Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum
Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional material.
Occupation,
Business
&
Technology
Education
8Class
Romharsh Panthee
Krishna Bahadur G.C.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 1
Occupation,
Business
&
Technology
Education
8Class
Copyright : Authors
Edition 2071
2072
First Edition : 2073
2075 (Revised)
Second Edition : 2076
Exclusively Revised :
Third Edition :
Reprint :
Layout : Oasis Desktop Publishing
(Ramesh Bhattarai)
Printed in Nepal
2 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Occupation, Business and Technology Education has been designed to
make students familiar with the different types of professions, businesses and
technologies from the early classes so that they can understand the importance
of different works, jobs, occupations and activities which are being performed
by their parents, guardians, relatives and society. They will understand the
needs and importance of different professions, businesses and technologies
to run their life. After the study of this course, they will develop a feeling of
respect and love to all types of jobs, occupations, trades and works which
are equally important in the society. They will realize that all types of works
are important. There should not be any discrimination on the basis of work
because work is worship.
Education should be a means to make one’s life better. Education must be
related to life and it should help students to bring positive changes and run
their life. Whatever knowledge, skill and information students acquire and
learn from schools and colleges, they must be able to use that in their practical
life. They must be able to use and utilize their education to make their life
happy. Only then, they will be interested to get education. It will develop a
feeling of patriotism, national unity, democratic culture and hard-working
character .They will develop self discipline and moral character in them. They
must internalize this feeling that a well educated, skilled and professional
person can survive with dignity in any corner of the world.
This book has been prepared with great care to make it easy and lucid in
every way possible. A text book is an important tool for teaching and learning
process. But, it is not complete in itself. This is a simple guideline to the
teachers and students. They have to make it a living education and learn
through practical work. They must visit the places and areas where different
types of professions, businesses and technologies are available and in use. If
the students visit, see, observe and do the things themselves, it will be very
effective and useful. Students enjoy practical work rather than theoretical
rote learning and memorization. Actually, bookish learning without practical
work has no use. So, practically achieved knowledge and skill is long lasting,
effective and very useful.
Very serious and careful efforts have been made to make this book up to date
and standard. Nothing is absolute. So, there might be some lacks, errors,
drawbacks, shortcomings in the presentation of subject matter, language
and illustrations. Teachers, students, parents, readers are the real judges of
these things. So, all types of constructive and valuable suggestions are highly
appreciated from teachers, students, parents and readers to improve it in
upcoming editions.
- Authors
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 3
Dear Teachers and Students,
Occupation, Business and Technical Education is a new subject. It has varieties
of subject matters for study. Mainly, it has three parts. The first part deals with
the concept of professional education and its importance. The second part deals
with the orientation to profession and business. It highlights soft skills, business,
different occupations, their features, operating methods, etc. and the third
part deals with the technical education which includes traditional and modern
technology. Before you start teaching learning activity, please read the grid and
contents carefully which helps you what to study. This is a practical subject. So, it
focuses more on practical work. It has 50% theoretical and 50% practical course.
So, students should be familiar with the different occupations, businesses and
technical education through theoretical along with practical and field work.
Main Objectives of the Subject
After the completion of basics level course (6-8), the students will be able:
• to be familiar with the means of livelihood and select the profession according
to their interest, capacity and opportunity,
• to get information and knowledge of national and international labour market,
• to develop common professional soft skills and apply them,
• to develop positive attitude towards all kinds of professions,
• to prepare a scheme or plan to conduct a profession,
• to develop habit to relate education for work,
• to use homely appliances, technologies and different instruments and
devices safely,
• to conserve traditional technologies,
• to use modern technology.
Teaching Learning Methods
This subject should be equally focused on theoretical and practical knowledge.
Teachers and students can apply their own innovative ideas, methods, and
techniques for teaching, learning activity and study. The following methods can
be applied for the teaching learning activity:
• Discussion • Demonstration
• Question-Answer • Field Study
• Practical Work • Exhibition
• Observation • Mini Project
• Research
4 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Evaluation
This subject has three areas of study. They are: professional education, orientation
of profession and business and technical education. For the theoretical exam of 5o
marks, the division of marks is given below:
SN Subject /Area Marks No of Questions
1. Professional Education 20 4 Questions of 5 Marks
4 Questions of 5 Marks
2. Orientation of Profession and Business 20 2 Questions of 5 Marks
3. Technical Education 10
Total 50 Total Questions 10 of 5
Marks = 50
Teaching Hours
Teaching Teaching Total
Tentative
SN Area / Subject Weightage Periods for Periods for Teaching
Theoretical Practical Periods
Study Work 45
1. Professional 25 30 15 95.0
Education
35
Orientation of 55 37.5 57.5 175
2. Profession and
Business
3. Technology 20 20 15
Education
Total 100.00 87.5 87.5
What to teach?
Part One : All Untis
Part Two : Units 3, 4, 5 and 6 all, and any 4 units from 7 to 14 should be taught.
Part Three : All Units
Note:- Please, find specific grid on pages 329 and 330 and model questions on pages 329,
331 to 339.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 5
Contents
Part-One (Professional Education)
1. Professional Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49
1. Levels of Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. Health Related Professions and Human Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3. Engineering Related Professions and Human Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4. Agriculture Related Profession and Human Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5. Finance Related Professions and Human Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6. Tourism Related Professions and Human Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7. Education Related Professions and Human Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8. Public Service Related Professions and Human Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9. Relationship between Education and Professions .........................................45
2. Education, Training and Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-67
1. Selection of Professional Area and Making Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2. Institutions Providing Medium and Higher Level General Education . . . 55
3. Institutions Providing Medium and Higher Level Technical Education . . 61
3. Information about Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-89
1. Sources of Information about Foreign Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2. Means and Methods of Getting Information about Foreign Employment . . . . . . 74
3. Basic Information about Foreign Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4. Foreign Employment Management Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5. International Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6. Opportunities and Challenges of Foreign Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Part-Two (Orientation of Profession and Business)
(Note:- Units 4, 5 and 6 are compulsory. Teach any four units from 7 to 14. But any ONE
lesson from unit 11 should be taught compulsorily.)
