Occupation, Business and Technology 8

d. can be run in joint venture. So before selecting a business everything
should be considered very carefully.

Human Resource

Human resource is a very important element of a business. If the
skilled human resource is easily available in the market, it is easy to
run a business but in the absence of human resource, it is difficult to
run a business. Skilled human resource can produce high-quality goods
concerning the demands and needs of the people. So many times, a
business suffers badly due to lack of human resource to run it.

2. Conservation of Environment

Environment refers to our surroundings where living and nonliving things
are found. The balanced and natural relationship is known as ecosystem.
While running a business or industry, the environment and ecosystem
should not be disturbed and should be protected.

Proper
selection

Sustainable Aspects to be Conservation of
development considered while environment

running a
business

Evaluation of the
environmental
effects

3. Study and Evaluation of Environmental Effects

While running any business, industry or construction, their effects on the
environment are examined very deeply so that it could not affect and create
any adverse effects upon the environment. This is why before conducting

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 101

any business, industry or construction, permission is taken from the
concerned authority and government. The authority studies all these things
before providing permission to run a business or industry. The local people
are informed and the opinions of the experts of the environment are taken.
They examine the effects of the business and industry where it is going to be
established.

4. Sustainable Development

Nowadays, a concept is in practice while running and doing any work that
is sustainable development. The effects of our works are examined on the
basis of sustainable development. Sustainable development is a concept to
conduct development work without hampering the environment for the
future. Its slogan is 'live and let live'. Sometimes, people become selfish
and focus on present interest and gain but sustainable developments and
activities always focus both on present and future. Our activities should not
create any problem to the coming generations.

Keys to Successful Business

Right selection of business, market, devotion and dedication to business are
keys to successful business. Look at the following diagram.

favourable proper
selection planning

knowledge
of market

wise Keys to successful polite
decision business behaviour

quality advertisement
production

needs and consumer's

demands interest

102 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss and write any four key elements which should be considered

while running a business.
2. What is the role of market to run a successful business? Discuss and

write.
3. What do you understand by the term sustainable development? Write

its importance.
4. What effects are produced on environment by industry? Discuss and

write.
Project Work
What kinds of effects are being produced by the human activities on environment?
Show all the effects and their chain relation with each other on a chart paper.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 103

2L e s s o n

Entrepreneurial Education

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce an entrepreneurial education and state its importance.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of industries are being run in your locality and what are their importance?
Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

industrial : connected with industry

industry : the production of goods from raw materials,
especially in factories

interior decorator : a person whose job is to design and/or decorate
a room or the inside of a house, etc. with paint,
paper, carpets, etc.

raw material : basic material that is used to make a product

Introduction

Education is a process of getting knowledge, skill, information, techniques, methods,
etc. There are various kinds of education which have their own importance such
as medical education helps to get knowledge about health and diseases, hotel
management education helps to run a hotel, etc. In the same way, entrepreneurial
education is also a kind of education which is related to different businesses
and industries. It helps to produce skilled human resource needed for different
entrepreneurials. Entrepreneurial education provides a man with knowledge and
skill to run an industry. People get education about the production of different things.

104 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

It produces resourceful. Entrepreneurial educated people are related directly to
industries and businesses. It makes them entrepreneurs.

Importance

Entrepreneurial education has a great importance to run an industry or business
successfully. Its importance can be highlighted as follows:
• Entrepreneurial education is the foundation of entrepreneurial development

and business.
• It produces human resource required for industries and businesses.
• Entrepreneurial educated human resource gets employment easily.
• Entrepreneurial educated human resource creates employment for others too.
• Entrepreneurial education produces human resources such as mechanic,

carpenter, interior decorator, computer technician, plumber, electrician etc.
who are very important human resource for different constructions and
industries.
• Entrepreneurial education transfers human talent into skilful productivity.
• Entrepreneurial education makes people entrepreneurial artist who know
how to produce entrepreneurial productions.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What types of industries are being run in your locality? Visit these industries

and make a list of their productions.
2. Make a list of the workers and their works in those industries.
3. Define entrepreneurial education in your own words.
4. What is the role of an entrepreneurial education to boost up industries?
5. Discus the importance of entrepreneurial education.

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3L e s s o n

Planning to Run a Business

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to annotate the points which should be considered while making a plan and their

importance.

Pre-reading Activity
How do you make a plan to do any work? Discuss with examples.

Terms & Terminologies

planning : the act or process of making plans for something
plan : something that you intend to do or achieve
imagine : visualize
demand : something that somebody needs
frame : the general ideas or structure of something
description : explanation, depiction

Planning refers to those thoughts and programs which are framed before doing
anything. Planning is a process of making frame of any work. Each and every
work needs a good planning in every field. The work which is done by making
plans can be successful. In other words, planning is to imagine, examine, manage,
and make things which occur during the working time.
It is very necessary to make plan for industry. While making a plan for industry,
the following points should be considered seriously:

• The purpose of the industry

• Area and location where it is going to be established.

106 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

• Needs and demands of the produced goods
• Environmental effects caused by the industry
• The process of starting it

Importance

• Planning of the industry is the pre condition to make a successful industry.
• It helps to run the industry properly and successfully.
• Planning helps to cope with the possible risks and challenges.
• It helps to get profit after production.
• It controls the industry from being lost.
• It helps to prepare the list of required raw materials.
• It helps to fulfill human resources.
• It develops market for the business.

Model of Planning

1. Plan: to produce furniture
2. Place: at Bhanbhane
3. Raw materials: Sallo, Chilaune, Utis, Sal, Sisau etc. are easily available here.
3. Description of the produced things: chair, table, sofa set, almirah, cupboard,

etc.
4. Market management: at local market and supply to city
5. Investment: the proposed things need following investment:

S.N. Description of the Things Rs. Remarks
1
2

b. Current Capital

S.N. Description of the Things Rs. Remarks
1
2

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 107

7. Planning of Productions

The following things will be produced in 2071.

S.N. Description Quantity Rate Total Remarks
1. Chair 100 750 75000
2.

8. Tentative Estimate of Income

1. Total cost of the things
2. Wages
3. Rent
4. Total Expenditure
5. Total Profit = Total Income – Total Investment

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is called a planning? Discuss and write.
2. Why should we make a plan? Give any five reasons.
3. What are the basic elements while preparing a plan for an industry? Discuss

and write.

