सामाजिक अध्ययन कक्षा ९

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@ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ / gk] fn

;+oS' t /fi6;« ª3\ sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($% cS6f]a/ @$ df ePsf] xf] .
dfgj lxtsf nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf
zflGt, ;dfgtf, ;xofu] / ;Dksn{ fO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ;g\ !(%% l8;D] a/ !$ df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;b:otf
k|fKt u¥of] . xfn o;sf ;b:o /fi6« !($ cf]6f 5g\ . ;b:otf k|fKt
u/]bl] v g} ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3df gk] fnsf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutf / ofu] bfg /xbF } cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn]
!@ h'g, !(%* df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª3\ Lo zflGt ld;g n]jgfgdf kfrF hgf gk] fnL ;}lgs ko{j]Ifs
k7fP/ ;xof]usf] ;'?jft u/s] f] lyof] .

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df /ª\ueb] ;DaGwL ljifo ;ldltdf pkfWoIf ePkl5 o;} ;ldltsf] sfod ds' fod cWoIf
;dt] eof] . g]kfnn] ;g\ !(&# df dWokj" s{ f] ufpF Ifq] / lj= ;+ ;g\ !(&& bl] v !(*! ;Dd
ckmuflg:tfg / ol' glkmndf na] gfgdf /xL zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ sfod{ f ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3nfO{
;xofu] k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifbs\ f] cg/' fw] df gk] fnn] zflGt :yfkgf
ug{,] o4' lj/fdsf] /]vb]v ug]{ h:tf sfo{df ;d]t ;xof]u k¥' ofpbF } cfPsf] 5 . gk] fnn] l;l/of,
sªu\ f,] ;8' fg, nfOal] /of, xfO6L, O/fs, dfnL, klZrdL ;fxf/f, cfOef/] L sf]:6nufotsf bz] df
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!(&$ / !(*& df o'g:] sf] sfos{ fl/0fL kl/ifb\ tyf ljleGg ;ldltdf /x]/ sfo{ ug]{ cj;/
gk] fnn] kf| Kt u¥of] . uf}td a4' sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLnfO{ ljZje/ lrgfpg] p2Z] on] ;o+ S' t /fi6«
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lyof] .

g]kfnn] ;jk{ y| d lj= ;= @)!# -;g\ !(%^_ df ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dxf;efsf] clwj]zgdf
efu lnof] . To;} a]nfbl] v g} ljZjsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs Ifq] df klg ;ljm| o e"ldsf
lgjfx{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

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;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] cfXjfgdf g]kfnn] cfˆgf ;l} gs k7fPsf] lyof] . sªu\ fd] f ;o+ 'St /fi6«
;ª3\ sf] e"= k=" dxf;lrj 8\ofu x\ofd/;fN] 8sf] dT[ o'af/] cg;' Gwfg ;ldltn] Clifsz] zfxsf]

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UNESCO cflb ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;b:o eO{ gk] fnn] el" dsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljsf;,
nfs] tGq Pjd\ zflGt ;J' oj:yfdf UNO n] ;xofu] ub{} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnfsf] ;zStLs/0f,
afnsNof0f, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f / ;+jwg{ df dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xs] f] 5 . ljZj:jf:y
;ªu\ 7gdfkmt{ \ :jf:y ;fdu|L kb| fg, ljkb Joj:yfkg, g]kfnsf] bzj;]{ o'4 ;dflKtkl5 xltof/
Joj:yfkg, dfcf]jfbL n8fss' f] ;dfof]hgdf el" dsf vn] s] f] lyof] .

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!= tkfOF{ a;fj] f; ug{] :yfgdf sg' } JolSt ;+oS' t /fi6;« ª\3cGtut{ zflGt ;]gfdf sfd u/L
kmsg{ e' Psf] 5 eg] ToxfF /xbF f pxfnF ] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu s] s] sfo{ ug{e' of] < ;f]wk5'
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;+:yfdf gk] fnn] vn] ]sf] e"ldsf / ;xof]usf If]qnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf egx{' f];\ M

ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf ;xof]usf If]q gk] fnn] lgjfx{ u/s] f]
el" dsf

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@= ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ df g]kfnn] k'¥ofPsf] ofu] bfg pNn]v ug{x' f];\ <
#= cGt/fl{ i6«o zflGt :yfkgfdf g]kfnn] vn] s] f] e"ldsfnfO{ ;ªI\ f]kdf rrf{ ug{x' f;] \ .
$= ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª\3sf] ultljlwdf g]kfnsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem ke| fjsf/L agfpg s] ugk'{ nf{ <

nV] gx' f;] \ .

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opertation) elgG5 . ;g\ !(*) df blIf0f Pl;of Ifq] df ljsl;t
ePsf] Ifq] Lo Pstfsf] efjgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ aªu\ nfbz] sf /fi6k« lt
lhofp/ /xdfgn] o;sf] :yfkgfdf ljzi] f kxn u/s] f lyP . ;g\ !(*%
sf] l8;D] a/ * df o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf ] . o;df ef/t, e6' fg,
aªu\ nfbz] , kfls:tfg, gk] fn, >Lnªs\ f, dflNbE; / ckmuflg:tfg
;b:o /xs] f 5g\ . ckmuflg:tfg ;fss{ f] kl5Nnf] ;b:o /fi6« xf] . ;fss{ f] ;lrjfno gk] fndf 5 .

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clejl[ 4 ug {]
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-p_ ;femf lxtsf ljifo /x]sf cGt/fl{ i6o« d~rx¿df ugk'{ g]{ ;xofu] nfO{ alnof] kfg ]{
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gk] fn ;fss{ f] :yfkgf sfnbl] v x/s] ultljlwdf ;ljm| o /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;b:o /fi6x« ¿lar
kf/:kl/s ;xofu] , dq} L zflGt / ;dembf/L jl[ 4df gk] fnsf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf 5 . gk] fnn] ;fss{ f]
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;fss{ f] kj| wg{ nfO{ cfˆgf] k//fi6« gLlt s} cleGg cªu\ agfPsf] 5 / gk] fn ;fss{ f] kj| wg{ kl| t
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xg' ;S5g\ eGg] s/' fdf ljZjf; /fVb5 . ;fs{ /fi6x« ¿ ul/aL lgjf/0f Pjd\ cflys{ ljsf; ug{]
;femf p2Z] odf Pslqt 5g\ . Jofkfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ ;b' 9[ / ;xh agfpg] lx;fan] SAPTA
(SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement) ;Demft} f ul/Psf] 5 . kf/:kl/s ;xofu] /
;DaGwnfO{ cem} a9L ;w' f/ ugk{' g{] s/' fdf ;fs{ /fi6x« ¿ ljZjf; /fV5g\ .

@= o/' fl] kog o'lgog

Ifq] Lo tyf cflys{ ;xofu] a9fpg] clek|fon] hdg{ L, k|mfG;,
jl] Nhod, gb] /NofG8, nUhDau{ / O6fnL h:tf bz] x¿n] ;Gf\
!(%& df o'/fl] kog cfly{s kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf u/s] f xg' \ . !
hgj/L !(%* df ljlwjt\ ¿kdf :yflkt of] ;:+ yf o/' fk] n] L
b]zsf] cflys{ ;db' fo xf] . !(($ hgj/L ! b]lv o; ;ª\u7gsf]
gfd o'/fl] kog o'lgog (EU) /flvPsf] 5 . o/' fl] kog ol' gog @*
cf]6f o'/fk] ]nL /fi6x« ¿sf] Pp6f /fhgLlts tyf cflys{ ;ª\3
xf] . xfn o; ;ªu\ 7gsf] ;b:o /fi6« @* / k|wfg sfof{ no
al] Nhodsf] a;| N] ;df /xs] f] 5 . ;Gf\ !(&% df o/' f]kn] L ;ª\3 / g]kfnlar s6' gLlts ;DaGw
:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o; ;:+ yfn] ;Gf\ !(&& bl] v gk] fnsf] ljsf; lgdf{ 0fsf] sfo{df ;xofu]
ub{} cfPsf] 5 . of] ;:+ yf g]kfn ljsf; d~rsf] klg ;b:o 5 .