4. General Professional Skills (soft skills) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-97
1. Decision Making Skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2. Solution to Problem and Analysis Skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98-111
1. Operating Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2. Entrepreneurial Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3. Planning to Run a Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
4. Local Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6. Business Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-126
1. Marketing Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2. Relationship Between Market and Entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3. Determination of Price and Management of Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4. World Trade Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
(Note:- Teach any 4 units from 7-14)
7. Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127-166
1. Vegetables Farming on the Roof or Courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
2. Multi Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3. Mushroom Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4. Storage of Vegetables According to Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5. Production and Storage of Vegetable-Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6. Organic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7. Farming of Earthworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
8. Organic Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9. Modern Method of Protecting Vegetables and Fruits from Diseases,
Insects and Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
10. Management of Vegetable Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
11. Off Seasonal Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8. Fruit Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167-178
1. Seeds of Fruits and Grafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
2. Trimming of Fruit Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3. Storage of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4. Preparing a Plan for Fruit Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9. Production of Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Foodstuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179-195
1. Processing and Use of Dry Vegetables and Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
2. Items of MOMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3. Different Food Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
10. Farming of Flowers and Herbs (Horticulture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196-205
1. Gardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
2. Use of Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
11. Raising and Caring of Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206-346
(Note: Teach any ONE lesson only from this unit)
1. Raising Goats, Sheep and Mountain Goats (Chyangras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
2. Raising Cows, Buffaloes and Yaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3. Poultry Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4. Pig Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5. Fish Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 7
6. Bee Keeping (Apiculture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7. Rabbit Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
12. Handicraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247-268
1. Paper Crafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
2. Making a Mandro and Dhakki From Different Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
3. Reuse of Waste Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
4. Carving on Wood and Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
5. Polishing and Shining Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
13. Claywork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269-282
1. Construction of Different Shapes, Fruits, Vegetables, Animals, and Home
Household Utensils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
2. Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
3. Introduction to Colour and Its Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
4. Buying and Selling of Produced Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
14. Sewing and Weaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283-306
1. Sewing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
2. Methods of Taking Body Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
3. Introduction to Drafting and Its Necessity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
4. Methods of Using Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
5. Darning (raffu) Stitches for Embroidery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
6. Knitting Muffler and Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7. Apron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Part-Three Technology Education
(Note:- Teach both units)
15. Local Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307-320
1. Local Knowledge and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
2. Development of Traditional Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
3. Plough and Tractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
4. Improved Chulo (OVEN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
5. Collection of Rain Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
16. Modern Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321-337
1. Modern Home Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
2. Modern Technology and Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
3. Alternative Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
4. Use of Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
5. Code of Conduct in the Use of Information Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Specification Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Model Questions Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Unit
1
Professional Education
Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 20
In a broad sense, the word occupation refers to all kinds of works which
are run, conducted and done by each and every person of the society
whether they are related to agriculture, business, office or social service.
Professional education is a process of gaining knowledge, skill, training,
information, etc. about different professions and occupations. This
education helps students to be able to understand nature, scope, methods
and importance of different professions. Moreover, professional education
fosters respect to all kinds of works. It develops positive attitude about
different works which are equally important in the society as a whole like
the body organs to make a complete life. No work is big or small. Such
type of feeling is developed in the minds and hearts of students through
professional education. It makes students realize that work is worship to
make a happy life in the world.
After gaining professional education, the students will be able to select a
profession according to their own interest and capacity. They can run their
professions successfully. They become laborious and practical from their
school life. Not only this, professional education prepares foundations of
capable human resource for the country to generate all round development
of the society.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 9
1L e s s o n
Levels of Professions
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name the different levels of professions and state their features.
Pre-reading Activity
What types of works are done by the people of your locality? Discuss in the
class.
Terms & Terminologies
key : main
broad : wide, including a great variety of people or things
scope : the opportunity or ability to do or achieve something
level : rank or stage
classify : categorize, organize
nature : the usual way that a person or an animal behaves i.e.
character:
Occupation : profession
10 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
A society is a combination of different people. They run different occupations and
professions of their own with different purposes. There are different occupations
such as agriculture, forestry, finance, tourism, medical science and research, politics
and social services, education, teaching and preaching, etc. These professions
can be classified in three levels according to their nature and traits. These three
levels are: basic, medium and high level. The level of profession is determined by
its nature, scope, feature and its importance. The example of following medical
profession makes it clear.
Basic Level Assistant Health Worker
Levels of Medium Level Health Assistant
Professions
High Level Doctors
There are many factors which determine and make a profession basic, medium
and high. Especially, its process of running makes it different. If a profession needs
basic skill, knowledge and it is easy to run, it can be called a basic level profession.
Knowledge
Competition Process
Skill What makes Expenditure
Demand different Nature
levels of
professions?
Importance Scope
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 11
Example:
A son runs his father’s farm just following his father can be called a basic level
profession. But if the son takes some formal education and training it can be
medium such as junior technician of agriculture. If the son gets more specific
knowledge and qualification doing research on agriculture, it can be called a
specialist which is known as high level profession. It shows that every profession
has three levels.
Levels of Professions
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What do you mean by levels of professions?
2. What elements make professions of different levels?
3. Make a list of different professions and state their levels.
4. What kinds of professions do the people of your locality follow? Make a list.
Project Work
What is called level of profession? What factors make a profession basic,
medium and high level? Discuss and write.
12 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
2L e s s o n
Health Related Professions and
Human Resources
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce different professions related to medical health, their work and
illustrate their importance.
Pre-reading Activity
How do you feel when a doctor cures your unbearable pain? Share your
experience in the class.
Terms & Terminologies
health : physical and mental well-being
prosperous : rich and successful
pharmacy : the study of how to prepare medicines and drugs
diagnosis : finding, analysis, identification
specialization : to become an expert in a particular area of work, study
or business; to spend more time on one area of work,
etc. than on others
physiotherapy : the treatment of disease, injury or weakness in the joints
or muscles by exercises, massage and the use of light
and heat
prescribe : recommend, order, refer
bachelor : a person who has a Bachelor’s degree (the a first
university degree)
diploma : a course of study at a college or university
medicine : the study and treatment of diseases and injuries or a
substance, especially a liquid that you drink or swallow
in order to cure an illness
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 13
Health is the most important basic need of human beings. Without good health,
we can’t imagine a prosperous and happy life. There are different professions
and human resource related to health. Along with the development of science
and technology, medical profession has become very specific and important. Due
to specialization in every sector of health, there are varieties of works related to
health. They are of different levels too. They are from basic to very high level. Today,
medical field has become a very broad field of profession and employment. To run
a hospital, we need human resource from sweeper to surgeon. Now-a-days, there
are different hospitals for different parts of our body. For example: eye hospital
and eye specialists, heart hospital, neuro hospital, dental hospital, bone hospital,
skin hospital and so on. Those persons who are involved in the health sectors are
known by different names such as: pharmacists, nurses, health assistants, dentist,
physiotherapists, lab assistant, lab specialists and MBBS doctors, etc. involved in
the hospital. Some of them are discussed below.
1. Pharmacy and Pharmacist
When a doctor diagnoses a disease of sick person, he needs medicines to cure the
disease. We get medicine from a pharmacy. Pharmacy is a medical profession.
It is a profession about the study of medicines. A person who studies about the
medicines is called a pharmacist. The person studies about different medicines
and their process of production. The pharmacists get knowledge about their use
and effect. They know how to use the prescribed medicine by the doctor. They let
the patients know how, how much and when to use the medicine. The pharmacists
have to give the medicines prescribed by a doctor. They can’t give any medicine
without the prescription of a physician.
Levels of Pharmacy
There are two levels of pharmacy in Nepal. They are:
• Diploma Level • Bachelor Level
14 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Diploma in Pharmacy
Process of Study
A person who has passed SEE examination can apply for the study of Diploma
in Pharmacy. The person has to pass an entrance exam only then he or she can
get admission. The person has to study and pass three years course to get the
certificate of Diploma in Pharmacy.
Bachelor in Pharmacy
Process of Study
There are two criteria for the admission in bachelor level pharmacy.
First: A person who has passed three years diploma in pharmacy after SEE can
apply for the admission in bachelor level in pharmacy. He or she also must pass
the given entrance exam for the course.
Second: A person who has passed (10+2) or proficiency level with major science at
least in the second division can apply for the study of bachelor in pharmacy. This
level has four year course. He or she can get certificate of bachelor in pharmacy
after the successfully completion of four years course exam in four years.
Importance: Pharmacy is a very important profession in medical science because
only the persons who study this course can have better knowledge about the
different medicines. They know the process of preparation and production of
medicines. They only can give medicines prescribed by the doctor. They give
advice to the patient how, when and how much medicine should be taken. A
disease can be cured when its medicine is taken.
Activity
Visit a pharmacy nearby your school or home and talk to the pharmacist about
being a pharmacist and its importance. Share your experience in the class.
2. Ophthalmology and Ophthalmologist (eye)
We see with our eyes. This world looks
so beautiful because of our eyesight. The
knowledge of visual thing has become
possible because of our eyes. If we lose our
eyesight, deep darkness engulfs this world.
Ophthalmology is a science that studies
about the eyes. The persons who study
ophthalmology are called ophthalmologists.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 15
They study about the formation and function of an eye in detail. They study
different diseases which can affect the eyes. They study and get knowledge how
to keep eyes safe and secure from different diseases and harmful effects. They study
different medicines about eyes. They provide services about the eye care and safety
measures of eyes from different risks.
Who can study ophthalmology?
A person who has passed 10+2 or proficiency level examination with science
subject securing at least 50% marks can study ophthalmology.
Importance
The following points highlight the importance of ophthalmology:
• Ophthalmologists cure different eye diseases and protect from being blind.
• They educate the people about the safe measures of eye care.
• They conduct awareness programs about the importance of eyes.
• They tell the people what should be eaten and what should not be eaten for
the safety of the eyes.
• They help the people to control different eye infection providing knowledge
about eyes.
• They help people from being blind.
Activity
Visit an ophthalmologist nearby your home or school and prepare a report asking
different questions about the process of becoming ophthalmologist, its higher
level, its importance, different diseases which affect eyes and protection from
them. Hold a class discussion on different diseases of eyes.
3. Nursing Profession and Nurse
Nursing is one of the very important
professions in the hospital. The name
of Florence Nightingale is very well-
known in this field. The nurses are the
great helping hands of the doctors. They
always stand by the doctors to help them.
A doctor’s work cannot be completed
unless and until a nurse helps him or her.
16 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
A person who takes care of the patients taking help from the doctors in the hospital
is known as a nurse. A nurse takes care of the patients and feeds medicine to them
and provides help to the doctors.
Process of becoming a Nurse
There are three levels of nursing. They are:
• Staff Nurse
• Bachelor in Nursing (B.N.)
• Master in Nursing (M.N.)
Staff Nurse: To be a staff nurse, a person
must pass SEE exam. The candidate must
pass an entrance exam for it and has to
study three years course of nursing. After
the successful completion of both written
and practical exam, the person can get the
certificate of staff nurse.
Bachelor in Nursing: After the completion of staff nurse course, the person can
study further which is known as bachelor in nursing. It has two years course. After
the successful completion of this course, she or he is awarded with the Bachelor
in Nursing Certificate.
Master in Nursing: For the study of M.N., a person must complete two years
bachelor in nursing. Master in nursing has two years course. After the completion
of this course, they can get Master in nursing certificate.
B.Sc. Nursing: The persons who have passed 10+2 or proficiency level with biology,
can study bachelor of nursing science. B.Sc. Nursing has four years course. After
the completion of B.Sc. nursing, a nursing degree of B. Sc. is awarded.
Importance of Nursing Profession
• A nurse has a great and valuable role in the hospital.
• They directly remain in the contact with the patients.
• They provide medicines to the patients.
• They console the patients and lessen their worries, pains and frustration.
• They are like parents for the patients.
• They are the most important helping hands of the doctors.
• They take care of the patients and keep the records of their day to day condition.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 17
• They report to doctors about the patient’s health condition.
• They heal the patients’ pain and disease by providing medicines, care, love
and consolation.
4. Physiotherapy and Physiotherapists
Physiotherapy is a part of medical science. It is
the study of different organs and parts of body
and their movement. When the body organs
don’t function properly due to various factors,
physiotherapy helps to move immobile organs
of the body. A man who practices physiotherapy
according to the doctor’s advice is called a
physiotherapist.
Process of becoming physiotherapist
The persons who have passed 10 + 2 or
proficiency level with science subject can apply for the study of this course and
they have to work under the doctors' guidance and instruction.
Importance
They help to move immobile organs of the body. They make the body organs
work smoothly.
Activity
Visit a hospital or a clinic nearby your home or school and observe the patients who
are undergoing physiotherapy and get more knowledge about physiotherapy.
5. Dentistry and Dentist
Each and every organ of our body
is equally important, no organ
replaces other organ’s function.
This is why modern medical science
tries to study each and every organ
separately. They try to get very special
knowledge about these organs. This
is the reason why there are different
specialists of different organs.
Dentistry is a subject in the medical
field which is related to our teeth. It is the scientific study of our teeth, their
18 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
location, action and formation, diseases related to teeth, their cause, treatment
and preventive methods. A dentist is the person who studies about the teeth and
gets specialization in it.
Process of Study
• It has two levels in Nepal: Diploma in Dentistry and Bachelor in Dentistry.
• Minimum required qualification for the study is 10+2 pass.
• It has five and a half year’s course.
• It has one year internship practical course within five and a half year course.
• After the successful completion of this course, they are called dentists.
Importance
• A dentist is as important as other specialist doctors.
• They cure and treat the problems related to our teeth.
• They fill up broken and damaged teeth and help maintain dental health.
• They replace totally damaged teeth with new artificial teeth.
• They teach the people about how to keep teeth healthy.
• They create public awareness about teeth and their importance.
• They teach the people to maintain oral health.
Activity
Visit a dentist and prepare a report about how to maintain oral health.
6. MBBS Doctors (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
The higher level medical profession is
bachelor in medicine and surgery and
the highest level is Master in Medicine
and Surgery. A person who gets certificate
after the completion of four and a half
years course along with theoretical and
practical examination, is called a Doctor
i.e. Doctors are the professionals who
examine patients, diagnose their diseases
and provide treatment to them. They are specialists in the field of medical science.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 19
Process of Becoming MBBS Doctors
A person who has passed 10+2 or proficiency level or GCE level with biology
as major in science subject with at least 50% marks in aggregate, can apply for
the entrance exam of this course. Each and every one can’t be a doctor. It is one
of the tough exams held in the country. The candidates are selected on the basis
of merit. It has four and a half years course along with theoretical and practical
examination. After one year internship, the Nepal Medical Council takes an exam.
Only the successful candidates get certificate and NMC for the treatment of the
patients. The further study of medical science is Master in Medicine and Master
in Surgery. For the profession of this level, one has to pursue two years additional
specialization course. After the successful completion of this course, they are
called MD and MS. It is the top level profession of medical science.
Importance
Life is very precious and it should be enjoyed with full care. Medical science is
such a profession which provides people a new life. The persons crying from
diseases and injury or wounds go to hospital for relief and the touch of a doctor
makes them feel relief. So, the persons who are related to medical science specially
MBBS, MD and MS doctors, are treated with great respect. All types of people
respect a doctor from their inner core of heart. This profession has both good
living standard as well as high level of respect in the society. This is why most of
the Nepalese parents while blessing their children wish them to be doctors.
Importance
The following points highlight the importance and value of doctors:
• The MBBS doctors diagnose diseases
of the patients.
• They give medicine for the treatment
of the diseases.
• They help to cure diseases and injury
providing medicines and other
treatment.
• They provide a new life to every suffering person.
• They control different diseases by providing knowledge about them.
• They make people healthy and happy by curing their pains.
• A healthy life is possible because of doctors’ service.
• It is a high level and incomparable human service.
• People give doctors a high regard.
20 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Activity
Visit a hospital or a clinic nearby your school or home and observe the activities
being done there. Meet some of the patients and prepare a note on what these
people think about doctors’ profession.
Exercise
1. Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
a. Basic level of professions can be run by everyone.
b. There are three levels of each profession.
c. A nurse can prescribe medicine without doctor’s help.
d. A pharmacist can give medicine without a doctor’s prescription.
e. Nurses are the helping hands of the doctors.
2. Match the following.
Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’
a. Ophthalmology i. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor
of Surgery
b. Dentistry ii. study of medicines
c. Pharmacy iii. the study of teeth
d. MBBS iv. helps to move our body organs
e. Physiotherapy v. a science which studies about eyes
3. Answer the following questions.
a. What things make professions of different levels?
b. What are called high level professions? Give any five examples of high
level profession.
c. What are the basic requirements to be a staff nurse and a dentist?
d. What is called physiotherapy and what is its importance?
e. Why are the doctors called saviours? Give your opinion.
Project Work
• Visit a hospital or clinic and prepare a file showing different professions
of medical science and their works and importance.
• Visit a pharmacy and make a list of any five medicines of different common
diseases and methods of use.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 21
3L e s s o n
Engineering Related Professions
and Human Resources
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the works and importance of engineering related profession.
Pre-reading Activity
What kinds of things are done by an engineer? Discuss.
Terms & Terminologies
engineering : the activity of applying scientific knowledge to the
design, building and control of machines, roads,
bridges, electrical equipment
influencing : the effect that somebody/something has on the way
that something works or develops
disaster : tragedy, ruin, catastrophe, destruction
architect : a person whose job is designing buildings, or a person
who is responsible for planning or creating an idea,
an event or a situation
architecture : the art and study of designing buildings
22 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Introduction
The profession of engineering a highly demanded profession. It is said that the
engineers are the most influencing driving force of modern development and
civilization. The symbols of modern development are sky-touching buildings,
palaces, bridges, towers, dams, apartments, hospitals, etc. which are the results of
modern engineering. There is different Human Resource of engineering. They are
from basic level to specialized high level.
Who can be an engineer?
A person who has passed 10+2 or proficiency level taking
mathematics and physics subjects can apply for the entrance
exam of engineering. Only the successful candidates can study
engineering. They are selected on the basis of merit of their
scores in the entrance exam.
Engineering and Engineer
Different constructions and mapping of modern development such as bridges,
palaces, buildings, towers, dams, roads, shopping malls, hospitals, offices etc.
are related to engineering profession. An engineer is a person who is related to
engineering. An engineer designs different buildings, bridges, roads, dams, etc.
and their constructions are done according to their designs and maps. An engineer
not only designs different constructions but also supervises the standard of these
constructions.
Importance
The importance of the engineering profession can be highlighted as follows:
• Engineering is the foundation of modern constructions.
• Engineers design and supervise different physical constructions.
• They translate people’s dreams making beautiful palaces, temples, churches,
and buildings into concrete form.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 23
• They contribute to modern development.
• They solve the problems of modern constructions.
• They design constructions safe from earthquake.
• They determine long lasting, load bearing and strong constructions.
• They can make people’s life and property safe in the modern constructions
from natural disasters such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, storms and
cyclones.
2. Architect
An architect is also an engineering related profession. A person who is involved
to architecture is called an architect. Architecture is an art of designing beautiful
houses, buildings, temples, church, shopping centers and mall. An architect
designs ordinary houses to high level buildings.
Importance
Architecture is an old profession. One of the wonders of the world the Taj Mahal is
an example of wonderful architecture. An architect makes people’s life comfortable
by designing comfortable houses, buildings, offices, hospitals, shopping malls
etc. The architects protect original art, skill, and culture of people by making
and renovating different architecture. They have given a great contribution to
transfer traditional skill, art, and culture into modern development. They are the
foundations of modern civilization and development.
Activity
What kinds of construction works are being done in your locality? What is their
importance? Make a list and discuss in the class.
24 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Exercise
1. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements.
a. An engineer makes people’s life safe designing strong and durable
constructions.
b. There is not any compulsory subject in intermediate level to be an
engineer.
c. An architect can fulfill the dreams of people making beautiful houses.
d. Modern physical constructions and developments are based on
engineering.
e. An architect can renovate old monuments and protect traditional skill.
2. Write short answers.
a. What are the basic requirements to become an engineer?
b. Write the importance of engineering profession in five points.
c. Who is an architect? What job do they do and what is their importance?
3. Write short notes on:
a. Computer engineer
b. Mechanical engineer
c. Architect
Project Work
Visit a place where some constructions such as buildings, houses, bridges,
hospitals, etc. are going on. Ask the engineers or the architects how they are
going to make these constructions earthquake resistant and durable. Prepare a
report and present it in the class.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 25
4L e s s o n
Agriculture Related Profession
and Human Resources
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name different professions and state their importance related to agriculture.
Pre-reading Activity
What are the people who are involved in agriculture called? Discuss.
Terms & Terminologies
expert : a person with special knowledge, skill and training
husbandary : farming, especially when done carefully and well
doctor : a person who has been trained in medical science
apiculture : bee-keeping
qualifying : to reach the standard of ability or knowledge needed to
proficiency do a particular job
: a high level of knowledge or skill
Introduction
Nepal is an agricultural country. The farmers are the main employees in
agriculture. Agriculture refers to both animals husbandry and crops production.
There are many professionals related to crops and animals. There are agro-
specialists and animal doctors. They help farmers to produce different crops and
animals. The Agriculture University of Nepal is teaching and doing research on
different subjects of agriculture. It is producing different human resource for
better agricultural development.
26 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Agro-Expert
Agriculture is rich in different professions. They are crops production, fish
farming, floriculture, apiculture, vegetable farming, animal husbandry, etc. All
these are agro related professions. These areas need different experts to produce
their production. New and advanced seeds, new technology and methods are
necessary to improve their production. The agro experts help the farmers
to improve their productions providing them with new seeds, methods and
technologies of agriculture.
Process to Become Agro-Expert
A person who has passed (10+2) or proficiency level with science subject can
apply for the qualifying exam (entrance exam) to become an agro-expert. After
selection, one can take admission in B.Sc. in agriculture. A person who has done
three years diploma after SEE exam can also study B.Sc. agriculture. After the
successful completion of bachelor in agriculture, a person can be an agro-expert.
Importance of Agro-Expert
Agriculture is the backbone of Nepalese economy. Most of the people are directly
or indirectly involved in agriculture.
So, agriculture has become a very important profession of Nepalese people and
the means of their livelihood. The importance of ago-expert can be highlighted as
follows:
• They help farmers to improve and increase their production.
• They provide farmers with new, highly advanced and productive seeds for
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 27
better production.
• They provide them with new methods, technology, knowledge of agriculture.
• They teach them new way of farming for high production.
• They teach different methods to protect their crops, fruits, and animals from
diseases and insects.
• They provide knowledge about the seasonal and off seasonal crops,
vegetables fruits.
• They teach them appropriate methods and techniques of using different
fertilizers in different crops according to the advice of the agro expert.
• Agro-experts help to improve farmer's living standard helping them to
produce more.
• Agro-experts help to improve nation's economy by improving agriculture.
Animal's Doctors
Animal's doctors help farmers by giving them medicines and care about their
animals. They are called veterinarians. The doctors save farmer’s animals from
different diseases. They give knowledge and skill how to protect animals from
different diseases and infection. They give them information and knowledge
about the improvement of animal's breeding. A person who possesses knowledge
about animal’s diseases and provides treatment is called animal doctor. Animals
provide us milk, meat, fur, etc. They should be healthy.
Process to Become Animal's Doctor
A person who has passed 10 + 2 or proficiency level with
science subject can be eligible for the entrance exam. If
a person is selected, he/she studies four years' course.
Moreover, a person can be an animal's doctor after the
completion of three year diploma course in animal science.
28 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Importance
• Animal's doctors are the great friends of farmers.
• Animal's doctors help to bring change in farmer’s life.
• They teach farmers how to control animal's diseases.
• They teach farmers about the nutrition of animals.
• They help them providing advanced breeding of animals.
• Sometimes, animals suffer from epidemic which creates heavy loss of
farmers. The animal doctors help to control such diseases.
• Animal doctors contribute national economy by bringing change in the
farmers’ life and economy.
Activity
Prepare a list of the offices of animal’s health.
Exercise
1. Match the following. meat and milk
a. Animal's doctor agro-experts
b. Animal husbandry rearing of animals
c. Animals provide veterinarian
d. Farmers’ friends
2. Answer the following questions.
a. Who is called agro-expert?
b. Why are agro-experts called farmer’s friends?
c. Highlight the importance of animal's doctors.
d. Describe the qualifications to become an agro-expert and animal's doctor.
Project Work
Visit the farmers in different groups of your class and collect the problems faced
by them and prepare a group report of each team.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 29
5L e s s o n
Finance Related Professions and
Human Resources
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce about the account auditing and account auditor, their works and
importance.
Pre-reading Activity
What is finance and what types of professions are there related to finance in
your locality? Discuss.
Terms & Terminologies
finance : money used to run a business, an activity or a project
expenditure : spending, costs, payments, overheads, expenses, outlay
audit : an official examination of business and financial records
prevailing : existing
Introduction
There are different government and private offices. These offices are run under
some financial plan. Each and every office needs to keep income and expenditure
of their offices. Finance plays a vital role in any field. The proper execution of
any plan depends on proper planning of finance. There are different professions
related to finance. They are account, account auditor, chief executive officer or
finance manager. These professionals keep the record of income and expenditure
properly and scientifically. They maintain check and balance in the expenditure.
A short description about these professionals is given below:
30 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Account Auditing and Account Auditor
In every office, there is an accountant along with assistant accountant. The
accountant keeps and maintains all the records of income from different sources
and expenditure in different sectors. They have to keep all the records according
to law and office rules. They have to show very clearly from where the income
comes and where it goes. The process of auditing (checking) of the records kept
and maintained by the accountant of the office is called account auditing and the
person who does this work is called account auditor.
Types of Account Auditing
There are two types of account auditing. They are: internal auditing and external
auditing.
An internal auditor is the person who is permanently appointed to audit or check
the accounts kept by the office accountant. It is a regular auditing. The auditor
helps the accountant to keep the records fairly and clearly. It makes to keep the
records transparently.
An external auditor is that person who checks or audits the accounts
independently kept by the accountant and gives report to the organization. On
the basis of paper and proof, it prepares an independent file with suggestions and
submits to the management. It helps to keep all the accounts properly and fairly.
It controls unnecessary expenditure and tries to make balance between income
and expenditure. Not only this, it develops moral values too. If a person fears to
commit any illegal, unfair and unacceptable activities in economy and maintains
income and expenditure transparently, it controls corruption and develops
morality because all the root cause of corruption is unfair economic activities.
Requirements to become an Internal Account Auditor
A person who has passed bachelor in
business studies (BBS) or bachelor in business
administration (BBA) can become an internal
auditor.
Requirements to become an External Account
Auditor
A person who has passed 10+2 or proficiency
level can study the course of accounting
technician and chartered accountancy course.
After completion of these courses, the person can be an external auditor.
Importance
The following points highlight the importance of account auditor:
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 31
• An account auditor helps to keep income and expenditure fairly.
• It controls unnecessary expenditure in the organization.
• It makes an organization economically fair and strong.
• Properly managed accounts help an organization whether it is private or
government to develop it economically.
• Account auditing helps to know how an organization is active, fair,
transparent and strong in its function.
• It develops morality in all the members of the organization.
• Not only this, it encourages to run the organization successfully.
Finance Management and Manager
A society is a complex organization. There are different economic activities. Each
and every person, home, office, organization, government conducts some types
of economic activities. All these organizations get success when they are run
properly in economic management.
In an office or organization, a person who manages financial activities is called a
manager. A manager manages all kinds of activities of finance according to rules
and regulations. He creates and develops a good environment at office to run
activities regularly and properly.
All activities are directly or indirectly related to finance. All economic activities
should be conducted according to prevailing rules and regulations. They should be
right, appropriate and transparent. The process of running all financial activities –
income and expenditure according to rules is called financial management. Proper
financial management helps to lead an organization or office towards success. A
finance manager plays a vital role to manage income and expenditure, to utilize
different sources for economic progress, to run different human resource for the
success and development of the organization. The finance manager has a key role
to make an organization successful or failure. They are key persons for all round
development of an organization or office.