Project Work

Visit a place nearby your home or school and observe the things which are
constructed there. Prepare a report on the basis of your observation. Show the
total investment and total income.

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4L e s s o n

Local Industries

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce local industry.
• to state the importance of local industry.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of local industries are there in your locality and what things do
they produce? Discuss highlighting their importance.

Terms & Terminologies

local : belonging to or connected with the particular place or area
improve : get better
investment : out lay, venture, assets
resource : supply, store
technology : know-how, equipment

Introduction

There are different industries. They can be categorized on the basis of their nature,
investment, place, etc. There are small scale industries, medium scale industries
and large scale industries on the basis of investment. There are local industries,
regional industries, national industries and international industries on the basis
of region.

Local Industries

The local industries refer to those industries which are run at local level using local
resources, raw materials, techniques, human resource, etc. When local resources
such as raw materials, local investment, local entrepreneurs, local technology and
local human resource are used at large extent, these are called local industries.
These are generally called cottage industries too.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 109

Industries under Cottage or local Industries

• Handloom, tailoring, press work
• Woolen carpets, pashmina shawls, woolen garments, knitting work
• Carpentry, wooden designs, artwork, bamboo items, cane-based art work

and furniture, handmade papers
• Gold, silver, copper and precious stone ornaments
• Leather work from hides tanned at local level
• Stone sculpture work, statues, pottery work, painting and art work
• Handmade gift items of all kinds
• Making of traditional agricultural tools, utensils, etc.

Importance of Local Industries

Local industries have the following importance:
• Local industries are established and run at local level.
• Local resources are used at optimum level.
• Local people get employment.
• Local raw materials are used to produce goods.
• Local people can get these things at low cost.
• Local market is developed.
• Local culture is protected.
• Local skill, knowledge and technology are used.
• Local industries help to end unemployment situation of the locals.
• It improves people’s income and living standard.

110 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Exercise

1. Define local industry.
2. Write any five features of local industry.
3. Write any five importance of local industry.
4. What types of local industries are there in your locality? Make a list.

Project Work

Prepare a report on the basis of the following points after visiting a local industry
nearby your school or locality.
• Name of the industry
• Address where it is located
• Purpose of the industry
• Management of the industry

Points to Remember

lesson-1 Running a Business
● The things which should be considered while running a business are: proper

selection, conservation of environment, sustainable development, evaluation of
the environment.
● The factors that play a vital role to run a business are: market, raw materials,
nature of occupation and skilled human resource.

Lesson-2 Industrial Education
● Industrial education provides a man with knowledge and skill to run an industry.
● It makes people able to run an industry or to get employment in the industry.

Lesson-3 Planning to Run an Industry
● The planning refers to those thoughts and programs which are framed before

doing anything.
● While making a plan for an industry, we have to think about its purpose, area,

effects, needs and demands etc.
● Proper planning helps to run an industry successfully and to minimize its

environmental effects too

Lesson -4 Local Industries
● The local industries refer to those industries which are run at local level using

local resources, raw materials, techniques, human resource, etc.
● Use of local raw materials, opportunity of more jobs by local people, development

of local markets etc. are some of the advantages of local industry.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 111

Unit

6

Business Orientation

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

Orientation in business covers different dimensions, depending on the
purpose it serves. It can refer to marketing orientation or production
orientation, employee orientation or customer orientation. Different
businesses apply different orientations, depending on their individual goals
and strategies.

Moreover, the proper study of the business and its elements help to run a
successful business. Proper management of market, relation between market
and entrepreneurship, proper and scientific study of price determination,
keeping proper income and expenditure, etc. are included in the orientation
of business.

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1L e s s o n

Marketing Management

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the process and elements of marketing management.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of markets are there in your locality. Share in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

marketing : the activity of presenting, advertising and selling a
company’s products in the best possible way

facilitate : make easy, assist, help

strategy : plan, policy

distribution : the way that something is shared or exists over a
particular area or among a particular group of people

campaign : a series of planned activities that are intended to
achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim
or promotion, operation

Introduction

Marketing management facilitates the activities and functions which are involved
in the distribution of goods and services.

According to Philip Kotler, “Marketing management is the analysis, planning,
implementation and control of programmes designed to bring about desired
exchanges with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational
objectives.’’
It includes the coordination of four elements:
• Identification, selection and development of a product,
• Determination of its price,

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 113

• Selection of a distribution-channel to reach the customer's place, and
• Development and implementation of a promotional strategy.

Marketing is based on thinking about the business in terms of customer needs and
their satisfaction. In other words, it is a process to discover, create, arouse and
satisfy customer's needs.

While making a plan for marketing management, we have to consider the
following things:

Product

The concept of product in a marketing plan deals with finding the right product
for your targeted market. The product must be something desired by the intended
customer.

Price

Price is a very important element of the marketing. The company must create
something of value for the consumer. The product must be one that the consumer
is willing to pay a predetermined price for.

Place

Selling your product in the correct place is another important aspect of the
marketing. No matter how good your product or service is, if the customer cannot
find it, no purchases will be made.

Promotion

Once you have determined what product you will sell, the price you will charge
and the place you will sell it, you must tell people about it. This is where promotion
comes in. There are multiple mediums available to promote a product or service
to your target consumers, including word of mouth, newspapers and other print
publications, television, radio and internet advertising.

To sum up, marketing management may be defined as the process of management
of marketing programmes for accomplishing organisational goals and objectives.
It involves planning, implementation and control of marketing programmes or
campaigns.

Importance of Marketing Management

Marketing management has gained importance to meet increasing competition
and the need for improved methods of distribution to reduce cost and to increase
profits. Marketing management today is the most important function in a
commercial and business enterprise.

The following are other importance of the marketing management:

114 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

• Introduction to new products in the market
• Increasing the production of existing products
• Reducing cost of sales and distribution
• Export market
• Development in the means of communication and modes of transportation

within and outside the country
• Increase in per capita income and demand for more goods by the consumers

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What do you understand by the term market?

2. Define and discuss the marketing management.

3. What types of goods are sold in your locality? Make a list.

4. What is the importance of marketing management? Discuss and write.

Project Work

Visit the market nearby your school or home and prepare a list of the things
which are sold there on the basis of given outline.