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-c_ ;Gtl' nt / lbuf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|jw{g ug{]

-cf_ cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/df cfkm\gf] klxrfg agfpg]

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-p_ Goflos tyf u[x dfdnf;DaGwL ljifodf 3lgi6 ;DaGw jl[ 4 ug{]

-pm_ ;fd"lxs Jofkf/nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug{]

248 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

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;d:of / Jojwfgx¿ sdL ug{]

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gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf ;fy} Joj;fo kj| w{gsf nflu o/' fl] kog o'lgogn] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] hg:jf:Yo, lzIff If]qsf] ;fy} lghL Joj;fo k|jw{gsf] Ifq] df ;dt]
o'/fl] kog o'lgogsf] ;xofu] sf] 5 . gk] fn lgsf;L k|jw{gsf] p2]Zon] ;;fgf kl/of]hgfdf ;xofu] ,
pBfu] sf] pTkfbg jl[ 4, u'0f:t/ ;w' f/df ;xofu] u/]sf] 5 . ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L cf}Bf]lus sG] ›
;~rfngsf nflu ;d]t o;n] ;xofu] k'¥ofPsf] 5 . To:t} /fli6«o kg' Mlgdf0{ fdf cflys{ ;xof]u
kb| fg u/]sf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;fs{sf] p2Z] onfO{ rf6{ k]k/df tof/ u/L sIffdf 6fF; ugx'{ f;] \ .
@= ;fss{ f c+ux¿sf] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf 6fF:gx' f;] \ .
#= tnsf jfSox¿ s'g s'g ;fs{ ;b:o /fi6;« uF ;DalGwt 5g\ < vf]hL u/L nV] gx' f];\ .

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-v_ lyDk' /fhwfgL ePsf] ek" l/j]li6t /fi6«
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-r_ ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ePsf] /fi6«
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-v_ ;fss{ f] nf]uf] agfP/ To;sf] ;l+ IfKt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
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-ª_ o'/fl] kog o'lgogsf p2Z] o aFb' fut ¿kdf tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .
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;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

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ko| fu] stf{n] :df6{ kmfg] , 6\ofan]6, Nofk6k, 8:] s6k h:tf dfOjm| f] sDKo6' / k|of]u u5g{ \ .
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xG' 5 . gk] fndf klg clwsf+z ;/sf/L sfofn{ on] l56f]5l/tf] ;]jf lbg / ;xh tl/sfn] ;"rgf
k|fKt ug{ o:tf kl| jlwx¿ h8fg u/L ;j] f lbFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

ljleGg ;:+ yfsf x/lx;fa Jojl:yt ¿kn] /fVg, 3/fo;L sfox{ ¿ ug{, /]l8of,] 6]lnlehg k;| f/0f
ug{ klg o;af6 ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . uLt ;G' g, v]n v]Ngnufot yk' |} lsl;dsf sfos{ f nflu
klg o:tf k|ljlwn] ;xh agfPsf] 5 . ;"rgf kl| jlwsf ljleGg ;fwgsf] ;DaGwdf tn rrf{
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;lhnf] lyPg . clxn] xfdL] hxfF a;] klg Ps}l5gdf ;"rgf k|fKt / pkofu] ug{ ;S5fF} .

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ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdL rnlrq x]g,{ uLtx¿ ;G' g klg OG6/g6] sf] pkofu] ug{ ;S5f}F . o;sf
;fy} dgf/] ~hgsf nflu ljleGg vn] vN] g ;lsG5 .

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ePsf df]afOn kmf]g cyjf 6]lnlehgaf6 klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M www.moecdc.gov.np
Pp6f ja] ;fO6 x]f . o;df kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b;| uF ;DalGwt ljleGg hfgsf/L pknAw
u/fOPsf] x'G5 . j]a;fO6dfkmt{ j]ak]hdf ku' /] ljleGg ljBt' Lo ;fdu|Lx¿ pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;sf] b?' kof]un] ljleGg dxŒjk0" f{ ;fduL| rf]/L x'g,] xo\ flsª ug{] h:tf lj|mofsnfk xg' ;S5g\ .
o;n] ubf{ cfly{snufot ljleGg Ifq] df xflg Joxfg] 'k{ g{] x'G5 .

#= Odn]

Odn] ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] Ps dfWod xf] . o;af6 ljleGg 8sd' ]G6, tl:a/, lrq, lel8of] cflb
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . Od]n k|ofu] ug{ ljleGg kT| o]s k|ofu] st{fn] Od]nsf nflu lhd]n
jf ofx' jf x6d]n jf cGo OlGhgdf vftf vfN] g'kb5{ . o;af6 ko| fu] stfs{ f] Od]n 7u] fgf
k|fKt x'G5 . JolStn] Odn] ko| fu] ubf{ http/www.gmail.com jf http/www.yahoo.com jf
http/www.hotmail.com nufot 7]ufgf 6fOk u/L ;DalGwt 7u] fgfdf ;r" gf cfbfgk|bfg ug{
;lsG5 . To;kl5 cfPsf ;"rgf xg] s{ f nflu Inbox df Click ug'{k5{ . cfkmn" ] sg' } ;"rgf
k7fpbF f k/]df compose option df Click u/L k7fpg] JolStsf] Odn] 7u] fgf 6fOk ugk{' b5{ .
tn aS;df lr7L kq ;r" gf 6fOk u/L clGtddf send ug'k{ 5{ . Odn] 7]ufgf ePsf JolStlar
Pscfk;df kqfrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;j] f xn' fs lr7L h:t} xf], t/ o;sf] ult w/] } g} l56f]
xG' 5 . o;af6 ljBt' Lo ¿kdf ;Gbz] k7fOG5 . of] ;]jf w]/} h;f] lgMz'Ns xG' 5 . Od]n k|of]u ug{
sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 / Odn] kf| u] |fd rflxG5 . sDKo'6/sf] ljsNkdf dfa] fOnaf6 klg Odn] ;]jf
ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . lhd]n, cfp6ns' / ofx'cflbn] o; ks| f/sf ;l' jwf kb| fg u5{ Gf\ h;nfO{
ja] d]n elgG5 . Odn] sf] ko| fu] ubf{ kfpg] JolStsf] 7u] fgf ;xL xg' k' 5{ . Odn] 7u] fgf gldns] f] v08df
Odn] lkmtf{ cfpg ;S5 . cgfjZos ¿kdf s;n} fO{ klg Odn] k7fP/ bM' v lbg] sfd ugx{' G' g . o:tf]
sfd u/d] f ljBt' Lo sf/fj] f/ Pg] cGtut{ ;fOj/ ck/fwsf] s;/' df sf/afxL xG' 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 251

$= df]afOn kmfg]

df]afOn kmf]g Pp6f ;fgf] oGq (Device) sf] gfd xf] h;n] ;~rf/sf]
sfd u5{ . o; oGqsf] ;xofu] n] sg' } klg JolStn] csf{] 7fpdF f /xs] f]
JolStnfO{ ;"rgf, ;Gb]z cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . dfa] fOn kmfg] ;r" gf jf
va/ cfbfgkb| fg ug{] ax2' ]ZoLo ;fwg xf] . dfa] fOn cfhsf] cfjZostf
ePsf] 5 . ljleGg hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ lzIf0f l;sfO ljm| ofsnfknfO{
tLj|tf lbg] sfo{ klg u5{ . cfheGbf bO' { bzs cl3;Dd ufpF ufpdF f
;~rf/sf] ljsNk g} lyPg . lr7Lkq dfq k7fpg'k¥Yof] . cfh dfa] fOn
kmfg] sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ;a}sf] xftxftdf df]afOn kl' u;s]sf 5Gf\ . o;n]
;"rgf k|jfx ug{s' f] cltl/St dgf/] ~hg klg k|bfg ug{ yfn]sf] 5 .
slxn]sfxLF o:tf ;fduL| sf] cTolws ko| fu] n] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ;d:of
pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 .

%= Nofk6k, 6\ofan6]

Nofk6k ;"rgf kl| jlwsf] ;fwg xf] . o;nfO{ cWoog
/ bl} gs sfdsf nflu k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;n] 8S] ;6k
sDKo6' /sf] h:t} sfd u5{ . o;nfO{ ;lhnl} ;t hxfF klg
nh} fg ;lsG5 . o;af6 ljleGg rf6{, lrqsf] k:| t'tLs/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . dlN6ldl8of / kfj/ kfO] G6dfkmt{ k|:tl' t
ug{ klg o; ;fwgsf] pkofu] ul/G5 . gS;fª\sg, gS;f
l8hfOg, ;fdu|Lsf] Plgd;] g ug{ klg o;nfO{ ko| fu] ug{
;lsG5 . o;n] b't| ultdf sfd u5{ .

6o\ fan6] PG8f« ]O8 l;:6daf6 ;~rfng x'g] l8efO; xf] . o;n] dfa] fOnsf] h:t} sfd u5{ .
o;df s/' fsfgL ug{, kmf6] f] lvRg, ud] vN] g, Od]n OG6/g]6nufotsf ;a} ;l' jwf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
o;sf] ;fOh dfa] fOnsf] eGbf cln 7'nf] xG' 5 . l;d /fv/] dfa] fOnsf] ¿kdf klg ko| fu] ug{
;lsG5 .

ljB'tLo ;~rf/sf ;fwgdfkmt{ xfdLn] ;lhn} cfkmn" ] rfx]sf] JolSt;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;S5f}F .
df]afOn, Nofk6k, sDKo'6/n] ljBfy{Ls{ f] cWoog / l;sfOsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;xh agfp5F g\ .
;xL dfub{ zg{ u//] rnfpg lbFbf pknlAwdn" s xG' 5 . PSn} a:bf dgf/] ~hgsf nflu uLt ;G' g,
lkmNd xg] ]{ ;lsg], s/' fsfgL u/s] f] /]s8{ ug{ ;l' jwf kb| fg u5{ . kmf6] f] / lel8of] klg lvRg
;lsG5 . An'6'ysf] ;xfotfn] ;lhn} kmf]6f], lel8of] / uLt ;G' g ;lsG5 . oL ;fwgdf cnfd{
38L, Sofnsn' 6] /, gf]6as' h:tf ;'ljwf kfpg ;lsG5 . km];a's, l6\j6/, efOa/, lhdn] nufot

252 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

cGo ;fdflhs ;~hfndf hf]l8bF f cfjZos ;r" gfdn" s ;Gb]z k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;fwg
ljBfyL{n] nfdf] ;do;Dd ko| f]u ug{], ga'emL ko| fu] ug{,] cgfjZos ;fO6x¿ x]g]{ u/]df a]kmfObf
a9L xG' 5 . h;nfO{ k|ljlwsf] b?' kof]u klg elgG5 . o;sf] b'?kof]un] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
¿kdf xfgL k'¥ofpF F5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{;F Fu pknAw ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] ko| f]u u/L Ps :yfgLo klqsfdf
k|sfzg ugs{ f nflu Pp6f ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .

@= OG6/g6] sf] ;bk' ofu] ;DaGwdf cfkmg\ f] ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L÷Odn] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

#= ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ xg' ] kmfObf / a]kmfObfnfO{ ab'F fut ¿Kdf sIffdf k:| tt'
ug{'xf];\ .

$= cgnfOg ldl8ofdf ks| flzt tnsf] ;dfrf/ k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

jtd{ fg gk] fnsf k|foM ;a} ;/sf/L, u/} ;/sf/L tyf ;ª\3;:+ yfdf ;"rgf kl| jlwsf] k|ofu]
ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L sfdsfh lgoldt ;~rfng ug]{ / ljzi] f sfo{ ;r" gf kl| jlwsf]
dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ k|0ffnL klg a9b\ f] 5 . lgjfr{ g sfofn{ on] lgjfr{ g sfo{sf]
ax;' ªV\ os lx:;f ;"rgf k|ljlw k0| ffnLaf6 ;~rfng u/s] f] 5 eg] sG] b|Lo tYofª\s ljefun]
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfFs8f ;ª\sng / ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ klg o;} k|0ffnLaf6 ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . To;afx]s nf]s ;j] f cfofu] n] sd{rf/L 5gf6] k|0ffnL, oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{non]
;jf/L btf{ / rfns cg'dltkq Joj:yfkg, cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 Joj:yfkg / ;"rgf k|ljlw
ljefun] O{ lenh] , O{ :sn' , cgnfOg xflh/L h:tf sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . k//fi6« dGqfnon]
/fxbfgL k|ljm| of / lghfdtL lstfa vfgfn] sd{rf/Lsf] clenv] k|0ffnLsf] clenv] df ;"rgf
kl| jlw k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L ko| f]u u/s] f] 5 . ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] dfWodaf6
ljleGg ;/sf/L sfofn{ o, z}lIfs lgsfo / ;ª\3;:+ yfn] cgcfOg ldl6ª / cgnfOg sIff
klg ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ .

-s_ dflysf] ;dfrf/ k9]kl5 tkfOF{n] s] s:tf hfgsf/L lnge' of] < tL s/' fnfO{ Pscfk;df
5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f];\ .

-v_ cgcfOg ldl8ofsf] kmfObf pNn]v ugx'{ f];\ .

-u_ cgcfOg ldl8ofdf k|sflzt unt ;dfrf/n] ;dfhdf s:tf s:tf gsf/fTds
c;/ kfg{ ;S5 < 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 253

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;"rgf kl| jlw egs] f] s] xf] < n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-v_ tkfOF{ OG6/g6] nfO{ cfkm\gf] l;sfO Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ s;/L pkofu] ug'{xG' 5 <
-u_ Odn] nfO{ s'g s'g sfddf pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 <
-3_ df]afOn kmfg] sf kmfObf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ ;~rf/sf kl| jlwnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf ;b'kof]u ug{ g;Sbf s:tf s:tf ljs[lt pTkGg x'g

;S5g\ <

254 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
% ;d;fdlos 36gf / o;sf] ke| fj

jtd{ fg ;dodf ljZjel/ eO/x]sf kl/jt{g / ultljlwnfO{ ;d;fdlos 36gf elgG5 .
;d;fdlos 36gf o:tf] ljifoj:t' xf] h;sf] ;DaGw ;a} 36gf jf ultljlw;uF ;DalGwt
xG' 5 . tL ;a} ;d;fdlos 36gfsf kIf xg' \ . gk] fndf x'bF } cfPsf cfGbf]ngsf 36gf, ljZjdf
36s] f 36gf, dxfdf/L, b}jL ks| fk] , hnpTkGg ljkb\, v]ns'bsf ultljlw, zl} Ifs ultljlw
/fi6«/fi6«larsf] åGå, Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg;DaGwL ljifo cflb ;d;fdlos 36gfsf ljifoj:t'
xg' \ . o;} ;Gbe{df ljZjdf xfn 3l6/xs] f s]xL 36gf / ;dfrf/x¿ tn k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M

dxfdf/Llj?4 n8g\ Psh'6 xfc] f}F

a]nfot, km| fG;, hd{gLnufot ljZjsf @) eGbf a9L dn' s' sf gt] fx¿n] eljiodf x'g] ljZjJofkL
dxfdf/Llj?4 n8g\ tof/Lsf nflu cGt/fl{ i6o« ;lGw ug{ cfxj\ fg u/s] f 5Gf\ . a]nfotL kw| fgdGqL
af]l/; hfG] ;g, km| fG;sf /fi6k« lt ODofg'Pn Dofjm| fF,] hd{g rfG;n/ PGh]nf dfs{]nnufotsf
gt] fx¿n] sf/] fg] f efO/;n] bf];f| ] ljZjo'4kl5 ljZj;fd' ;a}eGbf 7'nf] r'gft} L v8f u/s] f] eGb}
o:tf ;d:of;Fu h'Wg ;lGw ug'k{ g]{ atfPsf xG' f\ .