Requirements to Become a Financial Manager
To become a finance manager, a person should study and complete three or four
years bachelor course of finance management or account management after 10+2
or proficiency level. The person can get specialization in these subjects after the
study of master level course. After the completion of master level course in finance
or account, the person can be called specialist or expert in this field.
32 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Importance of Finance Manager
A finance manager is solely responsible person to implement the plans and
programs designed by a management of an office or organization. The manager
runs Human Resource of the office. He collects and purchases required things for
the office. He manages all income and expenditure. The success of an office or
organization depends on finance management and financial manager.
Activity
Visit an office nearby your school or home and prepare a list of the works of the
finance manager.
Exercise
1. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements.
a. Finance is a very sensitive sector in all.
b. An accountant keeps the record of income and expenditure.
c. An external auditor keeps day to day record of finance.
d. A finance manager plays a key role to manage the economic activities
of an office.
e. Proper check and balance, and transparency of all financial activities
lead an organization to success.
2. Answer the following questions.
a. What are the main duties and responsibilities of an accountant? Write
any three.
b. How does an internal account auditor help an organization?
c. What are main works of an external account auditor?
d. Show difference between account auditor and finance manager in four
points.
e. What is the role of a finance manager? Discuss and write.
Project Work
Visit the accountant of your school and prepare a file showing qualifications,
works, responsibilities and role about him/her.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 33
6L e s s o n
Tourism Related Professions and
Human Resources
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the tourism related professions and their importance.
Pre-reading Activity
What kinds of things, buildings, places, monuments, natural resources etc. are
there in your locality worthy visiting by the tourists? Share in the class.
Terms & Terminologies
tourism : the business activity connected with tourist
landscapes : everything you can see across a large area of land
peak : climax, top, crest
potentialities : a quality that exists and is capable of being developed
luxurious : comfortable
globalization : the fact that different cultures and economic systems
around the world are becoming connected and similar to
each other because of the influence of large multinational
companies and of improved communication
Nepal is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. It has some very
wonderful things which are not found in other parts of the world. Its geographical
structure is very beautiful in the world. Its climate has varieties. Its landscapes are
very wonderful. It has snow covered mountains, green hills and plain Terai. The
highest peak of the world lies in Nepal. 'The Light of Asia-Lord Buddha' was born
in Nepal and the famous temple of Pashupatinath is also in Nepal. Nepal has a
rich cultural heritage. All these things make Nepal a destination for tourists. It has
high potentialities of tourist industry.
34 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Tourism is a very potential industry in Nepal. There are many professions in this
industry. This industry produces different opportunities of employment. This
industry can bring high amount of foreign currency. Hotel industry is based on
the flow of tourists. People get jobs as trekking guide, hotel manager, cook, waiter,
cleaner, rafting guide, etc. Thousands of people are required to fulfill these needs.
Hotel and Hotel Manager
A hotel is a place where lodging, fooding and other necessary services are available
to live and stay after leaving own home. Hotel industry is a fast growing industry
in the world. There are different criteria of hotels. They are from basic to luxurious
five star hotels. A hotel manager is that person who manages all the activities to
welcome guests, services, facilities, and opportunities for the guests. He tries to
manage comfortable accommodation for the guests. He/she runs all the day to
day activities of the hotel and manages everything to run the hotel.
Requirements to Become a Hotel Manager
A person who has passed 10+2 with hotel management subject can join BHA
course and after he/she passed bachelor in hotel management can be a manager
of a hotel after getting some years' working experience in a hotel.
Importance
A hotel manger is a key person to run a hotel properly and successfully. He has to
manage all round activities of the hotel to provide good facilities for the guests.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 35
He has to coordinate with all the staff of the hotel because every staff of the hotel
has a very special role to make the guests happy to come back again. The manager
makes good relationship with the tourists who become his guests. All the guests of
a hotel always expect homely and cordial behavior from each and every member of
the hotel. It is possible when the manager is highly professional, skilled, practical,
kind and loving. A hotel can program more by pleasing the guests.
Activity
Visit a hotel, lodge, or restaurant and prepare a file describing different
professions and their importance.
Exercise
1. Correct the following statements.
a. Hotel industry and tourism are not interrelated industry.
b. Hotel is a business place for the tourists.
c. There are limited professions related to tourists and hotel industry.
d. Foreign currency is decreased when the tourists visit.
e. A person should study science in 10+2 to become a hotel manager.
2. Answer the following questions.
a. What is called tourist industry? Write its importance in five points.
b. How does a hotel support tourism industry? Explain.
c. Write any five names of the professions of the hotel industry.
d. What kinds of professions are possible in tourism industry? Name any
five.
e. How does a tourism industry help to boost up economic condition of
a country? Give your opinion.
Project Work
Suppose you are the manager of a hotel. Prepare a menu of foods and facilities
to make available to the guests of the hotel.
36 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
7L e s s o n
Education Related Professions
and Human Resources
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce different types of Human Resource related to education, their work
and importance.
Pre-reading Activity
What is the importance of education and who provides education? Discuss.
Terms & Terminologies
education : a process of teaching, training and learning,
especially in schools or colleges, to improve
knowledge and develop skills
numerous : many, plentiful
curriculum : the subjects that are included in a course of study
or taught in a school, college, etc.
secondary education : education for children between the ages of 11
and 18
professor : a university teacher of the highest rank
lecturer : a person who gives lecture or a person who
teaches at a university or college
Introduction
In broad sense, education is a life-
long process of learning after birth to
death. There are numerous things to
be learned in life. There are different
schools, colleges and universities
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 37
which provide education to the people. There are different human resource
related to education which help and promote education.
Human Resource Related to Education
In an educational institute, there are different professions but teaching is the sole
profession. Other professions are to add the teaching profession. Teachers, lecturers,
professors, principals, etc. are the main professionals of teaching sector. These
people teach the students and try to achieve objectives set by curriculum.
Teachers and Lecturers
Teacher
A person who is involved in teaching profession in a school is called a teacher.
The person facilitates in teaching and teaches the students. A teacher implements
different methods and techniques to make learning easy in the classroom. He
conducts different co-curricular activities for all round development of the
students. A teacher plays a very important role to achieve the goals of education
framed by curriculum.
Requirements to Become a Teacher
There are different levels of education which need different qualifications
for teaching. To be a teacher of different levels, he or she must have required
qualifications. For the primary level, a person must have the qualification of 10+2
or proficiency level. At this level, the teacher has to teach up to grade eight (1-8).
To teach at secondary level, a person must have qualifications of bachelor level.
He or she must have bachelor in education. For the teachers who pass bachelor
in other subjects must have one year bachelor in education or teacher’s training.
Lecturers
Lectures are those persons who teach at higher level and possess the qualifications
of master's degree in his or her subject. They provide higher level education, skill
and knowledge of their subject.