S.N. Name of the things Price before Price after Remarks
(Quantity) bargain bargain

1. Patato

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2L e s s o n

Relationship between Market and
Entrepreneurship

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to explain the relationship between market and entrepreneurship.

Pre-reading Activity
How do the people of your locality earn money? Share it with the class.

Terms & Terminologies

relation : the way in which two people, groups or countries
behave towards each other or deal with each other

entrepreneur : person who makes money by starting or running
businesses, especially when this involves taking
financial risks

ecosystem : all the plants and living creatures in a particular area
considered in relation to their physical environment

venture : a business project or activity, especially one that involves
taking risks or undertaking

diligence : attentiveness, carefulness, industry

Introduction

Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business or other organization. The
entrepreneur develops a business model, acquires the human and other required
resources, and is fully responsible for its success or failure. Entrepreneurship
operates within an entrepreneurship ecosystem.

116 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

The capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture
along with any of its risks in order to make a profit is known as entrepreneurship.
The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of a new businesses.

In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and
capital can produce profit.

Although, there is no "one size fits all" theory for entrepreneurship, a few
guidelines may help those with a good idea become successful entrepreneurs.
The following insights can help you:

1. Passion and motivation

Your demonstration of passion and motivation will determine your success
in any entrepreneurial venture.

2. Risk taking

Entrepreneurs are risk takers and ready to dive deep into a future of
uncertainty. But not all risk takers are successful entrepreneurs.

3. Self-belief, hard work and disciplined dedication

Entrepreneurs enjoy what they do. They believe in themselves and are
confident and dedicated to their project. Occasionally, they may show
stubbornness in their intense focus on and faith in their idea. But the flip
side is their demonstrated discipline and dedication.

4. Adaptability and flexibility

It’s good to be passionate or even stubborn about what you do. But being
inflexible about client or market needs will lead to failure.

5. Understand your offering – and its market

Entrepreneurs know their product offering inside and out. They also know
the marketplace and its dynamics inside and out. Remaining unaware of
changing market needs, competitor moves and other external factors can
bring even great products to failure

6. Money management

It takes time to get to profitability for any entrepreneurial venture. Till then,
capital is limited and needs to be utilized wisely increase. Entrepreneurship
is about building a business from scratch while managing limited resources

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 117

(including time, money and personal relationships). It is a long-term
commitment, and attempting to plan as much as possible at the beginning is
a noble impulse.

7. Networking abilities

They reach out to mentors with more experience and extensive networks to
seek valuable advice.

Having such networking abilities, including more experienced mentors, is a
key characteristic of successful entrepreneurs.

8. Being prepared to take the exit

Not every attempt will result in success. The failure rate of entrepreneurial
ventures is very high. At times, it is absolutely fine to take the “practical”
exit route and try something new, instead of continuing.

9. Entrepreneurs doubt themselves – but not too much

You may ask yourself, am I an entrepreneur? And the very question may put
you in doubt about the answer. Instead of worrying about fitting the image
of the perfect entrepreneur, check in with your gut. Is it on board?

10. The bottom line

Personal qualities and their correct demonstration with the right stakeholders
are the determining factors for success or failure as an entrepreneur.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is called entrepreneurship? Discuss and write.

2. What qualities should a person have to be a good entrepreneur?

3. What is the relationship between market and entrepreneur? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Bring a chart paper and highlight the very essential points of a successful
entrepreneur.

118 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

3L e s s o n

Determination of Price and
Management of Accounts

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the process of price determination.
• to calculate profit and loss of a business.

Pre-reading Activity

Whenever you go for shopping, what do you do before buying anything and
paying its cost? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

determination : factors influencing the determination of future
policy/the act of finding out or calculating something

price : the amount of money that you have to pay for something

bargain : try to buy

cost : the amount of money that you need in order to buy,
make or do something

value : how much something is worth compared with its price

currency : the system of money that a country uses

Introduction

When you want to buy something, then you ask its price but do you know how this
price is determined? Sometimes, you bargain with the shopkeeper or seller saying and
blaming that he is taking high cost. How can you say that he is taking high amount of
the things? Discuss in the class about all these issues on price determination.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 119

When we buy something, we pay its cost in currency. The money which is used
to measure value of things and services while buying and selling is called cost. A
price is the rate of exchange of goods and services. The process to determine cost
of any services and goods is called price determination. There is no any hard and
fast rule about the price determination of the things which are sold in the market
because different things have different prices in the market in unusual time. The
producers want to get more profit.

There are many factors which determine the price of the things. They are as
follows:

cost of demand quality of
insurance of the the goods

cost of customers season of
packing and production

transport

cost of Factors that competition
labour determine of the
price are: market
cost of raw
materials importance
of goods

durability time
of the goods

profit of the nature of
producers goods

The given above factors; play a great role to determine the price of the goods
and services in the market. Generally, the following things are considered while
determining the price:

120 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

• Total cost to produce the goods,
• Total cost of transport and advertisement,
• Tax and other charges paid to the government,
• Insurance of the things in case of damage,

• The profit taken by the producers.

Management of Income and Expenditure (Maintaining Accounts)

Each and every businessman, producer, shopkeeper, trader, seller, etc. keeps the
record of their goods and services. They maintain their accounts and the accounts
deals with the income and expenditure of the company, office, business, or a party,
etc. The process of keeping income and expenditure according to law and system
is known as accounts.

The producer, businessman, seller, shopkeeper want to know their income and
expenditure. The big firms appoint accountants in their office to maintain income
and expenditure. They keep loss and profit of their firm.

Profit

When something is produced and sold at the price which is higher than its total
expenditure, this situation is called profit from the product. Example: A person
produces some goods at the investment of one lakh and sells them at one lakh
fifty thousand rupees, then he gets fifty thousand profit but if he sells the goods
at eighty five thousand, then he bears fifteen thousand loss. This is a very simple
process of calculating loss.

But it is not so easy to get profit and loss so quickly. The businessman keeps two
types of ledgers. One is called ledger for debit or debit ledger and another one is
credit ledger. They keep trading account, profit and loss account, too.

Debit Account

In debit account, the person keeps beginning balance, purchasing cost, wages,
and other expenditures, while in credit account, income from sale, last balance,
and other income are shown. From these accounts, loss and profit is calculated at
last.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 121

Model of the ledger of income and expenditure or profit or loss
Economic year 2071/072

Debit Credit

Description Amount (Rs) Description Amount (Rs)

Starting balance 15000 Final balance 50000

Total purchasing 150000 Total income from 300000
sell

Wages 90000 Gross profit 5oooo

Total 255oooo Total
5oooo

When the credit side is bigger than the debit side, then the person gets profit but
if the debit side is bigger than the credit side, then the person bears loss.



Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. How is price of a certain thing thing determined ? Discuss in the class
2. Describe the factors that determine the price of any goods and services.
3. What are debit and credit ?
4. How is loss and profit calculated?

Project Work

Visit accountant of your school and ask him or her how debit and credit is
maintained? Prepare a ledger showing debit and credit of a certain thing.

122 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

4L e s s o n

World Trade Organization

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce WTO, its functions and importance.

Pre-reading Activity
Are there any organizations in your locality related to trade? What do these
organizations do? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

trade : the activity of buying and selling or of exchanging
goods or services between people or countries

organization : a group of people who form a business, club, etc.
together in order to achieve a particular aim

intellectual : connected with or using a person’s ability to think in
a logical way and understand things

property : a thing or things that are owned by a possession or
possessions, such as land, building, ornament

administration : the activities that are done in order to plan, organize
and run a business, school or other institution

watchdog : a person or group of people whose job is to check that
companies are not doing anything illegal or ignoring
people’s rights

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 123

Introduction

World Trade Organization is an international organization. It is a world wide
organization. Most of the countries of the world are its members. It was established
on 1st January, 1995 with the sole objective to facilitate trade in the world. Nepal is
its 147th member. Nepal became its member on 11th Baishakh, 2061.

Functions of WTO

The WTO is an international organization set up as a permanent legal body of the
world. It is designed to play the role of a watchdog in the areas of trade in goods,
trade in services, foreign investment, intellectual property rights, etc. Article III of
this organization has set out the following five functions of WTO:

• The WTO facilitates the implementation, administration and operation of
the plural Trade Agreements.

• It provides the forum for negotiations among its members concerning their
multilateral trade.

• It helps to solve the disputes among the members.

• It administrates Trade Policy Review Mechanism in the world.

• It cooperates with the IME, International Bank For Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD)to make greater unity for global economic policy.

Objectives of WTO

Important objectives of WTO are mentioned below:

• to implement the new world trade system as visualized in the Agreement;

• to promote World Trade in a manner that benefits every country;

• to ensure that developing countries secure a better balance in the sharing
of the advantages resulting from the expansion of international trade
corresponding to their developmental needs;

• to demolish all hurdles to an open world trading system and carry out
international economic renaissance because the world trade is an effective
instrument to foster economic growth;

124 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

• to enhance competitiveness among all trading partners so as to benefit
consumers and help in global integration;

• to increase the level of production and productivity with a view to ensuring
level of employment in the world;

• to expand and utilize world resources to the best;
• to improve the level of living for the global population and speed up

economic development of the member nations.
This organization is playing a very important role in the field of economy. It
is providing food support in some of the African countries where people are
suffering from starvation and poverty. This organization decides the rules and
standards of the world level trade business.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is trade ? Discuss and write.
2. Give a short introduction to WTO.
3. What are the main functions of WTO? Discuss and write.
4. What are its main objectives? Discuss and write.
5. What are the benefits of being member of WTO? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Visit a library or internet and highlight the functions and objectives of WTO in
a colourful chart paper.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 125

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Marketing Management
● Marketing management is related to the activities and functions which are

involved in the distribution of goods and services.
● We consider over product, price, place, promotion while making plan for

marketing management.
● Marketing management introduces new products, increases production,

reduces cost, develops means of communication and increase per-capita
income.
Lesson-2 Relationship Between Market and Entrepreneurship
● Entrepreneurship is a process of starting a business.
● Some guidelines of successful entrepreneurship are passion and the
motivation, risk taking, self-belief, hard working, discipline, dedication,
adaptability, flexibility, money management, networking abilities, ready to
exit and to take in, etc.
Lesson-3 Determination of Price and Management of Accounts
● The price of a thing is determined by its quality, demand, cost, market,
competition, labour, season, raw materials, etc.
Lesson-4 World Trade Organization
● WTO stands for World Trade Organization which was established in 1995
with the sole purpose to play the role of a watchdog in the areas of trade in
goods, trade in services, foreign investment, intellectual property rights, etc.
● Its objective was to promote World Trade in a manner that benefits every
country.

126 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Unit

7

Vegetable Farming

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

The term vegetable in its broadest sense refers to any kind of plant life or plant
product; in the narrower sense, however, it refers to the fresh, edible portion of
a herbaceous plant consumed in either raw or cooked form.

Vegetable farming refers to the production of vegetables for human consumption.
Traditionally, it was done in the soil in small rows or blocks, often primarily for
consumption on the farm, with the excess sold in nearby towns with the short
distance allowing the farmer to get his produce to market while still fresh.
The diversity of vegetable crops requires a number of techniques to be used to
optimize the growth of each type of plant. Some farmers, therefore, specialize
in one vegetable; others grow a large variety. Due to the fast growing demands
and needs of the market for fresh vegetables, vegetable gardening has high
labour demands. The development of ripening technologies and refrigeration
has reduced the problems with getting production to market in good condition.

This unit highlights different methods of vegetable farming, their conservation,
vegetable farming on the roof or terrace as well as marketing of vegetables.

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1L e s s o n

Vegetables Farming on the
Roof or Courtyard

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to produce vegetables on the roof or courtyard.

Pre-reading Activity
Why should we eat vegetables? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

roof : the structure that covers or forms the top of a building
courtyard or vehicle

terrace : an open space that is partly or completely surrounded
by buildings and is usually part of a castle, a large
house, etc.

: a flat, hard area, especially outside a house or restaurant,
where you can sit, eat and enjoy the sun

Introduction

Due to various developments taking place, we started losing agricultural land.
With the pressure building on land and its cost in the urban areas, there is hardly
any space to have a garden. So, if one wants to grow vegetables domestically, the
only alternative is the veranda or roof which provides the ideal space.

Benefits of vegetable farming on the roof

When you grow your own vegetables on a terrace or roof, it not only gives some
space back to agriculture, but it also helps the grower to get chemical-free fresh

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vegetables. This will not only save money, but also time and energy spent on
several trips to the vegetable market on polluted roads. Then, it cools the house;
it is also good exercise while tending and watering plants. Micro-climates will
change as there is an increased production of oxygen and a reduction of carbon
dioxide, etc. Above all, the biggest gain would be eating healthy, chemical-free
vegetables. It saves spare time while working on the roof. Rain water can be used
to produce vegetables. It gives practical knowledge of growing vegetables, seeds,
seedlings of vegetables.

Required things

It’s the interest of the individual; if he believes in the concept of healthy living,
then rest is easy. If you believe in a concept, you will do anything to achieve it.
That’s the idea. However, the basic need is a good roof which is waterproof. To
protect water-leakage, the roof should be covered with a plastic.
A well-mixed organic compost and soil should be levelled up to one foot.

Exercise

1. What is called rooftop
vegetable farming? Discuss
and write.

2. What benefits can be taken
from the rooftop vegetable
farming? Discuss and write.

3. How to prepare rooftop
vegetable garden? Discuss
and write.

Project Work
Visit internet surf and prepare a file with photos on rooftop vegetable farming.

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2L e s s o n

Multi Vegetable Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the process and importance of multi vegetable farming.

Pre-reading Activity

Have you seen people growing many types of vegetables at the same time in
the same field? Discuss

Terms & Terminologies

multi : consisting of different types of the same thing/varied
products : manufactured goods, cultivated things
farming : unindustrialised, agricultural
vegetable : a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food
cultivate : farm, grow

Introduction

Due to increase in health consciousness, the demand for vegetables is growing.
Due to fast increasing population and high demand of vegetables, it has become
a need to grow vegetables at a large scale so that the demand can be fulfilled. One
of the easy ways of cultivating many types of vegetables at the same time in the
same land together is called multi vegetable farming.

A mixed vegetable farming is a process of cultivating different vegetables with in
same time and same land together. For example, in the land of broccoli mustard
and onion, in the garlic field, radish, in the potato field mustard and onion, in the
garlic field chamsur, in the corn field beans etc. are some of the examples of multi
farming of vegetables. This practice makes easy to get different vegetables at the

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same time without doing extra labor and paying cost.

Process of Multi Vegetables

The following methods are applied to farm multi vegetables:
Combination: In the fruit vegetable land of brinjal and tomatoes, root vegetables
radish, carrot, and salagam can be grown and along with these leafy vegetables
chamsur, palungo, can be grown.
While growing corn, badi, sosta (beans), can be grown. And while growing wheat
and barley, peas can be grown together.
In some vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, etc. are affected by weeds and grass,
so to protetct from weeds we should grow potatoes, radish, carrot, etc. which
need clearance of weeds for cultivation. While farming, beds should be made
which help to control weeds.

Benefits

• The multi vegetable farming needs less labour.
• This process helps to maintain fertility of the land.
• It helps to control different diseases and insects.
• The fertility power of land can be maintained by growing vegetables.
• Family needs can be fulfilled easily.
• Short time vegetables can be cultivated.
• Family income can be increased by mixed vegetables.
• The domestic animals get grass and leaf.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is called multi vegetable farming? Discuss and write.

2. Write any five benefits of multi vegetable farming.

3. What things should be considered while making multi kitchen garden?
Discuss and write.

Project Work
● How do your parents grow mixed vegetables? Discuss and write the process.

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3L e s s o n

Mushroom Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to cultivate mushroom.
• to state the benefits of mushroom.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of food items have you eaten made from mushroom? Share in
the class.

Terms & Terminologies

mushroom : a fungus with a round flat head and short stem
humid
attribute : (of the air or climate) warm and damp

substrate : to say or believe that something is the result of a
particular thing
spore
: a substance or layer which is under something or on
which something happens, for example the surface on
which a living thing grows and feeds

: one of the very small cells that is produced by some
plants and that develops into new plants

How to Grow Mushrooms?

Mushrooms grow in dark, cool, moist, and humid environments.

There are varieties of mushroom such as Crimini, Enoki, Maitake, Portobello,
Oyster, Shiitake,White button, etc.

Mushrooms are low in calories, fat-free, cholesterol-free, gluten-free, and very low
in sodium, yet they provide important nutrients, including selenium, potassium

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(8%), riboflavin, niacin, vitamin D and more.

Mushrooms aren't difficult to grow at home. Unlike plants, which grow from
seeds, mushrooms grow from microscopic spores that take root in a substrate, or
growing medium.

Choosing Mushroom Spawn

Decide what type of mushroom to grow

There are hundreds of types of edible
mushrooms to choose from, and most of them
can be grown at our home. Purchase spawn
(a mixture of mushroom spores and nutrients
they need to thrive)

• White button mushrooms are hardy and produce plenty of "fruit." They are
a great addition to salads, soups and everyday meals.

• Oyster mushrooms have a mild, delicious flavor that makes them a popular
ingredient in stir-fries and soups.

• Shiitake mushrooms have a deep, smoky flavor, and their firm texture makes
them a good substitute for meat.

Source of the Right Kind of Substrate

To grow mushrooms, you will inoculate substrate with an injection of mushroom
spawn.

• Mushroom growing kits come with pre-mixed "grow bags," which you
inoculate with spawn through a small hole. The mushrooms grow directly
in the bags, and you cut off the top of the bag to harvest them. This is a fine
choice for a novice mushroom grower.

• If you want to grow mushrooms without the aid of a grow bag, buy a wooden
tray about 6 inches deep and a few feet wide to fill with substrate according
to the type of mushroom you are growing.

• White button mushrooms need composted manure substrate.

• Oyster mushrooms need straw substrate.

• Shiitakes, lion's mane, and hen-of-the-woods mushrooms grow best on
wood or sawdust substrate. You can also grow them on a log.

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Creating the Optimal Growing Environment

Find a dark, chilly place.
Mushrooms, tend to grow in the damp shade of tall trees. To grow them in kitchen
garden, we need to recreate a forest-like environment with a temperature of
between 55 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Create a humid environment.

Mushrooms need a high air moisture level to thrive. If you live in a very dry
region, you may want to buy a humidifier to make the air around the mushrooms
more conducive to their growth.

Inoculating the substrate and monitoring mycelium growth

Inoculate the substrate with spawn.

The spawn you ordered should have come in a plastic syringe. Remove the cover
and inject the spawn into the substrate.

Keep the substrate warm for two weeks.

For the first stage of its growth, mushroom spawn must be kept at a temperature
of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit. This encourages the growth of mycelium, the
white, feathery roots that will eventually produce mushrooms.

• If you're growing the mushrooms in a cool place without controlled heating,
you can use a heating pad to keep the substrate at the correct temperature.

• Don't let the heat rise above 70 degrees, since higher temperatures can kill
the spores.

When you see mycelium, drop the temperature.

Once a good base of roots have formed, remove the heating pad or adjust
the thermostat to 55 - 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Keep the substrate at this cooler
temperature for the remainder of the growing cycle.
Cover with an inch of soil or moss
When the delicate webbing of mycelium has formed, it's important to protect it
with a layer of soil or peat moss.

• Place a layer of newspaper or a thin cloth over the layer of soil or moss.

• If you're using a grow bag, open up the top when you see good mycelium

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growth.

Keep the top layer moist
Use a spray bottle filled with water to spritz the cloth or newspaper layer with
water several times daily. It should be kept moist for at least ten days.

• Don't over water; the point is to create moist, damp conditions, but the
growing environment should not be dripping wet.

• If you are using a grow bag, simply spritz the top layer of substrate in the
grow bag with water every day to keep it moist.

After 10 days, remove the cloth or newspaper
Continue misting the soil or moss underneath twice daily until you see pinheads,
or tiny mushrooms, begin to sprout.

Harvesting the Mushrooms

Pick the mushrooms when they have grown to full size.

The pinheads will develop into full-sized mushrooms; pick them when they've
reached the size you deem to be mature. You may eat them immediately or dry
them for later use.

Continue harvesting mushrooms

After you pick the first fruiting, the mushrooms will fruit again. There are usually
more mushrooms the second time. Pick these when they're mature. The cycle will
continue for three to four months until the supply has been exhausted.

Benefits of Mushroom

Mushrooms are fungi, which are so distinct in nature. They are classified as their
own kingdom – separate from plants or animals. While commonly placed in the
vegetable category for dietary recommendations, mushrooms are, however, not a
vegetable based on their cellular organization and composition such as chitin and
ergo sterol.

• Mushrooms are a good source of B vitamins, including riboflavin, niacin,
and pantothenic acid, which help to provide energy by breaking down
proteins, fats and carbohydrates. B vitamins also play an important role in
the nervous system.

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• Pantothenic acid helps with the production of hormones and also plays an
important role in the nervous system.

• Riboflavin helps maintain healthy red blood cells.
• Niacin promotes healthy skin and makes sure the digestive and nervous

systems function properly.
• Mushrooms are also a source of important minerals.
• Selenium is a mineral that works as an antioxidant to protect body cells from

damage that might lead to heart disease, some cancers and other diseases of
ageing.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What are the benefits of mushroom? Discuss and write.
2. Visit a mushroom farm and observe the process of farming. Write about it.

Project Work
Prepare a mushroom farm at your school or home and cultivate mushroom.
Show it to your class.

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4L e s s o n

Storage of Vegetables
According to Season

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to preserve vegetables applying different methods.

Pre-reading Activity
How do you store vegetables at your home? Tell your class.

Terms & Terminologies

store : accumulate,hoard

preservative : a substance used to prevent food or wood from decaying

deterioration : declining, worsening

bacteria : the simplest and smallest forms of life

Introduction

Vegetables are very important
for our health. Different types
of vegetables are grown in
different time and season. All the
produced vegetables are not eaten
at the same time. They can be
conserved for the off season. This
process of keeping and preserving
vegetables for the future is known
as preservation of vegetables.

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While preserving vegetables for future their greenery and freshness must be
saved. If the vegetables are kept properly and undamaged, the farmers can get
good income.

Methods of Storage of Vegetables

1. Preservation at low temperature
Vegetables can be preserved at the low temperature. Things can be kept

fresh for a long time in cool environment. Properly prepared vegetables
should be kept in the cold storage. They can be kept for a long time because
in the cold storage, there is less chance of bacteria and fungi.

2. Storage of vegetables using chemical medicines
There are some medicines which can keep our vegetables fresh for a long

time. Chemical medicines are also helpful to keep vegetables fresh and
safe for some times. These medicines control bacteria, level of inhaling gas,
decline of cold, and dying of the plants.

The medicines used for the storage of vegetables:
• Fungicide: sulfur-de-oxide,
• These medicines help to control from being fungus of the vegetables.
• They protect vegetables from fungus.
• Anti transparent: by dipping in the candle liquid or covering with it
• Ithalin observant such as ithalin gas
• In package decicents such as calcium oxide and fuel silicones
• The above mentioned medicines help to keep vegetables fresh for a

long time.

Need and Importance of Preservation

Nepal is an agricultural country. But its physical structure is very odd. Most parts
of the country lack access to the transportation. This is why the farmers cannot
sell their production immediately in the market. It takes long time to reach the
market. So preservation is necessary. Preservation helps to get vegetables in the

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off season also. In the village area there are local methods of preservation. Farmers
keep their vegetables preserved keeping them underground or in the straw which
helps to keep them for a long time.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What types of methods are used to preserve vegetables in your locality?

Discuss and write.
2. Why should we preserve vegetables? Discuss and write any four reasons.
3. Why should we preserve vegetables according to seasons?
4. List out the names of some medicines which are used to preserve vegetables.

Project Work
Visit a pharmacy and consult with the pharmacist about the medicines which
are used to preserve food, fruits, and vegetables. Write their names and uses in
the chart paper.

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5L e s s o n

Production and Storage
of Vegetable Seeds

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the methods of production and storage of vegetable seeds.

Pre-reading Activity

Quality seeds are very important to produce good quality vegetables. Give
your opinion in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

seed : the small hard part produced by a plant, from which a
new plant can grow
expert
cultivation : specialist, professional
demand
cooperative : crop growing, nurturing

: require, claim

: doing something together or working together with
others towards a shared aim

Introduction

Vegetables are very important food for our health. They should be eaten regularly
because our body gets so many essential elements such as vitamins, minerals, salt
etc. from vegetables. There is high demand of vegetables in the market. Due to
rapid population growth, there is high importance of the production of vegetables.

To produce and grow good quality and quantity of vegetables, we need
quality seeds. There is a high demand of seeds in different parts of the country.

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This is why the farmers, private and government firms, cooperatives, etc. are
producing seeds of vegetables. Not only in the village, there is cultivation of
vegetables in every corner of the country. The produced vegetables and seeds are
being sold out of the city and out of the country, too.

Production of Vegetable Seeds

The production of quality seeds is
comparatively more difficult and
takes longer time than the production
of vegetables. The production of any
vegetables takes from 30 to 90 days
whereas the production of seeds takes
almost nine months. It takes more
labour cost and time. The result is that
the seeds can be more costly than the
vegetables.

Things to be considered while producing seeds:

• The person who wants to cultivate vegetable seeds should acquire good
knowledge and information about the method of production from the agro-
expert.

• The seeds should be selected from the healthy and disease free plants.

• The seeds should be well developed and dry.

• The seeds should be planted in the appropriate soil.

• The soil should be tested by the agro–expert.

• The land should be well ploughed.

• There should not be any waste concrete such as broken glass, rod, brick,
plastic.

• Before the plantation, the seeds should be well cleared and clean.

• The seeds should be kept in appropriate humidity and temperature.

• The seeds should be dried up properly.

• After the production, only the healthy and disease free seeds should be
selected and collected properly.

• The seeds should be tested in the lab before they are packed.

• After lab test, they should be packed and labeled well.

• The production date, methods of use, time of expiry etc. should be mentioned

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on the label.
• The seeds should be well irrigated as per the agro-experts advice.
• The seeds should be used after the fixed time of their use.

Storage of Seeds

After the production of seeds,
another important thing is their
scientific and proper storage for the
future because the seeds can be used
for many years. To maintain the
quality of seeds, its storage is very
important work. The seeds should
be well packed and they should be
protected from the humidity and
cold. The seeds should be kept in the
dry place and it should be protected
from cold to heat. The seeds should be protected from the fungus. To protect
from insects and diseases, appropriate medicines should be used according to the
advice of agro-expert. The properly stored seeds can be used for 10-12 years and
3-5 years without difficulty.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.

1. What are the reasons behind the high demand of vegetable seeds? Discuss
and write.

2. Why does it take more time to produce seeds than to produce vegetables?
Discuss.

3. What things should be considered while producing vegetable seeds?
4. Write the precautions while storing seeds?

Project Work

● Take some seeds and pack them in a packet. Show its labelling method as
an example.

● Visit an agro-farm nearby your home or school and prepare a report on
production and storage of vegetable seeds.

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6L e s s o n

Organic Fertilizer

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce different types of organic fertilizers, their importance and their

process of preparation .

Pre-reading Activity
What do you know about organic fertilizer? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

organic : produced or practised without using artificial chemicals;
produced by or from living things

fertilizer : a substance added to soil to make plants grow more
successfully

shed : a small building, usually built of wood or metal, used
for keeping things or animals in such as cowshed

malkhado : a pit or area where the cattle’s dung is stored to make
fertilizer

immemorial : that has existed for longer than people can remember

compost : a mixture of decayed plants, food, etc. that can be added
to soil to help plants grow

nutrient : a substance that is needed to keep a living thing alive
and to help it to grow

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Introduction

All living organisms need different types of nutrients. Human beings take
nutrients from their food items while plants take through soil, compost, water,
etc. We provide nutrients to the plants through compost. The traditional fertilizer
for plants is natural compost which is acquired from dung, leaves, plants, urine,
straw etc. These natural things are made and used as fertilizer in field for the
plants, flowers, crops, etc.

1. Types and Use of Organic Fertilizer

Shed Fertilizers

Farmers keep their animals in the shed.
Cows, buffaloes, chyangras, goats, yaks
etc. are kept in their sheds. They excrete
urine and dung which is collected in
one particular place near the shed and
changed into fertilizer. The farmers
from the time immemorial have used
this fertilizer to grow their crops, fruits,
vegetables. The traditional method of
making fertilizer is collecting in the compost pit which is made behind the
animals' shed.

The size of the malkhado (dung pit) is made according to the need and number
of animals. The farmers keep on putting faeces, urine, leaves, leftovers, grass,
and there appear different layers. When the pit is filled, it should be covered
with the layer of dung or soil. After 5- 6 months, the fertilizer becomes ready.
Such type of fertilizer is mixed in the soil while ploughing the field. It is
kept around the plants after digging. It is a very simple and easy method of
preparing fertilizer. It is fully natural and soil friendly. This fertilizer does
not harm the soil. The things produced by using compost fertilizers are very
healthy.

Compost Fertilizer

This is also natural fertilizer. It is also
made by using leaves, grass, straw, weeds,
dung, urine, wastes, etc. To prepare this
fertilizer, a pit is made according to needs
and requirements. It is made by making
layers. The grass, leaves, straw, leftovers
of the grass, etc. are put making layers.
The mixture of urine and dung should be
sprayed all over the layer. After this, another

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layer is prepared. After making 8-10 layers and after 3-4 months, it should
be put into another pit and turned over nicely. After turning it, it should be
left for 2-3 months. During this time, the compost becomes ready to use in
the land.

Green Compost

This compost is prepared by the use of
green bean leaves, vegetables and crops
such as beans, sanpat, mas, bhatmas, kerau
which are mixed in the soil when they
are green. They are cut and ploughed
and mixed in the soil. After some time
they are changed into compost. These
things are used when they are green so
its name is green compost. It should be
done before one or two months of plantation of crops, so that they could be
rotten and mixed in the soil. This is very natural and the plants get manure
from the soil.

Coiled Cake
We crush different oil seeds in the

grinder or mill or kol or in the machine to
take out oil. Mustard, peanuts, seeds of
cotton, soyabean are crushed for the oil.
After extracting oil, there remains solid
part which makes oil seed cake (Pina).
The Pina is used to make fertilizer for the
plants. This is very nutritious for plants.
It is used making dust in the soil before
the plantation of crops, fruits, vegetables, etc. There must be humidity in the
soil while using this compost.

Bone Compost

This is made from the bones of animals.
The bones are grinded into dust and
the dust of bone is mixed in the soil. The
compost made from the bones is highly
nutritious for the plants because this
compost consists of 2-45% nitrogen, 22-
245% phosphorus. These elements are very
necessary for the plants for their proper
growth. Bone compost consists of calcium
also. This compost is used before the plantation of crops, vegetables, fruits, etc.

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Compost of Earthworm

Earthworms are found in the field, in the
animal dung, garden, etc. Generally, they
are found in the rainy season and after
rainy season also. They are found crawling
on in large number. These worms are not
harmful. They are the friends of farmers
and their plants. The earthworms eat
leaves, grass, straw, weeds and worm
cast which is considered a high quality compost. Earthworms feed on large
amount of soil containing organic matter. When they eat soil,it makes soil
loose, making it porous. This facilitates easy entry of water and air into the
soil and thus promoting plants growth. Their waste enriches and fertilizes
the soil and therefore makes plants more productive.

Bokase Compost
Bokcase compost is prepared at local level

by using local raw materials. It is made
from rice dust, bone dust, mustard cake,
liquid, sugar and water. This is known as
germ fertilizer because it contains lots of
micro organisms.

The following things can be used to make BOKASE MAL

S.N. Materials Quantity
1. rice dust 100 kg

2. bone dust 25kg

3. mustard cake 25 kg

4. e.m. liquid l litrre

5. sugar 1 kg

6. water 40 litre

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Process of Making Bokase Compost

1. Mix l litre liquid in 3 litre water along with 1 kg sugar. It should be kept in
the dark shed for 24-48 hours by stirring from time to time.

All the above mentioned things should be kept in the drum or bucket and
should be kept in the shade out of sun.

The whole mixture should be stirred at least five times within 2-3 days. If the
humidity is less, then some water should be added and stirred.

The prepared compost can be used within 10 days in the summer and 30-45
days in the winter. This compost contains nitrogen 3.20% phosphorus 5.2%
potash 2.3%. This compost is used like other composts in the field. It gives
very good productions.

Exercise

1. Write T for true and F for false statements
a. Organic compost is harmful to health.
b. Modern people should use chemical fertilizers only.
c. Earthworm fertilizer is made from the faeces of earthworms.
d. Pina fertilizer is made from the cakes of oilseeds.
e. The chemical fertilizer is soil friendly but not hygienic.
2. What is called organic compost? Discuss and write.
3. Write any five importance of organic compost.
4. What are the differences between chemical fertilizer and organic

compost?
5. Write the methods of making pina compost.

Project Work
• Prepare a type of compost manure in the compound of school and use it

in the school garden.
• Visit the farmer’s shed and prepare a report on how farmers prepare

compost.

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7L e s s o n

Farming of Earthworms

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to keep earth worms to produce fertilizer from them.

Pre-reading Activity
Earthworms are great friends of farmers. How? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

earthworm : a common long thin worm that lives in soil

moth : a flying insect with a long thin body and four large
wings, like a butterfly, but less brightly coloured. Moths
fly mainly at night and are attracted to bright lights.

potash : a chemical containing potassium, used to improve soil
for farming and in making soap

nitrogen : a chemical element. Nitrogen is a gas that is found in
large quantities in the earth’s atmosphere.

phosphorous : a chemical element found in several different forms,
including a poisonous, pale yellow substance that shines
in the dark and starts to burn as soon as it is placed in
air

insect : any small creature with six legs and a body divided into
three parts. Insects usually also have wings. Ants, bees
and flies are all insects

worm : a long thin creature with no bones or legs, that lives in soil

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Introduction

Earthworms are found in the field, in the animal dung, garden, etc. Generally,
they are found in the rainy season and after rainy season also. They are found
crawling on in large number. These worms are not harmful. They are the friends
of farmers and their plants. The earthworms eat leaves, grass, straw, weeds and
produce worm cast which is considered a high quality compost. Earthworms
feed on large amounts of soil containing organic matter. Their feeding within
the ground loosens the soil, making it porous. This facilitates easy entry of water
and air into the soil and thus promoting plants growth. Their waste enriches and
fertilizes the soil and therefore makes plants more productive.

Elements found in the earthworms’ compost

Organic
elements
10-13%

Potash Elements Nitrogen
4.3-9% found in the 0.73-1%
earthworms'
compost or
worm cast

Phosphorus
0.8-0.9%

Methods of Earthworm Farming

Required Materials: empty box, wooden box, soil pots, tray, flower vase or any
other, animal dung, leaves, straw, grass, soil, and small earth worms

Instructions to make compost from earthworms:
• First, bring the pots that you need to produce earthworms.
• Bring the soil from the garden or field and take out the pebbles, bricks,

glasses from it.
• Put this soil at the bottom of the pot and make a layer of the soil.
• After that, put animal dung on the layer of the soil.

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• Then cut weeds, leaves, peels, green grass into very small pieces and then
put these materials on the layer of the dung.

• Then put dung again and cover the dust and pieces of grass layers with the
dung.

• Now, put the small earthworms on the layer of the dung 100-120 in the pot
per square meter

• Now, cover the earthworms with the peels, weeds, grass, straw, etc. making
small pieces.

• The earthworms start eating these things themselves and pass the faeces.
• Maintain the humidity up to 50-60% in the box.
• The earthworms need 20-25 degree Celsius temperature.
• To maintain humidity, irrigate the box daily and properly.
Look at the following box and keep the things to prepare earth worms farming
as shown:

Layer of Grass

Layer of Earthworms

Layer of Dung

Layer of Grass

Layer of Dung
Layer of Soil

Use of Compost of the Earthworms

• The compost prepared by earthworms is very useful and full of nutrients
required for the plants. We can use 220 -250 kg compost in one Ropani land
to maintain good productivity.

• 20-30 gram earthworm compost can be used in flower vase or in the vegetable
plant.

• The earthworms can be mixed in the food of the fish, pigs, chickens as food.

Advantages of Earthworm Farming

• It is fully organic compost.

150 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8