sf]/fg] f h:t} k|sl[ tsf] csf]{ ljZjJofkL dxfdf/L eljiodf klg xg' ;Sg] eGb} o;sf nflu clxn]
g} tof/L yfNg'kg{] tL gt] fx¿sf] egfO 5 . xfnsf] dxfdf/Ln] ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg; ;'/lIft
geP;Dd sfx] L klg ;'/lIft /xbF }gGf\ eGg] kf7 l;sfPsf] :d/0f u/fPsf 5g\ .

ljZjsf k|d'v zlSt dflgg] d'n'sx¿sf @$ hgf gt] fx¿n] cfcfkmg\ f b]zsf kqklqsf tyf
;~rf/ dfWoddf n]v k|sfzg u/L ;a} b]zlar cfk;L ;xofu] sf] ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{
Ps k|sf/sf] ;lGw cfjZos ePsf] ts{ k:| t't u/s] f 5g\ . ca ;;+ f/sf bz] x¿ eljiodf x'g]
dxfdf/Lsf] ;6Ls cg'dfg ug{, /fs] yfd ug{, kQf nufpg, ;dLIff ug{ / To;kl| t ke| fjsf/L
9ª\un] pRr:t/sf] ;o+ fl] ht kl| tlj|mof hgfpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf /xgk' g{] pxfFx¿sf] egfO 5 .
Pp6f gofF ;lGwn] ;Defljt dxfdf/Laf/] hgtfnfO{ ;fjwfg u/fpg cem k|efjsf/L k0| ffnLx¿sf]
:yfkgf ug{ ;3fpg] pxfxF ¿sf] bfjL /xo\ f] .

xfn dfgj :jf:Yo;uF ;DalGwt Oafn] f, P8;\ , :jfOgkm\n', j8k{ m\n,' lhsf efO/;, sf/] f]gf efO/;
cflb hl6n ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf clxn] ljZjdf kml} nO/x]sf] 5 . ;lGwn] dxfdf/L;uF }
;DalGwt tYofªs\ x¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg, vf]kx¿ tyf ;/' IffTds kf;] fs / pks/0fsf] ljt/0f
Jojl:yt x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 255

/fli6«o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgf d]nDrL vfg]kfgL

sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf dn] DrL cfofh] gfsf]
kfgL ljt/0f sfo{ ;?' ePsf] 5 . vfg]kfgLsf]
lglDt a;f{bF} l] v sf7df8fF} pkTosfjf;Ln]
ax] f/] s] f] ;ªs\ 6sf] ;dfwfg ePsf] 5 .
sf7df8fF}sf] pQ/kj" d{ f /x]sf] l;Gwk' fNrfs]
lhNnfsf] d]nDrL vfn] fsf] kfgLnfO{ nfdf]
;?' ªdf k7fP/ To;nfO{ ;'Gb/Lhndf
emfl/Psf] 5 . ;'Gb/Lhndf pkTosfsf
nflu ljleGg :yfgdf lgdf0{ f ul/Psf
kf]v/Ldf hDdf u/]/ kfgLnfO{ ljleGg :yfgdf ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . vfgk] fgL cfofh] gfdf olt
nfdf] ;?' ªsf] lgdf0f{ sfo{ ug{ cg'ej g} lyPg . o;sf] nDafO emG8} @& lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] ;?' ª
/x]sf] 5 . lj=;+ @)&& kmfu'g !) ut] ;'?ªdf kfgL kj| fx u/L k/LIf0f u/]kl5 sf7df8faF} f;LnfO{
kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ;xh ePsf] 5 .

-;f| ]tM d]nDrL vfg]kfgL ljsf; ;ldltsf ljj/0f Pjd\ Zj]tkq_

hnjfo' kl/jtg{

;dosf] cGt/fndf k[YjLsf] jfod' 08nsf] tfkj|md, xfjfsf] axfj / jiff{td\ f xg' ] 36a9sf
sf/0f kY[ jL tyf o;sf] s'g} efudf cf};t df};ddf xg' ] dxŒjk0" f{ kl/jtg{ nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
elgG5 . of] kl/jt{g k[YjLsf] jfod' 08nsf] tfkj|mdsf] j[l4n] hn / jfo' tyf jftfj/0fdf xg' ]
gsf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . kY[ jLsf] jfod' 08n gfO6f« h] g, clS;hg, sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 h:tf Uof;F
ldn]/ ags] f] x'G5 . jfod' 08ndf oL ;a} UofF; lglZrt dfqfdf jf cg'kftdf x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf]
;Gtn' g lau|g hfbF f hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xg' ] u5{ . cf}Bfl] us ljsf;n] sfag{ 8fO{cS;fO8, ldyg] ,
;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8, Snf]/fˆ] nf]/f] sfag{ cflb j[l4 eP/ jfod' 08ndf tx eP/ a;]sf 5g\ .
o;sf] sf/0f jfo'd08ndf c;/ k/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . ljZjsf sltko
hªu\ ndf nfUg] 89n] f]sf] 36gfn] jfod' 08nLo kb| i" f0f pRr ljGbd' f k¥' ofPsf] 5 . g]kfn klg
jfod' 08nLo k|b"if0faf6 dS' t xg' ;s]sf] 5g} . a9b\ f] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f jif{f sd x'g] jf
j9L x'g] cj:yf /xG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/

-s_ ;d'›sf] ;tx a9g\ uO{ xf]rf :yfg 8'afgdf kg]{
-v_ lxdfnx¿ gfªu\ f 8fF8fdf kl/0ft x'g]

256 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

-u_ lxdtfnx¿sf] ljikmf6] xg' ] vt/f a9\g]
-3_ df};dL kmnkm"n / kmn" x¿ km'Ng] / kmNg] / kfSg] ;dodf kl/jt{g
-ª_ hLjhGts' f] nf]k xg' ] vt/f a9\g]
-r_ af9L klx/f] e"Ifo a9\g]

lj|mofsnfk

!= sf/] f]gf efO/;;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfoj{ |md cfof]hgf ug{'xf];\ . s:tf k|ltljm| of cfpF5g,\
To;nfO{ l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

@= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] gsf/fTds c;/af6 aRg sg' s'g pkfo ckgfpgk' nf{ < sIffdf
5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

#= jt{dfg ;dodf 36]sf ;d;fdlos 36gfsf] vfh] L u/L leQ]klqsfdf 6f; ug'{xf];\ .
$= vn] s'b If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;d;fdlos 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo,

lrq cflb ;ªs\ ng ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f / c;/ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-v_ sfl] e8 !( n] g]kfnsf] lzIff Ifq] df kf/s] f] k|efjsf] ;dLIff ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ ljleGg bz] lar xg' ] d}qLk0" f{ vn] n] tL /fi6« / ToxfsF f hgtfx¿lar kfg]{ k|efjnfO{ a'bF fut

¿kdf pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 257

PsfO

b; hg;ªV\ of / o;sf] Joj:yfkg

l;sfO pknlAw

• hg;fªl\ VosLsf tŒjx¿ pNn]v ug{ / gk] fndf
hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ df k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿sf] ;r" L
tof/ kfg{

• gk] fndf a;fO;F /fOsf sf/0f / c;/x¿ klxNofpg
• hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf sf/0f, c;/x¿ / Joj:yfkgsf

pkfo k|:tt' ug{

258 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
! hg;fªl\ Vos tŒj

s'g} lglZrt 7fpdF f lglZrt ;dodf a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] sn' ;ª\VofnfO{ hg;ª\Vof
elgG5 . hg;ª\Vof ;wF} kl/jtg{ zLn x'G5 . o:tf] kl/jt{gsf lglDt dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf lgjf{x ug]{
tŒj hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO;F /fO x'g\ . o;nfO{ hg;fª\lVos tŒj elgG5 . oL hg;ªV\ of lgwf{/0fsf
k|d'v sf/s x'g\ . hGdn] hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 u5{, d[To'n] hg;ªV\ of 36fpF5 . aflx/af6 a;fOF ;//]
cfpbF f hg;ªV\ of a95\ eg] aflx/ hfFbf hg;ªV\ of 36\5 .