38 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Importance of Teachers and Lecturers
A teacher or a lecturer has a great role to provide education to the students.
They should motivate students for better learning. They must bring change in
students’ learning and skill as well as over all development. They produce and
prepare foundations for capable and skilled human resource to fulfill the needs of
different sectors of the country. They produce educated, skilled, capable, civilized
and cultured citizens providing education and moral values of life. Teachers
are the persons who model the nation’s picture through their students. The
most important component for the development of a country is provided by the
teachers. So, their role to bring change in the society is very important.
The Head Teacher and the Principal
In every school, there is a head-person who is known as headteacher who runs
day to day administration of the school. The head of the college is known as the
principal. They must have some required qualifications to be headteacher and
principal. Their main role is to focus on the students’ study by managing and
coordinating all administrative and academic teachers, staff and other persons.
They make plans and programs for the improvement of academic function. Their
role has great importance to make a school or college successful. They are the
academic leaders, patrons, models and the counsellors of the school and college.
Relation between Education and Profession
Education is the prime factor to bring change in the society. People developed
the countries where education is developed rapidly, and backward countries in
education fell backward. Education is the light of everything while illiteracy is the
symbol of darkness. Those countries that developed education rapidly are now
very advanced. Education makes a country forward and lack of education pushes
it backward.
There is a close relationship between education and profession. When a society
needs different human resource to fulfill its needs and necessities, education fulfills
them. Different educational institutes such as school, college, campus, university,
training center, etc. produce capable human resource and fulfill the demands of
the society. So, education not only produces capable Human Resource but it helps
to develop and protect any profession in the society. Education and profession are
complementary to each other.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 39
Activity
Make a colourful chart paper showing and completing the following list of
your school’s teachers.
S.N. Name Qualifications Teaching Level Teaching
subject experience
Exercise
1. Write T for true and F for false statements.
a. The main objective of learning is to get high score in the exam by any
means.
b. A teacher should encourage students to motivate themselves.
c. The role of a teacher is unspeakable to change the society.
d. A headmaster is the key person of a school.
e. Profession and education cannot be separated from each other.
2. Answer the following questions.
a. What is education? Write its impotence in five points.
b. Name any five professions related to education.
c. What are the duties and responsibilities of your school headteacher?
Explain in a paragraph.
d. In your view, how should a teacher teach students in the class? Discuss
and write.
e. If you were the principal of your school, what things would you do to
bring change in your school? Discuss and write.
40 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
8L e s s o n
Public Service Related Professions
and Human Resources
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define public service related professions and their importance.
Pre-reading Activity
What kinds of things and services are being provided by the government in
your locality? Discuss.
Terms & Terminologies
public service : a service such as education, security transport or health
care that a government or an official organization
provides for people in general in a particular society
or something that is done to help people rather than to
make a profit
commission : an official group of people who have been given
responsibility to control something or to find out about
something, usually for the government
judiciary : the judges of a country or a state, when they are
considered as a group
discrimination : the practice of treating somebody or a particular group
in society less fairly than others
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 41
There are different services which are related to all the people who live in the
society. The government provides different services to the public to fulfill their
needs and demands as well as for their comfort. Some of the examples of public
services are education, health, security, judiciary, transportation, communication,
irrigation, etc.
These services are provided to all the people in the society without any
discrimination on the basis of gender, region, religion, caste, age, race, etc. Each
and every person of the society gets benefits from these services. Everyone has
equal rights to utilize these services. So, these are called public services.
To provide above mentioned services, they need different human resources to
conduct and run them. The persons who are involved in services are called public
servants. There are special posts and works of these services.
1. Section Officer
There are different departments and sections in the public service. These
departments and sections make it easy to provide services to the people. A person
who is responsible to run and provide services of a particular section is known as
a section officer. He or she is fully responsible for the services provided by them in
their section. There are some requirements to be a section officer. He or she must
have a bachelor degree to compete for the section officer. After passing the exam
held by Public Service Commission, they have to undergo some special trainings.
After training, they are appointed to their posts.
42 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
2. Chief District Officer
Public services are provided to the people in different levels. Some services are
provided in the centre while some services are provided in the districts and some
in the village development committee. There are different offices in different
regions. In every district, there are different Chief District Officers to run different
services. The Chief District Officer looks after all administrative activities of the
district. There is a Local Development Officer who runs all kinds of development
activities in the district.
The officers in their offices provide services to their customers in a comfortable
way. The officers make plans and programs to run and provide services smoothly
in all sectors. They make economic plan and budget for the program. They have to
distribute services appropriately and justifiably. They have to utilize the available
sources and human resources of the office in the best manner so that the people
can get services easily.
3. Manager or Director
There are some government organizations such as Nepal Telecom, Nepal Electricity
Authority, Nepal Food Corporation, Nepal Airlines Corporation, Drinking Water
Supply Corporation, etc. These organizations provide services to people through
their own department. The government appoints managers or directors to run
different services smoothly. The directors of these organizations make plan and
program, run different human resource, utilize their resources, and make good
relationship with their staff and public. They are responsible persons for overall
management and development of their organization. To become a director of
these organizations, the person must have a bachelor degree.
Importance of Public Service-Related Professions
• Public service related professions are very essential services provided by the
government.
• People’s day to day life is run by these services.
• People get different job opportunities in these professions.
• A welfare state is possible by these professions.
• Modern society is fully dependent on these professions and their services.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 43
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. Correct the following statements where necessary.
a. Modern governments are money oriented.
b. A welfare state is possible when there is no equal opportunity to all.
c. To become a director of an organization, one must pass SEE exam.
d. A District Educational Officer maintains law and order in the district.
e. A person can be a section officer if he or she has passed (10+2) in the
first division.
f. The services provided by a private company are called public services.
2. Answer the following questions.
a. What are called public services? Give any five examples.
b. Write the importance of public services in five points.
c. What are the duties and responsibilities of a section officer?
d. What are the duties and responsibilities of the CDO?
Project Work
Visit a government office or organization and prepare a chart paper showing
different professionals, their level, required qualification and their duties.
44 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
9L e s s o n
Relationship between Education
and Professions
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to tell the relation between education and profession with examples
Pre-reading Activity
Look at the relationship between education and professions.
Relation Needs and Needs and These Professionals Education Professionals
between necessities of necessities professions are need knowledge provides them become skilled and
education and carried out by the and skills about knowledge and capable and carry
professions the society develop professionals. these professions. out the professions
professions. skills.
successfully.
Terms & Terminologies
professional : expert
established : founded
facilitating : helping
intensely : deeply
interrelated : interconnected
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge,
skills, values, beliefs and habits. Education provides learners with different kinds
of knowledge and skills. Education can be theoretical and practical, general and
specific. Education makes a person knowledgeable, skilled, practical and capable
in different sectors of life. Through professional education, a person becomes
capable to carry out different types of professions successfully. As the society
develops, professions and education also develop.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 45
When the society develops different kinds of technologies to fulfill its needs,
demands and requirements, it requires different human resources to carry
out and fulfill the needs and necessities of the society. In this process, new job
opportunities are created. When different types of means of transports developed
to fulfill transportation problem, there developed different human resources such
as drivers, pilots, mechanical engineers, etc. This is the process of generating
professions in the society. Professions are created when the society develops.
There is deep relationship between education and profession. Whatever is
invented and established in the society, it is carried out by different professionals.
The professions like farming, teaching, engineering, medical, science and research,
civil service, development, construction, business, technology, etc. are carried out
by different types of professionals. These professionals are produced by means
of education. In the absence of education, which is the process of teaching and
learning of knowledge and skills, it is not possible to run a society successfully. So
education and professions are intensely interrelated. We can’t imagine one in the
absence of other.
For example: with the
development of aeroplanes
or flight, there needed pilots,
mechanics, engineers,
laboures, and other human
resources to carry out
aircraft successfully. Now
there are different colleges
and universities to teach
the course of aircraft. When
medical science developed
to cure different diseases,
there developed medical
professions and medical
professionals. Doctors,
chemists, pharmacists, etc.
are involved in medical
profession. Different institutes teach students to make them doctors, nurses,
chemists, pathologists, therapists, and pharmacists. These professionals are
developed only by education. So in the absence of education, we cannot imagine
46 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
skilled professionals. If there are no skilled professionals, we can’t run different
professions. We can say different professions create opportunities to develop
professionals, and education prepares required professionals to carry out the
professions successfully. So professions and education are interrelated. They
grow together and are complementary to each other.
Different levels of professions are determined by different levels of education.
Higher level of professionals are produced by higher level of colleges and
universities. If a person wants to be a pilot, he/she needs to get education of pilot.
If a person wants to become a medical doctor, he/she needs to complete a special
course on medical science. If a person wants to become a teacher or lecturer, he/
she needs to complete higher level of education in a particular subject. These
examples show that education helps to produce skilled and knowledgeable
human resources to carry out different levels of professions in the society.
Needs and necessities of the society- needs and necessities develop professions-
these professions are carried out by the professional- professionals need knowledge
and skill about these professions- education provide them knowledge and skill to
them- they become skilled and capable and carry out the professions successfully.
When schools and colleges open, there requires different teachers and professors.
These professionals carry out these institutes successfully. When an industry
is established to produce different kinds of productions, the industry requires
different kinds of human resources to carry out the industry.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. How does a society fulfill its needs and necessities?
2. Show the relationship between education and professions.
3. What is the role of education to carry out different professions?
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 47
Points to Remember
Lesson-1 Levels of Professions
● Professional education is a process of gaining knowledge, skill and information
about the nature, scope, importance and methods of conducting different professions
and occupations.
● Every profession has three levels: basic, medium and high level.
● Work is worship and we should not discriminate people on the basis of their works
is the main objective of professional education.
Lesson-2 Health Related Professions and Human Resources
● Pharmacy, ophthalmology, nursing, physiotherapy, dentistry, neurology, etc. are
medical professions.
● Pharmacy is the study of medicine and pharmacist is a person who studies pharmacy.
● A pharmacist knows the formation of medicines and their safe use.
● Ophthalmology is the study of eyes and a person who studies about eyes, eye-
diseases and their treatment is called an ophthalmologist.
● A nurse takes care of the patients providing prescribed medicines and overall care.
She assists the doctors.
● Physiotherapy is a medical profession which helps to move our immobile body
organs and parts.
● A person who is involved in physiotherapy is called a physiotherapist.
● Dentistry is the study of teeth and a person who studies about teeth is called a
dentist.
● The high level profession of medical science is bachelor in medicine which is called
MBBS.
● MBBS refers to Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.
● The specialization of bachelor in medicine is called Master in Medicine (MD).
● The specialization of bachelor in surgery is called Master in Surgery (MS).
● Doctors are the most important professionals who give us a new life curing our
pains caused by diseases, injuries or wounds.
● All persons related to medical science specially doctors and nurses are highly
respected in the society.
Lesson - 3 Engineering Related Professions and Human Resource
● Engineering is one of the most charming and prestigious professions.
● Modern physical development is based on engineering.
● Magnificent buildings, palaces, monuments, dams, roads, highway, metro, tower, ,
complex, stadium, etc. are the outcomes of modern engineering.
48 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
● A person who has passed (10+2) or proficiency level taking mathematics and physics
subject can study engineering after passing a qualifying exam.
Lesson - 4 Agriculture Related Professions and Human Resource
● Nepal is an agricultural country because most of the people are directly or indirectly
involved in agriculture.
● It is the backbone of Nepali economy.
● Agriculture refers to animal farming, crops, vegetables, fruit farming.
● The persons who are involved in this profession are farmer, agro-expert, animal's
doctor, JT of animals, JT of crops.
● After (10+2) or proficiency level, a person can study B.Sc. in agriculture or B.Sc. for
Animal Doctor.
Lesson - 5 Finance Related Professions and Human Resource
● There are some professionals who keep and manage income and expenditure of a
firm, company, institution, office etc. They are called account, account auditor, chief
executive officer or finance manager.
● These professionals keep the records of income and expenditure properly,
systematically, transparently and scientifically.
● They maintain check and balance of the income and expenditure.
Lesson - 6 Tourism Related Professions and Human Resource
● Tourism industry is a fast growing industry in Nepal.
● Hotel, restaurant, local industry, local arts and architecture, lodge, tourist areas are
developed due to tourism.
● People get employment as hotel manager, cook, trekking guide, chef, porter, etc.
● A person who has passed 10+2 with hotel management subject can study to become
a hotel manager.
Lesson - 7 Education Related Profession and Human Resource
● Teaching is regarded as a noble profession in our society.
● A teacher plays a vital role to educate people and to bring change in thinking and
behavior of a person.
● Facilitators, pre-primary teachers, primary teachers, secondary level teachers,
head master, principal, lecturers, professors etc. are the professionals of teaching
profession.
Lesson - 8 Public Service Related Professions and Human Resource
● Modern system of government is regarded as the patron of all the people in a country.
● Government provides different kinds of services through public servants.
● Public servants are those people who work for the people taking salary from the government.
● It is said that all the people from village secretary to prime minister are public servants.
● The government provides different types of public services to the people with the
help of public servants.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 49
Unit
2
Education, Training
and Employment
Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15
Education, training and employment are interrelated to each other. Education
is a process of gaining knowledge, skill, and information about something. It
helps a person to be knowledgeable. Training is also a process of education.
Training is a special education to learn or practice some kinds of very specific
rules to work out or to prepare something successfully. Training makes a
person capable to handle a job or a profession. Employment is the outcome
of both education and training. A person becomes proficient to get a job or
a profession by applying his/her knowledge and training. An employed
person earns money or runs some kinds of occupations to earn his livelihood.
Only the highly educated, skilled and trained human resource are capable
to handle higher level professions and to make their life style better and
comfortable.
50 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
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