सामाजिक अध्ययन कक्षा ९

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xfdf| ] ;d"xnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg @)^# sf] ;DaGwdf k|:t'tLs/0fsf nflu lhDdj] f/L
k/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] pSt ;l+ jwfg;DaGwL ljleGg ;f| t] af6 kf| Kt u/s] f] hfgsf/L o;k|sf/ 5 M

of] ;+ljwfg sfofG{ jogsf] b[li6n] kfrF f}F ;l+ jwfg xf] . of] ;+ljwfg lj=;+ @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbfn] gsf]
kl/0ffd xf] . of] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{ ;jf{R] r cbfntsf tTsfnLg GofofwLz nId0fk|;fb
cof{nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf d:of}bf ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . pSt d:ofb} fnfO{ lj=;+ @)^# ;fn
df3 ! ut] kl| tlglw ;efaf6 kfl/t eO{ hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . pSt ;l+ jwfgdf @% efu , !^&
wf/f / $ cg';"rL lyP .

ljzi] ftf

-c_ ;fj{ef}d;Qf gk] fnL hgtfdf lglxt
-cf_ sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt
-O_ gk] fnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo 3fi] f0ff
-O_{ g]kfndf afl] ng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ /fi6« efiffsf] dfGotf
-p_ g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/kI] f /fHo 3fi] f0ff
-pm_ /fHo ;~rfngsf] d'Vo cfwf/ hgcfGbfn] gsf] efjgf, /fhgLlts ;xdlt / ;xsfo{
-C_ ;;+ bLo ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf klxnf] k6s ;dfjz]

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fndf l56f] l56f] ;l+ jwfg kl/jt{g xg'sf sf/0f sIffdf 5nkmn u/L k|fKt lgisif{
;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpgx' f];\ .

@= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% / gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& s'g nfs] tflGqs
lyof] < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L k|fKt lgisif{ abF' fut ¿kdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

#= gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] b:tfjh] lyof] . 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg @)!% slxn] hf/L ul/of] <
-v_ g]kfndf sltk6s cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg hf/L ul/of] <
-u_ cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& sf dV' o ljz]iftf pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-3_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg @)$& sf dV' o a'bF f pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 95

kf7
# ;+ljwfg ;ef / jtd{ fg ;+ljwfg

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu u7g ul/Psf] ;+/rgf ;+ljwfg ;ef xf] . hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/ gofF
;+ljwfg lgdf0{ fsf nflu ul7t hgtfsf k|ltlglwsf] ;:+ yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;ef elgG5 . ;l+ jwfg
;efn] agfpg] ;l+ jwfg c? k|ljm| ofaf6 aGg] ;l+ jwfgeGbf km/s x'G5 . o;df ;a} tx / ju{sf]
plrt / ;dfgk' flts kl| tlglwTj x'G5 . ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fdf hgkl| tlglwsf] ;lSto ;xeflutf
x'gfn] hgrfxgfcg';f/sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . ;l+ jwfg ;efn] agfpg] ;+ljwfgdf hgtfn]
ckgTj dx;;' ug{ kfpF5g\ .

ljZjsf sltko b]zsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] lgdf{0f ;l+ jwfg ;efdfkm{ t ePsf] kfOG5 . ;o+ S' t /fHo
cdl] /sf, rLg, hd{gL, kf]NofG8, km| fG;, ef/t, blIf0f clkm| sfsf] ;l+ jwfg klg ;+ljwfg ;efn]
lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . gk] fndf lj=;+ @))& ;fnbl] v xbF' } cfPsf ;ª3\ if,{ hgcfGbf]ng / hgtfsf]
alnbfgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k @)^# ;fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfgdf ;l+ jwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg agfpg]
s'/f pNnv] ul/Psf] lyof] .

oxL jm| ddf lj=;+ @)^$ ;fn rq} @* ut] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] klxnf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eof] . pSt
lgjf{rgaf6 ^)! hgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt eP . ^)! dWo] @$) hgf ;b:o k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6
klxnf] xg' ] lgjfl{ rt k|0ffnLaf6 r'lgPsf lyP . tLdWo] ##% hgf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLcg';f/
lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . @^ hgf ;b:o ljleGg cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifba\ f6 dgf]lgt xg' ] Joj:yf
lyof] . Tof] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] d'Vo p2Z] o hgrfxgfcg';f/ ;l+ jwfgsf] d:ofb} f tof/ ug,{' 5nkmn
ug{' tyf cgd' f]bg ug{' lyof] . ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] klg sfd ug]{ u/L clwsf/
lbOPsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f kl| j|mofnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;j+ }wflgs ;ldlt, ljifout ;ldlt /
kl| j|mofut ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s lj=;+ @)^% ;fn h7]
!% ut] a:of] / gk] fnnfO{ u0ftflGqs /fi6« 3f]if0ff u¥of] . b'O{ jifl{ eq ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{] sfo{
tflnsf eP klg rf/ jifd{ f klg cleef/f k"/f ug{ ;Dej gePkl5 lj=;+ @)^( ;fn h7] !$
ut] klxnf] ;l+ jwfg ;ef lj36g eof] . /fhgLlts bnsf] ;e' mae' mk0" f{ lg0f{on] lj=;+ @)&) ;fn
dªl\ ;/ $ ut] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] bf];f| ] k6s lgjf{rg eof] . pSt lgjfr{ gkl5 g]kfnL sfªu\ ;|]
/ g]=s=kf= Pdfn]sf] ;+oS' t ;/sf/ aGof] . bf];f| ] ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;l+ jwfg hf/L ug{ cfjZos
jftfj/0f ;[hgf u¥of] / clxn] bz] df ToxL ;+ljwfg ;efn] agfPsf] ;l+ jwfgcg¿' ksf] zf;g
Joj:yf ;~rflnt 5 .

96 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / o;sf ljzi] ftf

jt{dfg ;+ljwfg ;j+ }wflgs ljsf;jm| ddf hf/L ePsf] ;ftfF} ;l+ jwfg xf] . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg
;l+ jwfg ;efsf] bO' l{ txfO ;b:on] kfl/t u/]sf lyP . o;/L ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 kfl/t ;l+ jwfg
lj=;+ @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] af6 nfu' eof] . o; ;+ljwfgdf #% efu, #)* wf/f / ( cg';r" L
5g\ .

jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgsf dV' o ljz]iftf
-s_ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lgldt{ / /fi6k« ltåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] ;l+ jwfg
-v_] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf gk] fnL hgtfdf lglxt xg' ] s/' f :ki6 pNn]v ePsf]
-u_ j+zh, cª\uLs[t, ;DdfgfYf{ / u}/cfj;Lo gful/stfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
-3_ ljleGg #! cf]6f df}lns xs ;dfjz] ul/Psf]
-ª_ ;+ljwfgdf gful/ssf stJ{ o klxnf] k6s ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
-r_ ;ª3\ , k|bz] / :yfgLo tx;lxtsf] ;ª3\ Lo ;/+ rgf ul/Psf]
-5_ ltg} txdf /fHo zlStsf] afF8kFmf8;DaGwL cg';"rL % b]lv ( ;Dd Joj:yf ul/Psf]
-h_ ;ª3\ Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL
-em_ /f6k« lt /fi6«kd| 'v / kw| fgdGqL ;/sf/ k|d'v xg' ] Joj:yf
-`_ /f6«klt / pk/f6«klt, ;efd'v / pk;efdv' tyf /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIf leGg

lnª\u jf ;db' fosf] xg' ' kg{] Joj:yf
-6_ To:t} k|b]z ;efd'v / pk;efdv' klg km/s km/s lnª\u / ;d'bfosf] x'gk' g]{
-7_ dlGqd08n ;dfjz] L xg' ] / @% ;b:oLo eGbf a9L xg' gx'g]
-8_ sfgg' L /fHo, :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf] k|fjwfg
-9_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf
-0f_ hftLo, eflifs, juLo{ , If]qLo / n}ªl\ us ljeb] sf] cGTosf] kT| ofel" t
-t_ jflnu dtflwsf/, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf tyf cfjlws lgjfr{ g k|0ffnLdf hf8]
-y_ ;j+ }wflgs lgsfox¿sf] :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf]

hgrfxgfcg;' f/ / nfdf] 5nkmn / ax;kl5 hf/L ePsf] of] ;l+ jwfg gk] fnsf] pGglt / ku| ltsf
nflu sf];]9'ªu\ f ;fljt x'g] s/' f ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 97

lj|mofsnfk
!= ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 lgldt{ ;l+ jwfg /fdf| ] ;l+ jwfg dflgG5 . lsg < o; ;DaGwdf hfgsf/

JolSt;Fu 5nkmn u/L k|fKt lgrf]8 sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f];\ .
@= gk] fnsf] atd{ fg ;l+ jwfg ;dfjz] L 5 . ljleGg cfwf/ vfh] L u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

-s_ ;l+ jwfg ;ef egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g kl| j|mof pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ ;l+ jwfg ;efn] hf/L u/]sf] ;+ljwfg hgOR5fcg';f/sf] x'G5 egL tså{ f/f k'li6 ugx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgsf dV' o ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
;fd"lxs sfo{
lj=;=+ @)^# sf] cfGtl/d ;l+ jwfg / jtd{ fg ;+ljwfgsf] d'Vo ljifoj:t' sf] cfwf/df t'ngf
ug{'xf;] \ . tn' gfTds rf6{ tof/ kf/L sIffdf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

98 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
$ df}lns xs

/fHosf] ;+ljwfg jf lgod sfg'gn] Jojl:yt u/]sf / dfgj clwsf/;uF ;DalGwt clwsf/nfO{
dfl} ns xs elgG5 . o:tf clwsf/ gful/s ePsf gftfn] k|fKt xG' 5g\ . /fHosf] ;b:o ePsf]
gftfn] gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs tyf /fhlglts clwsf/ kf| Kt ePsf] xG' 5 . o;/L /fHon] cfˆgf
gful/ssf] ;jfª{ u\ L0f JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu ;l+ jwfgdf g} pNn]v u//] kb| fg ul/g] ljleGg
k|sf/sf clwsf/ dfl} ns xs jf clwsf/ x'g\ . of] ;fjh{ lgs lxtsf nflu /fHoåf/f hf/L
ul/G5 . dfl} ns xsnfO{ :ki6 JofVof eg] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3fi] f0ff kqn] u/s] f] 5 .
To;n} ] df}lns xs dfgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t xG' 5g\ . dfl} ns xs bz] sf] kl/l:ylt jf
/fhgLlts Joj:yfaf6 ke| fljt x'G5g\ .

g]kfn ;/sf/ jw} flgs sfg'g, @))$ df klxnf] k6s dfl} ns xsnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .
To;kl5sf] k|To]s ;+ljwfgdf s'g} g sg' } ¿kdf df}lns xs ;dfj]z ePsf] kfOG5 . dfl} ns
xs;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf rflxF g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg @)$& / To;kl5sf ;l+ jwfgdf
ePsf] kfOG5 . jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgsf] efu # df wf/f !^ bl] v $& ;Dd df}lns xssf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . oL xs #! cf6] f 5g\ .

wf/f !^ df kT| o]s JolStnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afRF g kfpg] xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
s;}nfO{ klg d[Tob' 08 lbOg] 5}g egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f !& df :jtGqtfsf] xs ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . o; xscGtut{ JolStut :jtGqtf dfq
xf]Og ljrf/ / cleJolStsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ klg dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . en] f x'g], bn jf ;ª\3;+:yf
vfN] g], g]kfnleq lgjfw{ cfjthfjt tyf k];f Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf o; xsn] u/s] f] 5 .

wf/f !* df ;dfgtfsf] xs pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] bl[ i6n] ;dfg 5g\ . ;fy}
hflt j0f,{ wd{, lnªu\ , zf/Ll/s cj:yf, efiff, Ifq] , j}rfl/s cf:yf, cflys{ cj:yf cflbsf]
cfwf/df lje]b gul/g] s/' fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/s] f] 5 . ;fdflhs ljsf;df kl5 k/s] f jus{ f]
hLjg:t/ dof{lbt agfpg /fHon] ljzi] f Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] pNnv] 5 .

;dfg sfdsf nflu n}ª\lus cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf sg' } eb] efj gul/g]
s'/f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} k}t[s ;Dkltdf n}ªl\ us e]befjljgf ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs
xg' ] Joj:yf klg o; xsdf pNnv] 5 .

wf/f !( df ;~rf/;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf 5 . o;cGtut{ ljBt' Lo k|sfzg, k;| f/0f tyf
5fkfnufot h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 sg' } klg kf7\o, >Jo b[Zo jf b[Zo ;fduL| sf] k|;f/0f, k|sfzg jf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 99

;"rgf k|jfx ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltaGw gnufOg] ;l' glZrttf u/s] f] 5 . ;fj{efd} ;Qf, efu} f]lns,
cv08tf, /fli6o« tf tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf vnn kfg]{ vfnsf ultljlw jf sfo{ ePdf eg]
k|ltaGw nufpg ;lsg] s'/f ;l+ jwfgdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f @) df Gofo;DaGwL xs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; xscGt{ut sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{
JolStnfO{ yg' fdf /fVg gkfOg], sfg'g Joj;foL /fVg kfpg], d'2f xg] {] JolSt ;dIf kj|mfp k/s] f]
JolStnfO{ af6fsf] Dofbafx]s @$ 306fdf pkl:yt u/fpgk' g{] h:tf xs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ oL xs lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvPsf] JolStdf nfu' x'bF }gg\ .

wf/f @! df ck/fw kLl8tsf] xs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] xscGtu{t ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ cfkm"
kLl8t ePsf] d2' fsf] cg';Gwfg / sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . ck/fw kLl8tnfO{
sfgg' adfl] hd ;fdflhs k'gM :yfkgf / Ifltkl" t{;lxtsf] Gofo kfpg] Joj:yf o; xsdf 5 .

wf/f @@ df oftgf lj?4sf] xs ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . o; xsdf kjm| fp jf yg' fdf k/]sf
JolSt;uF cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ gul/g] s/' f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f @# df lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?4sf] xs pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . s;}nfO{ klg ;fje{ f}d;Qf,
cv08tf, ;fjh{ lgs zflGt ;/' Iffdf vnn k'¥ofPsf] cfwf/ljgf lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg] 5g} .
olb gh/aGbdf /fVg] clwsf/Ln] u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf gh/aGbdf /fv]sf] kfOPdf Ifltkl" t{ kfpg]
xs pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f @$ df 5j' f5t' / eb] efj lj?4sf] xscGt{ut pTklQ, hft, k];f, hflt, ;d'bfo jf
zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df eb] efj jf 5'jf5't ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] u/]sf] kfOPdf
sfg'gadfl] hd b08gLo xg' ] / kLl8t JolStn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f @% df ;DklQsf] xscGtu{t sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, efu] ug,]{ a]rlavg
ug]{ tyf ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug{] xs pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f @^ df wflds{ :jtGqtfsf] xscGtu{t cfkm\gf] cf:yfcg;' f/sf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] xs tyf
s;s} f] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] jf csfs{ f] wdd{ f vnn kfg]{ sfd gug]{ / u/]df sfg'gcg';f/
b08gLo x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f @& df ;"rgfsf] xs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pSt xscg;' f/ kT| o]s gful/sn] cfkm\gf] jf
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs xg' ] t/ sfgg' cg';f/ uf]Ko /fVgk' g]{
;r" gfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ afWo kfg{ gxg' ] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f @* df uf]kgLotfsf] xs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pSt xscg';f/ s'g} klg JolStsf] lhp,
cfjf;, lnvt, tYof+s kqfrf/, rl/q ;DaGwL ufk] gLotf xg' ] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

100 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

wf/f @( df zfi] f0f lj?4sf] xsdf wd,{ ;+:s[lt, kr| ng cflbsf] cfwf/df zfi] f0f ug{ gkfpg],
a]rljvg / bf; agfpg gkfOg] h:tf xs ;l+ jwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/s] f] 5 .

wf/f #) df k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afRF g kfpg] xs pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f #! df lzIff;DaGwL xs 5 . o;cGtu{ t cfwf/et" tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ x'g]
Joj:yf 5 . dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] tyf cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg / ckfª\utf ePsf gful/snfO{
lgz'Ns pRr lzIff kfpg] xs klg ;l' glZrt u/s] f] 5 .

wf/f #@ df k|To]s gful/sn] cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;:+ s[lt, ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f ;+jwg{ ug{]
xs 5 . of] xs efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xscGtut{ k5{ .

wf/f ## df /fh] uf/Lsf] xscGtu{t k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fh] uf/Lsf] xs xg' ] 5 . ;fYf} k|Tos]
gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] 5gf6] ug]{ xs klg o;df pNnv] ePsf] 5 .

wf/f #$ df >dsf] xscGtu{ t k|To]s >ldsnfO{ >dsf] xs xg' ] tyf plrt kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf
tyf 6«]8 o'lgogdf cfa4 x'g] xs pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f #% df k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{] tyf :jf:Yo
;j] fdf ;dfg kx'Fr, :jR5 vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO;DaGwL xs x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f #^ df vfB;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf 5 . pSt xscg';f/ vfB j:t'sf] cefjn] hLjg
hfl] vddf kg]{ cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft x'g] / vfB ;Dke| 'tfsf] xs x'g] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f #& df cfjf;sf] xscGtu{t pkoS' t cfjf; tyf s'g} klg gful/snfO{ lghsf] :jfldTjdf
/xs] f] jf;:yfgaf6 gx6fOg] jf cltjm| d0f gul/g] xs pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f #* df dlxnf;DaGwL xs pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfsf] xscGtu{ t ;'/lIft dftT[ j /
k|hgg :jf:Yosf] xs, lx+;f hGo sfo{ jf zfi] f0f gul/g], /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf, ;sf/fTds ljeb] sf] cfwf/df ljzi] f cj;/ tyf ;DkQLdf ;dfg xssf]
;l' glZrttf k5g{ \ .