!= hGd

hGd lg/Gt/ rln/xg] kf| s[lts kl| jm| of xf] . Ps dlxnfn] cfˆgf] k|hgg sfndf hLljt ¿kdf
aRrf kfpg' hGd xf] . hGd kh| gg kl| j|mof;uF ;DalGwt 5 . ;fdfGotof !% jifb{ ]lv $( jif{
pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ k|hggsf] bl[ i6sf]0fn] ofU] o x'G5g\ . k|hggofU] o dlxnfsf] hg;ª\Vof
pRr ePsf] 7fpF jf bz] df :jfefljs ¿kn] pRr hGdb/ x'g] u5{ . clzIff, a]/fh] uf/L h:tf
;d:of /xs] f] b]zdf klg ;fdfGotof hGdb/ a9L xg' ] u5{ .

@= d[To'

hGd h:t} d[To' klg k|fsl[ ts k|lj|mof xf] . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf cg;' f/ dT[ o' egs] f]
hGdkl5 sg' } klg ;dodf xg' ] ;Dk"0f{ hLljt ultljlwx¿sf] :yfoL cGTo xf] . d[TonfO{ ks| l[ tdf
;Gt'ng sfod ugs{ f lglDt cfjZos kg]{ hl} jsLo 36gf klg elgG5 . d[To'n] sg' } klg
7fpsF f] hg;ª\Vof 36fpF5 . To;sf/0f o;nfO{ hg;ªV\ of lgwf/{ 0fsf k|d'v sf/s tŒjcGtut{
/flvPsf] xf] . ;fdfGotof :jf:Yo cj:yf /fdf| ] ePsf] 7fpFdf dT[ o'b/ Go"g x'G5 eg] sdhf/]
:jf:y cj:yf ePsf] 7fpFsf] dT[ o'b/ pRr /xG5 .

#= a;fOF;/fO

Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f uO{ a;fa] f; ug{] k|ljm| ofnfO{ a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . ;fdfGotof a;fO;F /fO
;xh hLjg ofkgsf lglDt ug]{ ul/G5 . sltko cj:yfdf bjfjdn" s a;fO;F /fO klg x'g] u5{ .
k|s[ltsf cfwf/df a;fO;F /fO cfGtl/s, afx\o, ;dout x'g ;S5 . a;fO;F /fOn] hgªV\ ofsf]
cfsf/df kT| oIf kl/jt{g Nofp5F . a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] Ps k|dv' lgwf/{ s tŒjsf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 . a;fOF ;g]{ 7fpFnfO{ pb\ud :yn elgG5 eg] ;/]/ hfg] 7fpFnfO{ uGtJo elgG5 . o;/L
lglZrt ;l' jwf kf| lKtsf lglDt pb\ud :ynaf6 uGtJo :yntkm{ hfg] kl| j|mof g} a;fOF;/fO xf] .
g]kfndf a;fOF;/fOsf] ks| l[ t x]bf{ lxdfnL tyf kxf8L eu] af6 t/fO{df tyf uf| dL0f e]uaf6 ;x/L
e]utkm{ pGd'v /x]sf] bl] vG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 259

lj|mofsnfk
!= tLg ;d"xdf aflF 8g'xf];\ ug{x' f;] \ / k|Tos] ;dx" n] Pp6f Pp6f hg;fª\lVos tŒjsf] af/d] f

rf6{ k]k/df nv] L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ .
@= a;fO;F /fOn] cfcfˆgf] Ifq] df kf/]sf] ke| fjaf/] nv] L sIffdf Pscsfl{ ar tn' gf ug'{xf;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ hGd, dT[ o / a;fO;F /fOnfO{ lsg hg;fªl\ Vos tŒj elgPsf] xf] < sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ d[Tos' f] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ hg;fª\lVos tŒjsf] ;r" L tof/ u/L 5f6] s/Ldf JofVof ugx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ a;fO;F /fOsf sf/0fx¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
-ª_ a;fOF;/fOsf] pb\ud :yn / uGtJo :yndf s:tf s:tf k|efj x'G5g\ <

260 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
@ gk] fndf hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒj

hg;ª\Vofdf bv] f kg{] ;ª\VofTds 36a9 hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ xf] . hg;ª\Vof l:y/ /xbF g} .
of] ultzLn x'G5 . To;sf k5fl8 ljleGg kf| sl[ ts tyf dfgjLo sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . hGdn]
hg;ªV\ ofdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofpF5 cyjf dT[ o'b/eGbf hGdb/ a9L eof] eg] hgªV\ of
a9\5 . ljZjsf clwsfz+ bz] x¿df dT[ o'b/eGbf hGdb/ a9L x'g] u5{ . ljZjdf lbgkl| tlbg
hg;ª\Vof a9bf] jm| ddf /xs] f] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L ljsf;f]Gdv' b]zdf hGdb/ pRr /xs] f]
kfOG5 / hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] jm| d klg pRr /x]sf] 5 . d[Tos' f] sf/0f hg;ª\Vof 3l6/xs] f] xG' 5 .
a;fO;F /fOn] ubf{ hfg] 7fpsF f] hg;ªV\ ofdf 36\5 eg] cfpg] 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vofdf jl[ 4 x'G5 .

hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ df k|efj kfg]{ ljleGg tŒj x'G5g\ . tLdWo] hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO;F /fO kd| 'v
xg' \ . oL tŒj ;fdflhs, cflys{ / jftfj/0Lfo cj:yf;uF ;DalGwt xG' 5g\ .

!= ;fdflhs tŒj

-s_ rt] gfsf] sdL

clzIffn] hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/jt{gdf dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf v]N5 . JolStsf] ;fr] fO, lrGtg tyf p;sf]
Jojxf/sf] lgwf{/0f p;sf] r]tgfsf] :t/n] ug]{ u5{ . r]tgfsf] sdL ePsf JolStn] /fd|f] g/fdf| ,]
Jojxfl/s tyf cJofjxfl/s kIfsf] af/]df kl/l:yltcg¿' k 56' o\ fpg c;dy{ x'G5g\ . o;sf
;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf pkfosf] af/d] f klg sd hfgsf/L x'g ;S5 . o;sf] sf/0f
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf rf;f] gx'g] / hg;ªV\ of j[l4df o;sf] k|efj /xg] x'G5 .

-v_ kl/jf/sf] cj:yf

kl/jf/sf] cj:yf hgª\Vof kl/jtg{ sf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] . pRr tyf lzlIft kl/jf/sf
dlxnfx¿n] ;fdfGotof w/] } aRrf hGdfpg rfxbF g} g\ / ;fgf] kl/jf/df a:g ?rfpF5g\ .
pgLx¿df sfo{Jo:ttfn] ubf{ aRrfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ km;' b{ klg xbF' g} . 7'nf] tyf ;+oS' t
kl/jf/df aRrfsf] :oxf/;;' f/ ug]{ lhDdj] f/L klg w/] } hgfsf] x'g] x'Fbf w/] } aRrf hGdfpg]
;Defjgf /xG5 .

-u_ wfld{s ljZjf;

x/s] ;dfh sg' } g s'g} wflds{ dfGotfaf6 k|ToIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kdf k|efljt /xs] f] xG' 5 . xfd|f]
;dfhdf c´ klg lkt;[ QfTds dfGotf k0" f{ ¿kdf xl6;ss] f] 5}g . o:tf ;dfhdf 5f/] Lsf]
t'ngfdf 5f]/fsf] dxŒj a9L xG' 5 eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] wflds{ ljZjf;n] ubf{
hg;ªV\ ofsf] jl[ 4df dbt kU' 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 261

-3_ :jf:Yo ;l' jwfsf] cj:yf

:jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] . hg' 7fpFdf kofK{ t :jf:Yo ;l' jwfsf]
pknAwtf 5}g To; 7fpsF f dflg;sf] cf};t afRF g] cfo' sd xG' 5 cyjf dT[ ob' / a9L xg' ]
;Defjgf xG' 5 . o;/L :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] cefjdf dT[ ob' / a9L ePdf hGds] f] aRrf afRF g]
clglZrttfsf sf/0f jl[ 4 b/ klg pRr x'g ;S5 .

@= cfly{s tŒj
-v_ ul/aL

b}lgs ¿kdf hLljsfk] fh{gsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ;xh ¿kdf cfkl" t{
xg' g;ss] f] cj:yfnfO{ ul/aL elgG5 . ul/aLsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ sg' } klg JolStn] cfˆgf] bl} gs
hLjgsf cfjZostf ;Fu;Fu} u0' f:t/Lo ;'ljwf tyf lzIff klg kf| Kt ug{ c;dy{ xG' 5g\ . o;sf
;fy} ul/aLn] ubf{ cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ g} ;DklQsf] ;f| t] sf] ¿kdf lng] ;fr] fO klg ljsf; x'g
;S5 . eljiosf] ;fxf/fsf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] ;GtfgnfO{ lng] klg rng /xs] f] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4df 6]jf kU' 5 .

-u_ ;Gt'lnt cfxf/sf] cefj

:j:y hLjg ofkg ug{ ;Gt'lnt cfxf/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;Gtl' nt cfxf/sf] cefjdf ljleGg
lsl;dsf /fu] nfUg] ;fy} pd/] gk'Ub} d[To' x'g] klg ;Defjgf /xG5 . pRr d[To'b/sf sf/0f
hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ xG' 5 .

-3_ a]/f]huf/L

cfo cfh{gd"ns ultljlwdf ;n+ Ug gePsf] cj:yf a/] f]huf/L xf] . g]kfndf a]/f]huf/L r'gf}tLk0" f{
5 . /fh] uf/L gxg' s' f sf/0f sg' } klg ultljlwdf Jo:t x'g'kbg{} . kl/jf/df ;w}F /xg] cj:yf xFb' f
aRrfaRrLnfO{ :oxf/;;' f/ ug]{ kofK{ t ;do x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ hGdb/ pRr /xg] ;Defjgf x'G5
/ hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ cfpF5 .

#= jftfj/0fLo tŒj
-s_ xfjfkfgL

xfjfkfgL hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sf/s tŒj xf] . lr;f] xfjfkfgLsf] tn' gfdf tftf]
xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] afnaflnsf l56f] kl/kSj cj:yfdf kU' 5g\ . l56f] kl/kSjtfn]
ubf{ pgLx¿ ;fg} pd]/df k|hgg sfod{ f ;lj|mo /xg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

262 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

-v_ kb| "if0f

xfd|f] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf cgfjZos j:t'x¿sf] dfqf a9g\ uO{ :jf:YonfO{ xflg k¥' ofpg]
cj:yf kb| "if0f xf] . cTolws k|b"if0fsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]uaf6 ;ª\j|mldt x'g]
;Defjgf xG' 5 . /fu] af6 u|l;t hg;ª\Vofn] bz] sf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gdf sg' } e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{
;Sb}g eg] d[To'b/ klg a9g\ ] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;n] ubf{ hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{g x'G5 .

-u_ ljkb\

;fdfGotof kf| s[lts / dfgljo sf/0fn] ubf{ ljkb\x¿ cfOk5g{ \ . o:tf ljklQsf sf/0f w]/}
wghgsf] Iflt x'gs' f ;fy} hg;ª\Vofdf klg kl/jtg{ cfpg] u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg] ljleGg tŒjsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ /
sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f];\ .

@= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gdf ke| fj kfg{] tŒjdWo] a;fO;F /fOsf] cj:yf /
To;sf] sf/0fnfO{ ;d6] /] Ps n]v tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ wflds{ ljZjf;n] hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/jt{gdf s:tf] el" dsf v]Nb5 < n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ df c;/ k¥' ofpg] jftfj/0Lfo kIfaf/] 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ df ke| fj kfg]{ ;fdflhs kIfaf/] 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 263

kf7
# gk] fndf a;fO;F /fOsf sf/0f / c;/

a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0f

pb\ud :yfgb]lv uGtJo :yfgtkm{ hfg] kl| j|mof
a;fOF;/fO xf] . a;fOF;/fOdf cfsif{0f / ljsif0{ f
ug]{ tŒj xG' 5g\ . ljsif{0f ug]{ tŒjn] pb\ud :yn
5f]8g\ sf lglDt clek|l] /t u5{g\ eg] cfsif0{ f
ug]{ tŒjn] uGtJo :yndf a;fOF;/fOsf nflu
clekl]| /t u5g{ \ .

ufpFdf kof{Kt /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ gePsf] xfO] g
t/ o;sf] klxrfg / k|of]udf o'jf k':tfsf]
Wofg k'us] f] 5}g . oxfF pTkfbg ePsf j:t'
hLljsfk] fhg{ sf lglDt kofK{ t 5g\ . lzlIft
dflg;x¿ oxfF a:bg} g\ eg] clzlIft ls;fg
/ j[4j[4fx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs sl[ if k|0ffnL;DaGwL
1fgsf] cefj 5 . k9n] v] ]sf dflg; s[lif k;] fdf cfpg rfxFb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yf cfpgd' f s[lifsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Jofj;foLs/0f gxg' ' xf] . oltdfq xf]Og xfdf| ufpF3/df Psftkm{ pRr
lzIff xfl;n ug{] /fdf| SofDk;, ljZjljBfnox¿ 5g} g\ eg] csft{ km{ lzlIft hgzlStn] cfˆgf]
bIftfcg'¿ksf] cj;/ klg kf| Kt ug{ ;ss] f 5}gg\ . o:tf cj;/;Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿ gk] fndf
a;fO;F /fOsf dxŒjk"0f{ sf/s tŒj aGg k'us] f 5g\ . oL ;a} cfly{s kIfx¿;uF ;DalGwt sf/0f
xg' \ .

ljz]if u/L jo:s cyjf ;lj|mo hg;ªV\ of a9L dfqfdf :yfoL cyjf c:yfoL lsl;dsf]
a;fO;F /fOdf ;lj|mo ePsf] kfOG5 . pRr lzIff kf| lKtsf nflu xf;] \ jf /f]huf/Lsf nflu xf];\ oxL
;dx" sf] hg;ª\Vof g} a9L ;ljm| o ePsf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f g} ufpdF f j[4j[4f tyf s6] fs]6Lsf]
;ªV\ of a9L x'g uPsf] xf] . xfd|f] ;dfhdf lkt[;QfTds dfGotf xfjL ePsfn] ljjfxkZrft\
dlxnf k'?ifsf] 3/df hfg] kr| ng /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf xf];\ jf cGo
ko| fh] gsf nflu klg k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] a;fOF;/fOsf] j|md cToGt Go"g /xs] f] 5 .

o;/L ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefj, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ k|fKt gx'g', s[lifdf cfw'lgsL/0f tyf
Joj;flosLs/0f gxg' ,' u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ gxg' ' cflb h:tf kIfx¿ g} ;du| gk] fnsf]
a;fOF;/fOsf k|dv' sf/0f x'g\ .

264 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

lj|mofsnfk

bIf tyf oj' f k:' tfx¿ ufpF dfq xg} lbg kl| tlbg bz] } 5f8] /] knfog eO/xs] f 5g\ . sd ljsl;t
dn' s' af6 ljsl;t dn' s' df hfg] jm| d al9/xs] f] 5 . ljsf;fG] dv' bz] x¿df ljsf;sf ultljlw
;~rfng ugs{ f lglDt hgzlStsf] cefj a9b\ } uPsf] 5 . ljZjsf ul/a bz] hgzlStsf]
cefjdf ´g\ sdhf/] xbF' } uO/xs] f 5g\ eg] wgL bz] n] ;:tf] dN" odf bIf hgzlSt kf| Kt ul//xs] f
5g\ . o:tf sf/0fn] ljZj cyt{ Gqdf c;dfgtfsf] vf8n a9b\ f] jm| ddf 5 .

!= dfly pNnv] ul/Psf] ;d:of sg' k|sf/sf] a;fOF;/fO;uF ;DalGwt 5 < o;k|sf/sf]
;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt s] ug'k{ nf{ <cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoSt ug'{xf;] \ .

@= cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO egs] f] s] xf] < o;n] b]zsf] ljsf;df s:tf] c;/ k'¥ofpF5 <
nV] g'xf;] \ .

#= gk] fndf a;fOF;/fOsf c;/ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf lgisif{df k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ g]kfndf a;fOF;/fO x'gs' f sf/0f pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .
-v_ g]kfndf a;fOF;/fOn] kf/]sf c;/sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
-u_ gk] fndf cfGtl/s tyf afxo\ a;fOF;/fOsf sg' } bO' { bO' { sf/0f n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ cfGtl/s a;fO;F /fOsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f / ;x/L If]qdf kg{ uPsf c;/

pNn]v u/L o;sf ;dfwfgsf lglDt s] ugk{' nf{, a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vgx' f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

!= cfkm" a;s] f] ;db' fodf uO{ ;d'bfosf sg' } JolStnfO{ e6] L a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0f / ;db' fodf
To;n] kf/]sf] c;/ ;DaGwdf pgLx¿sf ljrf/ ;d6] L n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 265

kf7
$ hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf sf/0f / c;/

-hg;ª\Vof ultzLn x'G5 . ljZjsf ljsf;f]Gdv' tyf clt sd ljsl;t dn' s' x¿ tLj| hg;ª\Vof
jl[ 4sf sf/0f ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug afWo eO/xs] f 5g\ . hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf sf/0f / c;/
;DaGwdf s]lGbt| /x/] Ps b}lgs klqsfsf ;Dkfbs / hg;ª\Vofljbl\ ar ePsf] cGt/jftfs{ f]
c+z oxfF k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 ._

;Dkfbs M gd:sf/ hg;ªV\ ofljbH\ o" Û cfhsf] xfdf| ] a;fOdf hg;ª\Vof ljifo;uF
;DalGwt /x]/ cGtjf{tf{ cufl8 a9fpg] cg'dlt rfxG5' .

hg;ª\Vofljb\ M gd:sf/ Û ljifo uxg 5 . xfdf| ] ;j+ fb klg kSs} ke| fjsf/L xg' ] 5 .

;Dkfbs M hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf ljleGg sf/0fx¿ xg' ;S5g\ . oxfFsf] ljrf/df ;ae} Gbf
dxŒjk0" f{ sf/0f s] s] xf]nfg\ <

hg;ªV\ ofljb\ M hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf ljleGg sf/0f xG' 5g\ . tLdWo] clzIff, a/] fh] uf/L, wfld{s
cGwljZjf;, ;fdflhs s/' Llt, d'Vo sf/0f x'g\ . cGo sf/0fx¿df nª} l\ us
lje]b, dT[ ob' /df j|mlds ¿kdf lgoGq0f xFb' } hfg,' a;fO;F /fO cflb hg;ª\Vof
jl[ 4sf k|dv' sf/0fx¿ x'g\ .

;Dkfbs M ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu;Fu} xfdf| ;f]rfO / dfGotfx¿df kl/jtg{ Nofpg ;lsPg
eg] ljleGg ljs[ltx¿ klg cfpg ;S5g\ . o:tf wflds{ cGwljZjf; /
;fdflhs s/' Lltsf] hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4;Fu s:tf] ;DaGw /xG5 xfn] f <

hg;ªV\ ofljb\ M xf] wd{ ;dfhdf cg';fzg sfod u/fpg] Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ dfWod klg xf] . ;do
;fk]lIfs ¿kdf xfdf| wfld{s dfGotfx¿df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsPg eg] o;sf]
gs/fTds ke| fj kg{ ;S5 . ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx ug{,' lhpFbf] 5Fbf x]5{ / d/]kl5
klg 5f/] f] rflxG5 eGg] ;+ls0f{ ;fr] fOsf sf/0f hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 x'g k'U5 .

;Dkfbs M hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4f6 x'g] c;/sf] af/]df klg k:| 6 kl/lbg'xG' Yof] ls <

hg;ª\Vofljb\ M hg;ªV\ of j[l4kZrft\ o;sf ljljw lsl;dsf c;/ x'g] u5g{ \ . o;sf]
;ae} Gbf dxŒjk"0f{ c;/ t kf| s[lts ;f| t] sf] r/d bf]xg g} xf] . ;Dk0" f{ dfgjLo
cfjZostfsf] kd| v' ;f| ]t g} ks| l[ ts ;f| ]t xg' \ . hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf] tn' gfdf
pknAw ;|f]t a9b\ }gg\ . pknAw ;f| t] / hg;ªV\ oflar ;Gtn' g xF'b}g . o;n]
hg;ªVofsf] Joj:yfkgdf c;/ ko' fp5F . ;dud| f tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf

266 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

sf/0f kg{] c;/cGtut{ ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ s[lts c;/, cflys{ c;/ /
jftfj/0fLo c;/ k5g{ \ .

;Dkfbs M hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf sf/0f bv] f kg{] ;fdflhs / ;f:+ s[lts c;/sf] ;DaGwdf
k|:6 kfl/lbgx' G' 5 ls <

hg;ªV\ ofljb\ M /fdf| ] s'/f uge'{ of] . ;fdflhs cj:yfdf bv] f k/s] f] gsf/fTds c;/n]
xfdf| ;f:+ sl[ ts k/Dk/f, dN" o dfGotfx¿df klg kT| oIf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .
xfd|f ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbf tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf sf/0f lbg k|ltlbg cltj|mldt
eO/xs] f 5g\ . df}lns k/Dk/f nfk] x'g] cj:yfdf ku' ]sf 5g\ . k|frLg tyf
Pl] txfl;s dxŒjsf 7fpxF ¿df lbg k|ltlbg a:tL a9b\ f] j|mddf 5 . 7'nf
Jofkfl/s s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf eO/x]sf 5g\ . dflg;x¿ ;Lldt dfqfdf pknAw
;|f]taf6 cl;ldt cfjZostf k"/f ug'{kg{] afWotfn] ubf{ dfl} ns k|rngx¿
eN' b} uPsf] cj:yf 5 .

;Dkfbs M pRr hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4n] dgfj] 1} flgs ;d:of klg lgDTofp5F elgG5 . dflg;sf]
efjgf;uF of] s;/L ;DalGwt xG' 5 xfn] f <

hg;ªV\ ofljb\ M xf] pRr hg;ªV\ of j[l4af6 pTkGg ;d:ofn] JolStsf] zf/Ll/s dfq geP/
dfgl;s cj:yfdf klg ;d:of pTkGg xg' ;S5 . c:tJo:t jftfj/0fLo
cj:yf, sfn] fxn, a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of, cefj, kof{Kt cj;/sf] cefj,
cJojl:yt a;f]af;, c;/' lIft ;fdflhs jftfj/0f cflb ;a} pRr hg;ª\Vof
j[l4af6 pTkGg xg' ] ;d:of xg' \ . o:tf lsl;dsf ;d:of Ps} k6s cfOk/]df
JolStdf dgfj] 1} flgs c;/ kg{ ;S5 .

;Dkfbs M wGojfb Û oxfsF f] pkl:ylt / cy{k0" f{ ;+jfbsf nflu xfdL w]/} cfef/L 5f}F .

hg;ª\Vofljb\ M dnfO{ cfˆgf s'/f /fVg] cj;/ lbg'ePsfdf tkfOn{F fO{ klg w/] } wGojfb .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffnfO{ leGg leGg ;dx" df juL{s/0f ugx{' f];\ / hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf sf/0f tyf c;/
rf6d{ f nv] ]/ k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

@= hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gsf sf/0f tkfO{Fsf] ;dfhdf kg{ uPsf c;/ ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn
u/L Go"gLs/0fdf tkfOF{sf] el" dsf vfh] L ugx'{ f;] \ .

#= hg;ª\Vofsf] jl[ 4af6 bv] f kg{ ;Sg] dgf]j1} flgs k|efjsf] af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/L
n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 267

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf sf/0fx¿ n]vL 5f6] s/Ldf JofVof ug'x{ f];\ .
-v_ hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf c;/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ hg;ª\Vof 36g\ fn] cflys{ Ifq] df kg{] k|efjsf] ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
!= tkfOF{sf] ;db' fodf hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gsf sf/0f bv] f k/]sf ;d:of ;d]6L lgDgcg;' f/sf]

zLif{sdf Ps k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{'xf;] \ M
-s_ zLif{s
-v_ p2Z] o
-v_ cWoog ljlw
-v_ kQf nfus] f s'/f
-v_ lgisif{

268 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (

kf7
% hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg

cjwf/0ff

pknAw ;|ft] ;fwg / hg;ª\Voflarsf] ;Gt'lnt cj:yf hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkg xf] . dflg;sf
x/s] cfjZostf kl/kl" t{ ug]{ dfWod k|fs[lts ;|ft] x'g\ . pknAw ;|f]tsf] t'ngfdf hg;ª\Vofsf]
dfqf a9L xg' uPdf cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{df gsf/fTds c;/ k'U5 / ljleGg lsl;dsf
;d:of bv] f kg{ ;S5g\ . hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkg egs] f] hg;ª\Vofsf] ;Gtl' nt cj:yf xf] .
o;n] JolStsf cfwf/et" cfjZostfsf] ;xh cfk"lts{ f ;fy u0' f:t/Lo hLjgofkgdf dxŒjk0" f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . hg;ª\Vof ultzLn 5 t/ hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf] cgk' ftdf kf| s[lts ;|ft]
a9b\ g} g\ . ;dod} ;Gtn' gsf pkfo cjnDag u/L hg;ªV\ ofsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{ dfgj
hutsf lglDt lxts/ xG' 5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkg g} hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 / b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf
cflys{ cj:yflar ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ ;ae} Gbf ke| fjsf/L dfWod xf] . hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgn]
kf| s[lts ;|ft] / pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fdf klg hf]8 lbG5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf]
Joj:yfkg kl| j|mofdf jl[ 4b/ lgoGq0f ug]{ dfq geO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f, a;fOF;/fOsf] ;+/rgf,
cj:yf / cGo ljsf;sf ultljlwx;Fu ;Da4 kIfx¿nfO{ klg plQs} dxŒj lbOG5 .

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf pkfo

hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkg pknAw ;f| ]t / ;fwg;Fu hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug]{ k|ljm| of xf] .
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, ljt/0f, ;/+ rgf, jl[ 4b/ cflb hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkg;uF ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .
;fdfGotof hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ j[l4;Fu dfq hf8] ]/ xg] ]{ ul/G5 t/ o; k|ljm| ofdf hGd
b/, d[To'b/ a;fOF;/fO, ;Gt'lnt hg;ª\Vof cflbsf] klg ljZn]if0f ug{'kg{] xG' 5 . u0' f:t/Lo hLjg
ofkgsf lglDt cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ;fy;fy} lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/' Iff, /fh] uf/L, dgf]/~hg,
clwsf/sf] ;l' glZrttf x'gk' 5{ . tL ;a} kIfx¿sf] ke| fjsf/L 9ªu\ n] Joj:yfkg ug'{ hg;ªV\ ofsf]
Joj:yfkg xf] . To;sf/0f hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkgsf lglDt kT| oIf tyf ck|ToIf pkfox¿
cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

kT| oIf pkfocGtu{t l9nf] ljjfx, hGdfGt/sf] jl[ 4, j}w ue{ktg, cJojl:yt a;fOF;/fOsf]
lgoGq0f, ue{lg/fw] s ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu] cflb k5g{ \ . o:t]} ck|ToIf pkfocGtu{t hg;ª\Vof
lzIff, ljleGg ;rt] gfdn" s sfoj{ |md, dlxnf ;zStLs/0f, /f]huf/L tyf cfocfh{gd"ns
ultljlwdf jl[ 4 cflb k5g{ \ .

dlxnfn] !$ jifb{ l] v $( jif{ ;Ddsf] pd/] df aRrf hGdfpg ;S5g\ . olb sg' } klg dlxnfsf]
ljjfx !% jf !^ jif{s} pd]/df eof] eg] nfdf] ;do cyjf nueu ##, #$ jifs{ f] cjlw;Dd

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff ( 269

aRrf hGdfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . hlt nfdf] ;do ;Dd uefw{ f/0f ug]{ ;do /xG5 ;fx] L
cg'kftdf hg;ª\Vofsf] jl[ 4 x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 / hg;ª\Vofsf] jl[ 4 ;Fu;Fu} Joj:yfkgdf klg
sl7gfO ePsf] x'G5 . ljjfxsf] pd/] g} l9nf eof] eg] uef{wf/0f ug{] ;do klg 36b\ } hfG5 eg]
csft{ km{ l9nf] pd/] ;Dd cGo cj:yfdf klg kl/kSjtf cfO;Sg] xF'bf hGd b/ :jefljs ¿kdf
lgoGq0f xG' 5 .
jtd{ fg ;dodf af6f3f6fsf] ljsf;, tLj| ;x/Ls/0f, cfw'lgsLs/0f cflbn] a;fO;F /fOdf
Jofkstf cfPsf] 5 . cJojl:yt a;fOF;/fO ePdf ;f| t] x¿sf] cefj xg' ], kb| i" f0f a9g\ ], kf| s[lts
;f| t] ;fwgdflysf] bjfa a9g\ ] xG' 5 . ;x/L If]qdf b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFaf6 cTolws dfqfdf
hg;ªV\ ofsf] j[l4sf sf/0f Joj:yfkgdf rg' ft} L bv] f k/]sf] 5 . cJojl:yt lsl;dsf] a;fO;F /fO
ePdf u|fdL0f eu] df ePsf ;f| t] x¿sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf pkof]u ug{] dflg;sf] cefj /xG5 .
vt] af/L afFemf x'G5g\ . dlxnfsf] uefw{ f/0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, cJojl:yt a;fOF;/fO, hGdb/sf]
leGgtf cflbn] hg;ª\Vofsf] jl[ 4df kT| oIf c;/ k¥' ofpg] xg' fn] logsf] Joj:yfkg hg;ªV\ of
Joj:yfkgsf] k|ToIf pkfocGtu{t k5{ .
hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkgdf ck|ToIf dfWodsf] e"ldsf klg dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . logn] b"/ufdL ¿kdf
k|efj kfg]{ xG' 5g\ . o:tf pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;s] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkgdf
dbt k'U5 .
hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/sf] Psn ko| f; dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} . x/s] If]q, ;d'bfo tyf
JolStn] klg cfcfˆgf] 7fpFaf6 lhDdj] f/Lk0" f{ Jojxf/ kb| z{g ugk'{ 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk
!= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfo emNsg] rf6{ tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\ .
@= sIffdf hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf o'jfx¿sf] el" dsf ljifodf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf

cfofh] gf ugx'{ f];\ / lzIfssf] ;xof]udf d"Nofª\sg ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf kT| oIf tyf ckT| oIf pkfosf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{‘xf];\ .
-u_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf tkfOF{n] lgjfx{ ug{ ;Sg] e"ldsf 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vg'xf;] \ .

270 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff (