Occupation, Business and Technology 8

bring the short sides
together as though you
were folding the whole
thing in half, and pinch
the top and bottom of the
would-be fold to mark
where the center of each
long side is. Lightly mark
these spots with a pencil.

• Mark the paper again
a half inch (13 mm) to
both the left and right of
each center point. When
you’re done, you should
have six marks total:
three centered within
one long edge of your paper and three centered within the other.

• Bring the right edge of the paper to the left-most pencil lines and fold.
Once the fold is properly creased, unfold. Repeat the inverse on the
opposite side.

• Flip the paper, re-fold the left and right sides downward toward the
center, and glue them where they overlap. Be sure to fold along the
same lines as before (but note that the folds will be inverted). Let the
glue dry completely before moving on to the next step.

• Flip the bag over so that it sits glued-side-down. Make sure to orient it
so that one of the open ends points toward you.

• Fold the side-creases inward to create a slight accordion effect. With
your ruler, measure inwards about 1.5 inches from the left-hand side
of the bag. Lightly mark this with your pencil.

• Push the left side-crease of the bag inwards toward the interior of the
bag. Do this until the left-hand mark you made in the previous step
sits on the outer edge of where the paper is bending.

• Press-fold the paper downwards so that the pencil mark lines up with
the new folded edge. Try to keep the top and bottom edges symmetrical
as you press the paper down.

• Repeat on the right-hand side. When you’re done, the body of the bag

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 251

should fold inwards on either side just like a grocery-shopping bag.

• Fold and glue the bottom of the bag into place. To determine which
end is the bottom, look for the crease lines from Step 3 that mark the
bottom of the bag Keep the bag flattened for now.

• Fold the bag four inches (10 cm) up from the bottom and crease it along
this line.

• Keeping the rest of the bag flattened, prop open up the bottom of the
bag. The inward-flaring creases should pop open, forming a square
edge. Inside, you should see a triangle of folded bag on either side.

• Fold the left and right sides of the open, square-shaped bottom
completely down. Use the outermost edge of each interior triangle as a
guide. When you’re done, the bottom area should have 8 sides like an
elongated octagon instead of 4 sides like it had before.

• Fold the bottom strip upwards towards the center of the bottom of the
bag.

• Fold the top strip of the “octagon” downwards towards the center of
the bottom of the bag. The bottom should now be neatly folded shut;
glue the edges where they overlap and let dry.

• Pop the bag open. Make sure the bottom is completely closed off and
that there are no gaps in the glued edges.

• Now add the handles.

• Add decorations of desired

• Now the bag is ready.

F. Making Greeting Cards
Things you need

Glue, scissors or paper cutter, Paper or blank cards, Envelops, Small
decorations to put on the card, Pen or pencil, Markers, Coloured pencils.

• Buy some materials at the store to start off with when making cards.
However, recycling things around the house such as buttons, ribbon,
old belts, etc. also look great when properly attached to cards.

• Sit down at a comfortable desk or an area that is clean yet comfortable
to begin making greeting cards. Music can be played if desired, but it
should not be too loud that it distracts from making of the card.

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• Take out a blank card, or fold a piece as paper in half.
• Use the store-bought and/or recycled decorations to make the card

stand out.
• Put your signature on the back of the card just made so that the person

it is being given to knows who made it.
• Place the card in an envelop that fits the size of the card. Depending on

where the card is going, place a stamp in the upper right hand corner
and continue punctuating the envelope properly.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss and write the importance of paper in our life.
2. Write the instructions for making a kite and a box.
3. Why do we prepare a greeting card? Discuss and write.
4. What things should be considered while working with paper? List them

with their use.

Project Work
Prepare a paper bag, a greeting card and a kite at your home and display them
in the class.

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2L e s s o n

Making a Mandro and Dhakki From
Different Things

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to prepare a bamboo mat and basket from straw.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of things have you used and seen made from bamboo and cane?
Share in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

mandro : a mat made from bamboo
aesthetic : beauty, artistic
choya : a thin stripe of bamboo
interlock : interwoven, lock, join
saw : a tool that has a long blade with sharp points (teeth)

A. Introduction

Bamboo and cane are used for making house to racks. Bamboo and cane
were in use in the past also. At present, their importance is growing fast
because people make different decorative things, racks, chairs, tables, beds
from these things. These things are used from office to kitchen.

B. Making a Mandro from Bamboo

A mandro is made from the stripes (choya) of bamboo.

It is used to dry different crops, vegetables, seeds, and dry vegetables.

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Instruments and Things to Prepare a Mandro
Sickle or Knife: These instruments are used to take out choya (stripes) from

the bamboo. Theses instruments should be sharp and should not be very
heavy.
Big Sickle or Khukuri: These are used to take out split of bamboo. After
taking out the split of bamboo, it is used to take out choya.
Hand Saw: It is used to make bamboo into pieces.

C. Process of Taking out Choya

First of all, the bamboo should
be made into different pieces
according to needs. Then it should
be splitted. The white part of the
bamboo should be cleaned. Then
with the help of sickle or knife, we
should take out the choya.

We use choya to make a mandro
which is used to make granary, to
dry crops,to decorate the wall, to put under the tin, etc.

While preparing a mandro, we should keep the choya up and down . The
choya should be interlocked with each other. We can make decoration on
the mandro while making it.

Activity
Make a mandro of 2’’ × 3’’ from the bamboo choya.

D. Making a Dhakki

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We make dhakki (basket) from different things. Specially, the straw, peels
of the maize, babiyo, etc. are used. After collecting these things, we should
start making it from its bottom making string. It should be spun around the
bottom and should be raised up to 15-20 cm. After making, its edge should
be tightened properly.

Use: The dhakki is used to keep different things at home.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Bamboo has multiple use in our life. Justify it.
2. What types of things can be made from straw, peel (POSKAR of the maize)

and BABIYO? Discuss in the class.

Project Work
• Take out CHOYA and prepare a MANDRO of 2’’ × 3’’ at home and show

it to your class.
• Use straw, BABIYO or POSKAR and prepare a DHAKKI of your own and

show it to your friends in the class.

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3L e s s o n

Reuse of Waste Materials

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the importance of making different things from waste.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of things do you find at your locality made from the wastes? How
are they prepared? Tell your class.

Terms & Terminologies

waste : misuse, left over

optimum : best, most favourable

primary : most important, main, chief

multipurpose : versatile, multiuse

recycle : reprocess, recover, reuse

A. Introduction

The word waste refers not to use well. There are so many things in our daily
life and daily use, which are not used well. It is said that everything should
be used well or they must be used at the optimum degree. In this unit,
we will discuss how we can use the things properly and at the maximum
degree. Things should be used as much as until they can be used and taken
benefit. Everything has multiuse and multipurpose. If the things are thrown
after their primary use, they are not utilized at the maximum level. For an
example: If we buy a news paper and read it and throw it without using it
for other purpose, it is not used properly. After reading the news paper, we
can use the paper to make different useful things. It can be recycled again to
make a new paper. But if we throw it, it will be the waste of the paper.

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B. Importance

Look at the importance of using waste given in the diagram.

controls maximum conservation
different use of things of natural
pollution resources

reuse of the Importance economic
things of using condition
Wastes
can be
improved

decreases conservation of
expenditure forests

saves maximum
unnecessary utilization of
our money
money

C. Some Examples of Using Wastes
Preparation of materials from old clothes

Many times we can’t use the clothes forever due to size and other reasons.

Frocks and kurta can be sticthed from the old thick silk sarees.
Sofa cover can be made from the old polyester saree.
Window curtain can be made from the old plain saree.
Housewife can be busy making thing from old clothes.
They can maintain sanitation and cleanliness at home.
House wives can save unnecessary expenditure of the house.



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Use of waste plastic covers: Now a days, there is excessive use of poly
bags and covers. They are the sources of pollution. We can minimize these
things by reusing them. Plastic bags, milk cover, oil packet, wrapping paper,
noodles cover, etc. can be used for different purposes. From them, thread
like long piece can be made. Key rings, tea-mats, cushions, bags, pen holders,
etc. can be made. The re-use of plastic helps to control pollution.

D. Old Papers

Old papers can be reused to make paper again. From old paper, so many
decorative things can be made. We can make so many stationery articles
from the old paper.

E. Biological Objects from House Holds

In our daily use, there are so many biological things which remain as wastes.
But we can use them for different purposes. While preparing vegetables the
pills and other unnecessary things come out. We can make compost from them.
Straw, maze shells, wheat straw, paddy straw can be used to make different
types of decorative things. They can be used to make baskets, caps, and bags.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is the importance of using wastes? Discuss and write.
2. What things can you make from the waste clothes? Discuss and write.
3. Make a list of degradable and non-degradable wastes.

Project Work
Prepare some of the things from the wastes at home and display in the class.

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4L e s s o n

Carving on Wood and Stone

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name the different instruments used for wood and stone carving.
• to make stone and wood carving.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of carving have been used in the furniture of your home? Tell
your friends.

Terms & Terminologies

wood : the hard material that the trunk and branches of a tree
are made of; this material when it is used to build or
furniture make things with, or as a fuel

carving : objects that can be moved, such as tables, chairs and
beds, that are put into a house or an office to make it
woods suitable for living or working in
pneumatic
: an object or a pattern made by cutting away material
from wood or stone or the art of making objects in this
way

: an area of trees, smaller than a forest

: filled with air; worked by air under pressure; pneumatic
tools

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A. Introduction

Wood and stone carving is a very traditional art. In the past people used to
apply this art in the temple, house, mosque, door, window, etc.

In the present time also, this art is popular. People use different types of
carvings on their doors, windows, ceilings, homes, temples, churches,
mosques, etc. The process of making different beautiful pictures and designs
on the stone and wood is called wood carving.

B. Importance

Wood carving and stone carving are very good profession by which we can
earn lots of money. So, the education about the importance of wood carving
and stone carving has become the need of the time. People are getting lots of
income from stone and wood carving.

C. Process of Wood and Stone Carving

1. Selection of things

The first thing that should be done is selection of wood or stone on
which carving is going to be done. The stone should not be very hard
and the wood should not be very soft or damageable. Sal, SALLO,
SISAU, etc. are good for carving

2. Selection of instruments

There are different types of
instruments used for wood
carving and stone carving.

Wood carving is a broad term
encompassing any form of
working wood with a tool into
some sort of aesthetic object.
Humans have been carving
wood for thousands of years, and examples of this form of art can be
seen in almost every society on the planet.

3. Safety Measures for Stone Carving
• Wear safety glasses to protect eyes.

• Use a quality dust mask while carving or sawing not to breath in dust.

• Use anti-vibration gloves to protect hands from the constant
vibration of pneumatic tools.

• Use ear plugs to protect against the noise produced by pneumatic
tools and diamond saws

• Keep a well equipped first aid box.

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4. Planning

There are two basic approaches to carving. The first is to find a stone
with a distinctive shape or colour pattern that suggests sculptural
forms. This approach frees the carver to follow the natural forms
within the material.

The second approach is to begin by working out an idea for the
sculpture in drawings or by other easily worked material.

5. Lay Out

Once you have determined the direction of the bed, check to see if there
are any hair-line cracks in the stone that could open up and break off
later during carving.

Now begin drawing your design on all sides of the stone. Make sure to
project the same height and width of each form on to the other sides of
the stone.

6. Finishing

On the softer stones, rasps and riffles are used for the final smoothing
and shaping of the carving. The coarse teeth of a cabinet maker's rasp
or round rasp, when used in long sweeping strokes, produces graceful
flowing forms.

On harder stones, a flat chisel is used to remove the ridges left by the
tooth chisel.

Final smoothing is done with wet/dry silicon carbide sand paper.

7. Polishing

Polishing brings out the beautiful colour and pattern of a stone. With
the softer stones, continue hand sanding with the wet/dry sand paper
under running water.

a. Instruments for stone cutting

The instrument which is used to cut stone and to create design is
known a chisel. There are different chisels of different sizes.

b. Instruments used for wood carving and design

Skews: It is used to make edge in the wood.

Gauge: It is used to make concave curve. It is also called curve
fluter. We can create smoothness on hallow and outer part.

Festal Gauge: It looks like the tail of the fish. It is used to make
clean cutting and to make fine edges.

Black Belt: It is used to make convex design in the wood.

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Hammer: It is used to press on all other instruments. It is used to
strike on other instrument.

C. Pencil and carbon paper

A pencil is used to make design on paper. After making design on paper, it is
put on the carbon paper and the carbon paper is put on the wood. The pencil
is over used on the design and the design is printed on the wood. The design
is made according to this printed design.

D. Khaksi (Sand Paper)

It is a kind of concrete paper made of sand. It is used to create smoothness on
the wood. We can get smooth and rough sand paper. The No 60 is regarded
rough and the No 100 is regarded as smooth sand paper.

E. Maintenance of Instruments

We should use instruments properly and they should be maintained safe
and secure. They should be protected from being rusted.

F. Selection of Thing for Design

While selecting wood or stone, we should know which wood and stone
helps to make beautiful design in an easy way.

G. Preparation of Things

The wood and stone should be made ready for carving. Nowadays, electric
machine is used to make them smooth. While making carving, the wood
and stone should be smooth.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What things should be considered while doing carving on stone and wood?

Discuss and write.
2. Make a list of the instruments which are used for wood and stone carving.

Project Work

Visit the places where wood and stone carving is done. Observe and ask for the
process of carving on stone and wood. Prepare a report on the steps of carving
and its instruments.

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5L e s s o n

Polishing and Shining Things

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to polish and shine the wooden and stone products.

Pre-reading Activity
What is the importance of polishing? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

buffing : soft strong yellowish-brown leather
rag
: a piece of old, often torn, cloth used especially for
remove cleaning things
hardware
: get rid of, take away
primer
: the equipment, machinery and vehicles used to do or
residue to make

varnish : a type of paint that is put on wood, metal, etc. before
it is painted to help the paint to stay on the surface

: a small amount of something that remains at the end
of a process

: glaze, shine

A. Introduction

Colour makes everything look beautiful. The world looks charming and
beautiful because of colour combination. The furniture looks very attractive
if they are used with natural colour. Things look different because of colour.

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B. Things for Polishing

• Wood polish or wood wax
• Clean cotton rags
• A soft bristle brush
• A soft buffing cloth
In order to preserve its natural beauty, it is essential to polish furniture

because beautiful wooden furniture never goes out of style.
Painting wooden furniture is a way to give new life to newly made furniture

as well as old ones too.

C. Process of Polishing

1. Prepare the area for the painting project. Place drop cloths on the floor,
and position the wood furniture that is to be painted on the cloths. Put
on a face mask, and possibly gloves, before beginning the project.

2. Remove any necessary hardware from the furniture.
3. Patch any chipped, holed, or pitted surfaces with wood filler.
4. Use sandpaper on the surface of the furniture.
5. Remove any residue left after sanding the furniture surface.
6. Prime if you want an even look on your furniture. Using a paintbrush

and a roller, gently brush an even coat of the primer on the surface of
the wood.
7. Sand the primed surface after it has dried. Go over every area of
primed surface with fine-grit sandpaper.
8. Paint the wooden furniture, first with a roller and later with a brush.
9. Apply a second coat of paint, if necessary.
10. Seal the paint job on the wooden furniture.

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D. Things to Note

Wood Polish and Wax Wood
You can use either wood polish or wood wax, but now you know the

difference between the two.

If your wood has a wax finish, stick with a wax polish. If your wood has an
oil finish, stick with an oil polish.

E. How to Apply Varnish?

Things You Need

• Varnish • Newspaper • Sandpaper

• Clean cloth • Rubber gloves • Foam brushes

Varnishing wood is a great way to protect it from scratches, stains, water
damage and general wear and tear.

1. Varnish is a mixture of oils and
natural resins. Another similar
product, polyurethane, is a mixture
of synthetic resins with either oil
or water. Both products are fairly
similar in terms of appearance and
application.

2. Buy the varnish. You will face
with some choices; varnish and
polyurethane come in a variety of
finishes, including gloss, semi-gloss,
matte, satin and flat.

3. Prepare your work area. You need to work in a well-ventilated area,
as varnish can produce some pretty harsh fumes. Lay down sheets of
newspaper or other scrap material to reduce the risk of spilling varnish
onto your floor

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4. Prepare the wood for varnishing.
5.
Apply the first coat of varnish. There are several important things to
remember during this process.

• Always wear rubber (or a similar material) gloves when working
with varnish. It is very difficult to get dried varnish off your skin,
6. as it doesn't wash away with soap and water.

• Stir the varnish in the can before applying.

• Using a foam brush, paint the varnish onto the wood in long,
smooth strokes. Paint along the grain of the wood; this helps the
varnish to penetrate evenly. Hold the brush vertically, so that
just the tip is touching the wood.

Allow the first coat of varnish to dry.

7. When the varnish is dry, sand the project again. Use a fine-grit
sandpaper to lightly sand the entire project.

8. Apply the next coat of varnish. Using a new brush, apply the varnish
just as you did for the first coat. When it's dry, sand again and apply
a third coat. If you want to apply more than three coats, continue the
process of varnishing, drying, and sanding.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What happens when furniture are polished and varnished? Discuss and

write.

2. What are the steps of polishing and varnishing? Discuss and write.

Project Work

Visit a furniture manufacturing shop and observe the steps of polishing and
varnishing. Write down the steps after asking and observing the expert.

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Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Paper Box
• Paper has multiple use.
• We can make different things from paper.
• We can make corrugated box, bags, greeting cards, decorative things,

kites, envelops, etc from paper.

Lesson-3 Making a Mandro and Dhakki From Different Things
• Bamboo has multiple use.
• We make different things from bamboo.
• We can make mat, dhakki, cushion, etc from babiyo , straw, etc.

Lesson-3 Reuse of the Wastes
The following points highlight the importance of the reuse of the wastes.
• Maximum use of things
• Conservation of natural resource
• Economic condition can be improved
• Conservation of forests
• Maximum utilization of our money
• Saves unnecessary expenses
• Decreases expenditure
• Reuse of the thing
• Controls different pollutions

Lesson-4 Carving on Wood and Stone
• Wood and stone carving is a very traditional art.
• In the past, people used to apply this art in the temple, house, mosque,

door, window, etc.
• It is very popular at present also.

Lesson-5 Polishing and Shining Things
• Polishing helps the things to be in good condition
• It protects things for a long time.

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Unit

13

Claywork

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

Claywork is a very traditional art of making different pots and objects. It
is being used today also. Different types of artistic and decorative objects
are made from clay. Pots, statues, idols, cups, plates, play things, decorative
objects, etc. are made from clay all over the world. This unit highlights
different methods of making clay work.

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1L e s s o n

Construction of Different Shapes,
Fruits, Vegetables, Animals, and

Home Use Utensils

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make different things from clay.

Pre-reading Activity

What kinds of things do you have that are made from clay at your home?
Share.

Terms & Terminologies

construction : the process or method of building or making

shape : figure or form

utensils : tools that are used in the house

selection : the process of choosing, choice

hurry : rush, quick

trim : a business or company

frame : the general idea or structure

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A. Introduction

We can make different things from clay. We can make different shapes,
fruits, vegetables, animals and utensils from clay.

B. Things to be Considered While Making Clay Objects

• Wear an apron to protect the body from being dirty.
• Keep the tools and instruments in appropriate place.
• Keep the tools away from the small children.
• Use the tools carefully so that no injury can occur.
• Keep the essential first aid medicine near the work place.
• After the work, the tools should be cleaned and kept properly in their

own place.
• Don’t make a hurry while working with clay work.
• Keep soap, water, towel to wash your face, hands, and legs.
• Nails should be trimmed properly before working with clay work.
• Clean your hands, legs, and mouth after the work and wipe properly

with a towel.

C. Selection of Clay

• The clay must be taken out from the depth of 2-3ft.
• There should not be hard materials like pebbles, stone, wood, pieces of

bricks, glass, rod, plastic, etc.
• These things should be filtered or taken out from the soil.
• The clay must be soft, porous and smooth.
• It must be beaten well.
• The clay must be kneaded well.
• The well beaten and kneaded clay becomes soft, non-sticky, shiny,

smooth.

• The clay can be made porous by adding required quantity of husk and
sand. [Porous- having many small holes that allow water or air to pass
through slowly]

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D. Preparation of Simple Clay Objects and Different Shapes

• Bring the frames of different shapes and put the clay in them.
• Take out the objects from the shapes and keep them in the shade.
• Leave them to dry well and you will find different shapes

E. The following shapes can be made without any frame

• Triangular and rectangular shape
• Spherical and flat shape
• Conical and cylindrical shape
• Round and elongated shape
These shapes can be sold in the market and can be used as educational

materials.

F. Construction of Different Shapes, Fruits, Vegetables, Animals,
and Home Use Utensils

We can make different things for daily use as well as for decorations from
clay. Look at the following things made of clay. Make the different things
and fill up the colour, they look like original.

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Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What do you mean by clay work? Discuss in the class.
2. What is the importance of clay work? Discuss and write.
3. How to select clay for clay work? Write in detail.
4. What things should be cared while making clay objects?

Project Work
• Prepare different shapes of clay and demonstrate in the class.
• Make some fruits of clay and show them to your class.
• Make some of the shapes of animals and show them to your teacher and

friends.

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2L e s s o n

Ceramics

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make different things from ceramics.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of ceramics are there at your home? Share in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

ceramics : earthenware

convenience : ease

technical : mechanical, practical

glaze : varnish

Intimidating : unapproachable, frightening

accumulate : build up,collect

sponging : a piece of artificial or natural material that is soft and
light and full of holes and can hold water easily

Ceramics

The word ceramics is derived from Greek word "Keramos" it means potter's
clay. This potter's clay mainly contains hydrated aluminium silicate (Al2O3.
SiO2.2H2O) along with other substances like limestone, magnesium carbonate,
oxides of manganese and iron. The special type of pure white clay which is used
to make cups, plates, dishes, etc. is called china clay or kaolin.

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Steps for Making Ceramics

1. First of all the potter's clay is collected from its mine. It is grounded and
sieved to make fine powder. Now, it is mixed with water to make semi-solid
paste. This paste is put into different keys to get the desired shapes.

2. The objects are first dried in shadow then in sunlight and finally baked in kiln.
3. A little of sodium chloride (NaCl) is added to prevent ceramics from being

porous.
4. At the last a layer of tin or lead oxide is coated over their surfaces to make

them smooth, non-porous, water proof, shiny & attractive. This process is
called glazing.

Characteristics of Ceramic Objects

1. They can withstand high temperature.
2. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
3. They do not get rust in presence of moist air.
4. They are not affected by acid, base, alkali and

other chemicals.
5. They are hard and brittle in nature.

Uses of Ceramics

1. Ceramics is used to make different types of clay pots, cups, plates, dishes
and other decorative objects.

2. Glazed ceramics are used to make bathroom tiles, sinks, commodes, etc.
3. It is used to make electric appliances as it is an insulator of electricity.
4. It is used for making household pottery, roof tiles, etc.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is ceramics? Discuss and write.
2. What kinds of utensils are made from ceramics?

Project Work
Prepare some utensils from ceramics and display in the class.

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3L e s s o n

Introduction to Colour and Its Use

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make different colours and to use them.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of colours do you know? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies
primary : main, chief
secondary : minor, less important, inferior
coat : cover, paint
identification : recognition
polish : shine, clean

A. Introduction

Colour makes things different. Different colours make things look different.
A beautiful colour provides people with joy and pleasure. After polishing,
things look attractive because of this colour.

B. Types of Colour

There are three types of colour.
They are primary, secondary, and mix colour.
Primary Colour

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Primary colours are those which can’t be made by mixing other colours.
These are yellow, red and blue.

Seconcary Colour

A secondary colour is a colour made by mixing two or more primary colours
in a given colour space. Examples include the following:

green + blue red yellow
(●) = yellow (●) magenta
(●) green (●) + red
(●) (●)

Mix Colour

When we prepare colour combining two colours, it is known as mix colour.
We can make mix colour by mixing primary colour with secondary colour
or secondary colour with secondary colour.

(i) Use of Colour on Clay Things

After making different things from clay, we have to apply colour according
to the nature of objects. To make things more attractive, we should use colour
properly. Before colouring, the pots or things should be cleaned with brush.
After cleaning we can apply colour. We should consider the following things
while using colours:

(ii) Selection of Right Colour

Only using colour does not make anything look attractive, but the colour
must be appropriate. If the thing is of red colour and if we use black colour,
then it does not match.

For an example: The ripe banana looks yellow but if we use blue or black,
then it is not correct use of colour. So, we must use proper colour.

(iii) Identification of Colour of the Things

Before we use any colour, we must know which colour is appropriate for the
things that we have made. We should have knowledge.

(iv) Give Value to the Cultural and Religious Colour

While using any colour, we should be very aware of the importance of the
different colours in different culture and religion. If we use right colour, the
people can buy our things.

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(v) Process of Using Colour

We should not use any colour on the things without making it properly dry.
When the things are ready for colour, they should be cleaned with a brush.
After that, they should be made smooth using sand paper. We should wear
an apron and gloves while using any colour on the things. We should put
paper or other things on the floor. We can use sharp brush to make lines on
the things. We should use colour slowly and carefully. After first coating, we
can use second time to make it more attractive when it gets completely dry.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss and write the importance of colours.
2. Explain the types of colour.
3. What things should be considered while using colour? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Bring different colours. Mix them and prepare new colours and demonstrate in
the class.

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4L e s s o n

Buying and Selling of Produced
Goods

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to outline the process of buying and selling of goods and keeping accounts

Pre-reading Activity
How can you keep your money safe? Discuss and write.

Terms & Terminologies

account : an arrangement that somebody has with a bank, etc. to
keep money there, take some out, etc.
priority
warranty : main concern
precautions : a written agreement to repair or replace or guarantee
document : safety measures, protection
: an official paper or book that gives information

A. Introduction

We should produce any thing studying the demand and necessity of the
market. We should give high priority to the customers, their demand and
interest then only we can make a good profit from the production. While
producing goods with the purpose of getting profit by selling them, we
should consider following things:

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B. Proper and Attractive Packing

Things should be packed properly and should be stored in a safe and secure
place. The following things should be mentioned while packing:

• Name of the thing
• Name of the company, organization, its address and contact number
• Date of production
• Date of expiry
• Price
• Methods of use
• Precautions
• Warranty
If we give details about these things, the customers get to know our

production better. They believe and buy our production. It helps to sell
goods at a large quantity.

C. Keeping Accounts of the Productions

We should keep proper accounts of the goods. We should keep details of the
income and expenditure of the production.

D. Reasons to Keep Good Accounting Records

The following points highlight the importance of keeping good accounts:
• Enables you to manage your business and make it grow,
• Helps to stay organized when dealing with customers and suppliers,
• Makes it easy to prepare management accounts,
• Makes it possible to find important information and documents quickly,
• Makes it easier to get a bank loan,
• Helps you plan in advance for tax payments and other liabilities,

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E. Record of the Income

We should keep our income record. The file on which we keep our income
and expenditure record is known as ledger. If we maintain a ledger properly,
it helps to run a business successfully.

SN. Date Slip No. Name of the Quantity Amount
Goods (Particulars)

F. Source of Expenditure Record

SN. Date Bill No. Name of the Quantity Amount
Goods (Particulars)



Exercise

1. What things should be considered while packing goods? Discuss and write.
2. Why should we keep records of income and expenditure of the production?

Project Work
Discuss and write.

Visit a shop or manufacturer company. Observe and study how they keep

records of their things. Prepare a ledger to keep records.

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Points to Remember

Lesson- 1 Construction of Different shapes, Fruits, Vegetables,
Animals, and Home Use Utensils
• We can make different types of useful home use utensils from clay.
• These look beautiful and attractive.
• We can make other decorative things such as fruits, vegetables,

animals, etc. to keep as decorative things.
Lesson- 2 Ceramics
• Ceramics is the way of making different pots, tiles from ceramic.
• It has multiple use in our life.
Lesson- 3 Introduction to Colour and Its Use
• Colour makes things look different.
• We use colour on stone and wood carving to make them attractive.
• The use of colour on furniture keeps them safe for a long time.
Lesson- 4 Buying and Selling of Produced Goods
• We produce goods not only for self use but to get profit.
• The produced things should be packed properly.
• We should mention name of things company, date of production,

price, methods of use and precaution while packing things.

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Unit

14

Sewing and Weaving

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with
a needle and thread. Sewing is one of the oldest of the textile arts: Before the
invention of spinning yarn or weaving fabric, archaeologists believe Stone
Age people across Europe and Asia sewed fur and skin clothing using bone,
antler or ivory needles and "thread" made of various animal body parts
including sinew, catgut, and veins.

For thousands of years, all sewing was done by hand. The invention of the
sewing machine in the 19th century and the rise of computerization in the
later 20th century led to mass production of sewn objects, but hand sewing
is still practiced around the world. Fine hand sewing is a characteristic of
high-quality tailoring, fashion, and custom dressmaking, and is pursued by
both textile artists and hobbyists as a means of creative expression.

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1L e s s o n

Sewing Machine

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to use sewing machine.

Pre-reading Activity
How do you get your dress stitched? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

sewing : stitching, darning, needlework
weave
garment : enterlace, knit
bobbin
: item of clothing, article of clothing
fashion
: reel, coil, pin, or a small device on which you wind
thread used, for example, in a sewing machine

: a popular style of clothes, hair, etc. at a particular time
or place; the state of being popular

A. Introduction

In the past, people used to sew their clothes with their hands due to the
absence of sewing machine. Sewing with hands is very difficult and slow
process. It takes a long time to make a dress. Not only this, the dress does
not look consistent and it becomes jig-jag in many times. To solve all these
defects of handmade dress, human beings developed a sewing machine
which has brought revolution in wearing. The garment industry and
readymade garments are possible because of this sewing machine. People
are getting different job opportunities in different fields. Garment industry,

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readymade dress, fashion design, fashion show, stylish and comfortable
wearing etc. all are possible because of sewing machine.

B. Types of Sewing Machine

There are different types of sewing machines. They are hand machine, foot
machine, electric machine, etc. These machines are of different colour, size,
and design. Nowadays from village to city, people use sewing machines.

C. Procedure

The machine has a
needle and it has a
hole to insert thread
in it. There is a bobbin
inside the machine.
Thread is kept in the
bobbin. There are teeth between the needle and bobbin. When the machine
is run, the needle makes hole and connects the thread with the bobbin and
makes knots. These knots help the cloth to be attached and stitched. It sticks
and stitches the cloth.

D. Things Required for Sewing

Selected cloth, thread matching to the cloth, needle, scissor, chalk or pencil, tape
or scale and press, etc. are the things and instruments for sewing a dress.

E. Things to be Considered While Running a Sewing Machine

• A novice should not try to make a new dress.

• They must try to learn perfectly before actually running a machine for
new dress.

• The things should be used carefully.

• In the beginning, paper, newspaper or old dress and piece should be
used to learn.

• In the beginning, the novice should make simple dress like bhoto, cap,
trousers etc.

• After practicing simple dress, we can start new and advanced type of
dress. While doing so, there is no waste of clothes.

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F. Process of using a sewing machine:

• Slide the thread onto the thread spindle.
• Slide the piece that keeps the thread on the spindle next to the thread.
• Pull out a piece of thread and push it through the thread holder.
• Put one end of the thread through the bobbin. Wrap the thread around

the little circle thing.
• Slide the bobbin on the bobbin spindle.
• Flip the switch that allows the foot pedal to put thread on the bobbin.
• Press the foot pedal until the desired amount of thread is on the bobbin.
• Cut the thread and your bobbin is ready.
• Next you need to thread your machine.
• Slide the threaded bobbin into the bobbin holder.
• Close the cover.
• Drop your needle by turning the handle (be sure you flipped the

switch back after threading the bobbin). When the needle comes back
up it will have the bobbin thread with it.
• Pull the bobbin thread through and you are ready to sew.
To start sewing, place your material underneath the foot. Lower the feet,
drop your needle into the fabric, and press the pedal to start sewing.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What are the benefits of a sewing machine? Discuss and write.
2. How has sewing machine brought change in people’s wearing? Discuss and

write.
3. What things should be considered while running a sewing machine? Write.

Project Work
Draw a sewing machine and name its different parts.

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2L e s s o n

Methods of Taking Body
Measurement

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to take the measurement of the body for dress.

Pre-reading Activity
Do you like ready made dress or self-made dress? Why? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

measurement : the act or the process of finding the size, quantity or
degree of something

bust : a stone or metal model of a person’s head, shoulders
and chest (used especially when talking about clothes
or measurements) or a woman’s breasts or the
measurement around the breasts and back

exposed : bare, uncovered, showing out

inseam : inside leg

crotch : the part of the body where the legs join at the top,
including the area around the genitals part of a pair of
trousers / pants, etc. that covers the crotch

stitch : one of the small lines of thread that you can see on a
piece of cloth after it has been sewn; the action that
produces this

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A. Introduction

Taking measurement of a body is the most essential thing of tailoring. Different
dresses are prepared according to different size. Taking right measurement of the
body is a great skill of a tailor. For the fit and fine design of a dress, we should
know how to take body measurement. It is not possible to make appropriate dress
without right measurement.

B. Measuring Body Step-by-Step

To prepare any dress, we must take the measurement of the body. It is said
that the proper and accurate measurement of the body for the dress makes
anyone smart. Those who are very skilled in tailoring, they don’t give any
chance to complain about the fitting of the dress. Some steps are given below:

Shoulder to shoulder measurement
Measure in a straight line from the outer edge from one shoulder to the

other.
Bust
Under your arms, around the fullest part of your chest (usually on your

nipple area). Wrap the tape around your back and forward to the fullest part
of your bust.

1
2
3
45

6

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Natural Waist
Around the narrowest part of your torso
This is one of the areas we tend to pull in when it’s exposed. But we need to

find the exact waist measurement, so avoid holding your breath.
Hips
Measure around the widest part of your hips (usually the area where your

hip bones are located). This should be done with your feet close together.
Rise
Measure from your natural waist down to your crotch. Hold the tape a little

loose, gently pull it through the legs (from your crotch, between your legs)
and up to the same level as your natural waist.
Inseam
Measure from crotch to the inside of your ankle. Start from the ankle and up.

C. Things to be considered while measuring body

We must take a pencil and paper to write down the measurement of the
body. We keep on writing each and every measurement of the body. It helps
to make right fitting of the dress.

We should not wear very thick clothes while taking measurement. If so, we
should put off out the thick dress. If we measure dress without putting off
thick dress, our dress becomes loose.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is the importance of taking right measurement of the body for tailoring?

Discuss and Write.
2. What things should be considered while measuring body? Write.

Project Work
Take a tape, a pencil, and a paper and take the measurement of the body of your
friend for shirt and pants.

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3L e s s o n

Introduction to Drafting
and Its Necessity

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the importance of drafting.

Pre-reading Activity
What things should be considered before sewing a dress? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

drafting : outline, sketch plan, sketch, or drawing of something
pattern : model, example, prototype
template : pattern, cut-out
draping : dressing, wrapping
sturdier : strong and not easily damaged
robust : full-bodied, strong

A. Introduction
Drafting or Pattern Design

Drafting is a pre –condition for sewing. We need to make a draft what we
are going to prepare. We do according to our own draft. Without draft, it is
not possible to make fit and fine dress. This drafting also called preparing
a pattern. Every work while doing properly and successfully, we need
drafting. This is also important in sewing too.

In sewing and fashion design, a pattern is the template from which the parts
of a garment are traced onto fabric before being cut out and assembled.
Patterns are usually made of paper, and are sometimes made of sturdier

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materials like paperboard or cardboard if they need to be more robust
to withstand repeated use. The process of making or cutting patterns is
sometimes condensed to the one-word Patternmaking but it can also be
written pattern making or pattern cutting.

B. Tools for Drafting

Like in any activity, gathering the proper tools for the job will make each
step along the way better, more accurate, and more enjoyable. Without the
proper tools, each task is harder and potentially lengthier.

In pattern making, you will be fitting your body, making muslins, drafting
patterns, and doing all kinds of things that seemingly do not have anything
to do with sewing. So because of that, it requires many tools that are not
always in the sewist's tool kit. Below is a guide of some of the items you will
want to have on hand when getting into pattern making.

Tape Measure
You can start your pattern making off right

with correct body measurements using a tape.

Fine Point Sharp Marker
Muslin versions are always ugly because they

are marked up, but you want to make your
markings with a permanent and fine point.

Tracing Wheel
To take your markings from the muslin stage to the pattern making stage,

this tool will pierce through the paper and leave behind marks to draft with
a mechanical pencil.

Rotary Cutter
It is used for the big broad strokes of cutting muslin.

Fabric Scissors
Sharp, high-quality scissors are used for all your fabric cutting in sewing

and pattern making.

Tracing Paper
It is used for leaving marks behind on the muslins.

Scotch Tape

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It is inevitable that needs to tape pattern pieces together.
Clear Rulers
Having a variety of clear rulers in different shapes and sizes is essential in

your kit for pattern making.
Curved Rulers
To shape arm holes, hip curves, hems and other lines that are not straight in

pattern making, it is essential that you have a few different curved rulers to
get the proper slope in your pattern.
Not Pictured
In addition to all of these items, you will need your basic sewing tools like
pins, sewing machine, thread, muslin, chalk pencils, and paper scissors. A
dress form and mirror can also be very handy for fitting assistance.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What do you understand by the term drafting in sewing? Discuss and write.
2. What is the importance of drafting? Discuss and write.
3. What are tools which are used in drafting? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Visit a tailor and take interview about the importance of drafting and its
essential tools and their use.

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4L e s s o n

Methods of Fixing Buttons

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to fix buttons on their own dress.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of buttons are used in your dress? Display and discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

button : a small round piece of metal, plastic, used in dress.
sew
weave : to use a needle and thread to make stitches in cloth

ahank : to make cloth, a carpet, a basket, etc. by crossing
threads
reinforce
: the straight narrow part between the two ends of a
tool or an object

: to make a structure stronger by adding another
material to it

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A. Introduction

Buttons are important parts of a dress which are used to fasten two parts
together. Not only this, they make the dress fit and fine and add the attraction
to the dress.

B. Methods of Sewing Button

There are two methods of sewing buttons. They are: Two Holes and Four
Holes Buttons.

Sewing buttons is very easy once you get the hang of it. It's a very useful
skill to possess, as buttons do fall off.

C. Procedure of Fixing Buttons

Choose your button and thread. Select a suitable button and thread that
matches the button, the garment, and any thread used to sew on other
buttons. If you like, you can double the thread to make this job quicker.

• Thread the needle.
• Tie a knot at the end of the thread.
• Position the button on the fabric.
• Push the threaded needle up through

the fabric and through one hole in
the button. Pull the thread all the way
through on each stitch.
• Place a straight pin beneath the button.

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• Restart the process. Bring the needle up
through the first hole again and pull the
thread all the way through the fabric.

• Strengthen the button. Repeat the sewing
process enough times to make sure the
button is securely in place.

• On the last stitch, push the needle
through the material, but not through a
hole in the button.

• Remove the straight pin.
• Wrap the thread. Wrap the thread

six times around the thread between the button and the material to
reinforce the shank you have created.
• Push the needle back down through the material.
• Make three or four stitches to secure the thread.
• Cut off the excess. Now your button is ready to use.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is the importance of button in our dress? Discuss and write.
2. Discuss and write the process of fixing buttons.

Project Work
Take a piece of dress and fix two holes and four holes buttons on it.

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5L e s s o n

Darning (raffu) Stitches
for Embroidery

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to use darning stitches.

Pre-reading Activity

What do you know about darning? Discuss in the class highlighting its
importance.

Terms & Terminologies

darning : to repair a hole in a piece of clothing by sewing stitches.
fabric : material made by weaving wool, cotton, silk, etc.
ditch : trench, channel
seam : a line along which two edges of cloth, etc. are joined or

snip sewn together
: to cut something with scissors using short quick strokes

A. Introduction

Darning stitches are sturdy that are widely used for mending. Many of
us remember our grandmothers and mothers mending socks, pants and
household items using darning stitches worked in a variety of patterns.
However, the decorative versions of these stitches are not just for mending!

B. Use

You can use darning stitches to create gorgeous, textured bands and
borders, and in many cases the backside of the work is identical to the front.
Darning stitches can be worked as running stitches, cables, or in decorative
geometric designs. Ditch the notion of mending and use darning stitches
as design elements in your embroidery.

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C. Required Things

• Darning or sewing needle, thread, scissors

D. Instructions or Process

1. Find thread that matches the item you need to
repair. Match the colour as closely as possible.
Thread the darning or sewing needle. Cut the
length of your thread to the size of the area you
want to repair. Cut more thread than you'll
actually need, so you won't have to rethread
the needle while darning. Tie a small knot at
the end of the thread.

2. Turn your clothing item inside out. Find the spot that needs repairing.

3. Insert your darning needle along the seam line about 1/2 inch away from
the spot needing repair. Push the needle through the two fabric pieces and
gently pull the needle and thread all the way through. Push the needle
through the fabric from the other side and pull the thread all through.
Make your stitches small, depending upon the fabric. This is a standard
running, or straight, darning stitch. The running stitch is used to repair
seams that come loose inside skirts, pants or blouses.

4. Push the needle through the fabric and pull all the thread through. Loop
the thread along with the needle back over to the front side to insert the
needle again right beside the first stitch. Continue doing this until your
garment is completely mended. This stitch is called a twin stitch. It's used
quite often to mend items such as socks.

5. Secure your darning stitch after you have completely stitched or darned
the area repaired. Run the needle down through the stitches several times,
make a small loop knot with the needle and thread length. Snip the thread
close to the darned area. Examine the area you just darned to make sure
you repaired all of it.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What are the benefits of learning darning stitches? Discuss and write.

2. Write the process of darning stitches.

Project Work

Prepare darning stitches and display it in the class.

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6L e s s o n

Knitting Muffler and Cap

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to knit a muffler.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of woollen clothes do you wear in the winter? Share in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

muffler : a thick piece of cloth worn around the neck for warmth
or scarf

exponentially : becoming faster and faster: exponential growth/ increase

popularity : fame, attractiveness

attribute : quality, traits, characteristics, power

notion : design, idea, concept

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Knitting a Sweater
Basic Knitting Supplies:

• A ball of medium-weight yarn, acrylic or wool.

• One pair 10-inch long knitting needles. Some
knitters prefer aluminum but others find
wooden or bamboo needles easier to use,
experiment if you don't like the first needles
you buy.

• Scissors to cut yarn at the end of the project.

• A blunt-end yarn needle or a crochet hook for
weaving in the ends (if you want to use your finished square).

Casting On

To start any knitting project, you have to make the loops on the needle that you
will then knit to form the fabric. This is known as casting on. There are many
different methods for casting on, but two of the easiest for new knitters are the
wrap cast on and the knit cast on.

• Performing a knit cast on is handy because you basically learn how to make
the knit stitch at the same time.

• The wrap cast on is also quick and easy, if not quite as firm.

Knitting the First Row

• Now that you've cast on your stitches, you're ready to begin forming the
knit stitches. Put the needle with the stitches in your left hand and the
empty needle in your right hand. Hold the needles in the way that feels most
comfortable for you.

• Place the tip of the right needle into the stitch at the top of the left needle
from front to back.

• Wrap the yarn coming from the ball around the right needle counterclockwise.

• Pull that loop of yarn through in front of the left needle and slide the original
loop off the left needle.

• Continue in this same method until all the stitches from the left needle have
been worked and are on the right needle.

Knitting the Second Row

• Just turn the work over and put the needle full of stitches back in your left
hand.

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• You should be seeing the bumpy side of the stitches you just knit.

• Knit across the entire row and when you reach the end, turn the work and
begin again.

Finishing the Knitting

The knitting of the swatch (sample) is finished.

• Now that you have the hang of making the
knit stitch, just keep going until you want to
call your work finished.

• Knit at least until the project becomes a
square, which is about 38 rows. This will give
you a good amount of practice, but you can
make yours as long or short as you like.

Binding off the Work

Weaving in Ends

Weaving in the ends to finish your project.

• Since this project is really just for practice, it's
not absolutely necessary to weave in the ends.
However, if you want to go through all the
motions of a real knitting project, or you want
to use this piece as a coaster, you'll want to
weave in the ends.

• Weaving in ends is essential for knitting projects
because it hides those loose ends of yarn and
keeps everything nice and finished so you can
use the finished project.

• You can do this either by threading the end on
a yarn needle and weaving it into some of the
stitches. You can also do the same thing with a
crochet hook.

The project after binding off

So, you're ready to call your project done? First, we have to get those stitches back
off of the needle in a way that will finish up the edge so all your hard work won't
unravel. This is known as binding off -- or sometimes as casting off -- and it's
really simple to do.

• Knit two stitches in the normal way.

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