wf/f #( df afnaflnsfsf] xs pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pSt xscg;' f/ gfds/0f, klxrfg, lzIff
:jf:Ysf] xs xg' ] 5 . To:t} o; xscGt{ut kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfngkfi] f0f,
plrt :ofxf/, vn] sb' dgf]/~hg, afn ;xeflutf, hf]lvdk0" f{ sfddf nufpg gkfOg,] h:tf
s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} s'g} klg k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ug{ gkfOg] Pjd\ afnaflnsfnfO{ oftgf
lbg gkfOg] s/' f klg pSt xsdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

wf/f $) df blntsf] xssf] Joj:yf 5 . pSt xscg';f/ blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj, lgz'Ns lzIff, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] k|ofu] , ;+/If0f
/ ljsf; ug{] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 101

wf/f $! df h]i7 gful/ssf] xs ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . pSt xscg';f/ hi] 7 gful/snfO{
/fHoaf6 ljzi] f ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f $@ df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; wf/fdf ;fdflhs ¿kdf kl5 k/]sf
hghflt, ;db' fo, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s / cflys{ ¿kdf ljkGg ;d"xnfO{ /fHosf] lgsfodf
;xeflutfsf] xs xg' ] 5 . o;} u/L cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg nf]kf]Gdv' ;d'bfosf nflu ljzi] f cj;/
/ nfesf] xs xg' ] pNn]v 5 . ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolSt, ls;fg, åGå kLl8t, ;lxb kl/jf/, ak] Qf
kfl/Psf JolStn] kf| yldstfsf ;fy cj;/ kfpg] xs pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f $# df ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pSt xscg;' f/ cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg,
czSt, c;xfo, Psn dlxnf, ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt;lxt nfk] f]Gdv' hfltsf gful/snfO{
;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs xg' ] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f $$ df pkefS] tfsf] xs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;cGtut{ kT| o]s gful/snfO{ u'0f:t/Lo
j:t' tyf ;]jf kf| Kt xg' ] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . u'0f:t/xLg j:t' tyf ;j] faf6 Iflt k'ud] f
sfg'gadfl] hd Ifltkl" t{ kfpg] xs ;dt] Joj:yf 5 .
wf/f $% df b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] xs 5 . pSt xscg;' f/ s'g} klg gful/snfO{ bz] lgsfnf
gul/g] s'/f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f $^ df ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . o; xsdf JolStsf] dfl} ns xssf]
xgg ePdf sfg'gL pkrf/ kfpg] Joj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f $& df df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog tyf pNn3ª\g lj?4 pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf nflu ;l+ jwfg hf/L ePsf] tLg jif{leq sfgg' L Joj:yf ugk{' g]{ :ki6 Joj:yf 5 .
xfdf| ] ;l+ jwfgdf plNnlvt df}lns xssf] 7'nf] dxŒj 5 . o:tf xsx¿n] s'g} klg JolStsf]
kf| sl[ ts / g};lus{ clwsf/x¿sf] /Iff ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . /fHo ;+oGqaf6 x'g ;Sg] jo} lSts
:jtGqtfdflysf] kl| taGwnfO{ /fS] g tyf dfgj clwsf/ sf] ;+/If0f / ;j+ w{g ug{ klg df}lns
xs cfjZos k5g{ \ . nfs] tflGqs dN" odfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ bz] df cfly{s¿kn] kl5 k/]sf
jus{ f] pTyfg ug{ tyf sfg'gL zf;gsf] dfGotfnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ df}lns xsn] e"ldsf
lgjf{x u/s] f] xG' 5 . ;ªs\ 6sfnLg cj:yfdf dfl} ns xs lgnDag x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf xfdf| ]
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . t/ sx] L dxŒjk0" f{ wf/f eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf klg lgnlDat xF'b}gg\ .

102 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lj|mofsnfk

!= dfl} ns xs / dfgj clwsf/larsf] ;dfgtf / leGgtf ;DaGwdf ;dx" ut ¿kdf 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

@= dfl} ns xssf] pkofu] jf xgg ;DaGwdf rf6{ jf uLt jf 36gf cflb agfO{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
#= afnaflnsf;DaGwL xs k"0f{ ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ s;n] s] ugk'{ nf{ < ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't

ug'{xf;] \ .
$= ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lzIff;DaGwL xssf] sfofG{ jogsf] cj:yf tkfOFs{ f] ;db' fosf

;a} afnaflnsfn] pkofu] ug{ kfPgkfPsf] ;fw] vfh] u/L k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d]6L
lgisif{ k:| t't ugx{' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ dfl} ns xs egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ dfgjclwsf/ s] nfO{ elgG5 <
-u_ xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgdf sltcf]6f df}lns xssf] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] kT| ofe"t u/]sf df}lns xssf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-ª_ afnaflnsfsf] xsdf sg' s'g xssf] Joj:yf 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 103

kf7
% gful/s bfloTj tyf stJ{ o

gful/s clwsf/sdL{ ;'l:dtf zdf{ / ljBfyLl{ ar gful/s bfloTj tyf st{Jo;DaGwL ePsf]
5nkmn cWoog u/f}F M

;l' :dtf M gd:sf/ . tkfOxF{ ¿ cf/fd x'g'x'G5 lg <

ljBfyL{x¿ -Ps} :j/df_ M cf/fd} 5fF,} tkfO{F lg <

;'l:dtf M d klg cf/fd 5' . d cfh gful/s bfloTj / st{Josf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ oxfF
cfPsL 5' . ca 5nkmn u/fF} x} t <

df}gtf M x;\, Dof8d .

;l' :dtf M xfdL gful/s bfloTjaf6 5nkmn ;'? u5f}F{ . gk] fnL ax[ t\ zAbsfz] n] s'n k/Dk/f,
gLltlgod tyf ;fdflhs cfjZostfcg';f/ ugk'{ g]{ sfo,{ /fdf| ] cfr/0f jf lj|mofsnfk
eg]/ gful/s bfloTj ;DaGwdf :ki6 kf/s] f] 5 . To:t} sTfJ{ o eg]sf] sfg'gåf/f ug'{
eg]sf] sfo{ ug{' / gug{' eg]sf] sfd gug'{ xf] . vf; u/]/ gful/s st{Jo sfg'g;uF
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . sltko kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs st{Jo k|rng / sfg'g;Fu klg
hfl] 8Psf xG' 5g\ . clwsf/;Fu} st{Jo klg ;h[ gf xG' 5 .

xl/lk|of M stJ{ o / clwsf/sf] s/' f t dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] klg ;Dafw] g
u/]sf] x'G5 lg xf]Og /, Dof8d <

;'l:dtf M xfd|f clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3fi] f0ffkqdf pNnv] ul/Psf]
5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] 3fi] f0ff kqsf] wf/f @( df k|To]s gful/ssf] cfˆgf] clwsf/
pkefu] ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] Vofn ug{'k5{ elgPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u
ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] xgg x'g gkfcf;] \ eg/] xfdL ;rt] xg' k' 5{ . o;/L x]bf{ st{Jo
eg]sf] cfkm" n] ugk{' g]{ sfo{ ug{,' gxg' ] sfo{ gug{' / c?sf] clwsf/df gsf/fTds c;/
kg]{ u/L sg' } klg ljm| ofsnfk gug'{ xf] .

;ª\s]t M Dof8d, p;f] eP sIffdf lzIfs lzlIfsf cg'kl:yt ePsf] an] f xfdLn] xNnf ubf{
csf]{ sIffnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ /x]5 . xfdLn] cfkmg\ f] st{Josf] kfngf u/g] 5f}F
lg xfO] g <

;'l:dtf M xf] l7s eGge' of] . tkfOx{F ¿n] xNnf ubf{ c?nfO{ afwf k¥of] lg . tkfO{F xfdLnfO{ uLt
;ª\uLt ;'Gg dg k5{ . t/ /ftL !) ah] 7'nf] cfjfhdf uLt ahfpFbf 5/l5d]ssf

104 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

dflg;nfO{ afwf k'U5 . xfdLn] stJ{ o k/" f gu/]sf] 7xl/G5 . oxfF uLt ;'Gg kfOg]
clwsf/ xf] t/ cfˆgf] clwsf/ ko| fu] ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/nfO{ xfdLn] a]jf:tf u¥ofF} .
To;n} ] ;dfhsf] ;b:osf] gftfn] xfdLn] axg ug]{ lhDdj] f/L g} stJ{ o / bfloTjleq
k5{g\ .

wgk|;fb M Dof8d, xfdLn] s'g s'g bfloTj / stJ{ o kfng ug{'k5{ <

;'l:dtf M xfdLn] gl} ts, sfg'gL, JolStut tyf ;fdflhs bfloTj / stJ{ o kfngf ugk'{ 5{ . gl} ts
st{JocGtu{ t cfkm" eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{,' 7n' fnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{', c? dflg;x¿k|lt
dq} Lk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug,{' ;an} fO{ ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug{', ;a};Fu ld7f] arg afN] g' cflb
k5{g\ . To;}n] g}lts stJ{ odf cfk"mk|ltsf] st{Jo, kl/jf/k|ltsf] st{Jo / ;dfhk|ltsf]
st{Jo k5{g\ .

zld{nf M clg ;fdflhs stJ{ o rflxF s'g sg' x'g\ t <

;'l:dtf M cl:t tkfOFx{ ¿ ljBfnoaf6 glhssf] gbL lsgf/f ;kmf ug]{ sfoj{ |mddf ;xefuL
xg' e' Psf] s'/f d}n] lg yfxf kfPsf] lyPF . xf], Tof] tkfOx{F ¿sf] ;fdflhs stJ{ o lyof] .
;fdflhs dN" o dfGotfsf] ljifodf ;rt] x'g,' ;d'bfodf rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL x'g,'
d7dlGb/, uD' af÷r}To, cflbsf] ;/;kmfO ug{' ;fdflhs stJ{ o xg' \ . ;fdflhs s'ky| f
/ ljsl[ tlj?4 cfjfh p7fpg,' wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs ;be\ fj sfod ug'{ h:tf
st{Jo klg ;fdflhs st{JocGtu{ t k5{g\ . kl/jfl/s st{JocGtut{ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
plrt nfngkfng tyf :ofxf/;;' f/ ug{] bfloTj k5g{ \ . To:t} afnaflnsfnfO{ plrt
lzIfflbIff / ;:+ sf/ lbg,' kl/jf/sf] h]i7 gful/snfO{ OHht / ;Ddfg ug',{ plrt
x/] rfx ug'k{ lg kfl/jfl/s st{Jo xf] .

wdG]{ b| M xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf klg gful/s stJ{ o;DaGwL Joj:yf xf]nf lg xfO] g <

;'l:dtf M xf], xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] efu ! wf/f ! sf] pkwf/f @ df o; ;l+ jwfgsf] kfngf ug{' kT| o]s
JolStsf] stJ{ o x'g] 5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug]{, sfg'gsf]
kfngf ug{,] sfg'g sfofG{ jogdf ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf sfo{ sfgg' L stJ{ o xg' \ . xfd|f]
;l+ jwfgsf] efu # wf/f $* df klg gful/s st{Josf] s/' f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . pSt
wf/fdf gful/ssf st{JocGt{ut k|To]s gful/sn] /fi6k« l| t lgi7fjfg\ eO{ gk] fnsf]
/fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug]{, ;l+ jwfg / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{] cflb
st{Jo ;dfjz] 5g\ . o:t} /fHon] rfxs] f] a]nf clgjfo{ ;j] f ug],{ ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf]
;/' Iff / ;/+ If0f ug{] h:tf sfo{x¿ klg st{Josf] ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .

-3G6L aH5 / sIff ;do klg ;lsG5 ._

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 105

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOnF ] kfngf uge'{ Psf] sfgg' L / kfl/jfl/s st{Josf] ;DaGwdf tn lbOPsf] tflnsf
k/" f ug{'xf;] \ M

sfgg' L stJ{ o Kfl/jfl/s st{Jo

!= =========== != ============

@= =========== @= ===========

#= ============ #= ===========

@= gful/s stJ{ o, xfdf| ] bfloTj zLifs{ df uLt, syf, sljtf jf jStT[ jdWo] sg' } Ps tof/
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

#= stJ{ o kfngf ubf{ s] s] kmfObf x'G5g\ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L cfPsf] lgisif{ k:| tt'
ug{xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ stJ{ o eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljleGg k|sf/sf stJ{ osf] ;ªI\ f]kdf rrf{ ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf gful/ssf sg' sg' stJ{ o pNnv] ul/Psf 5g\ <
-3_ ;fdflhs st{JocGtut{ s:tf s:tf st{Jo k5{g\ < nV] g'xf;] \ .
-ª_ xfd|f kfl/jfl/s bfloTjsf ;r" L tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ .
-r_ xfdLn] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] ko| f]u ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] xgg ug{x' Fb' }gÆ eGg] s/' fnfO{

pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfg{'xf];\ .

106 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
^ ;'zf;g

;ljtf kl/of/sf] pd]/ !$ jif{ eof] . pgL sf7df8fF} snªs\ Lsf] hgky dfWolds
ljBfnodf gf} sIffdf k9l\ 5g\ . Ps lbg pgsf aa' fn] lblbnfO{ gful/stf agfpg ufpFdf
lnP/ hfge' of] . pgL klg aa' f / lbbL;uF } uOg\ . ;j{ky| d pxfFn] cfˆgf] ufpkF flnsfsf] j8f
sfof{nodf uP/ gful/stfsf] l;kmfl/; lng'eof] . l;kmfl/; ug{ ? !) sf] l6s6;lxtsf]
lgjb] g lbgk' g{] /x5] . To;kl5 pgL / lbbL aa' f;uF lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf gful/stf
agfpg uP . ToxfF gful/s j8fkqdf s] s] ug],{ sg' sf]7fdf hfg] / s;nfO{ e6] g\ ] egL
:ki6 n]lvPsf] lyof] . j8fsf] l;kmfl/; ;dfj]z u/L lbbLn] lgj]bg lbOg\ . ;DalGwt
kFmf6sf] sdr{ f/Ln] Ps 306fdf cfpg eGge' of] . ToxLcg';f/ Ps 306fkl5 hfFbf
gful/stf tof/ lyof] . cf7F} f 5fk nufPkl5 lbbLn] gful/stf kfpge' of] . v;' L xbF' }
an] s' f pxfF 3/ kmlsg{ 'eof] . w/] } ;do / vr{ nfUnf eg]/ a'afnfO{ 8/ nfus] f] lyof] .
t/ vr{ klg w/] } nfUbf] /xg] 5 . l56f] 5l/tf] ;xh sfd ePsf] xg' fn] pgsf lbbL / aa' fn]
;DalGwt j8f / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ wGojfb lbg'eof] .

dfly lbOPsf] 36gfn] ;z' f;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'emfp5F . ;z' f;gdf lagf emGem6 hgtfn]
/fHoaf6 ;j] f / ;l' jwf kf| Kt ug{ ;S5g\ . hgtfn] zf;g k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL eP/ l56f] 5l/tf]
;fjh{ lgs ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf g} ;z' f;g xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;z' f;gn] ;]jfu|fxLsf]
lxt / rfxgfcg;' f/ tf]lsPsf] lgodsf] kl/lwleq /xL ;j] f lbg] ultljlw jf ;fj{hlgs ;j] f
kj| fxnfO{ ae' mfpF5 . ;]jf lng cfpg] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;]jfu|fxL elgG5 . ;]jfuf| xLnfO{ ;j] f lbbF f
eb] efj gu/L sfg'gn] tfs] ]sf] k|ljm| ofadf]lhd ;]jf lbg] sfd u/d] f ;;' fzg sfod ePsf] dflgG5 .
dflysf] 36gfdf ;]jfu|fxLn] lagfemGem6 ;dodf g} ;j] f kfPsf] bl] vG5 h;n] z;' f;gnfO{
kT| ofet" u/s] f] 5 . o;/L l9nf;':tL x6fO{ kf/bzL{ 9ªu\ n] ;fjh{ lgs ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] kb| fg ug]{
;j] f sfo{ g} jf:tjdf ;'zf;g xf] . To;n} ] ;z' f;g, c;n, s'zn / hgdv' L zf;g klg xf] .

;z' f;g ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ljZj a}ª\sn] ljsf; kl/ofh] gf ;~rfng ug{] j|mddf cl3 ;f/s] f]
cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ hgtf sl] Gbt| zf;g Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf cYofO{ G5 . ;+oS' t /fi6;« ª\3n]
dfgj clwsf/ /Iffsf nflu ;z' f;gsf] cEof;df o;/L k|:6 kf/s] f] 5 M

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 107

dfgj clwsf/sf ¿kdf

nf]stflGqs cfr/0fsf] ¿kdf ;z' f;g ;]jf kb| fg jf kb| fos ¿kdf

ei| 6frf/ lj?bb\ sf] ¿kdf

!= ;z' f;gsf ljz]iftf

;z' f;g a[xt\ wf/0ff xf] . of] c;n zf;g / ;]jfu|flxsf] ;'ljwf dfq geO{ kf/blz{tf, lgikIftf;uF
klg hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 . ;du|df ;';fzgsf ljzi] ftfx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ ;xeflutf M lg0fo{ kl| jm| ofdf gful/sx¿sf] a[xt\ ;xeflutfdf hf8] lbG5 .
-v_ ;xdlt M ;xdltdf cfwfl/t eP/ lg0fo{ k|lj|mofdf k'Ug] ko| Tg xG' 5 .
-u_ kf/bzLt{ f M sg' } s/' f :ki6 tyf 5nª{ u\ kf/L lg0fo{ kl| jm| ofsf] hfgsf/L k:| 6 kfl/G5 .
-3_ hjfkmbx] L M gful/ssf cfjZostf ;'Gg] / ;Dafw] g ug{] kl| jm| ofnfO{ hf]8 lbOG5 .
-ª_ k|efjsfl/tf / s'zntf M ;/n, ;xh 9ª\un] ;]jfu|flxsf] lxtdf j:t' tyf ;j] f

kb| fg ul/G5 .
-r_ ;dtfd"ns Pjd\ ;dfjz] L M ;an} fO{ cj;/ lbP/ s;}nfO{ klg cj;/af6 jl~rt

gu/L cl3 a9\g pTkl| /t ul/G5 .

@= ;'zf;gsf cfofd

;z' f;gsf cfofdx¿nfO{ rf/ efudf ljefhg u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ /fhgLlts cfofd M o;cGt{ut zf;g k0| ffnLdf nf]stfGqLs/0f, zf;gdf ;xeflutf
tyf sfg'gL zf;g h:tf ultljlwx k5g{ \ .

-v_ ;fdflhs cfofd M ;fdflhs ;dx" ;uF sf] ;femflxtsf lajfox¿ tyf gful/s ;dfh /
zf;g ;~rfngdf ;n+ Ug lgsfox¿sf ultljlw o:tf] cfofdcGtu{ t k5g{ \ .

-u_ gl} ts cfofd M o;cGtut{ gl} tstf, ;bfrf/, k];fut lgi7f, gful/s lzIff /
;rt] gf h:tf ljifo o:tf] cfofdcGtu{ t k5{g\ .

-3_ Joj:yfksLo cfofd M /fHosf ljleGg ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u tyf ljt/0f;uF
;DalGwt cfofdx¿ o;cGt{ut k5{g\ .

108 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

#= ;'zf;gsf] dxŒj M

;z' f;g sg' } klg bz] sf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cleGg cªu\ dflgG5 . sfg'gL /fHosf] kfngf tyf
hjfkmb]xL k|jwg{ ugs{ f nflu ;'zf;g cfjZos 5 . ljleGg txdf x'g] ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f /
/f]syfd ug{ klg ;'zf;g rflxG5 . ;z' f;gsf] dfWodaf6 dfgjclwsf/sf] kT| ofe"lt x'G5 .
;fjh{ flgs ;j] fdf gful/s clwsf/ ;'lgZrt ug{ tyf ;Ifd k|zf;gsf nflu klg ;'zf;g
rflxG5 . gful/s ;dfhsf] ljsf; / ultljlwx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;'zf;g ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= cfkm" a;]sf] :yfgLo txdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ePsf ko| f;x¿ vfh] L u//] sIffdf k:| tt'
ugx{' f];\ .

@= ljBfnodf ;'zf;g sfod ug{] pkfo ;DaGwdf ljBfnosf] kw| fgfWofks;uF 5nkmn u/L
kf| Kt lgisifn{ fO{ sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

#= tkfOF{ sg' } :yfgLo txsf] k|d'v x'g'eof] eg] cfkm\gf] :yfgLo txdf ;z' f;g sfod /fVg
tkfO{F s] s] ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{x'G5 <

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;'zf;g eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ gk] fnsf] s'g cfjlws of]hgfaf6 ;z' f;g sfod ug]{ p2Z] o /fVg yflnof] <
-u_ ;z' f;gsf cfofdsf] rrf{ ug{x' f;] \ .
-3_ ;z' f;gsf] dxŒj aF'bfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ .
-ª_ ;z' f;g nfs] tGqsf] ;'Gb/ kIf xf] . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfg{'xf;] \ .

;d'bflos sfo{

tkfOFs{+ f] ;db' fodf /x]sf s'g} Ps ;fjh{ lgs ;:+ yfaf6 ;j] f k|jfxdf cfwl' gs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u / k|efjsf/Ltf ;DaGwdf kl| tj]bg tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 109

kf7
& ljljwtfdf Pstf

hflt, efiff, lnª\u, ckfªu\ tf, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t / e"ufn] cflbdf bv] f kg{] km/skgf g} ljljwtf xf]
;dfhdf ljljw ljrf/, efjgf, hfthfltsf dflg; /xs] f xG' 5g\ . ;dfhsf log} ljljwtfnfO{
cfTd;ft ub}{ Psfk;df d]nldnfk u/]/ a:g,] Psn] csfn{ fO{ ;Ddfg ug{], ljsf;df ;fdl" xs
;xeflutf kb| z{g ug]{ afgL Jojxf/ ljljwtfdf Pstf xf ] . oxL ljljwtfdf Pstf gk] fnLx¿sf]
klxrfg xf] .

gk] fndf lj=;+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ !@% hfthfltsf] a;fa] f; /x]sf] 5 . tL ;a}
hfthfltsf] cfˆg} efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt 5 . wdc{ g;' f/sf ;f:+ s[lts dN" odfGotf 5g\ . o;n]
;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ hgfpF5 .

hfthfltcg';f/ efiff, ;+:sl[ t / ;+:sf/ km/s km/s x'G5g\ . g]kfndf g]kfnL, dl} ynL, efh] k/' ,
tfdfª, yf? gj] f/nufot !@# cf]6f efiff af]Ng] dflg; 5g\ . ljljw efiff jf]Ng] eP klg xfdL
Ps csf{] efiffsf] ;Ddfg u5fF{} . ;l+ jwfgn] ;dt] g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffnfO{ /fi6« efiffsf]
dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . hfthfltcg;' f/ ;+:sl[ t, ;+:sf/, k/Dk/f km/s km/s 5g\ . km/s ;:+ sf/
/ ;+:s[lt eP klg Pp6f hftn] csf]{ hftsf] ;+:sf/ k/Dk/fnfO{ ;Ddfg u5g{ \ . oxfF ;+:s[lt,
;:+ sf/sf cfwf/df eb] efj ul/Fbg} .

oxfFsf dflg;n] dfGg] wd{ / rf8kjd{ f klg ljljwtf 5 . ;b' "/ klZrdsf] b]p8f ;+:s[lt klg
kj" {df kl| ;4 5 . t/fO{df dgfOg] 57 kjn{ ] kxf8df k|l;l4 kfPsf] 5 . lxGbs' f] b;dF} f O;fO{ jf
d';ndfgn] ze' sfdgf kb| fg u5g{ \ . Ob jf lj|m;d;df lxGbn' ] ze' sfdgf lbG5g\ . of] g} xfdf| ]
bz] sf] ljljwtf leqsf] Pstf xf] .

efu} fl] ns ¿kdf g]kfnnfO{ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ u/L tLgcf]6f Ifq] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
oL efu} f]lns Ifq] df a:g] dflg;df ljljw cfwf/df leGgtf 5 . efu} f]lns Ifq] cg';f/sf] efiff,
/xg;xg, vfgkfg tyf jz] e"iff 5 . o;/L ljljwtf eP tfklg xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf Jojxf/
u5f}F{ . xfdL Pscsf{sf efiff, /xg;xg, vfgkfg tyf jz] e"iffnfO{ ;Ddfg u5f{}F . xfd|f] /fli6«o
ufgn] klg oxL s'/f kl' i6 u5{ . ;dfhdf dlxnf, k'?if / nª} l\ us tyf ofl} gs cNk;ª\VosnfO{
;dfg cj;/ kb| fg ug{] Pjd\ ;Ddfg ug{] u5fF} . ckfª\utf ePsf JolStx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{],
;xof]u ug]{ k/Dk/f 5 . oL ;a} cfwf/df g]kfn ljljwtfoS' t b]z xf] eGg ;lsG5 . gk] fn Ps
ax'hftLo, axe' flifs, ax'wflds{ , ax';f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtfo'St b]z eO{sg klg ljljwtfdf Pstfdf
aflF wPsf] d'n's xf] . ;+ljwfgdf ;dfjz] ePsf Joj:yfn] ;a} dflg;nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg
u/]/ ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod u/s] f] 5 .

110 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod u/L /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;b' [9 ug]{ ljleGg pkfo x'g ;S5g\ . tLdWo]
s]xL pkfo tn k:| tt' ul/Psf 5g\ M

-s_ ;a} hfthflt, wflds{ ;Dkb| fo, efiffefifLnfO{ /fHo k|0ffnLdf ;dfgk' flts ;xeflutf
clej[l4 ug'{k5{ .

-v_ wfld{s ;lxi0ft' f / hftLo ;be\ fjsf] dxŒjsf ljifodf ;j;{ fwf/0fdf hgrt] gf hufpg]
vfnsf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ .

-u_ nf]kf]Gd'v hfthflt, efiff, ;+:sl[ tsf] pTyfgsf nflu /fHon] ljz]if gLlt sfoG{ jogdf
hf8] lbg'k5{ .

-3_ ljleGg hfthflt, wdfj{ nDaL, efiffefifLnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L :yfgLo:t/df ;fd'bflos
ljsf;sf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u//] klg cfk;L Pstf ;b' [9 ug{ ;lsG5 .

-ª_ /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug{ hfu/0f cleofg ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ . bz] sf] zflGt ;/' Iff, ljsf;
;dl[ 4, ;fje{ f}d;QfnfO{ cIf0' f /fVg ;fy} ef}uf]lns cv08tf sfod ug{ klg ljljwtf
ljrsf] Pstf h?/L x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;dx" agfO{ kT| o]s ;d"xn] cfkm" a:g] :yfgsf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:sl[ ts ljljwtf ;DaGwdf
5nkmn u/L pgLx¿larsf] Pstf s;/L sfod ePsf] 5 . kf| Kt ljj/0f sIffdf k:| tt'
ugx'{ f];\ .

@= ljljwtfdf Pstf, cfhsf] cfjZostf ljifodf jStT[ jsnf kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf]pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ g]kfn hfltut ljljwtfsf] km" naf/L xf] eGg] egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod ug{ xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf 5 <
-u_ km/s wd{, ;+:s[lt, efiff, lnª\u / Ifdtf eP klg xfdL ;a} gk] fnL Ps xfF} . eGg] ljifodf

pbfx/0f;lxt k:| tt' ugx'{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 111

kf7
* sfg'gL /fHo / o;sf] dxŒj

/fHon] cfˆgf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ Pjd\ gful/ssf xs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{
agfOPsf lgodnfO{ sfgg' elgG5 . sfgg' cg';f/ /fHo ;~rfng ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ g} sfg'gL
/fHo elgG5 . kf| Wofks Pjd\ sfgg' a]Qf P= eL= 8fo;Ln] sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff k|ltkfbg
u/s] f xg' \ . To;kl5 ;+;f/sf nf]stflGqs bz] x¿n] of] cjwf/0ff k|of]udf Nofpg yfn] / o;sf]
ko| f]u a9\b} uof] .

sfgg' L /fHo ;DaGwdf tLgcf6] f dfGotfx¿ a9L kr| lnt 5g\ . klxnf] dfGotf, /fHosf x/s]
ultjlwx¿ sfgg' sf] kl/lwleq ;~rfng xg' k' 5{ . bf];f| ], ;j} JolSt sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfg
x'G5g\ . t;] f| ,] sfg'gsf] ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfg /xg'k5{ .

!= sfgg' L /fHosf] dxŒj

nfs] tflGqs Joj:yfdf sfg'gL /fHosf] dxTjnfO{ o;k|sf/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ /fHosf ;Dk0" f{ cu+ lar ;Gt'ng sfod ug{
-v_ /fHosf ;Dk0" f{ ultljlwnfO{ sfg'gL cfwf/df ;~rfng ug{
-u_ ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{
-3_ Gofo k0| ffnLnfO{ ;xh agfpg
-ª_ lg/ª\s'ztf / :jR] 5frfl/tf cGTo ug{
-r_ ;fdflhs ;dfgtf sfod ug{
-5_ gful/s :jtGqtf sfod ug{
-h_ ;dfhdf ;bfrf/ / g}ltstf kj| wg{ ug{
-em_ dfgj clwsf/sf] k|jwg{ df ;3fp k'¥ofpg
-`_ ;dfhdf zflGt cdgrog / ;z' f;g sfod ug{

@= sfgg' L /fHo kj| wg{ ug]{ pkfo

sfgg' L zf;g k|jw{g ug{ lgDglnlvt pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ sfg'gL /fHo k|jw{g ug{ gful/s ;rt] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ sfg'gsf] ke| fjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ .
-u_ sfgg' sf] kfngf ug{ ;a} gful/s kl| ta4 x'g'k5{ .

112 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

-3_ Gofodf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;dfg kx'Fr x'gk' 5{ .
-ª_ e|i6frf/ lj?4df ;dfh hfu?s x'gk' 5{ .
-r_ ;a} ju,{ If]q / ;db' fosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L sfg'g lgdf0{ f ul/g'k5{ .
-5_ lgzN' s sfgg' L ;]jfn] sfg'gL zf;gsf] kfngfdf ;xofu] k'U5 .
-h_ sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff k|jw{g ug{ Gofokflnsf, sfo{kflnsf tyf Joj:yflksfn]

ke| fjsf/L el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{k' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sfgg' L /fHosf] dxTj ;DaGwdf ;xkf7L;uF 5nkmn u//] kf| Kt lgisif{ sIffdf k:| tt'
ug{'xf;] \ .

@= sfgg' L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff k|jw{gdf :yfgLo txn] vN] g ;Sg] e"ldsf vfh] L u/L sIffdf
k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ sfgg' L /fHo eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-v_ sfg'gL /fHosf] dxŒj n]Vgx' f];\ .
-u_ sfg'gL zf;g k|jw{g ug]{ pkfo pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .
-3_ sfg'gL /fHo :yfkgfdf cj/fw] ug{] tŒj pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 113

kf7
( gful/s ;dfh

;/sf/eGbf aflx/ /xs] f / s'g} klg /fhgLlts bndf ;n+ Ug gePsf gful/ssf] ;dx" gful/s
;dfh xf] . of] u/} gfkmfdn" s ;dx" xf] . o;n] gful/sf] xslxtsf nflu cfjfh p7fpF5 . o:tf]
;d"xdf ;fd"lxs rfxfgf / efjgf ka| n x'G5 . gful/s ;dfh :jlgldt{ :jo+;j] L ;:+ yf xf] .
o;df nfs] sNof0f, ;fdflhs hfu/0f / z;StLs/0fsf] If]qdf lj|mofzLn dflg; ;xefuL
xG' 5g\ . ;fy} of] s'g} /fhgLlts bn, jfb jf l;4fGt;Fu hfl] 8Psf] x'Fbg} .

gful/s ;dfhn] ;dfhsf] ;dfgtf, lxt / enfO;Fu ;DalGwt sfd u5{ . gful/s ;dfhsf
;b:ox¿n] ;fdflhs Gofosf kIfdf cfjfh p7fpF5g\ . of] ;:+ yf /fHon] kb| fg ug{] ;j] f ;l' jwf
;j{;'ne 9ª\un] k|jfx ug{sf nflu lgu/fgL tyf bjfj l;h{gf ug{ ljm| ofzLn xG' 5 . o;n]
/fHosf] :j]R5frf/Ltf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpF5 .

gful/s ;dfhdf cfˆg} ks| f/sf ljzi] ftfx¿ 5g\ . tkfO{F xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5, ;dfhsf
;a} ;b:ox¿ gful/s ;dfhdf ;xefuL xg' kfp5F g\ . gful/s ;dfh k|hftflGqs efjgfaf6
k|efljt ;+:yf xf] . ;a} ljrf/, efjgf tyf bl[ i6sf0] f ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;xeflutf x'G5 .
o;n] cfk;L ;xsfo{af6 ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] ;fdflhs hfu/0f
/ ;d'bfosf] kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbG5 . oxfF ljleGg ljrf/, bl[ i6sf]0f / wf/0ff ePsf dflg;x¿
hfl] 8g ;S5g\ . ;/sf/n] ;xL af6fdf lx8F \g bafadn" s ultljlw ug{] tyf cfjfhljxLg,
lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] cfjfh p7fpg] ;fdflhs ;:+ yf xf] . o;n] nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/ jf
cfr/0fsf] ljsf;df hf8] lbG5 .

oxfxF ¿nfO{ yfx} 5 gful/s ;dfh sfo{Ifq] , ljz]iftf cflbsf cfwf/df cfcfˆg} klxrfg agfPsf]
x'G5 . cyf{t\ o;sf :j¿kx¿ juLs{ t[ kfpg ;S5fF} . gful/s cuj' fx¿ cflys{ ;dx" h:t} M
pBfu] jfl0fHo ;ª3\ , g]kfn pBfu] kl/;ª\3df cfa4 eP/ ;dfhsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg lbg
;Sg'x'G5 . /f]6/L Sna, nfoG; Snadfkm{ t\ ;fdflhs ;ª\3df ;+nUg ;ª\u7gsf ;b:o eP/
sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . wflds{ , ;f:+ sl[ ts ;d"xsf ¿kdf ;dfhnfO{ ofu] bfg lbg ;lsG5 . o:tf
;dx" cGtu{t dª\sfvn gk] fn, lxGb' dxf;ª\3 cflb kb5{ g\ . k;] fut xslxtsf nflu sfo{/t
;:+ yfx¿dfk{mt\ gful/ssf xslxtsf kIfdf ax; k/} jL u5{ . ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljsl[ tsf
lj?4df bafa l;hg{ f ug{ klg ;xofu] u5{ . b]zsf] ;Ldf ldlrPdf jf cGo cj:yfdf o;n]
/fi6n« fO{ 3R3Rofpg] sfd klg u5{ . o;cGtu{ t g]kfn lzIfs ;ª3\ ÷;ªu\ 7gx¿, kf| Wofks
;ª3\ cflb kb5{ g\ . g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;dx" , cleefjs ;ª3\ dfk{mt klg cfd gful/snfO{
;r]t u/fpg] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

114 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

;dfhsf ;a} ;b:o gful/s ;dfhdf ;xefuL xg' kfp5F g\ . gful/s ;dfh kh| ftflGqs
efjgfaf6 k|]l/t xG' 5 . o;df ljleGg ljrf/, efjgf tyf b[li6sf]0f ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;xelfutf
xG' 5 . cfk;L ;xsfo{af6 ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . ;fdflhs hfu/0f /
;d'bfosf] kl/rfngdf hf8] lbG5 . gful/s ;dfhn] ;z' f;gsf nflu cfjfh p7fpF5 . o;n]
nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/ jf cfr/0fsf] ljsf;df dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf v]N5 .

gful/s ;dfhn] gful/ssf xslxtsf kIfdf cfjfh p7fp5F g\ . ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljsl[ t
lj?4df bafa ;[hgf ug{ klg ;xof]u u5{g . o;sf] ;fy} ;dfhsf] ax[ Qt/ lxtsf nflu
;fd"lxs efjgfsf] ljsf;, ;dfhdf 36\g] jf 36]sf ljljw 36gfx¿sf] ljifodf cfnfr] gfTds
bl[ i6sf0] f dfk{mt ;rt] u/fpg] h:tf p2Z] o gful/s ;dfhn] /fvs] f] x'G5 . gful/s ;dfhn]
/fHosf lgsfonfO{ gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]xL xg' bjfj ;h[ gf u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= g]kfndf gful/s ;dfhsf] el" dsf ;DaGwdf lgjGw nV] gx' f];\ .
@= tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfodf sfo/{ t gful/s ;dfhn] u/s] f sfdx¿ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .
#= gful/s ;dfh :jl] R5s, :jkl/rflnt ;fdflhs ;dx" xf], sIffdf 5nkmn u//] k:| 6

kfgx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ gful/s ;dfh egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfsf] ;dLIff ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ ;dfhsf] lxtdf gful/s ;dfhn] u/]sf sfdx¿ rrf{ ugx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ gk] fnsf] ;Gbe{df gful/s ;dfhsf] el" dsf s:tf] xg' k' 5{ < cfkm\gf] bl[ i6sf0] f k|:tt'

ug'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 115

kf7
!) nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f

sf:sL, kfv] /f

@)&*÷!@÷@* ut]

Kof/L alxgL,

w/] } dfof / cfzLjfb{ 5 . ltdL sf7df8fFa} f6 bfrn'{ f uPsf] / d kf]v/f uPsf] nueu
Ps dlxgf x'g nfu5] . ltdLn] sf7df8f}dF f g} x'Fbf ;fw] ]sf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg EofPsL lyOg,F cfh
lbbF } 5' .

alxgL, clxn] xfdL nfs] tGq / nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf] rrf{ kl/rrf{ u5f}F{ . . oL ba' }
zAbnfO{ a'‰g nfs] tGq a'‰g'k5{ . b]z / ;dfhsf ;a} ju,{ ;d'bfo / txdf ePsf lje]b /
c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fO{ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh lgdf0{ f ug{] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ nf]stGq elgG5 .
hjfkmbx] L, pQ/bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L, lgikIftf / kf/bflzt{ f nfs] tGqsf cfwf/ x'g\ .

alxgL, nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf xg' k' g{] cfwf/et" l;4fGt u'0f, ljz]iftfnfO{ nfs] tflGqs
dN" odfGotf jf cfr/0f elgG5 . nf]stflGqs cfr/0fdf ljljw ljrf/, ;:+ sf/ / ;+:s[ltnfO{
cfTd;ft ul/G5 . zf;g k0| ffnLdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf xg' 'k5{ . zf;gdf hg;xeflutf x'gsf
nflu :jR5, lgikIf cfjlws lgjf{rg xg' 'k5{ . nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fcGtut{ sfgg' sf] zf;g
ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 . sfgg' g} ;jfk{] /L x'gfn] sfg'gsf] clwgdf /x]/ cfˆgf] xs clwsf/sf] ko| fu]
ug{'k5{ . oL tŒj nf]stflGqs cfr/0fcGtu{ t k5{g\ .

kh| ftGq jf nfs] tGqdf axd' t kf| Kt ug]{ bnn] zf;g ;~rfng u5{ . zf;g Joj:yfdf
dfq ltd|f] xfd|f] bl} gs Jojxf/df klg nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f xg' k' 5{ . 5nkmn ubf{ ax'dtn] lg0f{o
u/s] f s'/fnfO{ dfGgk' 5{ . 5nkmndf efulng] ;a}sf] ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg ugk'{ 5{ . ;an} ] ;s} f]
ljrf/df ;dy{g / :j:y cfnfr] gf ug{] jftfj/0f / k4lt ljsf; ug{k' 5{ . c?sf] cfnf]rgfTds
ljrf/nfO{ l:jsfg{' klg nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f xf] .

g]kfn ax'efifL, ax;' f:+ sl[ ts dn' s' xf] . oxfF w/] } efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f ePsf
dflg; 5g\ . log} kIfsf] klxrfg / kl| tlglwTj zf;g Joj:yfdf xG' 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;dfj]zL
zfzg k|0ffnL elgG5 . nfs] tflGqs Joj:yfdf hgtfn] cfk"m zf;gdf ;n+ Ug ePsf] cg'el" t
u/fpg] kl| j|mof g} jf:tjdf nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f xf] .

JolStn] h:t} ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+:yfn] klg nf]stflGqs cfr/0f / ;+:sf/ bv] fpg'k5{ .

116 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

To;n] ;z' f;g sfod ug{ dbt k'U5 / nfs] tflGqs cEof;n] ;fys{ tf kfpF5 . gful/s Pjd\
gl} ts lzIff / r]tgdfkm{ t nf]stflGqs cfr/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

alxgL, ltdLn] klg cfkmn" fO{ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ / d"NodfGotfsf] cEof;df hf]8
lbg'k5{ . o;/L g} cfkm\gf ljrf/ v'n:t /fVg,] c?sf] ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, 5nkmndf
;xdltsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ ug{' n . ltdL klg nf]stflGqs cfr/0fsf] ljifodf k|:6 eof}
xf]nf . ca ltdLaf6 klg oxL cfr/0fadf]lhdsf] Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff;lxt kqsf] cGTo u5{' . s]xL
ePdf kl5 s'/f u/fF}nf .

ltdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ lbbL

ledf l3ld/]

xfn lrKn9] ª' \uf kfv] /f

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOFs{ f] ;db' fosf cEof; ul/Psf nf]stflGqs cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf tkfOs{F f] dgdf
vn] s] f efjgfx¿ ;d6] L Ps dgfj] fb tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

@= tn lbOPsf nf]stflGqs cfr/0fsf ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df :jdN" ofs+ g ug'x{ f;] \ M

ljm| ofsnfk u5'{ ulb{gF

c?sf ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg

cNkdtsf] sb/

;dx" df ldn]/ sfd

cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg

nfs] tflGqs k4ltaf6 gt] T[ j rog

c?sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg

#= tkfOsf] ljBfnodf cEof; ul/Psf nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ nf]stflGqs cfr/0f egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ nf]stflGqs cfr/0fdf s'g sg' cfr/0f k5{g\ <
-u_ nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf] ljsf;sf gful/sn] lgjf{x ug{k' g{] e"ldsf pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 117

kf7
!! /fi6« / /fli6«otf

/fi6« eGgfn] lglZrt eu" f]ndf a;fa] f; ug{] / klxrfg;lxtsf] hg;dx" eGg] al' emG5 . /fi6«
aGgsf nflu ;femf efjgf ePsf] x'gk' 5{ . oxL ;femf efjgfdf afFlwPsf] / Pstfa4 dflg;sf]
;du| ¿k g} /fi6« xf] . To;}n] ;dfg vfnsf lxt / Pstdf cfa4 efu} fl] ns If]q g} /fi6« xf] . xfdf| ]
;l+ jwfgsf] efu # sf] wf/f # df /fi6« eGgfn] æax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wflds{ , ax';f+:sl[ ts
ljzi] ftfo'DSt efu} f]lns ljljwtf /xs] f] ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / gk] fnsf] /fli6o« :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns
cv08tf, /fli6o« lxt tyf ;dl[ 4kl| t cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 gk] fnL hgtfnfO{
;dli6df /fi6« xfÆ] egL pNnv] u/]sf] 5 .

cfkm\gf] bz] , dft[el" dkl| tsf] ;sf/fTds efjgf /fli6«otf xf] . /fi6« k|ltsf] kd]| , ckgTj /
elStefj g} /fli6«otf xf] . To:t} cfˆgf] df6f], ;+:s[lt, efu} f]lns cv08tfk|ltsf] ku| f9 cf:yf
/ ;Ddfg klg /fli6o« tf xf] . b]zelStn] /fli6o« tfsf] efjgf hfu[t u/fpF5 . JolStn] gful/ssf]
¿kdf kfpg] klxrfg klg /fli6o« tf xf] . /fli6«otfsf] efjgf ePsf] JolStn] cfˆgf], ;dfh /
/fi6«sf] pGglt / k|ultdf ;n+ Ug xG' 5 . /fli6o« tfn] JolStsf] cfˆgf] efiff, wd{, Oltxf; / d"No
dfGotfnfO{ k|jw{g u5{ .

/fi6l« gdf0{ f kl| j|mofdf ;a} dflg;x¿sf] plQs} ofu] bfg x'G5 . To;n} ] /fli6«otfn] /fi6s« f] Oltxf;,
36gf / ;fjh{ lgs ljifodf gful/snfO{ ;rt] tN' ofp5F . b]zelStsf] efjgf km} Nofpg, b]znfO{
k/s] f] a]nf ;]jf kb| fg ug,{ b]zsf] ljifodf ;sf/fTds lrGtg ug{ /fli6«otfsf] efjgf cfjZos
k5{ . cfkm\gf] bz] / ;:s[ltkl| t hfu?s agfpg klg /fli6o« tfsf] efjgf cfjZostf k5{ .

/fli6o« tfsf cfwf/df xfdL g]kfnL xf}F . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf /fli6«otf eg]sf] Ps JolStsf] sfg'gL
klxrfg xf] . To;n} ] JolStsf] /fli6«otfsf] klxrfg gful/stfsf] dfWodaf6 xg' ] u5{ .

/fi6l« gdf0{ fdf b]zsf ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg of]ubfg x'G5 . b]zsf k|Tos] gful/sx¿n]
/fi6«;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cfˆgf] rf;f] jf ;/f]sf/ bv] fO/x]sf x'G5g\ . of] efjgf jf wf/0ff klg
/fli6«otf xf] . /fli6o« tf /fi6«kl| tsf] rf;f] jf ;/f]sf/ klg xf] . /fi6«kl| tsf] oxL lrGtgn] xfdLnfO{
b]zelStsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

oxfF xfdL /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf ljifo ;fj{efd} ;Qf, /fli6«o cv08tf, l;df ;/' Iff, ;lGw, ;Demf}tf
/ cfTd;Ddfgsf ljifodf 5nkmn u5f{}F M

-s_ ;fj{ef}d;Qf M cfkm\gf] l;dfIfq] leq /fHonfO{ k|fKt ;Qfsf] clwsf/ g} ;fje{ f}d;Qf
xf] . of] Psks| f/sf] ljzi] f zlSt xf] . lj=;+ @)^% ;fneGbf cl3 ;fj{efd} ;Qf /fhfdf
lglxt dflgGYof] t/ u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf;uF } ;fje{ f}d;Qf gk] fnLhgtfdf lglxt ePsf]

118 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

3f]if0ff ul/of] . clxn] xfdL g]kfnL k"0f¿{ kdf ;fj{efd} ;Qf ;DkGg 5f}F . pbfx/0fsf
nflu bfrn{' fjf;Lsf] dr] L gbLdf hlt clwsf/ x'G5 ;Kt/Ljf;Lsf] ;u/dfyfdf Tolt g}
clwsf/ x'G5 . o;/L sg' } klg b]zsf hgtf zlSt ;DkGg ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fje{ f}d;Qf
elgG5 . lgisifd{ f cfkmg\ f k|ltlglwdfkm{t zfl;t xg' ] / /fli6o« :jfYf{ cgs' 'nsf lg0f{o ug{
:jtGq / :jfot x'g] cj:yf g} ;fje{ fd} ;Qf xf] .

-v_ /fli6o« cv08tf M /fli6«o cv08tf eg]sf] l;ª\uf] cljeflht /fi6« eGg] a'lemG5 . xfdf| ]
;+ljwfgsf] k:| tfjgfdf g} g]kfnnfO{ :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{efd} ;Qf ;DkGg d'n's egL
kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . sg' } klg d'ns' ljeflht eof] eg] To;sf] cl:tTj ;dfKt xG' 5 .
/fi6s« f] lgdf0{ fdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;dud| f ;a} gk] fnL Psh'6 eO{ /fli6o«
cv08tfsf] k|jw{g ug{k' 5{ .

-u_ ;Ldf ;'/Iff M sg' } klg bz] nfO{ csf{] b]z;Fu 5'6\ofpg lglZrt ul/Psf] /]vfª\sgnfO{ ;Ldf
elgG5 . o:tf] ;Ldf/]vf bz] x¿lar ul/Psf] ;lGwbf/f lgwfl{ /t x'G5g\ . ;Ldf /v] fsf]
Joj:yfkg / ;/' IffnfO{ g} ;Ldf ;/' Iff elgG5 .

l;dfsf] gS;fª\sg :ki6 gxFb' f jf bz] x¿lar cfk;L ;dembf/L gx'bF f ;Ldf ljjfb x'G5 .
ljZjsf w/] } bz] x¿df ;Ldf ljjfb ePsf pbfx/0f 5g\ . Pp6f b]zsf] ee" fu csf]{ b]zn]
sAhf ug'{ ;Ldf cltj|md0f xf] . ;Ldf cltjm| d0f jf l;df ldlrg] ljljw sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ .
hldgdf :ki6 ¿kdf efl} ts ;Ldfªs\ g gx'Fbf l;df ;d:of bl] vG5 . ;Ldf k:| 6 xg' ] vfnsf
tYo tYofª\ssf] cefj, gS;f gxg' ,' l5ds] L b]zn] cGt/f{l6o« ;Ldfsf] aj] f:tf ugfn{ ] klg
;Ldf ;d:of b]vf k5{ . slxn]sfxLF gbLn] ;Ldfgf 5'6\ofPsf] 7fpFdf axfj kl/jt{g ugf{n]
klg ;Ldf ;d:of bv] f k5{ . ;Ldf If]qdf ;DalGwt b]zx¿n] efl} ts lgdf0{ f ubf{ jf
dfgj lgldt{ :tDe gi6 ubf{ klg ;Ldf ldlrg kU' 5 . ;Ldf cltjm| d0fn] l5d]sL bz] x¿sf]
;DaGw laug| ] / cfk/flws ultljlw a9g\ ;Sg] xG' 5 . dfgj ar] lavg, nfuk' bfy{sf]
cf];f/kf;] f/ a9\g ;S5 . gful/s txdf g} ;DaGw lau|g] / slxns] fxLF o4' klg xg' ;S5 .
To;n} ] ;Ldf ;'/Iff ;j+ b] gzLn ljifo dflgG5 .

;Ldf ;/' Iff sfod ug{ xfdL ljljw pkfo ckgfpg ;S5fF} . b'j} bz] sf ;/sf/n] s6' gLlts
txdf jftf{ u/]/ jf kf| ljlws ;ldlt u7g u/]/ klg of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
b'j} bz] sf gful/sn] gful/s ;ldlt u7g u//] , cGt/fli6«o bafa l;hg{ f u/]/ klg ;Ldf
;/' Iffsf] ;dfwfg vfH] g'k5{ . ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª\3sf] ;xfotf lnP/ klg ;Ldf ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf] clwsf+z 7fpFsf] ;Ldf bzuhfn] 56' o\ fPsf] 5 . b'j} b]zsf]
lardf /x]sf] bzuhf - tLg km6' a/fa/ Ps uh_ rf8} fOdf /xs] f] hldgnfO{ bz uhf
elgG5 . bzuhfdf bj' } bz] sf dflg;n] a;fa] f;, v]tL / cGo ko| fh] gsf nflu pkofu] ug{
kfpbF }g . gk] fn / ef/tsf] larsf] l;dfgf ;Ldf:tDe tyf gbLsf] dfWodaf6 56' \ofpg]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 119

sfd ul/Psf] 5 . rLgtkm{ oLafx]s lxdfnsf] kfgL9nfn] fO{ klg l;df lgwf{/ssf] ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . cfkmg\ f] bz] sf] ;Ldf /Iff ug{' gful/ssf] stJ{ o xf] .

-3_ ;lGw ;Demft} f M b'O{ jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L bz] lar cfk;L ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ tyf lxt clejl[ 4
ug{ ;lGw÷;Demft} f ul/G5 . ljleGg bz] x¿n] o:tf ;lGw÷;Demft} f b]zsf] cfjZostf
/ cg'sn" tfcg;' f/ u/]sf x'G5g\ . gk] fnn] klg rLg, ef/t / cGo b]zx¿;Fu o:tf ;lGw
;Demft} f u/s] f] 5 . o:tf ;lGw ;Demft} fn] /fli6o« tf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfdfly cfFr
cfpg' x'bF }g . ;lGw ;Demf}tf ubf{ /fi6s« f] ax[ t lxtnfO{ Wofg lbP/ ugk'{ 5{ .

-ª_ cfTd ;Ddfg÷ :jfledfg M cfˆgf]kgfk|lt uj{ u/]/ c?sf] cufl8 gem' Sg] rl/q g} cfTd
;Ddfg jf cfTd :jfledfg xf] . h'g gk] fnLx¿sf] klxrfg klg xf] . xfdf| ] Oltxf;nfO{
x]¥ofF} eg] y'k|} jL/ of4] fx¿n] b]zsf] lz/ 7f8f] kfg{] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . eLd;]g yfkfsf]
;fd|fHojfblj/fw] L gLlt xf;] \ jf gk] fn cª\u]h| o'4df aneb| sj+' /, cd/l;+x yfkf jf elSt
yfkfn] bv] fPsf] jL/tf xf;] \ oL ultljlwn] clxn] klg xfdL uf/} jsf] cg'el" t u5{fF} . xfdLn]
xfd|f] efiff, ;:+ s[lt / k/Dk/f kl| t ;w}F uj{ ug'{k5{ . xfdf| k'vfx{ ¿ cª\uh]| n] ljleGg kn| fe] g
bv] fpFbf klg cªu\ h]| lj?4 jL/tfk"j{s n8]sf] Oltxf; 5 . tL kv" fk{ |lt xfdLnfO{ uj{ nfU5 .
kv" f{sf] jL/tfn] xfdL :jtGq / ;fje{ f}d ePsf 5f}F . s;s} f] pklgjz] xg' ' k/]g . oxL g}
xfd|f] kl/ro xf] / cfbz{ klg xf] . lj1fg, snf , ;flxTo, vn] s'bdf pTs[i6tf k|bzg{ u//]
klg xfdL cfkm\gf] cfTd;Ddfg a9fpg ;S5fF} .

lj|mofsnfk

!= g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfsf] efjgf clej[l4 ug{ s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L kf| Kt
lgisif{ k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .

@= Ú;Ldf ljjfb / gk] fnL :jfwLgtfÚ ;DaGwdf sIffdf k|jrg sfoj{ m| d u/L d'Vo aF'bf l6kf6]
u/]/ k|:tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

#= /fi6,« /fli6o« tf / /fli6«o ;/fs] f/sf ljifodf kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo,
cGtjf{tf,{ rf6{ gS;f cflb ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf] an' ]l6g af]8d{ f 6f:F g'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ /fi6« egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ /fli6o« tf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ /fli6«otfsf] dxTj ;DaGwdf rrf{ ug{x' f];\ .
-3_ ;Ldf ljjfbsf sf/0f pNn]v ub} ;dfwfgsf pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .

120 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
!@ gful/s klxrfg

s'g} klg bz] df a;f]af; ug]{ / /fHon] k|bfg ug{] df}lns xssf] pkefu] ug{ kfpg] JolStnfO{
gful/s elgG5 . gful/ssf] klxrfg lbg] w]/} cfwf/dWo] xfd|f] b]zdf hGdbtf{ kd| f0fkq,
gful/stf / /fli6«o kl/ro kq d'Vo dflgG5g\ .

!= hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq

JolStut 36gf btf{ k|df0fkqdWo] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq Ps xf] . ljBfnodf egf{ x'g hGdbtf{
k|df0fkq cfjZos k5{ . To;}n] hGdbtf{ gful/ssf] klxnf] klxrfg xf] hg' hlGdgf;fy kf| Kt ug{
;lsG5 . o;n] JolStsf] hGd:yfg, cfdfafas' f] gfd, y/ / 7]ufgf cflb ;"rgfsf] clenv] /fV5 .
hGdbtf{ gful/stf kd| f0fkqsf] l;kmfl/;sf nflu / z}lIfs k|of]hgsf nflu k|ofu] ug]{ ul/G5 .
hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq kf| Kt ug{ tfl] sPsf] 9fFrfsf] kmf/fd e//] ;DalGwt JolStsf] cleefjsn] k];
ug{k' 5{ . o;/L lglZrt kd| f0f k]; u/]kl5 j8faf6 hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq kf| Kt xG' 5 .

bj] sL dxtf] cfˆgf] 5f/] Lsf] hGdbtf{ u/fpg uf}/ gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= $ sf] sfofn{ odf
hfg'eof] . kl~hsf clwsf/Ln] Pp6f kmf/fd lbge' of] . pxfnF ] kmf/fd el/;s]kl5 ljjfx
btf{sf] kd| f0fkq, pxfF / >Ldfg\sf] gful/stfsf] kd| f0fkq, ? !) sf] l6s6 6fF;/] lgjb] g
lbge' of] . lgjb] g lbPsf] s]xL ;dodf g} pxfFn] 5f]/Lsf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq kf| Kt ug{'eof] .

@= gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq

/fHon] cfˆgf gful/snfO{ klxrfgsf] ¿kdf lbg] kd| f0fkqnfO{ gful/stfsf] kd| f0fkq elgG5 .
!^ jif{ pd/] k'us] f gk] fnL gful/sx¿nfO{ tfl] sPsf] 9fFrfdf kmf/fd e//] k;] u/k] l5 lhNnf
kz| f;g sfofn{ on] gk] fnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq hf/L u5{ . xfdf| ] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ JolStn]
jz+ h, cª\uLst[ , ;Ddfgfy{ / u/} cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . jz+ hsf] gftfn]
gful/stf lng] JolStsf afa'cfdf g]kfnL gful/s x'g'kg{] tyf gk] fnsf] l;dfgfleq e]l6Psf]
afac' fdfsf] klxrfg gePsf] gfafnsn] klg tf]lsPsf] pd/] k"/f ePkl5 g]kfnL gful/stf kfpg
;S5g\ . o;} u/L cª\uLs[t gful/saf6 hGd]sf ;GtfgnfO{ klg j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf
k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf xfdf| ] ;+ljwfgdf 5 . gful/stf lng sfgg' adfl] hdsf kl| jm| of k/" f ug'{k5{ .

ljbz] L ljlzi6 JolStnfO{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf kb| fg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf xfdf| ] ;l+ jwfgdf 5 .
ljb]zL dn' s' sf] gful/stf kf| Kt u/s] f] JolSt -;fs{afx]s dn' s' sf]_ sf] aa' fcfdf g]kfnL gful/s
/xL lghn] kl5 csf{] d'ns' sf] gful/stf lnPsf] eP u/} cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/stf k|bfg ug{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 121

;lsG5 . o:tf gful/stf jfxsn] /fhgLlts clwsf/afxs] cGo clwsf/x¿ dfq pkefu] ug{
kfp5F g\ .
gful/stf agfpFbf s] s] rflxG5 <
/fdk|;fb 7u'Ggfsf] 3/ Jof; ufpkF flnsf j8f g+=$ df 5 . pxfsF f] pd/] !^ jif{ ku' s] f] xg' fn]
cfˆgf] a'af;lxt j8fdf hfge' of] . pxfFn] j8f sfofn{ odf Pp6f kmf/fd ege'{ of] . pxfnF ]
a'afsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] 5fofkl| t -kmf]6fs] kL_ klg To;}df /fVge' of] . To;kl5 hGdbtf{
k|df0fkq, z}lIfs kd| f0fkq klg ;dfjz] uge'{ of] . bO' k{ l| t c6f] ;fOhsf] b'j} sfg b]lvg] kmf6] f] /
? !) sf] x'nfs l6s6 6f;F /] l:6r ug'{eof] . oL ;a} sfuhx¿ lnP/ pxfxF ¿ efl] nkN6 lhNnf
;b/ds' fd hfg'eof] . oL ;a} sfuh lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf k;] u/]kl5 pxfFn] gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{e' of] .
gful/stfsf] kd| f0fkqsf] gd'gf
dflysf] pbfx/0fn] gful/stf lng sxfF hfg' 5{ / s] s] cfjZos k5{ eGg] s/' f yfxf kfof}F ..
xfdLn] s'g} klg sfd ubf{ gful/stfsf 5fofkF l| t jf kmf6] f]skL k;] ug{'k5{ . xfdLnfO{ Jofkf/,
Joj;fo ug{, /fhgLltdf efu lng, pRr lzIff cWoog ug{, jb} ]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg, /fxbfgL
agfpgnufot yk' |} sfd ug{ gful/stf rflxG5 . ljb]z k9g\ jf cGo sfdsf nflu hfFbf eg]
sfg'g Joj;foLaf6 cªu|h] L efiffdf cg'jfb u/fpgk' 5{ .

#= /fli6«o kl/rokq

/fli6«o kl/rokq ;DaGwL lhNnf k|zf;g sfofn{ o nlntk/' df o:tf] hfgsf/Ld"ns ;"rgf
6fF;]sf] kfOof] . Tof] ;r" gf xfdL klg cWoog u/f}F / 5nkmn u/fF} M
— /fli6o« kl/rokq egs] f] s] xf] <
/fli6«o kl/rokq eg]sf] gful/sx¿sf] JolStut tyf h}ljs ljj/0f ;dfjz] ePsf]

/fli6o« klxrfg ;lxtsf] afofd] l] 6s« ;l' jwfoS' t ax'pkofu] L kd| f0fkq xf] .
— /fli6o« kl/rokqdf s] s] s/' f ;dfjz] xG' 5g\ <
/fli6«o kl/rokqdf JolStsf] lj:tt[ ljj/0fx¿, cf}7F f 5fk -bzcf]6f cfFn} f_, kl/ro

gDa/, kmf6] f,] /fli6o« tf, x:tfIf/, lrK; cflb ;dfjz] ePsf x'G5g\ .
— kl/rokq k|0ffnLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <
JolStsf] ljj/0f e08f/g ug'{, gful/snfO{ :df6{ sf8{ pknAw u/fpg,' gk] fnL gful/snfO{

kb| fg ug{] ;j] f ;'ljwfnfO{ /fli6o« kl/ro k0| ffnLdf cfa4 ug'{ g} kl/rokq k|0ffnLsf] dV' o
p2Z] o xf] .

122 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

— /fli6«o kl/rokq kfpgsf nflu s] s] kf| jwfg 5g\ <

;fx] | jif{ pd]/ ku' s] f], g]kfnL gful/stfsf] kd| f0fkq lnPsf] x'g'k5{ . tf]ss] f] 9frF fdf
l8lh6n tl:a/, !) cf}nF fsf] /v] f;lxtsf] l8lh6n NofKr] 5fk / x:tfIf/ cfjZos kg]{
kf| jwfg /flvPsf 5g\ .

— /fli6o« kl/rokq lnbF f s] kmfObf xG' 5 <

JolStsf] /fli6o« klxrfg sfod xG' 5 . dtbftf kl/rokqsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{
;lsG5 . ;a} ks| f/sf ;fjh{ lgs ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/ ldN5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs ;/' Iff
sf8{ / cGo clen]v Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 .

— /fli6o« kl/rokq sxfFaf6 ljt/0f x'G5 <

/fli6o« kl/ro tyf k~hLs/0f ljefu, lhNnf k|zf;g sfofn{ o / tf]lsPsf] 7fpaF f6

ljt/0f x'G5

— h}ljs / j}olSts klxrfg eg]sf] s] xf] <

h}ljs klxrfg egs] f] JolStsf] kmf]6f] /xdffbdlyLzns]f];;ca"r} ftg}nF Yfnoff]sªxs\ ffd]xL?n5fPOfs{k/lfqlitx6«ofu] gk.{l/ljdrNo}og]5lkSqt.sosf]f]ahf/kf]d/LlfxeljrP:ktflggt[ xheffdg|fgs] gfs] /fuL flk/] sb| ftgfsuf¥] opf]k.oof]u; df
oy

JolStsf] gfd, y/, 7u] fgf, pd/] , lnª\u gj} xf'G5o.:t} JolStut ljj/0f xg' \ .

— lrK; eg]sf] s] xf] / o;sf] ko| f]u lsg /ufli6l/o« G5kl/r<o kqsf] gd'gf M

lrK; eg]sf] JolStsf] ljj/0f ;'/lIft /fVg] ljBt' Lo ;fwg xf] . lrK;df ljleGg ljj/0f
/ tYofª\sx¿nfO{ ;ª\ux| u//] /fVg ldN5 .

dflysf] ;r" gfn] xfdLnfO{ /fli6o« kl/ro kqsf] af/d] f lj:tt[ hfgsf/L k|bfg u¥of] . o;dfkm{ t
xfddflyLnsf]] ;;r" agf}nt] xYfodLfnªfOs\ { /fliP6o«sklql/rto ukqgs{ f]ladf/Nd] gf ]lj5:t[t. hoffg] shf/fL/kLb| feg Pu¥okf] l.go;xdfdfk{mf| t] gful/stfsf] pkof]u oyfjt\
ggx} f} xdxL'G'Gn55] ;. a.} tYofª\sx? Pslqt ug{ ldNg]5 . of] hf/L ePklg xfdf| ] gful/stfsf] pkofu] oyfjt\

/f/lfili66o««oklk/rl/orkqosf]kgqd'gsf fM] gdg' f M

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( lqmofsnfk M
!_ OG6/g6] sf] ;xfotfdf cfˆgf] lhNnfsf] k|zf;g sfofn{ o jf cGo s'g} 7fpsF f] j]j;fO8{
/flvPsf] gful/stfsf] cg';r" L kmf/d 8fpgnf8] ug{'xf];\ / ToxfF pNnv] ul/Psf ljj/0f e
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

123

lj|mofsnfk
!= OG6/g6] sf] ;xfotfdf cfˆgf] lhNnfsf] k|zf;g sfof{no jf cGo s'g} 7fpFsf] ja] ;fO6df

/flvPsf] gful/stfsf] cg';"rL kmf/fd 8fpgnf8] ug{'xf];\ / ToxfF pNn]v ul/Psf ljj/0f
e/]/ sIffdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\ .
@= cfˆgf] j8f sfofn{ odf uP/ ToxfFaf6 x'g] hGdbtf;{ DaGwL kl| j|mof ;f]wvfh] ugx'{ f;] \ /
k|fKt ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df Pp6f kl| tjb] g n]vL sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
#= /fli6«o kl/rokqsf] hf/L ubf{ s; s;nfO{ s] s] kmfObf xG' 5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L kf| Kt
lgisif{ ;g' fpgx' f];\ .
$= gful/stf / /fli6o« kl/rokqsf] gdg' f tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|bz{g ugx{' f;] \ .
%= tkfOsF{ f] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq slxn] / sg' k|lj|mofaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 < cleefjs;Fu
;f]wvfh] u/L n]Vg'xf;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ JolStut 36gf btfc{ Gtu{t sg' sg' 36gf btf{ ul/G5g\ <
-v_ gful/s s;nfO{ elgG5 <
-u_ hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq lnbF f xg' ] kmfObf nV] g'xf];\ .
-3_ /fli6o« kl/rokq eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ /fli6o« kl/ro kq / gful/stfsf] tn' gf ug{x' f];\ .

124 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

PsfO xfd|f] k[YjL

5

l;sfO pknlAw

• cIff+z / bz] fGt/n] dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfkdf kfg]{ ke| fj
pNnv] ug{

• g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] lgdf{0f k|ljm| of, ljz]iftf /
k|efj atfpg

• gk] fndf kfOg] xfjfkfgLsf] klxrfg / hghLjgdf k/]sf]
k|efj ljZn]if0f ug{

• gk] fnsf jg:kltsf] kl/ro, ks| f/ / dxŒj atfpg
• gk] fnsf] vlgh / hn;|f]tsf] kl/ro lbg / pkof]u atfpg
• g]kfndf 36g\ ] kd| v' ljkt\ / ltgsf] Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfo

atfpg / Joj:yfkgdf ;xefuL x'g
• Pl;of, o'/f]k / c:6l]« nofsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL /

hghLjgsf] j0f{g ug{
• gS;f cWoog / lgdf{0f ug{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 125

kf7
! cIff+z / b]zfGt/

!= cIffz+

kY[ jLsf] l7s lar efudf kg]{ u/L lvlrPsf]
sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ ed" Wo/]vf elgG5 . oxL /]vfnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ pQ/ tyf blIf0fdf ;dfgfGt/
¿kdf lvlrPsf /]vfnfO{ cIffz+ /v] f elgG5 .
o:tf /v] fx¿ e"dWo/]vfsf] pQ/tk{m () l8u|L
/ blIf0ftkm{ () l8uL| ;Dd lvlrPsf x'G5g\ . oL
/]vfnfO{ ;dfgfGtf/ /v] f elgG5 . oL /v] fx¿ !°
sf] cGt/df lvlrPsf xG' 5g\ / !° a/fa/ ;/b/
!!! ls=ld= kg{ cfpF5 . cIff+z /v] fsf] pkofl] utf
o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ cIffz+ /v] fsf] d2taf6 s'g} 7fpF
e"dWo/v] fbl] v pQ/ jf blIf0fk6l\ 6
slt b/' Ldf k5{ eGg] s/' f yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 .

-v_ cIff+z /]vfsf] dbtaf6 s'g} 7fpsF f] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
-u_ cIff+z /]vfsf] dbtaf6 s'g} avt sg' } lglZrt 7fpsF f] lbg / /ftsf] nDafO yfxf

x'G5 .
-3_ cIffz+ /]vfsf] dbtaf6 sg' } 7fpaF f6b]lvg]

wj'| tf/f, dWofx\gdf ;o" {sf] prfO kQf nufpg
;lsG5 .

b]zfGt/

pQ/L w'j| b]lv blIf0fL wj|' ;Dd lvlrPsf sfNklgs cw{
j[Qfsf/ /v] fnfO{ b]zfGt/ /v] f elgG5 . kY[ jLsf] lar efu
nG8gsf] lu|gljr xFb' } pQ/ / blIf0fL wj|' hf8] \g] sfNklgs
/]vfnfO{ k|wfg dWofx\g /v] f (Prime Meridian) elgG5 .
of] /]vf a]nfotsf] lu|gljr eGg] 7fpF eP/ hfg] xg' fn]

126 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lu|gljr /]vf (Greenwich Meanline) klg elgG5 . o;af6 !*) l8u|L kj" ;{ Ddsfn] fO{ k"jL{
b]zfGt/ / !*) l8u|L klZrd;DdnfO{ klZrdL b]zfGt/ elgG5 .

kY[ jL] cfkm\gf] cIfdf klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ 3l' d/x]sf] xG' 5 . o;/L 3'Dg kY[ jLnfO{ @$ 306f nfU5 .
k[YjLn] 3D' bf #^)l8uL| sf] sf0] f agfPsf] xG' 5 . cyft{ \ @$ 306fdf #^) l8uL| 3'D5 eg] Ps
306fdf -#^)÷@$_ !%° 3D' 5 . !% l8uL| a/fa/ Ps 306f / Ps l8u|L a/fa/ rf/ ldg]6 x'G5 .
cfkmg\ f] cIfdf k[YjLn] Ps kmGsf] dfg{] ultnfO{ kl/ed| 0f elgG5 . bz] fGt/sf] dbtn] s'g} klg
7fpsF f] ;do kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu lbPsf ba' } 7fpF k|wfgdWofx\g /v] feGbf k"j{lt/
ePdf b]zfGt/sf] km/s lgsfNgk' 5{ . olb lbPsf ba' } 7fpF kw| fgdWofxg\ /]vfeGbf kj" L{ b]zfGt/
jf klZrdL bz] fGt/df eP hf]8g\ k' 5{ . dfgfF} !)) l8uL| kj" s{ f] sg' } 7fpF / $) l8uL| kj" s{ f] s'g}
7fpF lbPsf] eP bj' } 7fpF k"jL{ bz] fGt/df kg{] x'gfn] bz] fGt/ 36fpgk' 5{ . o;} u/L sg' } 7fpF !))
l8u|L kj" L{ b]zfGt/ / csf{] 7fpF $) l8u|L klZrdL bz] fGt/df 5 eg] b]zfGt/ hf8] \gk' 5{ . !%
l8uL| a/fa/ Ps 306f tyf Ps l8uL| a/fa/ rf/ ldg6] sf] ;do km/s k5{ . olb lbPsf] 7fpF
kj" {df kg]{ eP km/s lg:ss] f] ;dodf hf8] g\ k' 5{ . klZrddf kg]{ eP 36fpgk' 5{ . kj" s{ f] ;do
l56f] / klZrdsf] ;doeP l9nf] xG' 5 .

pbfx/0f M !

!)) l8u|L k"js{ f] ;d' fO{ yfONofG8df ck/fx0\ f # aHbf $) l8uL| k"jd{ f /xs] f] d:sf]df slt
ahs] f] xfn] f <

pQ/

b'j} :yfg k"jL{ bz] fGt/df kg]{ x'gfn] bz] fGt/sf] km/s

!)) l8uL| – $) l8uL| Ö ^) l8uL|

!% l8uL| Ö ! 306f

! l8uL| Ö !÷!% 306f Ö $ ldg6]

^) l8uL| Ö ^)x$ Ö @$) ldg]6 Ö $ 306f

d:sf] pSt 7fpFb]lv klZrddf kg{] xg' fn] d:sf]sf] ;do l9nf] xG' 5 . To;}n] 36fpg'k5{ . olb
ck/fx\0f 5 eg] To;nfO{ @$ 306fdf kl/jt{g u//] lgsflnPsf] ;dodf 36fpgk' 5{ . dflysf]
pbfx/0fdf ck/fx\0f # ah]sf] eGg'sf] cy{ !% aHof] eGg] a'lemG5 . To;n} ] d:sf] ;'dfO{eGbf
klZrddf kg{] xg' fn] ;do l9nf xG' 5 / 36fpgk' 5{ .

:yfgLo ;do !% —$Ö k"jf{xg\ !! ahs] f] x'G5 .

kj" f{xg\ (Ante Meridian) eg]sf] /ftsf] !@ ahb] ]lv lbgsf] !@ ah;] Ddsf] ;do / ck/fx0\ f
(Post Meridian) egs] f] lbgsf] !@ ahb] ]lv /ftsf] !@ ah];Ddsf] ;do xf] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 127

pbfx/0f M @
*% l8uL| kj" {df /xs] f] sf7df8fF}df ck/fx\0f $ aHbf () l8uL| klZrddf /x]sf] l;sfufd] f slt
aH5 <
pQ/
sf7df8f}F / l;sfuf] kj" L{ / klZrdL b]zfGt/ kg{] x'gfn],

bz] fGt/sf] km/s ()l8uL| ±+ *% l8u|L Ö !&% l8u|L

!% l8u|L a/fa/ ! 306f

! l8uL| a/fa/ !÷!% 306f

!&% l8u|L a/fa/ !&%÷!% = !! 306f !) ldg6]

l;sfuf] sf7df8feF} Gbf klZrddf kg{] x'bfF ;do l9nf x'G5 .

sf7df8fdF} f ck/fx0\ f $ ah] eg]sf] !^ ah] xf] -!@ 306fsf] lbg xF'bf $ df !! 306f !) ldg]6
36fpg gldNg] x'gfn] !^ agfpg'k5{ .

To;}n] !^ – !! 306f !) ld = Ö kj" fx{ \g $ ah]/ %) ldg]6

#= :yfgLo ;do

s'g} :yfgsf] bz] fGt/sf] cfwf/df lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ :yfgLo ;do elgG5 . leGg leGg
b]zfGt/df k/s] f :yfgx¿sf] ;do leGgfleGg} xG' 5 . kY[ jL klZrdaf6 k"j{lt/ 3D' g] xg' fn] !%
l8u|L b]zfGt/df Ps 306fsf] lx;fan] ;do km/s k5{ . lbPsf] 7fpbF ]lv !% l8uL| k"js{ f] ;do
! 306f l56f] xG' 5 eg] !% l8u|L klZrddf ;do ! 306f l9nf xG' 5 . ) l8lu| bz] fGt/bl] v !%
l8uL| k"jd{ f ck/fx0\ f ! aH5 eg] !% l8uL| klZrddf kj" f{xg\ !! aH5 . Pp6} cIff+zdf k/] klg
b]zfGt/ km/s 5 eg] :yfgLo ;do km/s xG' 5 t/ Pp6} cIff+zdf k/] klg b]zfGt/df km/s 5}g
eg] ;do km/s x'Fbg} . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6} cIff+zdf kg]{ n08g -%!° pQ/L cIff+z / )°_
/ Sofnu/L- %!° pQ/ cIffz+ / !!$° k_ Pp6} cIffz+ df eP klg b]zfGt/sf] sf/0fn] ;dodf
& 306f #^ ld=sf] km/s 5 . Pp6} bz] df bz] fGt/ /]vfsf] cfwf/df leGg} ;do x'Fbf sfdsfhdf
;d:of kg{ ;S5 . To;}n] sfdsfhdf ;xhxf]; eg]/ k|fdfl0fs ;dosf] ;xfotf lnOG5 .

$= kf| dfl0fs ;do

s'g} klg bz] sf] nueu lar efu, /fhwfgL ;x/ jf ;f]sf] cf;kf;af6 uPsf] b]zfGt/sf]
cfwf/df lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ k|fdfl0fs ;do elgG5 . of] bz] el/ nfu' xG' 5 / To;c} g;' f/
dflg;x¿ rN5g\ . k"j{ klZrdsf 7fpFdf leGgfleGg} :yfgLo ;docg';f/ sfd rnfpFbf /n] ,
xjfO{ ;]jf, /]l8of] cflb If]qdf c;'ljwf / sl7gfO ;[hgf x'G5 . To;f] gxf];\ eg]/ k|fdfl0fs

128 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

;do lgsflnPsf] xG' 5 . cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, rLg, ?; h:tf 7n' f bz] df PseGbf a9L k|fdfl0fs
;do klg xG' 5g\ . lu|gljrsf] ;dosf] cfwf/df kf| dfl0fs ;do lgsflnG5 . To;}n] ljZjel/ g}
lug| ljrsf] ;donfO{ kf| dfl0fs ;do dflgG5 . xfd|f] bz] sf] k|fdfl0fs ;do *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6
k"jL{ bz] fGt/df kg{] uf/} Lzªs\ / lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] 5 .

%= cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf

;fdfGotof !*) l8uL| sf] b]zfGt/ /v] fnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 . of] /v] f kf/ ugf;{ fy
ltly, ldlt / af/ km/s k5{ . o;f] xg' 'sf] dV' o sf/0f kY[ jL ufn] fsf/ x'g' / o;sf] bl} gs ult
xf] . ;fdfGotof kY[ jL klZrdaf6 kj" {lt/ 3l' d/xs] fn] x/s] !% l8uL| kj" {df ! 306f cl3 / !%
l8uL| klZrddf ! 306f kl5 ;o" { pbfpF5 . o;n] ) l8uL| b]lv !*) l8uL| kj" k{ 6l\ 6 !@ 306f /
!*) l8uL| klZrdk6\l6 !@ 306f u/L @$ 306fsf] ;do km/s k5{ . @$ 306fsf] ! lbg xg' ]
x'gfn] !*) l8u|L sf] b]zfGt/ /v] f kf/ u//] k"j{lt/ nfUgf;fy Ps lbg cufl8 k5{ / klZrdlt/
Ps lbg kl5 k5{ . o;/L !*) l8u|L kf/ ugf{ ;fy ldlt km/s kg{] xg' fn] o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
ltly /]vf elgPsf] xf] . of] /]vf l7s !*) l8uL| sf bz] fGt/af6 guO{ afª\ufl] 6ª\uf] eP/ uPsf]
xG' 5 . o;f] ug{'sf] dV' o sf/0f Pp6} b]zsf] 6fk' jf :ynefudf ldltdf km/s gk/f];\ eg]/ xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOFs{ f] l5ds] Lsf] 5f]/f a]nfotaf6 gk] fn cfpbF } xg' 'x'G5 . pxfFsf] ljdfg nG8gaf6
ck/fx\0f (=$% df p8g\ ] tflnsf 5 / gk] fn cfOk'Ug sl/a !^ 306f nfU5 . ca l5d]sL
cfˆgf] 5f/] fnfO{ lnt lqej' g cGt/fl{ 6o« ljdfg:yndf slt ah] hfg'knf{<

@= ljZjsf] gS;f 6«]; u/]/ ljleGg ;do b]vfpg] /v] fx¿ lvRgx' f];\ .

#= &% l8uL| kj" d{ f cjl:yt ef/tdf dWofxg\ !@ aHbf !#% l8uL| kj" s{ f] hfkfgdf slt aH5 <

$= *) l8u|L kj" {sf] rG] gfO{df ck/fx\0f # aHbf &% l8u|L klZrdsf] Go'of]s{df slt aH5 <

%= &% l8u|L kj" { lbNnLdf ck/fx\0f $ aHbf l;ª\ufk'/df ^ aH5 . l;ª\ufk'/ slt l8u|L
bz] fGt/df knf{ <

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 129

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ bz] fGt/, kw| fg dWofx\g /v] f / cGt/f{li6o« ltly /v] fsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf;] \ .
-v_ xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjgdf b]zfGt/sf] pkofu] L pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ :yfgLo ;do / k|fdfl0fs ;dodf leGgtf bv] fpgx' f;] \ .
-3_ ;do / bz] fGt/larsf] ;DaGw b]vfpgx' f];\ .
-ª_ sf/0f lbg'xf;] \ M

-c_ ?; / cdl] /sfsf w/] } kf| dfl0fs ;do 5g\ .
-cf_ cGt/fl{ i6o« ltly /v] f afª\uf]l6ªu\ f] xG' 5 .
-O_ s~rgk/' df eGbf Onfddf ;o" { cfwf 306f cl3 pbfpF5 .
-ª_ gk] fnaf6 hfkfg hfbF f 38L rnfv agfpgk' 5{ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
Unfa] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{'xf];\ . h;df !% l8uL| sf] cGt/df bz] fGt/, k|wfgdWofx\g /v] f /
cGt/f{li6«o ltly /v] f bv] fpgx' f;] \ .

130 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
@ g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k

!= kl/ro

gk] fn Pl;of dxfbz] sf] dWo efudf cjl:yt 5 . gk] fnsf] kj" ,{ klZrd / blIf0fdf ef/t
tyf pQ/lt/ rLg;uF ;Ldfgf hfl] 8Psf] 5 . g]kfn @^° @@Ú pQ/L cIffz+ bl] v #)° @&Ú pQ/L
cIff+z;Dd / nueu *)° $Ú kj" L{ b]zfGt/bl] v **° !@Ú k"jL{ bz] fGt/;Dd km} lnPsf] 5 . g]kfn
;d'b| ;txaf6 %( ld6/b]lv **$*=*^ ld6/ prfO;Dd /xs] f] 5 . o;sf] ;/b/ k"j{ klZrd
nDafO nueu **% lsnfl] d6/ / pQ/ blIf0f cf;} t rf8} fO !(# lsnf]ld6/ 5 .

w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df gk] fnnfO{ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ k|b]zdf ljefhg u/]/ x]g{
;lsG5 . gk] fnsf] pQ/lt/ lxdfno k|bz] jf lxdfnL Ifq] k5{ . clxn] lxdfno kj{t ePsf]
:yfgdf 6l;{o/L o'usf] ;?' df 6l] y; ;fu/ lyof] . 6l] y; ;fu/bl] v pQ/ klZrdsf] efunfO{
cª\u/fNofG8 / blIf0flt/sf] efunfO{ ufG] 8jfgfNofG8 elgGYof] . blIf0fk{maf6 kj{t lgdf{0f ug]{
7n' f] zlSt (Tectonic force) pQ/tkm{ cfof] . To; zlStnfO{ pQ/L ltAatLo Kn6] n] /fl] slbbF f
pSt ;d'bs| f] lkFwsf r6\6fg dflylt/ p7/] lxdfno (Greater Himalayas) sf] lgdf0{ f eof] .
o;/L lxdfno kj{t lgdf0{ f ePsf] of] kl| j|mofnfO{ e"uel{ jbx\ ¿n] ky| d pTyfg egL JofVof
u/s] f 5g\ . sfnfGt/df klg To:t} e"xnrnsf sf/0f dxfef/t / r/' ] kj{t zª[ v\ nfx¿ lgdf0{ f
ePsf lyP . oL kj{tx¿ aGbf sx] L 7fpdF f hldg efl;g uO{ cgs] fF} 3fF6L, a;]F L / pkTosf ag] .
o;n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿kdf 7n' f] leGgtf kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] e:" j¿knfO{ prfO tyf
kofj{ /0fsf cfwf/df ljleGg kof{j/0fLo Ifq] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ lxdfnL k|bz] M ;d'b| ;txsf] sl/a ##)) ld=bl] v **$*=*^ ld6/ prfO;Dd k}mlnPsf]
If]qnfO{ lxdfnL Ifq] elgG5 . o; If]qcGtu{t dV' o lxdfnL Ifq] , l;dfGt lxdfnL If]q tyf
leqL lxdfnL Ifq] k5g{ \ . lxdfnL kb| z] sf] pQ/L 9fn lr;f] jfo' axg] Ifq] df kg]{ xg' fn]
lr;f] / ;'Svf 5 . lxdfnL Ifq] sf] e:" j¿k pa8vfa8oS' t 5 . of] If]q ef}ufl] ns ¿kdf
klg ljs6 5= . lxdfnL Ifq] n] g]kfnsf] s'n ee" fusf] !% k|ltzt cfu] 6]sf] 5 . o;
efudf lxpFb cToGt lr;f] tyf u|Lid s]xL Gofgf] x'G5 . of] k|b]zsf] $%)) ld6/eGbf dfly
tfkj|md nueu )° eGbf sd x'gfn] a;{}el/ lxpF hD5 . lxdfnL Ifq] df kfgL sd / lxpF
a9L k5{ . efu} f]lns ljs6tf, lr;f] xfjfkfgL / kj" fw{ f/sf] cefjn] oxfFsf] hg3gTj sd
5 . lj=;+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ oxfF sl/a ^=&# k|ltzt dflg;x¿ a;f]jf; u5g{ \ .
z]kf,{ ysfnL, tfdfª, Jof;L cflb oxfF a;f]af; ug{] d'Vo hfthflt xg' \ . oxfFsf clwsfz+
dflg;x¿ af4} wd{ dfG5g\ . a'4 hoGtL, Nxf];f/ h:tf rf8kj{ oxfsF f dflg;n] dgfpg]
dV' o rf8kj{ x'g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 131

oxfF v]tLof]Uo hldg sd 5 . sl[ if / kz'kfng oxfsF f] k|d'v Joj;fo xf] oxfF pjf, hf,}
kmfk/ / cfn' pTkfbg xG' 5 . sx] L 7fpFdf :ofp klg pTkfbg ul/G5 . cfn' oxfFsf] dV' o
vfBfGg afnL xf] . oxfF ofs, e]8f, Rofªuf| 3f]8f kfng ug]{ ul/G5 . oxfF s]xL dflg;x
h8La6' L ;ª\sng sfo{df ;+nUg 5g\ . :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{sf] ko| fu] u/]/ /f8L kfvL aG' g]
;fgf pBfu] x¿ klg st} st} ;~rfng ePsf] kfOG5 . o; Ifq] df yk' }| ko6{ sLo uGtJo
5g\ . oxfFsf sx] L dflg; xf6] n Joj;fodf klg ;+nUg 5g\ .

-v_ kxf8L k|b]z M t/fO{ kb| ]z / lxdfnL kb| z] sf] lardf k"jb{ lv klZrd;Dd k}mlnPsf] kb| ]znfO{
kxf8L k|bz] elgG5 . of] kb| z] ^)) ld=bl] v ##)) ld;Ddsf] prfOdf km} lnPsf] 5 . kxf8L
Ifq] n] g]kfnsf] sn' e"efusf] ^* k|ltzt cf]u6s] f] 5 . o; k|bz] df ns] , a;]F L, kfvf, vfr]F
/ pkTosf cflb k|sf/sf e:" j¿k 5g\ . o; k|b]znfO{ dxfef/t ns] jf dWo lxdfn klg
elgG5 . lxdfno kjt{ / dxfef/t kjt{ af6 aUg] gbLx¿n] oxfF glb pkTosf / gbLFa];Lx¿
lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf yk' |} pj{/ pkTosfx¿ klg oxL kb| ]zcGtu{t k5{g\ . o;
kb| ]zdf u|Liddf Tolt udL{ x'Fb}g / lxpFbdf klg vf;} hf8f] xFb' }g . oxfF ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . oxfF lj=;+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ sn' hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a $#Ü dflg;
a;fa] f; u5g{ \ . oxfF ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg; a;f]af; u5g{ \ . afxg' , Ifq] L, /fO,{ lnDa',
tfdfª, gj] f/, u'?ª, du/ cflb of] k|b]zsf dV' o afl;Gbf xg' \ . oxfFsf + dflg;x¿ lxGb',
af}4, ls/ft, O:nfd tyf O;fO{ wd{ dfG5g\ . b;F,} ltxf/, tLh, pFefn} L / peF f}nL, a'4
hoGtL, Nxf];f/, ljm| ;d;, Ob h:tf rf8kjx{ ¿ dgfp5F g\ . of] k|b]zsf] xfjfkfgL vt] LkftL
/ kz'kfngsf nflu pko'St 5 . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ wfg, ds}, ux,F' cfn,' sf]bf] tyf kmnkm" n
v]tL u5{g\ . k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnfx¿df lrofnufot cGo ljleGg gub] afnLsf] v]tL ul/G5 .
oxfF dgf/] d xfjf kfgL x'gfn] dflg;sf] hLjg k|0ffnL ;fx] Lcg'¿ksf] 5 . v]tLof]Uo hldg
sd 5 t/ klg oxfFsf dflg;x¿ s[lif, kz'kfng,;fgf tyf demfn} f pBfu] , ;]jf, jb} ]lzs
/fh] uf/Ldf ;n+ Ug ePsf] kfOG5 . oxfFsf] gbL, aF];L, 6f/ / pkTosfdf wfg, uxF' / kxf8L
le/fnf] hldgdf ds,} sf]bf], kmfk/, uxF'sf] v]tL ul/G5 . kz'kfng dflg;sf] cfDbfgLsf]
csf]{ d'Vo ;|f]t xf] . ;G' tnf, :ofp, lrof, skmL, cb'jf, cnrF} L h:tf guba] fnLx¿ kz| :t
pTkfbg ul/G5 . To;n} ] s[lif oxfsF f dflg;sf] hLjLsfk] fh{gsf] d'Vo ;f| t] xf] . o;} u/L
sx] L dflg; Jofkf/df ;+nUg xG' 5g\ . clxn] o'jfx¿ j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] k|jl[ Q ags] fn]
of] klg cfo cfh{gsf] csf{] ;|ft] dflgG5 . s]xL dflg;x¿ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qdf
sfo/{ t 5g\ .

-u_ t/fO{ kb| z] M gk] fnsf] blIf0fL efudf %( ld6/b]lv ^)) ld6/ prfO;Dd km} lnPsf] xfr] f]
e"efunfO{ t/fO{ kb| z] elgG5 . of] e"ld pQ/af6 aUg] gbLx¿n] NofPsf] df6f] / afnj' f
ldn/] ag]sf] 5 . t/fO{ Ifq] n] g]kfnsf] s'n e"efusf] !& k|ltzt ee" fu cfu] 6s] f] 5 .
d'Vo t/fO{ #)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf km}lnPsf] 5 . t/fO{ kb| z] cGtu{t leqL dw;] ,

132 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

efj/ k|bz] / dV' o t/fO{ k5{g\ . leqL dwz] , r/' ] kj{t / dxfef/t kj{tsf] lardf ^))
ld6/sf] prfO;Dd kb{5 . oxfFsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k ;dy/ xg' ,' df6f] pAhfpzLn x'g' tyf
l;rF fO ;'ljwf k|z:t x'gfn] vt] LkftL a9L ;lk|G5 . o; k|bz] df ljleGg ks| f/sf vfBfGg /
guba] fnL pTkfbg xg' fn] vfBfGgsf] e08f/ klg elgG5 . oxfF vfBfGg afnLsf] ¿kdf wfg
/ uxF' kz| :t pTkfbg x'G5 . h'6, skf;, tn] xg, ;t' L,{ pv' / ljleGg ks| f/sf kmnk"mnx¿
oxfFsf d'Vo guba] fnL xg' \ . kj" f{wf/sf] ljsf; vt] LofU] o hldg h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ t/fO{
kb| z] df hg3gTj a9L xG' 5 . Jofkf/, Jofj;fo, kj" fw{ f/, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/, ;dy/ /
pj{/ hldg 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof / hg3gTj w/] } 5 . lj= ;+= @)^* sf]
hgu0fgfcg';f/ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] %)=@& k|ltzt dflg; o; kb| z] df a;fa] f; u5{g\ .
g]kfnu~h, e}/xjf, jL/u~h, nfxfg, lj/f6gu/ cflb dV' o cfB} fl] us / jfl0fHo sG] bx| ¿
xg' \ . oxfsF f dflg; df5f dfg,{] kzk' fng ug{] h:tf sfddf klg ;n+ Ug ePsf] kfOG5 .
ofbj, yf?, dl' :nd, af| Dx0f, If]qL, t]nL, rdf/, d;' x/ oxfFsf dV' o hfthfltx¿ xg' \ .
oxfsF f dflg; lxGb', af4} , ls/ft tyf O:nfd wd{ dfG5g\ . b;,F} ltxf/, tLh, 57, df3L,
x]fnL, lj|m;d;, Ob h:tf rf8kj{ dgfpF5g\ . lxdfnL / kxf8L Ifq] af6 a;fOF ;//] cfpg]
dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo /xs] f] 5 .

@= w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] pkof]lutf

g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df ljljwtfoS' t 5 . pQ/L efudf lxdfno kjt{ sf] pkl:yltn]
ubf{ u|Liddf aufnsf] vf8Laf6 cfPsf] Gofgf] xfjfnfO{ lxdfno kjt{ n] /f]s/] jiff{ u/fpF5 . o;n]
ltAatsf] k7f/af6 axg] lr;f] xfjfnfO{ /fs] /] lr;f] x'gaf6 arfpF5 . w/ftnLo :j¿ks} sf/0fn]
gk] fndf 7G8f, Gofgf] / udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . kxf8L If]q k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgn] el/k"0f{ 5 .
kxf8L es] sf gbLx¿ hnljBt' \ tyf hnofqfsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . ko{6g pBf]usf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ klg Jofks 5 . lxdfnL Ifq] df 3f;F ] el" d jf 3f;F sf ljzfn kFmf6x¿ kfOg]
x'gfn] kz'kfng kz| :t x'G5 . t/fO{ / kxf8L Ifq] df eg] v]tLkftL ul/G5 . lxd z[ª\vnfx¿n]
ko6{ g pBfu] sf] ljsf;df ;3fp dfq k¥' ofPsf] 5g} g\, kf| s[lts l;dfgfsf] klg sfd u/s] f 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOF{ a:g] kofj{ /0fLo Ifq] sf] ljz]iftf vf]hL u//] sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f];\ .

@= g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qsf ljz]iftf vfh] ]/ sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f;] \ .

#= g]kfnsf] gS;f agfO{ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ If]qx¿ bv] fpg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 133

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ kb| ]znfO{ lsg vfBfGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 <
-v_ leqL dw;] sf] efu} fl] ns lazi] ftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ <
-u_ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ kb| ]zdf hg3gTj a9L x'gfsf] Pp6f sf/0f n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k lgdf{0f kl| j|mofsf] rrf{ ug{x' f];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
df6f], sfuh jf KnfOp8sf] k|ofu] u/]/ gk] fnsf] efu} f]lns :j¿ksf] gS;fsf] 9frF f agfpg'xf];\
/ sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ugx{' f];\ .

134 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
# g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf

gk] fndf df};dL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . w/ftnLo ljljwtf, hldgsf] 9fn / prfOsf] sf/0fn] g]kfnsf]
xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf b]lvPsf] xf] . cGo b]zx¿df cIffz+ Lo km} nfj6n] xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj kfg]{
eP tfklg g]kfndf To:tf] ke| fj kfObF }g . xfd|f] e"agf6] n] ubf{ tfkjm| ddf cGt/ k5{ . g]kfnsf]
xfjfkfgLnfO{ ke| fj kfg]{ d'Vo tŒj prfO, kj{tsf] pkl:ylt, e"ldsf] 9fn, ;fd'lbs| b/' L tyf
:yfgLo jfon' fO{ dfGg ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj kfg{] dV' o tŒj prfO xf] . kT| os] !^) ld6/ prfOdf !° ;] tfkjm| d
36\5 . gk] fn ;db' | ;txsf] %( ld6/bl] v **$*=*^ ld6/sf] prfO;Dd km} lnPsf] xg' fn]
xfjfkfgLdf prfOsf] a9L ke| fj k/]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj kfg{] csf{] tŒj kxf8sf] pkl:ylt xf] . kxf8sf] pkl:yltn] ubf{
uL| idsfndf aªu\ fnsf] vf8Laf6 aUg] hnjfikoS' t jfo'nfO{ /fs] /] jiff{ u/fpg] dbt u5{ . o;/L
g} ltAatsf] kxf8af6 axg] lr;f] jfo'nfO{ /fs] /] oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL cToGt lr;f] xg' af6 /fS] 5 .

g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ tŒj hldgsf] 9fn xf] . g]kfnsf] e":j¿ksf] cjl:yltn]
blIf0fL 9fndf ;f}o{ tfk a9L / pQ/L 9fndf ;fo} { tfk sd k5{ . o;n] ubf{ klg xfdf| ] bz] sf]
xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf kfOG5 .

xfdf| ] bz] sf] xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kfg{] csf{] dxŒjk0" f{ tŒj u|LidsfnLg / zLtsfnLg dg;g' klg
xf] . u|LidsfnLg dg;'g kj" {af6 klZrdlt/ axG5 . ;d'ba| f6 hldglt/ axg] xg' fn] o; jfo'n]
kz| :t jiff{ u/fp5F . zLtsfnLg dg;'g lxpFbdf klZrdaf6 g]kfn k|j]z u5{ . o;n] ;fdfGo
jiff{ u/fp5F eg] pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf lxdkft xG' 5 .

gk] fndf rNg] :yfgLo jfo'n] klg xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj kf/s] f] kfOG5 . kfv] /f, klZrd g]kfnsf]
t/fO{ tyf dgfª, d:' tfªdf :yfgLo jfos' f] ke| fjn] xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj k/] tfklg cGo efudf
gu0o ke| fj bV] g ;lsG5 .

g]kfn ;db' |af6 6f9f k5{ . oBlk kj" L{ g]kfn aªu\ fnsf] vf8Laf6 glhs tyf cGo efu 6f9f
k5{ . o;} sf/0fn] klg g]kfnsf] kj" L{ / klZrdL efudf xfjfkfgLdf leGgtf kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL df};dL xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] df kg{] eP tfklg w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df xfd|f]
b]zsf] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf km/s km/s b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;n} ] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yfnfO{ u|LidsfnLg
/ lxpbF jf zLtsfnLg cj:yfsf] cfwf/df :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 135

-s_ uL| idsfnLg cj:yf M

uL| idsfnLg cj:yf kmfu'gb]lv ;?' eP/ c;fh] ;Dd k5{ . olt a]nf ;o" { pQ/L uf]nfw{sf]
clwsf+z efudf nDajt\ ¿kdf k5{ . o;n] ubf{ pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f tfkjm| d a9L xG' 5 . tfkjm| d
prfO cg;' f/ km/s k5{ . oxL jm| ddf c;f/ dlxgfdf ;"o{ ss{6sf] /v] f l7s dfly k5{ . of]
cj:yfdf pQ/L ufn] fws{ f] :ynefudf Gog" rfk pTkGg x'G5 . jfos' f] :jefjcg;' f/ aª\ufnsf]
vf8Laf6 jfo' pQ/ klZrd lbzflt/ axG5 . pSt jfo' hnjfikoS' t x'G5 / lxdfno kj{tsf]
cj/fw] n] g]kfndf k|z:t jiff{ u/fpF5 .

gk] fndf x'g] sn' jiff{sf] nueu *) k|ltzt jiff{ dg;g' åf/f x'G5 . dg;'gL jiff{ klg kj" {af6
klZrdlt/ j|mdzM 36\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . blIf0faf6 pQ/tk{m klg jiff{sf] dfqf 36\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .
uL| idsf] ;'?lt/ kxf8L eu] df d3] uhg{ ;lxt cl;gf kb5{ . u|Lidsfndf g]kfnsf] t/fO{ kb| z] df
udL{ xG' 5 . oxfF tfkj|md @&° ;=] – #%° ;]=;Dd xG' 5 . k"jL{ t/fOe{ Gbf klZrd t/fO{df a9L udL{
x'G5 . klZrd t/fO{ ;d'bb| ]lv 6f9f kg{] / ef/tsf] yf/ d?el" daf6 axg] tftf] xfjf ns' f] ke| fjn]
ubf{ xf] . tfkj|md a9L eP/ ns' f] pTklQ x'g] u5{ . of] ;dodf r/' ] Ifq] sf] tfkjm| d @^° ;=] –#)°
;=] ;Dd dWo kxf8L If]q tyf sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf @^° ;]=b]lv #)° ;]=;Dd tfkj|md xG' 5 .
t/ %))) ld6/eGbf dfly eg] tfkjm| d zG" o l8uL| eGbf tn x'G5 .

lxpFb jf zLtsfnLg cj:yf / lxpbF df ;o" { blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f nDajt\ ¿kdf k5{ eg] pQ/L
uf]nfw{df nDajt\ pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f 58s\ ] k5{ . lxpbF sflQsbl] v df3 dlxgf;Dd /xG5 . olt
an] f prfO a9b\ } hfFbf tfkjm| d 36b\ } hfG5 . lxpFbdf tfkjm| d 36\g] cGo :yfgLo sf/0f klg
x'G5g\ . cj:yfdf kxf8sf] blIf0fL 9fndf k|z:t 3fd nfU5 / Gofgf] x'G5 . pQ/tkm{ sf] 9fn
5fofdf k5{ . To;n} ] prfO a9\b} hfbF f tfkj|md jm| dzM 36\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ blIf0fL
efudf tfkjm| d a9L / pQ/L efusf] tfkjm| d xG' 5 . t/fO{ Ifq] df slxn]sfxLF laxfg Hofbf hf8f]
xG' 5 . afSnf] x:' ;' klg nfU5 / zLtnx/ rN5 . zLtnx/sf] sfnL gfnLdf gsf/fTds ke| fj
k/s] f] kfOG5 .

lxpbF df blIf0fL If]qsf] tfkjm| d !%° b]lv @)° ;Dd, leqL dw];, r/' ] tyf gbL a;F] Ldf t/fO{,
!@° ;]= b]lv !*° ;=] tfkjm| d xG' 5 . dWo kxf8L Ifq] df %°–!)° ;] tfkj|md xG' 5 eg] lxdfnL
efudf lxdfª\seGbf sd x'G5 . lxpbF df k|fo jiff{ xF'b}g . ed" Wo ;fu/ xF'b} axg] klZrdL jfo'sf]
k|efjn] ubf{ sx] L jiff{ x'G5 . klZrd g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf a9L jiff{ x'G5 eg] kj" {lt/ cfpbF f
j|mdzM sd x'bF } hfG5 . oxL ;dodf dxfef/tsf] pRr efu / lxdfnL Ifq] df eg] lxpF k5{ . sx] L
lxdfnL Ifq] nfO{ 5f8] ]/ lxpbF df gk] fndf g w]/} hf8f] xG' 5 g w]/} udL{ x'G5 .

-v_ xfjfkfgLsf] k|efj

gk] fnsf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs hghLjgdf xfjfkfgLsf] Jofks k|efj kfOG5 . oxfF
xfjfkfgLcg;' f/sf] v]tLkftL / 3/ / a;fa] f;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . lxdfnL If]qdf sd kfgL

136 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kg]{ x'bF f 3/sf 5fgfx¿ df6fsf] / d'G8f 5fgf x'G5g\ . hf8f] xg' ] xF'bf 3/x¿df sd em\ofn
/fVg] / xfr] f] agfOPsf xG' 5g\ . To:t} xfjfkfgL cg's"nsf afnL, t/sf/L / kmnkm"n xs' {g]
x'G5g\ . t/fO{df wfg vt] L /fdf| ] x'G5 eg] kxf8df sfb] f], ds,} kmnkm"n /fdf| ] xG' 5 . lxdfnL If]qdf
kz'kfng, :ofp, cfv] / h:tf kmnkm"n v]tL /fdf| ] x'G5 . pjf, hf,} cfn'sf] pTkfbg x'G5 . lxdfnL
If]qdf hf8f] x'g] xF'bf Gofof] n'uf nufpg], tftf] k]o kbfy{ vfg] rng 5 . kxf8L k|b]zdf l7Sssf]
xfjfkfgL kfOg] xb'F f Gofgf n'uf nufOG5 . t/fO{df udL{ x'g] x'Fbf kfntf sk8f nufpg] ul/G5 .
xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ jg:klt, hLjhGt,' sl[ if kofj{ /0fdf ke| fj k5{ . dflg;x¿sf] njfO,
vjfO, rf8kj{ dgfpg] zn} Ldf klg xfjfkfgLsf] k:| 6 ke| fj k/s] f] x'G5 . lxdfnL eu] df a9L
kf| l] 6goS' t vfgf vfg] tyf t/fO{df bfn /f6] L h:tf vfg]s'/f vfg' xfjfkfgLsf] ke| fj xf] .
lxdfnL, kxf8L tyf t/fO{ If]qdf vt] LkftL ;lsPkl5 rf8kj{ dgfpg' klg xfjfkfgLsf] k|efj
xf] . xfdLn] pTkfbg ug]{ gub afnLdf ljljwtf xg' d' f klg xfjfkfgLsf] e"ldsf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
o;/L u|LidsfnLg / lxpFb cj:yfn] dfgj hLjgdf k/s] f] ke| fjn] hLjgz}nLdf klg k|efj k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{F a:g] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] uL| idsfnLg / zLtsfnLg xfjfkfgLdf pTkfbg x'g] afnLsf]
gfd vf]hL u//] sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf];\ .

@= zLtsfnLg cj:yfdf lxdfnL Ifq] sf] hghLjg / uL| idsfndf t/fO{ Ifq] sf hghLjg
sl7g x'g] sf/0f 5nkmn u/L k|fKt lgisif{ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

#= ljBfyL{x¿ b'O{cf]6f ;dx" df ljefhg eO{ uL| idsfnLg cj:yf / zLtsfnLg cj:yfsf]
af/]df ;"rgf ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ dg;g' eGf]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ leqL lxdfnL Ifq] df lsg sd jiff{ xG' 5 <
-u_ u|LidsfnLg dg;'gsf ljzi] ftf nV] gx' f];\ .
-3_ ædg;g' L jfo' gk] fnsf nflu j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] 5 .Æ tYosf] cfwf/df kl' i6 ug'x{ f;] \ .
-ª_ pRr lxdfnL Ifq] df lxdkft xg' ] sf/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .
-r_ g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLsf] uL| idsfnLg cj:yf / zLtsfnLg cj:yf tn' gf ugx{' f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

:yfgLo dflg;x¿nfO{ e6] L gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf dg;g' sf] ke| fj ;f]Wgx' f;] \ . k|fKt
tYosf cfwf/df k|ltjb] g nV] gx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 137

kf7
$ kf| sl[ ts jg:klt

sg' } 7fpsF f] w/ftn, xfjfkfgL / df6fn] ] To; :yfgsf] k|fsl[ ts jg:kltnfO{ k|efj kf5{ . To;}n]
xfjfkfgLcg;' f/sf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . jg:klt / xfjfkfgLlardf cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGw xG' 5 .

!= kf| sl[ ts jg:kltsf] juL{s/0f

kf| sl[ ts :j¿kcg;' f/ gk] fndf kfOg] jg:kltnfO{ lgDglnlvt kfrF ;d"xdf juLs{ /0f u/L
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ pmi0f ;bfjxf/ jg:klt

t/fO,{ efj/, bg' / r'/] kjt{ sf] !@)) ld6/ prfO;Dd pmi0f ;bfjxf/ jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF
udL{ / kofK{ t jiff{ xg' ] x'Fbf cUnf / ;bfjxf/ jg:klt kfOG5g\ . t/fO{ If]qdf kfOg] ;bfjxf/
jg:kltsf] hª\unnfO{ rf/sf];] emf8L elgG5 . oxfF ;fn, l;;f,} vo/, l;dn, s';d' , hfdg'
cflb s8f hftsf ?vx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF xfQL, u8}F f, af3, efn,' du[ nufotsf ljleGg jGohGt'
/ r/fr'?ª\uL kfOG5g\ . To;n} ] of] Ifq] cfly{s tyf hl} js b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

-v_ pkfi] 0f ktem/ jg:klt

g]kfnsf] r/' ] kjt{ >]0fL tyf dxfef/t kjt{ >]0fLsf] !@)) ld6/bl] v @!)) l6/d;Ddsf]
prfOdf kfOg] jg:kltnfO{ pkf]i0f ktem/ jg:klt elgG5 . oxfF kfOg] hªu\ nnfO{ df;} dL
hªu\ n klg elgG5 . oxfF lxpbF df lr;f] / ;'Svf x'G5 . To;}n] oxfF kfOg] jg:kltsf] lxpbF df
kft em5{ . kft emg]{ xg' fn] g} To;nfO{ ktem/ jg:klt elgPsf] xf] . o; Ifq] sf] sd prfOdf
;bfjxf/ jg:klt tyf dflyNnf] efudf eg] sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 . of] jg:kltsf] Ifq] klg
pkf]i0f ;bfjxf/ jg:kltsf] If]q h:t} k"ja{ f6 klZrd;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . ;fn, s6;' , rfkF , cf]v/,
lrnfpg,] dfj} f, j/, lkkn, afFem, afF;, nfFs/' L, u'/fF; tyf ljleGg v;f| vfnsf 3fF;x¿ kz| :t
kfOG5g\ . oxfF lrt'jf, efn,' abF n] , du[ , :ofn, v/fof,] dn;fk|f] h:tf hgfj/ kfOG5g\ . 9's/' ,
do/' , h'/n] L, nfdkR' 5,]« ?kL, ;'uf, sfu, sf]OnL h:tf r/fr'?ªu\ L oxfF k|z:t kfOG5g\ .

-u_ sf]0fwf/L jg:klt

dxfef/t kjt{ >0] fLsf] @!)) ld6/b]lv ##)) ld6/sf] prfOdf kfOg] jg:kltnfO{ sf0] fwf/L
jg:klt elgG5 . o; If]qdf a;}e{ l/ 7G8f x'G5 . oxfF lxpFbdf lxdkft x'G5 . ;]lknf] hldg,
sd tfkj|md / lxpF jiff{ xg' ] xg' fn] oxfF xfr] f, ;fgf / g/d vfnsf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . oxfF
b]jbf/, ;Nnf, wk' L, ef]hkq, lgufnf,] kftn] s6;' / u'/fF; cflbsf af]6lj?jf kfOG5g\ .
o:tf jg:kltsf Ifq] x¿ g]kfnsf] kj" L{ efub]lv klZrdL efu;Dd ktem/ jg:kltsf] Ifq] ;uF

138 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L k}mlnPsf 5g\ . oL jg:klt g/d k|s[ltsf xg' ] ePsfn] cflys{ b[li6sf0] fn]
dxŒjk0" f{ dflgG5g\ . o; If]qdf efn', aFbn] , du[ , s:t'/L, rf}/L cflb hgfj/x¿ tyf 8fFk]m, d'gfn
nufotsf r/fr'?ª\uL kfOG5g\ .

-3_ cNkfOg 3f;F ] el" d

##)) ld6/b]lv %))) ld6/sf] prfOdf uL| iddf lr;f] / lxpFbdf cToGt lr;f] xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . of] xfjfkfgL 7'nf ?v a9g\ sf nflu pko'St 5}g . To;n} ] oxfF v;|f 3fF;] e"ldx¿
lj:tt[ Ifq] df km} lnPsf 5g\ . To;/L k}mlnPsf ljzfn kFmf6nfO{ vs{ klg elgG5 . o:tf 3fF;]
d}bfgx¿sf] tNnf] efudf xf]rf / emf8Lbf/ jg:klt kfOG5g\ . #^)) ld6/eGbf dfly eg] eg]
lj:t[t 3fF;] Ifq] x¿ kfOG5g\ . oL 3fF;] Ifq] x¿ d'Vo r/g Ifq] dflgG5 . oxfF lxd lrtj' f, efn',
3f/] n, s:t/" L, du[ sf ;fy} 8fkF mn] ufot ljljw ks| f/sf r/fr?' ªu\ L klg kfOG5g\ . oxfF ljleGg
lxdfnL h8La6' Lx¿ kfOG5g\ .

-ª_ lxdfnL ;'Svf jg:klt -6G' 8f« jg:klt_

%))) ld6/eGbf dflysf] prfOdf ;w}eF l/ lxpF k5{ . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL af]6la?jf jf jg:klt
xs' {gsf nflu pko'St 5}g . oxfF sfO n]p / ‰ofp dfq kfOG5g\ . o:tf jg:kltnfO{ 6G' 8«f
jg:klt jf lxdfnL ;S' vf jg:klt elgG5 . lxd/v] fsf] cf;kf;sf] If]qdf eg] uL| iddf l56f]
a9g\ ] / km' Ng] vfnsf a'lskm"nnufotsf jg:klt kfOG5g\ .

@= kf| sl[ ts jg:kltsf] dxŒj

kf| s[lts jg:klt dfgj hLjgsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ dflgG5 . xfd|f] bl} gs hLjgdf :jf; k]mgs{ f
nflu cfjZos kg{] clS;hg xfdL hªu\ naf6 kf| Kt u5f}{F . hª\unn] kfgLsf] ;|ft] arfpg,
jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofp5F . xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos kg{] sf7,
bfp/f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . h8La6' L laj|mLaf6 bz] sf] /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 . k|fs[lts
jg:klt Ifq] n] jGohGt' tyf r/fr'?ª\uLnfO{ jf;:yfg pknAw u/fpF5 . kz'sf nflu 3f;F ,
:ofpnf pknAw xG' 5 . o:tf hgfj/ tyf r/fr?' ªu\ L xg] { ko{6s cfpF5g\ . ko{6g pBf]usf]
klg ljsf; xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{F a:g] ef}ufl] ns k|bz] df sg' k|sf/sf] jg:klt kfOG5 < pSt jg:kltsf dV' o
ljz]iftf n]Vgx' f];\ .

@= tkfOF{sf] :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] jg:klt / ltgsf] ljzi] ftfsf] ljj/0f lbg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 139

#= jg:kltnfO{ xfjfkfgLn] s;/L ke| fj kf/]sf] xG' 5 < sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ / kf| Kt
lgisif{ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .

$= :yfgLo jg:kltsf] lj?jf, kft, 8f7F cflb ;ªs\ ng ug{'xf;] / sIffdf ag:ktL k|bz{gL
cfof]hgf ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ efu} fl] ns ljljwtf / jg:kltsf] ;DaGwsf] ljZni] f0f ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ jg:klt cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu pkofu] L x'G5g\, s;/L < pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ jg:klt / dfgjlarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .
-3_ gk] fndf kfOg] jg:klt / ltgsf ljz]iftf tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf;] \ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
rf6{ kk] /df g]kfnsf] gS;f sf/] L efu} fl] ns kb| ]zcg;' f/sf jg:kltsf] gdg' f ;ªs\ ng u/L
6fF:gx' f;] \ .

140 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
% g]kfndf vlgh / hn;|f]t

!= vlgh

hldgleq kfOg] lglZrt efl} ts u'0f ePsf kmnfd, tfdf, ;'g, sfO] nf cflbnfO{ vlgh elgG5 .
gk] fndf df]8bf/ kjt{ Lo Ifq] df vlghsf] e08f/ ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . vlgh pTvggsf nflu
j}1flgs vfh] / cg;' Gwfg h?/L x'G5 . e"uez{ f:qLx¿n] gk] fndf ljleGg k|sf/sf vlgh kfpg]
tYox¿ atfP klg kl/df0f tyf u0' f:t/sf] ljifodf lj:t[t cWoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . . gk] fndf
kfOg] vlghx¿sf] ljj/0f o;ks| f/ 5 M

Vflgh ljt/0f -kfOg] 7fp_F
!= kmnfd k"mnrf]sL, 7f;] ,] nAwL vf]nf, e;F} ], sn' v] fgL, et" vf]nf
@= tfdf cfv] n9'ª\ufsf] jfK;f, aw' vfn] f, UofhL, gfu,|] lr;fkfgL u9L, wgs'6f,
?s'd, ;Nofg, Onfd
#= l;;f u0fz] lxdfn, cvfn{} ], uNsf6] , k"mnrf]sL, dfdf{
$= rg' 9'ª\uf rf]ef/, e}F;]bfe] fg, pbok'/, hfl] udf/f, nn] ,] ;'kf b]p/fnL
%= sfO] nf bfª, ;Nofg, s}nfnL, lrtjg, yfsvf]nf, df/] ª, afUn'ª
^= ;g' ;'gsf;] L, sfnLu08sL, a'9L u08sL, d:of{ª\bL
&= k6] «fn] d:' tfª, bn} v] , df/] ª, Ko'7fg, ;v' t]{ , emfkf
*= lgsn] /fd]5fk, l;Gw'kfNrfs] , gfDkmf, wgs6' f
(= h:tf km" nrfs] L, lgklnª, gfDkmf, wflbª, /;j' f
!)=DofUg;] fO6 bfn] vfsf] v/L 9'ªu\ f, pbok'/, afUnª'

gk] fnsf] ljleGg 7fpdF f oLafxs] yk' |} vlghx¿ kfOg] cgd' fg 5 . :n6] , cev| , uGws, u]k| mfO6,
o'/]lgodsf vfgLx¿ klg gk] fnsf] ljleGg 7fpdF f kfOg] cgd' fg 5 .

g]kfndf vlgh ;fwgx¿sf] vf]hL, pTvgg / k|ofu] k|frLgsfnaf6 g} xF'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . lnR5lj
sfndf gkfnn] tfdf ef/t lgsf;L ug{] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df of] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . To;kl5sf
;dodf klg 7f];,] sf]Onfaf;nufotsf 7fpxF ¿af6 vlgh pTvgg u/]/ k|ofu] u/]sf pbfx/0f
kfOG5g\ . gk] fnsf] ea" gf]6 ljleGg k|sf/sf] vlghx¿sf nflu pko'St dflgP tfklg vlghx¿sf]
j1} flgs 9ªu\ n] vf]h / cGji] f0f eg] xg' ;ss] f] 5}g . xfd|f] b]zdf sg' vlgh slt dfqfdf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 141

5 eg/] yfxf kfpg g;Sg'sf w/] } sf/0f 5g\ . k'FhL, oftfoft, kf| ljlws 1fg / cg;' Gwfgsf]
sdL, pko'St gLltsf] cefjnfO{ dV' o sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . vlghsf] kof{Kt pkofu] ug{ oL
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{k5{ . vlghsf] pkofu] ug{ ;lsof] eg] /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
lgoft{ kj| w{g eO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd xG' 5 . kz| :t /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f x'G5 / dflg;x¿sf]
hLjg:t/df j[l4 xG' 5 . vlgh tŒjsf] pTvgg / pkofu] n] cGo kj" f{wf/sf] ljsf; eP/ ;du|
ljsf; ultdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .

@= hn;Dkbf

kfgL jf o;sf ;f| t] x¿sf] ;dli6nfO{ g} hn;|ft] elgG5 . hn;f| t] cGtut{ gbL, tfn, kfv] /L,
em/gf cflb k5g{ \ . gk] fn hn;Dkbfdf wgL b]z dflgG5 . oxfFsf clwsfz+ gbLx¿ lxdfno
kj{taf6 pTklQ eP/ blIf0flt/ aU5g\ . hn;DkbfnfO{ e"ldut / ;txL u/L b'O{ efudf afF8\g
;lsG5 .

xfd|f] hn;Dkbfsf d'Vo ;|ft] x¿ lxdgbL, gbL, tfn, tn}of, s'08 cflb x'g\ . cWoogcg;' f/
gk] fnsf] Ifq] kmnsf] sl/a $Ü e"efu gbLgfnfn] cf]u6s] f] 5 . gk] fndf nueu ^))) gbL
gfnfx¿ 5g\ . !))) eGbf a9L gbLx¿sf] cf};t nDjfO !! lsnfl] d6/eGbf a9L 5 . ;a}
gbLx¿sf] hne08f/ Ifdtf sl/a b'O{ nfv 3g ld6/ 5 . sf];L, u08sL, s0ff{nL d'Vo gbLx¿
x'g\ . gk] fnsf] sn' hne08f/ Ifdtfsf] &$Ü efu oL tLgcf]6f gbLn] cf]u6s] f 5g\ . cfly{s /
¿kn] nueu $@))) d3] fjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] cg'dfg 5 . gbLsf] k|jfx, hne08f/,
pTklQ cflbsf] cfwf/df gk] fnsf gbLnfO{ tLg >0] fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ klxnf] >]0fLsf gbL

lxdfno kj{taf6 pTklQ xg' ] / a;}{el/ kfgL x'g] gbLnfO{ klxnf] >0] fLsf gbL elgG5 . sf];L,
u08sL, sgfn{ L gbL of] >0] fLdf k5g{ \ . o:tf gbLx¿ :yfoL k|sl[ tsf xG' 5g\ . hnljBt' \, oftfoft
/ l;FrfOsf bl[ i6n] oL gbLx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ .

-v_ bf;] f| ] :t/sf gbL

dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLdf pTklQ eP/ aUg] gbLnfO{ bf];|f] >]0fLsf gbL elgG5 . o:tf gbLx¿df
u|Liddf hnk|jfx a9L xG' 5 eg] lxpbF df sd xG' 5 . aaO{, /fKtL, ltgfFm, dr] L, sdnf, sGsfO,{
lqo'uf cflb of] >]0fLsf gbL xg' \ . oL gbLx¿ klg hnljBt' \ pTkfbg / l;rF fO sfos{ f nflu
pkofu] L dflgG5g\ .

-u_ t;] f| ] :t/sf gbL

r'/] kjt{ >0] fLaf6 pTklQ xg' ] / jiffo{ fddf kz| :t kfgL xg' ] t/ lxpFbdf ;'Sg] gbL of] >]0fLcGtut{
k5g{ \ . o:tf gbLdf lxpFb / ;S' vf ofddf kfgLsf] dfqf gu0o xG' 5 . l;l;o{ f, ltnfj,] xlb{gfy,
88F' 'jf, ch'{g vfn] f o; >]0fLsf gbL xg' \ .

142 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

#= hn;Dkbfsf] pkof]u

g]kfn hn;f| t] df wgL bz] dflgG5 . xfdLn] pknAw hn;DkbfnfO{ ljleGg sfdsf nflu pkof]u
ug{ ;S5f}F . hn;DkbfnfO{ ljB't\ pTkfbgdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ljBt' \ pTkfbgsf]
;?' cft /f0ffsfndf lj=;+= !(^* af6 ePsf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf kmlk{ªaf6 %)) lsnfj] f6 ljBt' \
pTkfbg ul/Psf] lyof] . clxn;] Ddsf] tYofªs\ xg] ]{ xf] eg] sl/a !#*^ d]3jf6 ljBt' \ pTkfbg
ePsf] b]lvG5= -cflys{ ;j{]If0f @)&&÷)&*_ . dflyNnf] tfdfsf];L, sn' v] fgL # nufotsf
cfofh] gfaf6 7'nf] dfqfdf ljB't\ pTkfbg ;'? ePsf] 5 . o;/L pTkflbt ljB't\ bz] leq ko| fu]
ugs{' f ;fy} ljbz] lgof{t u/]/ ljb]zL db' f| klg cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . hn;Dkbfsf] csf{] dxŒjk0" f{
pkof]u l;rF fO xf] . g]kfn sl[ if kw| fg b]z xf] / s[lif ljsf;sf nflu l;rF fO ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 .
gk] fndf klxnf] k6s /f0ffsfndf lqo'uf / dg:' df/f gbLaf6 l;rF fO cfofh] gf ;?' ul/Psf] lyof] .
ljutdf sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf klg sx] L dxŒjk"0f{ gx/ lyP . cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&*;Dddf
s'n !% nfv # xhf/ # ;o ^& xS] 6/df l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 -cfly{ ;j]I{ f0f @)&&÷&*_ .
gk] fn ;/sf/n] s]xL gofF l;FrfO cfofh] gfsf] ;?' cft u/;] uF } hn;Dkbfsf] axk' ofu] L cfofh]gfsf]
ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . tLj| k|jfx ePsf lqz"nL, ;'gsf];L, sfnL u08sL, c?0f, tdf]/ h:tf
gbL ;fxl;s ko{6gsf nflu klg pkoS' t dflgG5g\ . oL gbLdf hnofqfsf nflu 7n' f] ;ª\Vofdf
:jb]zL tyf ljbz] L ko6{ sx¿ cfpg] u5g{ \ . hn;Dkbfsf] csf{] pkofu] eg]sf] b}lgs ¿kdf
3/fo;L sfdsf nflu xg' ] ko| fu] xf] . dflg;sf nflu kfgL bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ cfjZostf dflgG5 .
kfgL vfgf ksfpg, gx' fpg, vfg cflbsf nflu lbgx'F ko| fu] x'g] u5{ . gk] fn ;/sf/n] kl5Nnf]
sfn v08df lnlˆ6ª k|ljlwdfkmt{ vfg]kfgL cfofh] gf ;~rfng ul//xs] f] 5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{
Ifq] df afl] /ªdfkm{t l;FrfO tyf vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg] yk' |} cfofh] gf ;~rflnt 5g\ . xfn}
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'gsf];L dl/g ax'2Z] oLo cfof]hgfnfO{ /fli6o« uf/} jsf] cfofh] gf ;r" Ls/0f
u/]sf] 5 . pSt cfofh] gf ;DkGg ePkl5 Ifq] df l;FrfO tyf vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg ;xofu]
k'Ug] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fndf kfOg] vlghx¿sf] ke| fjsf/L pkof]u xg' g;Sgfsf sf/0f vfh] L u//] sIffdf
k|:tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

@= vlghsf] pTvggsf nflu ;/sf/n] rfNg'kg{] sbd ;DaGwdf ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L kf| Kt
lgisif{ sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

#= hn;|ft] gk] fnsf] ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] zLifs{ df ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 143

$= hn;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f / pkof]usf nflu /fHon] rfNg'kg{] sbd ;DaGwdf ;dx" df 5nkmn
u/L kf| Kt lgisif{ sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf;] \ .

%= tkfO{sF f] ;d'bfodf kfOg] vfn] f gfnf / gbLx¿ sg' :t/sf gbL xg' \ < ljzi] ftfsf] cfwf/df
klxrfg ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ugx{' f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ vlgh eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ klxnf] :t/sf gbLsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ hn;f| t] sf] pkofl] utf nV] g'xf;] \ .
-3_ g]kfn hn;Dkbfdf wgL eP/ klg o;sf] ljsf; x'g g;Sgfsf sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

tflnsfdf k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .
-ª_ vlgh ;fwgsf] pTvgg x'g g;Sgfsf sf/0f k:| t't ug{'xf;] \ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfOsF{ f] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf hn;f| t] sf] pkofu] s;/L ePsf] 5 <vfh] L u/]/ k|fKt ljj/0fsf]
kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

144 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (