fjnL 36gfsf]
sfnjm| d ldnfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] ljj/0f xf] . o;df ;DalGwt JolStsf] nx/faf6 emfFluP/ uPsf]
;Gtfgsf] jm| da4 ¿k /flvPsf] x'G5 .
wgs'df/L /U] dL cfkm\gf] j+zsf] P3f/f}F k:' tfsL ;Gtfg xg' \ . pgsf] ufq] sfl} zs xf] . pgsf afh]
a/fh' 8f]6L lhNnfaf6 a;fO;F /fO u/L uPsf /x5] g\ . pgsf afh]a/fh' ls;fg lyP . d"ntM
sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t b]lvP klg cfl+ zs ¿kdf pgsf k:' tf j}lbs sd{sf08sf] k;] fdf ;n+ Ug lyP .
pgsf aa' fsf xh'/aa' f / xh/' a'afsf aa' f lhNnfsf kV| oft k'/f0fjfrs kl08t x'gx' 'GYof] .
ufpdF f lzIffsf] jm| dzM lj:tf/ eO;sk] l5 wgsd' f/Lsf xh'/aa' fn] k9fOnv] fOdf Wofg lbg
yfNge' of] . To;n} ] pxfFx¿dWo] sf]xL gk] fn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;j] fdf sfo/{ t xg' 'x'G5 eg]
sfx] L lzIf0f ;]jf k/" f u/L ;j] f lgjQ[ xg' 'ePsf] 5 . sd' f/L xh/' a'af klxnf ;o+ S' t kl/jf/df
a:gx' G' Yof] t/ clxn] cnu cnu eP/ a:g'x'G5 . 7'nf rf8kjd{ f ;a} hgf Ps} 7fpFdf en] f eP/
rf8kj{ dgfpg] ug'{x'G5 . km'k"x¿ / pxfsF f kl/jf/ klg ;v' bM' vdf ;fy lbg cfpg] ug'x{ \'G5 .
s'g} dxŒjk0" f{ lg0fo{ lngk' /]df kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] ;/;Nnfxaf6 ;e' mfj lng'x'G5 . pxfFsf cuh|
k:' tf k/' f0fjfrs kl08t eg/] lrlggx' G' 5 . o;} s/' fdf pgL xlif{t 5g\ / cfkmg\ f] jz+ ljåfgs\ f]
kª\lStdf k/]sfdf uj{ klg ul5g{ \ . /fdf| ];uF k9]/ eljiodf pgL ;dfh;j] L aGg] nIo /xs] f]
atfpFl5g\ . wgsd' f/L /U] dLsf 7n' faa' fsf cg;' f/ /U] dL jz+ fjnL o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 185
jz+ fjnL
x;z/0f
s[i0fz/0f hkz/0f
uf]kfnz/0f bu' fz{ /0f kb\dz/0f Zofdz/0f
cfgGbz/0f jb] fGt uf]ljGb sNkgf piff
cflz; vd] z/0f w'j{z/0f
chbz/0f ei] f/fh ljho/fh
of]u/fh ljzfn ;gs
cg'k
hGdhk
wgsd' f/L
lj|mofsnfk
!= dflysf] j+ztflnsf h:t} u/L cfkmg\ f] jz+ sf] tflnsf agfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .
@= jz+ / j+zfjnLsf] cWoogaf6 s] s] s/' f l;Sg ;lsG5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L k|:t't
ug'x{ f;] \ .
#= tkfOF{sf cleefjs;Fu ;f]wL cfkmg\ f] jz+ sf] uf/} jufyf ;fw] vfh] u/L nV] g'xf;] \ / sIffdf
;'gfpgx' f];\ .
186 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ j+z eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ cfkmg\ f] j+zfjnLsf] cWoog lsg ugk'{ 5{ <
-u_ tkfOF{ / tkfO{Fsf ;fyLsf] k'vf{lar leGgtfx¿ s] s] xfn] fg\ < n]Vgx' f;] \
d]/f k'vf{ ;fyLsf k':tf
;fd'bflos sfo{
cfkmg\ f cleefjs;uF ;f]w/] ;s;] Dd w]/} k':tf emNsg] u/L cfkmg\ f] Pp6f jz+ tflnsf lgdf{0f
ugx{' f;] \ . pSt tflnsfdf cfkmg\ f kv' f{x¿sf] gfd / pxfxF ¿n] u/]sf dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ;dt] pNnv]
ug{x' f];\ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 187
kf7
$ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f M sf/0f / ke| fj
!= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kl/ro
uf]/vfsf /fhf g/ek" fn zfx / /fgL sfz} NofjtLsf] sf]vaf6 lj=;=+ !&&( k'; @& ut]
kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . g/ek" fn zfxsf rf/ /fgLdWo] h]7L rGbk| |efjtL
-vfFrLsL /fhsGof_, dflxnL sf}zNofjtL -kfNkfsf uGwj;{ ]gsL 5f/] L_, ;flxFnL a'l4dtL b]jL
-kjt{ sf /fhfsL 5f/] L_ / sfG5L ;'ebf| jtL -tgxs'F L /fhs'df/L_ xg' \ . h7] L rGb|ke| fjtL lg;Gtfg
lyOg\ . dflxnL sfz} NofjtLaf6 tLg 5f]/f / bO' { 5f]/L jm| dzM kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx, bndbg{ zfx,
kY[ jLklt zfx kb\dsd' f/L / ljnf;jbgf hGd]sf lyP . al' 4dtL b]jLaf6 ;"/k|tfk zfx tyf
sfG5L ;e' bf| jtLaf6 sLltd{ xf]2d zfx / bnlht zfx u/L b'O{ 5f/] f lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{
lzIffbLIff kfngkfi] f0f ug]{ rGb|k|efjtL xg' \ .
-s_ ljjfx M kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] klxnf] ljjfx !$ jifs{ f] pd]/df lj=;=+ !&(# df
dsjfgk/' sf /fhf x]ds0f{ ;g] sL 5f/] L OGb| sd' f/L;uF ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] ljjfx
c;kmn ePkl5 bf];|f] ljjfx jgf/;sf clxdfg l;x+ sL 5f]/L g/]Gbn| IdL;uF ePsf]
lyof] .
-v_ /fHof/fx] 0f M lj=;=+ !&(( rq} @% ut] kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx @) jif{sf] pd]/df uf]/vfsf
/fhf eP .
@= kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg
-s_ gj' fsf]6 cfj|md0f / ljho
g/e"kfn zfxn] lj=;=+ !&($ df g'jfsf6] df cfj|md0f u/], o; cfj|md0fdf pgL c;kmn eP .
lktfsf] OR5f k/" f ug{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lj=;=+ !*)) df lj/fh yfkfsf] gt] T[ jdf g'jfsf]6dfly
cfj|md0f u/] . o; o'4df kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] xf/ eof] . hoGt /fgf gj' fsf6] sf k|d'v lyP .
188 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
pgnfO{ xf/sf] bfi] f nufPkl5 uf]vfn{ L ;]gf 5f]8L sflGtk/' sf /fhf hoks| fz dNnsf] ;g] fdf egf{
eO{ gj' fsf6] sf] pd/fj -kd| 'v_ ePsf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] anL kf08] / dx]Zj/ kGtsf]
g]t[Tjdf gj' fsf6] sf] ljho ug{ kmfh} k7fP tfklg ufv] fn{ Lx¿sf] xf/ eof] .
g'jfsf]6sf] xf/kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx ;l} gs tflnd / xftxltof/sf] ;ª\sng ugs{ f nflu
jgf/;tkm{ nfus] f lyP . jgf/;af6 cfjZos kg{] xftxltof/ / s]xL d';ndfg sflnu9x¿sf
;fy :jbz] kmls{P . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] lj=;+= !*)! c;fh] !% ut] g'jfsf6] dfly cfj|md0f u/] .
To; a]nf g'jfsf6] sf] lhDdf hoGt /fgfsf 5f]/f zªv\ dl0f /fgfn] lnPsf lyP . zªv\ dl0f /fgfn]
uf]vf{nL kmfh} sf] kl| tsf/ ubf{ub{} bndbg{ zfxsf] jf0faf6 zª\vdl0f /fgfsf] dT[ o' eof] . o;/L
g'jfsf6] dfly ljho k|fKt eof] . 5f/] fsf] dT[ o'af6 zf]sfsn' hoGt /fgf efu]/ an] sf6] uO{ a;s] f
lyP . uf/] vfnL kmfh} n] an] sf6] klg cfj|md0f u/L sAhf u¥of] .
g'jfsf6] sf] ljhokZrft\ tn' f/fd kf8F s] f] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] uf]/vfnL ;g] fn] sf7df8fF}af6 pQ/
klZrddf kg]{ bxrfs] df clwsf/ hdfof] . ptf sfn' kfF8s] f] g]tT[ jdf uPsf] ;}Go bnn]
lj=;+=!*!! ;fpgdf gfnb'd / dxfb]jkf]v/L sAhf u¥of] .
-v_ sLltk{ '/sf] klxnf] cfjm| d0f
sLltk{ /' sflGtk/' cGtut{ sf] /fHo lyof] . sfhL sfnk' f08] / xl/jz+ pkfWofon] tTsfn sLlt{k/' dfly
cfjm| d0f ug'{ l7s 5}g egL cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoSt ubf{ub}{ sfn'kf08n] fO{ sfo/sf] ;1+ f lbFb}
sLltk{ /' df cfj|md0f u/] . ufv] fn{ Lx¿n] sLlt{k'/ cfj|md0f ug]{ ;O' sF f] kfPkl5 hoks| fz dNnn]
sflGtk/' sf gjo'jsx¿sf] Pp6f ;G} o bn v8f u/L ;]gfsf] ;ªV\ of #))) k¥' ofP/ kl| tsf/sf
nflu a;]sf lyP .
sLlt{k'/ cfj|md0f ug]{ z'e;fOt k=+ afns[i0fn] lgsfnk] l5 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx;lxtsf] kmfh} n]
sLltk{ /' cfj|md0f u¥of] . sLltk{ /' ]x¿n] sLltk{ /' k|jz] ug{] d'Voåf/ g} aGb ul/lbP . sLltk{ '/
rf/l} t/af6 kvfn{ n] 3l] /Psf] lyof] . ufv] fn{ L ;g] f cfjm| d0f ug{ cfPsf] yfxf kfpg]lalQs}
sflGtk/' , eStk/' / nlntk/' sf ;]gf Psh'6 eP . lj=;+= !*!$ efb| ( ut]sf lbg uf]vfn{ L
;g] fn] sLlt{k/' dfly cfj|md0f u/] . pkTosfsf sl/a $))) hlt ;+o'St ;g] fn] ufv] f{nL ;]gfdfly
hfOnfu] . n8fOFdf uf]vf{nL ;]gf gfos sfnk' f08n] ufot $)) ufv] fn{ L ;}lgsx dfl/P . uf]/vfnL
;g] f ltt/lat/ eP . s'zn ;g] f gfos sfnk' f08]sf] d[Ton' ] kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ 7n' f] rf]6
k¥' ofof] .
-u_ dsjfgk/' cfjm| d0f / ljho
dWosfnLg gk] fndf dsjfgk'/ Pp6f zlStzfnL /fHo lyof] . dsjfgk/' sf /fhf xd] s0f{ ;]gsL
5f]/L OGb| sd' f/L;Fu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] klxnf] ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . x]ds0f{ ;]gsf] dT[ ok' l5
lbUaGwg ;]g dsjfgk'/sf /fhf eP . /fhf x'g]lalQs} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / lbUaGwg ;g] sf]
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 189
;DaGw lalu|Psf] lyof] . sf7df8fF} pkTosfnfO{ gfsfaGbL ug{sf nflu dsjfgk'/nfO{ cfkmg\ f]
sAhfdf lngk' g{] ePsfn] cfj|md0fsf] ofh] gf agfP .
dsjfgk'/df cfj|md0f ug{ cfˆgf efOx¿ dxf]2dsLlt{ zfx, bnlht zfx cflbsf] gt] [Tjdf
ufv] fn{ L ;g] f k7fP . sfhL jz+/fh kf08], ;g] fklt sx] /l;x+ a:gt] ;lxtsf] bnn] lj=;+= !*!(
efb| ( df dsjfgk'/df cfjm| d0f u¥of] . nueu !) 306f;Dd o4' rNof] . cGtdf dsjfgk'/n]
xf/ :jLsf/ u¥of] . uf]vfn{ L ;g] fn] dsjfgk/' ljho ul/;s]kZrft\ lbUaGwg ;]g ;kl/jf/
xl/x/k/' u9Ldf uP/ a;] . lj= ;=+ !*!( c;f]h @@ df ufv] fn{ L ;g] fn] xl/x/k/' cfkmg\ f] cwLgdf
Nofof] . lbUaGwg ;]g efu]/ du' nfg k;] . ;fdl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 uf]vfn{ Lx¿n] &)) aGb's / o'4
;fduL| x¿ / cGo rncrn ;DklQ kf| Kt u/] .
-3_ aªu\ fnL kmfh} ;uF sf] n8fOF
lbUaGwg ;]gn] ljxf/ / aª\ufnsf gjfa ld/sfl;d;uF dsjfgk'/nfO{ ufv] f{nLx¿sf] cwLgaf6
d'St u/fOlbg cg/' f]w u/] . To; an] f pQ/L efudf cªu\ ]|h sDkgL ;/sf/ alnof] xbF' } uPsf]
lyof] . gjfanfO{ pQ/L lxdfnL Ifq] ;'/lIft cj:yfdf /x]sf] x]g]{ OR5f lyof] . dsjfgk/' sf]
ljhon] ubf{ Tof] e"efu klg uf]/vf /fHoleq kg{ uof] . ld/sfl;dn] u/' lug vfsF f] gt] [Tjdf kmfh}
k7fP . lj=;+= !*!( k;' @& ut] xgfd{ f9Ldf cfPsf] gjfjsf] kmf}hdfly ufv] f{nLx¿n] cfjm| d0f
ubf{ xfxfsf/ dlRrof] . o; d7' e]8df gjfatkm{sf !&)) l;kfxL dfl/P . g]kfntkm{ kRlr;
lt; hgf ;}lgs hjfgn] jL/ult kf| Kt u/] . u/' lug vfsF f ;fy} cGo ;a} gjfasf kmfh} efu] .
o; o'4df gjfatkms{ f lgs} xltof/ tyf uf]nfaf?b uf]vf{nLn] xft kf/] . o;kl5 uf]/vfnL
kmfh} n] pkTosfsf] 5]p5fpdf /xs] f ;fuF f, gfnf, kmlkª{ , ljzª\v' / ag]kf cflb 7fpF sAhf u/L
pkTosfnfO{ cfSm| d0f tof/L dhat' agfPsf lyP .
-ª_ sLlt{k'/sf] bf;] |f] cfjm| d0f
uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] z/" k|tfk zfxsf] gt] T[ jdf lj=;+= !*@! ebf} #) df sLlt{k/' dfly cfjm| d0f ug{
kmfh} k7fof] . sLlt{k'/nfO{ rf/}tkma{ f6 kvfn{ n] 3l] /Psf] lyof] . kvf{n gf3]/ cfjm| d0f ugs{ f nflu
z/" kt| fk zfx e¥ofª xfn/] kvfn{ pSng nfus] f] a]nfdf pgsf] ba] |] cfFvfdf af0f nfUUof] . csf]{
afF8n] bnlht zfx ;Vt 3fOt] ePkl5 sLlt{k/' sf] bf;] |f] cfj|md0fdf klg ljkmntf g} a]xfg] '{k¥of] .
-r_ sLltk{ /' sf] t;] f| ] cfjm| d0f / ljho
xltof/ / kfv'/fsf] ann] dfq o'4 lhTg ;lsg] gbl] vkl5 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] o4' lhTgsf
nflu ;fd, bfd, b08, eb] rf/ gLlt cjnDag u/] . sLlt{k'/leq aflx/af6 lnP/ hfg] cGgsf]
;fy} s'nf] kfgL klg aGb ul/lbP . sLlt{k'/df 5 dlxgf;Dd gfsfaGbL u/]kl5 sLltk{ /' sf] cj:yf
gfh's eof] . ToxfsF f hgtf klg zf;s;Fu l/;fpg k'u] . lj=;=+ !*@@ rq} # ut] sLlt{k'/sf
;g] f gfos wgjGt sfhLn] cfTd;dk0{ f u/]kl5 sLlt{k/' uf/] vfsf] lgoGq0fdf cfof] .
190 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
-5_ sflGtk/' sf] ljho
lj=;+= !*@$ df hoks| fz dNnnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfPsf] lsgnssf] cª\u]|h kmfh} nfO{ l;Gw'nL
u9Lsf] kfj} fu9Ldf uf/] vfnL kmfh} n] cfj|md0f u/L k/flht u¥of] . To;kl5 uf]/vfsf] xf};nf
cToGt} a9\of] . sflGtk/' cfjm| d0f ugs{ f nflu g/bj] Laf6 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]t[Tj u/L
cfjm| d0f ug]{, csf]{ kmfh} n] eLd;g] :yfg / 6lF' 8vn] af6 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf efOx¿n] gt] T[ j u/L
cfj|md0f ug]{ / sflGtk'/n] fO{ lg:sg ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ blIf0ftkm{ lg:sg] af6f] 5f]l8lbg] ofh] gf
agfP . To; a]nf pkTosfaf;L OGb|hfqf dgfO/xs] f lyP . ;ft lbg;Dd dgfOg] OGb|hfqfsf]
t;] f| ] lbgsf] dWo/ftLdf uf]vfn{ Ln] sflGtk'/dfly cfj|md0f u/] . kmn:j¿k uf]vfn{ L kmfh} n] lj=;+=
!*@% c;f]h !# ut] OGbh| fqfsf] lbg sflGtk/' dfly ljho k|fKt u¥of] . hoks| fz dNn efu]/
n'Sg tnh] ' ejfgLsf] dlGb/df uP . ToxfF klg cfjm| d0f xg' ] 8/n] kf6gdf z/0f lng k'u] .
To;kl5 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx sflGtk/' sf] /fhu2Ldf a;] . ef]lnkN6 laxfg} gu/af;Ln] k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxnfO{ sflGtk/' sf] /fhfsf] ¿kdf kfPkl5 vl' ;of;L 5fof] . xif{ a9fOF ubf{ af?b ;Ns/] tn' f/fd
kf08] k/nfs] eP . l:yltnfO{ ;DxfNb} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] OGbh| fqfsf] sfd ;DkGg u/fP .
-h_ nlntk'/ dfly ljho
kf6g /fHodf 5 k|wfgx¿sf] dgf]dflnGo lyof] . kf6gsf /fhf lji0f' dNn lgM;Gtfg ePkl5
/fHok|sfz dNnnfO{ kf6gsf] pQ/flwsf/L 3fi] f0ff ul/of] . /fHoks| fz dNn;Fu s/' f gldn]kl5 5
k|wfgx¿n] pgsf] cfFvf km6' fOlbPsf lyP . To;kl5 ljZjlht dNnnfO{ kf6gsf] /fhf agfP .
ljZjlht dNnnfO{ klg ljleGg cf/f]k nufP/ tnh] ' dlGb/ nu/] sfl6lbP . o;kl5 5 kw| fgx¿n]
sflGtk/' sf /fhf hoks| fz dNnnfO{ kf6gsf] /fhf agfP t/ logsf] s8f :jefj ePsf] sf/0fn]
8]9 jifk{ l5 6s] ' bf]efgdf gx' fpg uPsf] avt 5 kw| fgx¿n] lognfO{ Tota} f6 nv]l6lbP .
o;kl5 eStk'/sf /fhf /0flht dNnnfO{ kf6gsf] /fhf agfP . lognfO{ klg zªv\ d"ndf >f4
ug{ uPsf] a]nfdf wkfOlbP . To;kl5 kf6gsf] /fhu2Ldf sflGtk/' sf /fhf hok|sfz dNn /fhf
agfP . /fhf agfPsf] s]xL ;dokl5 pgnfO{ lgisf;g ug{ vfh] s] f] yfxf kfP/ hoks| fz dNnn]
5 kw| fgnfO{ ckdflgt ug]{, dfg]{ / yG' g] sfo{ u/] . o;/L 5 kw| fgsf] afgL g;l' wP| sfn] cfkm\g}
Hofg vt/fdf /xs] f] ;DemL pgL kf6gaf6 efu] . km]l/ 6 k|wfgn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ kf6gsf]
/fhf eOlbg cg/' fw] u/] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] c;xh kl/l:yltsf] dxz;; u/L efO bndb{g
zfxnfO{ kf6gsf] /fhf xg' k7fP .
sflGtk'/ ljhokl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] nlntk/' dfly cfjm| d0f ug]{ ofh] gf agfP . cfj|md0f
ug{'eGbf cufl8 pgn] >Lxif{ ld>nfO{ b"t agfO{ cfTd;dk{0f ug{ cg'/f]w u/] . s/' fsfgLkl5 5
k|wfgx¿ cfTd;dk0{ f /fhL eP . lj=;+= !*@% c;f]h @$ ut] nlntk/' klg uf]vf{sf] cwLgdf
cfof] . kf6gdf z/0ffyL{ hLjg JotLt ul//fvs] f hok|sfz dNn / ToxfFsf /fhf t]hg/l;+x
dNn efu]/ eStk'/tkm{ nfu] . o;/L lagfo'4 lagf/Stkft nlntk'/ uf]vf{sf] cwLgdf cfof] .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 191
-em_ eStk/' ljho
pkTosfsf bO' { dNn /fHo ljho ul/;s]kl5 g]kfn PsLs/0f ug{sf nflu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
Wofg eStk'/tkm{ uof] . eStk/' sf] l:ylt clns km/s lyof] . /0flht dNnsf jw} flgs pQ/flwsf/L
jL/g/l;+x dNnsf] dT[ o' eO;ss] f] lyof] . o;} sf/0f /0flht dNnsf NofOt] k6l\ 6sf 5f]/f clht
l;+x / cjw'tl;+x eStk/' sf] /fhf x'gsf nflu nfnflot lyP . logLx¿nfO{ /fhf agfOlbg] nf]e
bv] fP/ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfˆgf] kIfdf ldnfPsf lyP . nlntk/' sf /fhf th] g/l;x+ dNn /
sflGtk/' sf /fhf hok|sfz dNn klg eStk'/df g} z/0f lnO/xs] f lyP . tL /fhfnfO{ lkmtf{
ug{ /0flht dNnnfO{ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfu|x u/] . pgn] lkmtf{ ug{ gl} tstfn] glbg] eGg]
hjfkm lbP . t;y{ lj=;=+ !*@^ sflQs @* ut] eStk/' dfly cfjm| d0f ;?' u/] . b'al} ar tLg
lbg;Dd o'4 xF'bf sl/a bO' {xhf/ ;l} gssf] Hofg uof] eg] kfrF ;o 3/ gi6 eP . o; o'4df
ufv] f{nL ;]gfn] 5f]8]sf] uf]nLaf6 hok|sfz dNn 3fOt] ePkl5 /0flht dNnn] cfTd;dk{0f u/] .
o;/L lj=;+= !*@^ dªl\ ;/ ! ut] cfOtaf/ eStk'/ klg uf]vf{nLx¿sf] cwLgdf cfof] . To;kl5
kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] pkTosf ljho ug]{ ;kgf k"/f eof] . eStk/' ljho ul/;sk] l5 k]YjLgf/fo0f
zfxn] tLgcf6] } dNn/fhfsf] clGtd OR5f ;f]w] . hoks| fz dNnnfO{ pgsf] OR5fcg'¿k afFsL
hLjg JotLt ug{ kz'klt cfo3{ f6df k7fP . t]hg/l;x+ dNnnfO{ cfhLjg gh/aGbdf /flvof]
eg] /0flht dNnnfO{ pgsf] OR5fcg';f/ sfzL k7fOof] .
-`_ k"jL{ ;]g/fHo -rfb} G8L, dfem ls/fFt, ljhok'/_
klZrdL cleofgdf nfus] f j+z/fh kf08] / s]x/l;x+ a:gt] sf] kmf}hn] k/fho Joxf/] k] l5 ljho
cleofg kj" l{ t/ df]l8of] . kj" { ljho ug{] lhDdf cledfgl;+x a:gt] , kf/y e08f/L, /fdsi[ 0f
s'jF / / cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ lbOof] . To; avt kj" d{ f b'O{ :jtGq /fHo lyP . tL /fHo sdnf
gbL If]qdf rf}bG8L / sf];L gbL If]qdf ljhok'/ lyP . cledfgl;+x a:gt] / kf/y e08f/Lsf]
P3f/ dlxgfsf] s8f kl/>dkl5 rfb} G8L /fHosf] kxf8 / t/fOs{ f] e"efu g]kfn /fHodf ufleof] .
rf}bG8Lsf /fhf s0f;{ ]g efu]/ ljhok/' k'u] . lj=;+= !*#! ;fpgdf ljhok'/ klg ufv] fn{ L ;g] fn]
sAhf u¥of] . ljhok'/sf /fhf s0f{;g] efu]/ l;lSsd k'u] . o;/L uf]vfn{ Lx¿n] Onfd ljho
u/k] l5 gk] fnsf] l;dfgf l6:6f;Dd kU' of] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx k"jL{ ljho cleofgnfO{ :ylut ug{]
/ klZrdL ljho cleofgdf kg' M cfjm| d0f ug{] of]hgf agfpbF } lyP t/ crfgs c:j:y eP .
lj=;+= !*#! df3 ! ut] %@ jif{sf] pd/] df bj] L3f6df pgsf] d[To' eof] .
-6_ g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] k|efj
kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] dT[ o'kl5 PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ pgsL h]7L ax' f/L /fh]Gb|nIdL / sfG5f
5f]/f axfb/' zfxåf/f lg/Gt/tf lbOof] . gk] fnsf klZrdL /fHox¿sf] ljho dxfsfnL / d]rL
gbLkf/L kj" {sf 7fpF sAhf u/L axfb/' zfxn] k"js{ f] l;dfgf l6:6f / klZrdsf] l;dfgf s'dfpF
u9jfn;Dd lj:tf/ u/L ljzfn g]kfn lgdf0{ f u/]sf lyP . ;;fgf /fHosf] n8fOFn] hgtf lbSs
192 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
ePsf] cj:yfdf l;ª\uf] /fi6« aGg' Pjd\ ljb]zL rnvn] / x:tIfk] lgoGq0f x'g' 7'nf] pknlAw
lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lbPsf lbJopkbz] ;To ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . lj= ;+= !*#@ df ul/Psf]
gk] fn ltAatsf] Jofkf/ tyf jfl0fHo ;lGwn] /fi6s« } cflys{ pGgltdf 6j] f k'us] f] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
/fhwfgL sf7df8f}F Nofpgfn] cflys{ tyf k|zf;lgs vrd{ f s6ft} L eof] . /fHo ;~rfngdf
hgtfsf] kxFr' / ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ePof] . hgtflardf ;xsfo,{ ;dGjo / ;xof]u xg' kU' of] .
kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx hgtfsf] /fo;e' mfjaf6 sbd rNg] ePsf] xF'bf /fli6«otf dhat' eof] . gk] fnsf]
;fj{efd} gful/s x'g kfPsf] s'/f cfd hgtfn] dx;;' /] . pgLx¿lardf ;xsfo,{ ;dGjo /
;xofu] ;3g xg' k'us] f] lyof] . g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf dhat' eof] .
lj|mofsnfk
!= gj' fsf]6 cfj|md0fsf] ljkmntfaf6 lg/f; gxg' ] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] :jefjsf] pNn]v ub{}
k/LIffdf /fd|f] ug{ g;s]sf ePsf cfˆgf ;fyLnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbP/ kq n]Vgx' f];\ .
@= gj' fsf]6 b/af/ / uf/] vf b/af/;DaGwL ;fduL| vfh] L u/L tL bO' l{ arsf] leGgtf sIffdf
k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .
#= dsjfgk'/ ljho cleofg 36gfjm| dnfO{ syfTds ¿kdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;ªl\ IfKt kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .
-v_ sf7df8fF} pkTosf ljho cleofg ug{ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] s:tf] /0fgLlt ckgfPsf lyP <
-u_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] l;ªu\ f] /fi6«sf] /fhwfgL lsg sf7df8f}F agfPsf xfn] fg\ < cfkmg\ f]
ljrf/ nV] gx' f];\ .
-3_ pkTosf ljho uge{' Gbf cufl8 dsjfgk/' ljho ug{' lsg cfjZos lyof] < ts{ lbgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ tkfOnF{ ] cfˆgf] hLjgdf ;kmntf k|fKt ubf{ ckgfPsf pkfosf] ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
-r_ g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ;dflKtkl5 cGt/fli6o« ;DaGw / cflys{ cj:yfdf s] s] kl/jtg{ bv] f
k/]sf lyP <
kl/of]hgf sfo{
xfdf| ] ;dfhdf JofKt hftLo, wfld{s, eflifs / jr} fl/s cfwf/sf] ljljwtfnfO{ Pstfa4 u/L
/fli6o« ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg s] ugk'{ nf{ < Ps of]hgf tof/ ug{x' f];\ .
;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 193
kf7
% g]kfn cª\uh]| o4' M sf/0f / k|efj
gf} sIff sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg
u/L Ps ;dx" nfO{ gk] fn cªu\ h|] o'4sf sf/0f / csf{]
;d"xnfO{ gk] fn cªu\ ]|h o4' sf] ke| fjsf af/d] f 5nkmn
ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] . pSt ;dx" sf] lgrf]8 o;/L k|:tt'
ul/Psf] lyofM]
!= ;dx" sM g]kfn cªu\ |h] o4' sf sf/0f
-s_ cfly{s sf/0f
gk] fn;uF ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L ef]6;Fu Jofkf/ cflys{
;d'Gglt ug{] rfxgf u/]sf lyP . t/ cªu\ |h] nfO{ gk] fn
kj| ]z ug{ glbg] g]kfnsf] gLltn] ubf{ g]kfn cª\u|]h o'4
x'g uof] .
-v_ cªu\ ]|hcg'sn" kl/l:ylt
cªu\ ]h| x¿n] gk] fl] nognfO{ o'4df x/fPkl5 cª\uh]| ;]gfn] k'm;b{ kfof] . kmntM cªu\ |h] n] g]kfn;uF
o'4 ug{ cg's"n ;do ePsf] dx;;' u¥of] .
-u_ kf| sl[ ts sf/0f
an] fotdf cª\u|h] x¿ lr;f] hnjfo'df a;]sf / ef/tsf] udL{ df;} d 5Ngsf nflu gk] fnnfO{
pko'St bv] ] . g]kfndf ;dzLtf]i0f hnjfo' /xg] ePsfn] cªu\ |]hx¿sf] Wofg g]kfntkm{ uof] .
gk] fnsf] u9jfn, sd' fp,F bfh{lnªh:tf kxf8L Ifq] cª\uh]| sf nflu cfsif{0fsf s]Gbl| aGb' ags] f
lyP . gk] fnsf] k|fsl[ ts ;Dkbf b]v]/] nfl] ePsf lyP . gk] fndf kz| :t vfgLx¿, 3gf hª\un,
h8La'6L / sf7 kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] wf/0ff lyof] .
-3_ /fhgLlts sf/0f
gk] fn PsLs/0f ubf{ k/flht /fhfx¿ kfNkfsf /fhsd' f/ /lj;g] / s'dfpF u9jfnsf /fhf
/hf}6fx¿n] cª\u]h| ;Fu ;Dks{ /fv] . cfly{s k|nfe] gdf k/L tL /fhfx¿ cª\uh|] ;Fu ldn]sf lyP .
To:t} eLd;]g yfkfn] ef/tdf uO{ ;fd|fHojfblj/fw] L jStJo lbg' / Pl;ofaf6 g} cª\u]|hx¿nfO{
wkfpg] gLlt lng'n] gk] fn cª\u|]h o4' xg' uof] .
194 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (
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