• Use your left-hand needle tip to pick up the first stitch you knit and slide
it up and over the second stitch you knit and the tip of the right knitting
needle.
• This leaves one stitch on the right needle.
• Continue in this manner until you're down to one stitch on the right needle
and none on the left.
• Cut your yarn that's attached to the ball, leaving 6 inches or so.
• Slide that last loop off the knitting needle and thread the yarn through it.
• Pull tight and you're done (well, almost)!
Knitting a Scarf
Step By Step Process
1. For this scarf you will need, 2 balls of WATG's
Crazy Wool, 1 pair of 15mm knitting needles
and a sewing needle.
Leaving a long length of yarn, then make a
slipknot by looping the yarn around your
fingers and pulling the yarn through the loop.
2. Place your slipknot onto the needle
then pull gently to tighten it.
3. Using the long-tail cast on technique, cast
on 13 stitches. To see this technique in more
detail check out our video here http://www.
woolandthegang.com/videos/longtail-cast-on
4. Hold the needle with the stitches on it in your
left hand, and the empty needle in your right
hand.
5. Next, you will be working in garter stitch.
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Insert the right needle into the first stitch
on your left needle from left to right (knit-
wise).
6. Wrap the yarn around the right needle
clockwise.
7. Scoop the needle towards you, under the
stitch on your left needle. Ensure that the
wrap around your right needle remains on
the right needle.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 for each stitch on the
row. You have now knitted 1 row!
9. Keep knitting all the stitches on each row
until you have about 1 metre of yarn left.
Top tip: When your first ball of yarn runs
out, simply tie the beginning of your second
ball to the end of your first ball and you are
ready to carry on knitting!
10. Now, you are ready to cast off your scarf!
Knit 2 stitches.
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11. Lift the first stitch up and over the second stitch
and off the needle.
12. Knit 1 stitch.
13. Lift the first stitch up and over the second
stitch and off the needle as you did in
step 11.
14. Repeat steps 12 and 13 until you have 1 stitch left
on the right needle.
15. Pull on the yarn until the end pops through.
16. Congratulations, you have knitted a scarf, there is
just one thing left to do! You have to weave in the
ends - These will be on either end of your scarf,
and also where you joined the 2 balls together.
You can check out how to weave in ends here:
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the benefits of weaving muffler by ourselves? Discuss and write.
2. Write the process of wearing muffler.
Project Work
Ask your teacher or visit those persons who are skilled in weaving muffler.
Learn how to weave a muffler and prepare a muffler for you by yourself.
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7L e s s o n
Apron
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make an apron.
Pre-reading Activity
When and where do you use an apron? Discuss
Terms & Terminologies
apron : a piece of clothing worn over the front of the body,
from the chest or the waist down, and tied around
durable the waist. Aprons are worn over other clothes to
motive keep them clean, for example while cooking.
profit
: long-lasting
doctor
: a reason for doing something
: profit on something; profit from something; the
money that you make in business or by selling
things, especially after paying the costs involved
: physician
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Apron is a piece of clothing worn over the front of the body, from the chest or
the waist down, and tied around the waist. Aprons are worn over other clothes to
keep them clean, for example when cooking. It is also worn by doctor, sweeper
and nurse, etc. Generally, apron is of single colour. Doctors and cooks commonly
wear white aprons. But according to profession it may differ. Like other clothes
apron also is cut measuring the body properly. When the apron fits the body of
the wearers, it looks attractive too.
Nowadays, we can buy readymade aprons in the market. They may look attractive
but cannot be durable. Generally, they are prepared with profit motive.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What is apron? Why is it used? Discuss and write.
2. What are the advantages of using apron?
3. Who generally wears an apron? Discuss and write.
Project Work
Prepare an apron using old clothes. Mention the procedure you have adopted
while making it and display the apron in the classroom.
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Points to Remember
Lesson-1: Sewing Machine
● The invention of sewing machine brought drastic change in the garment industry.
● It has brought change in fashion wearing.
● It makes sewing work easy, fast, decorative, stylish and strong.
Lesson-2: Methods of Taking Body Measurement
● The act or the process of finding the size of the body is called body measurement.
● Taking measurement of the body is the most essential thing for tailoring.
● Without appropriate measurement of the body, a fit and fine dress is not
possible.
Lesson-3: Introduction to Drafting and Its Necessity
● Preparing a pattern of a dress before it is sewn is known as drafting.
● Drafting is known as pattern design.
● It is a pre-condition for sewing.
● We draft or make a design before we sew any dress.
Lesson-4: Methods of Using Button
● Buttons are important part of a dress.
● They are used to fasten two parts of a dress together.
● There are different types of buttons on the basis of holes, size, structure
design, and colour.
● Buttons are used to fasten as well as for decoration and design in dress.
Lesson-5: Darning (raffu) Stitches for Embroidery
● Darning is commonly known as raffu.
● It is used to repair a whole in the dress by sewing stitches across the whole.
● Darning stitches are useful to mend dress.
● Sometimes it is used to make a dress stylish.
Lesson-6: Knitting Muffler and Cap
● Weaving muffler and caps is a popular work specially by housewives in
their spare of time.
● Anyone can weave a muffler or a cap after getting skill of knitting.
● We can weave a muffler or a cap ourselves for our own use.
● A short term training makes us able to weave a muffler and a cap of our own
design.
Lesson-7: Apron
● An apron is a piece of clothing worn over the front of the body, from the
chest or the waist down and tied around the waist.
● Aprons are worn over other clothes to keep clean.
● It helps to keep our dress neat and clean from unnecessary dirt, dust and colour.
● Aprons are worn mainly by doctors, nurses, sweepers, cooks, butchers, cleaners
while they are on work and other people during the time of taking food.
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Part- Three Technology Education
Unit
15
Local Technology
Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15
Indigenous or local technologies emerge to reflect the art of skilful living.
Indigenous technology is pragmatic. It is responsive and responsible to
the ecology in which it lives. It is the foundation of modern technology too.
Technology education is the study of technology, in which students "learn
about the processes and knowledge related to technology". As a field of
study, it covers the human ability to shape and change the physical world
to meet needs, by manipulating materials and tools with techniques.
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1L e s s o n
Local Knowledge and Technology
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define and introduce local technology.
Pre-reading Activity
What kinds of local technologies are used in your locality? Discuss.
Terms & Terminologies
local : belonging to or connected with the particular place or
area that you are talking about or with the place where
you live i.e. indigenous, home-grown
humanity : people in general
advance : progress
churning : If water, mud, etc. churns, or if something churns it (up),
it moves or is moved around violently or to turn and stir
milk in a special container in order to make butter
environment : the natural world in which people, animals and plants
live
traditional : conventional, coming from long past
pragmatic : solving problems in a practical and sensible way
manipulating : changing, twisting
A. Introduction
Without the advances of technology, the development of the humans and the
arts would have been slower. The relation between technology and science
is more difficult to define, and the two are often confused. Early technology
was based on experience rather than on science.
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Local knowledge refers to the traditional typical technology. It is also called
indigenous technology. For example: taking out butter using Theki (wooden
vessel) and Madani (churning-stick) is an indigenous technology.
Similarly, local technology can be used in water pumping, ploughing,
making canal, cooking, storing food, etc.
B. Importance
Technology has made society progressive and developed. It has increased
the human life span and allowed a healthier life. It has added to leisure
time and reduced the long hours of work. Similarly, local technology can
be helpful to make bridge, house, road, etc. as well. Likewise Janto, Ghatta,
Dhiki, etc. are also local technology. Ghatta is one of the traditional local
technologies which does not take human labour to grind grain.
Local technology is suitable for the livelihood. They are environment
friendly. For example, ploughing is done using a pair of oxen or he-buffaloes
in our country. It does not harm environment and ecosystem.
Local technologies are the prior form of modern technologies. We have to
develop traditional and local technology in an environment friendly way. It
also helps to save human health and create job. Technology can allow the
world to feed itself. It makes our works easier and faster. Technology has
raised the standard of living.
Activity
Make a list of local technology found in your locality.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What type of technology is known as local technology? Discuss and write.
2. Write at least three differences between local technology and modern technology.
3. Write about any three local technologies used in your locality.
4. Why should we develop our local technology? Discuss and write.
Project Work
Prepare a simple Janto, a Dhiki and a Madani and display in the class.
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2L e s s o n
Development of Traditional Technology
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the function and importance of traditional technologies.
Pre-reading Activity
Are there any special things in your locality which are not found in any other
places? Share in the class.
Terms & Terminologies
convert : change, alter, adapt
divert : redirect, turn away
manipulate : to control or use something in a skilful way
turbine : a machine or an engine that receives its power from a
wheel that is turned by the pressure of water, air or gas
still : not moving; calm and quiet
traditional : conventional or being part of the belief or way that have
not changed for a long time
development : the gradual growth of something
indigenous : belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it
from somewhere else
solely : only; not involving somebody or something
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A. Introduction
The technology which is used locally with traditional knowledge is
traditional technology. It is used to make the life of the local easier and
faster. It solely contains the indigenous knowledge. Ghatta and flour mills
are the examples of traditional technology. They are described in short here.
B. Kinds of Traditional Technology
1. Ghatta
Along with the human civilization
technology also develops. The
grinding technology began along
with the Lohoro and Silauta. Later,
it was converted into Janto, Ghatta
and mill.
Ghatta is a technology which runs
with the help of water. Water is
diverted from a stream or river and
taken little afar. If the source is small, it is collected in a pond. Water
flows down a chute or pipe towards the ghatta’s turbine from a certain
height. The vertical shaft of the wooden turbine runs up then it creates
motion in the top stone of a pair of grinding stones. Grain slowly falls
out from a suspended wooden or tin basket placed above the top stone.
The top stone has a hole in its center from which the grain falls.
When the turbine moves, the top stone also moves. But the bottom
stone remains still. At the same time the grain which falls from basket
grinds in between the top and the bottom stones. In this way, we can
grind millet, maize, soybean and lentil etc.
2. Flour mill
Flour mill is used to grind wheat, rice, maize and millet, etc. In the
flour mill also a pair of grinders are used. Such pair of grinders have
roughened surface to grind the grain. A tin container is fitted on the
top of this mill to maintain the feeder mechanism of grain in between
the grinders. Similarly, proper out let of flour is also made using tin.
Generally its motor works with the help of diesel engine. Motor creates
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 311
motion in one of the
grinders. Another grinder
remains fixed. Grain
slowly falls out through
a feeder mechanism in
between two grinders that
turns into flour and comes
out. Nowadays, electric
flour mills are in use.
In the modern mill, the
speed of grinder can be manipulated as per our need. Like other
modern inventions, it is also economical in terms of money, time and
Human Resource.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What is Ghatta? How does it work?
2. What is the similarity and difference between Ghatta and flour mill?
3. Which stone is movable in Ghatta?
4. What is a flour mill? How does it work?
Project Work
Go to nearby Ghatta or flour mill. Ask with the owner how it changes grains
into flour. Write it stepwise.
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3L e s s o n
Plough and Tractor
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the function and importance of a plough and a tractor.
Pre-reading Activity
Why do the people of your locality use a plough or tractor in the field? Tell
your friends.
Terms & Terminologies
plough : a large piece of farming equipment with one or several
curved blades, pulled by a tractor or by animals;
aerate
furrow : ventilate, air, let breathe
tractor : a long narrow cut in the ground, especially one made by
a plough for planting seeds in
pulverize
: a powerful vehicle with two large and two smaller
wheels, used especially for pulling farm machinery
: grind, crush, chop
1. Plough
The plough is the basic tool for growing crops. It is the first implement used
in preparing a seedbed for crops. The plough is used to turn and break up
soil, to bury crop residues, and to help control weeds. It can aerate the soil,
make it more fertile, and help it retain moisture.
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It is a traditional agriculture. It is used to break and turn over soil. In
plough, fali (Blade), anau, haris, jotaro (rope) etc. are used. It is pulled by
a pair of bulls, oxen or he-buffaloes. Local technology and other traditional
technology are also used in it.
Traditional plough is made up of log of a wood. Fali (blade) is attached to
the pointed part of it with the help of Karuwa (U-shaped iron nail). Karuwa
and fali are made of iron. Karuwa is used to hold the fali. It cuts a furrow, or
trench, in the earth and turns the soil, burying the surface residue (including
nutritious organic matter) as it tills. It is used in farming for cultivation of
soil in preparation for sowing seeds or planting.
2. Tractor
Diesel engine is attached with a tractor. Therefore it can run in the farm. It
can run and plough the land. It can run even in the muddy field because its
front wheels are small and back wheels are large. The tractor consists of a
bladelike plowshare that cuts under, then lifts, turns, and pulverizes the soil.
Modern tractor plough are usually equipped with two or more plowshares
so that a wide area of ground can be broken at a single sweep.
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The modern tractors are also used for plowing, cultivating, grading, or
cutting, or for driving various agricultural machines. The use of tractors has
revolutionized agriculture. The power capability of the modern tractor has
led to higher productivity with a significantly reduced workforce.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What does a plough do? Discuss and write.
2. What is the technology used in a plough?
3. How does the tractor modernize the agriculture?
4. What are the advantages of using a tractor? Discuss and write.
Project Work
Prepare a simple wooden plough and display it in the class.
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4L e s s o n
Improved Chulo (OVEN)
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to outline the process of making improved chulo and its importance.
Pre-reading Activity
Have you seen on improved chulo? How does it work? Share it with the class.
Terms & Terminologies
oven : the part of a cooker or stove shaped like a box with
a door on the front, in which food is cooked or
chulo heated (Ageno)
improved
economical : Nepali name for a fireplace
chimney : to become better than before
spoil : providing good service or value in relation to the
stove amount of time or money spent
imagine
: a structure through which smoke or steam is
hardly carried up away from a fire; out let of such smoke.
: to change something good into bad or useless
: a piece of equipment that can burn various fuels
: to form a picture in your mind of what something
might be
: almost no; almost not; almost none
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We cannot imagine a kitchen without Chulo. It is the place where we light fire and
place cooking pot to cook our food. It is different from stove because firewood is
used in it instead of gas or other fuels.
The smoke coming out of Chulo harms the human health. But the improved Chulo
has out let for such smoke. It consumes less firewood, cooks more food and passes
the smoke outside. To make it economical, two to three openings are made to place
cooking pots. Hardly smoke spreads in the kitchen room therefore the smoke can
not spoil the human health. Its smoke is passed through chimney. We can make
our room safe and warm using this type of Chulo. It is made up of bricks and clay,
therefore there is less chance of getting our hand burnt.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the differences between traditional and improved Chulo? Discuss
in the class.
2. What are the advantages of an improved Chulo?
3. How is an improved Chulo made?
4. Why is traditional Chulo harmful for health? Discuss and write.
Project Work
Visit at least ten houses of your locality. Compare and contrast the technology
used in them. Discuss your report in your classroom.
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5L e s s o n
Collection of Rain Water
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the importance of collection of rain water.
Pre-reading Activity
What are benefits of rain water? Discuss in the class.
Terms & Terminologies
evaporate : if a liquid evaporates or if something evaporates it, it
changes into gas, especially steam
rain
vapor : water that falls from the sky in separate drops
cloud
: steam, mist
astray
: a grey or white mass made of very small drops of water,
that floats in the sky
: lost
A. Introduction
Rain is a part of Earth's endless water cycle. At the beginning of the cycle,
water on Earth's surface heats up. The heat causes the water to evaporate,
or to turn into water vapor. This water vapor rises into the air. As the water
vapor cools, it turns back into water drops. Many of these drops form clouds
by collecting around dust and other particles. The water drops in clouds
grow larger by joining with other drops. Eventually, they become too heavy
to stay in the cloud. They fall on the Earth as rain.
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Nepal lies in the region where monsoon
blows. Monsoon comes in Nepal in Asar,
Saun and Bhadra. It rains heavily in
these three months. Due to heavy rain,
the level of underground water rises and
water in spring, river and lake appears.
But the water level decreases in the
winter season.
But, nowadays, the sources of water
are decreasing in our country. Therefore, there is scarcity of water in our
country. There is severe problem of water in some of the main town of Nepal
like Kathmandu. But the rain water is going to waste. If we are able to utilize
such unused water, it can somehow minimize such problem.
B. The Process of Collecting Rain Water
At the time of rain, water falls from everybody’s roof. We can fit pipes on our
roof and collect the water in a big tank. Such water can be used at the time
of scarcity for any purpose. If we make a big tank and collect the rain water
in each and every house, we can solve the problem of water.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What is rain? Discuss and write.
2. How does it rain? Discuss and write.
3. When does it mostly rain in Nepal? Why? Discuss and write.
4. How is rain water collected? Write its advantages.
5. What are the advantages of collecting rain water? Discuss and write.
Project Work
Is rain water collected in your school and home or not? If yes, how has it been
done? If not, make a plan how it can be done.
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Points to Remember
Local technology is known as indigenous knowledge which is regarded as the
foundation of modern technology.
Lesson-1 Local Knowledge and Technology
● Local knowledge and technology are the result of the long time experience
of the people.
Lesson-2 Development of Traditional Technology
● The technology which is used locally with traditional knowledge is
traditional technology.
● It is used to make the life of locals easier and faster.
● It solely contains the indigenous knowledge.
● Ghatta and flour mill are examples of traditional technology.
Lesson- 3 Plough and Tractor
● The wooden plough is a traditional tool for farming.
● The plough is used to turn and break up soil, to bury crop residues, and
to help control weeds.
● Tractor is a modern machine for agriculture which has replaced the old
wooden plough.
Lesson- 4 Improved Chulo Oven
● The improved chulo which is used with firewood (oven) is economical,
healthy, easy and environment friendly.
● It has improved the health condition of villagers especially of women.
Lesson- 5 Collection of Rain Water
● The collection of rain water can minimize scarcity of water in the highly
populated city.
● It can be useful for drinking, irrigation and sanitation.
● Rain is a part of Earth's endless water cycle.
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Unit
16
Modern Technology
Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15
The word technology refers to the making, modification, usage, and knowledge
of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization,
in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem,
achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific
function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery,
modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect
human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their
natural environments. The term can either be applied generally or to specific
areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, and
information technology.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways.
In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies
(including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure
class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known
as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of Earth's
environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of
a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions too.
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1L e s s o n
Modern Home Appliances
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce modern home appliances and their importance.
Pre-reading Activity
What kinds of modern home appliances are being used in your home? Discuss.
Terms & Terminologies
modern : contemporary, recent, new, of present time
appliance : device, piece of equipment
detergent : a liquid or powder that helps remove dirt, for example
laundry from clothes or dishes
: clothes, sheets, etc. that need washing, that are being
rinse
centrifugal washed, or that have been washed recently
agitator : clean, wash, bathe
digital : moving or tending to move away from a centre
: a person who takes part to do something
: of number or related to numbers
A. Introduction
Human beings have invented different equipments and brought in use.
These sorts of inventions have done in course of making the life advanced,
safe, easy and comfortable. Some such modern equipments are discussed
below:
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B. Washing Machine
Washing machine is used to wash clothes. Washing
machine washes, rinses, and partially dries the
laundry. It is one of the more complex household
appliances. The modern washing machine offers
numerous settings for washing different types and
quantities of laundry.
The washing machine contains an outer tub and
an inner perforated basket that holds the laundry.
When the laundry and detergent have been loaded,
the operator selects the desired settings for water
level, water temperature, and duration and speed of
the wash and rinse cycles. Whites and cottons, for example, are best cleaned
in hot water, and delicate fibers require cooler temperatures and slower
speeds. A timer within the control panel regulates the cycles.
The timer begins by opening the inlet valves so that the desired mix of hot
and cold water fills the tub. A pressure switch shuts off the valves when the
water reaches a preset level. The washer’s motor engages, using a system of
belts and gears to rotate a cone-shaped agitator in the center of the tub. The
back-and-forth motion of the agitator cleans clothes by moving them through
the soapy water. At the end of the wash cycle, the timer shifts the engine
transmission so that it disengages the agitator and causes the perforated
inner basket to spin. The centrifugal force from the spinning motion forces
the wet laundry to the sides of the basket and draws off water through the
perforations to the outer tub. From there, a pump drains the water through
a lint filter into a sink drain or standpipe. When the tub is empty, the inlet
valves are again opened, filling the tub with fresh water for a rinse cycle. The
final spin cycle helps to dry the laundry.
Type: There are three types of washing machines in the market
• Front loading
• Top loading
• Twine tub
Front loading: In this type of washing machine, clothes are loaded from the
front.
Top loading: In this type of washing machine, clothes are loaded from the
top.
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Twine tub: It washes the clothes using two parts. In one part it washes
clothes and in the other part it cleans them. It also works as in front and top
loading. But in this washing machine the washed clothes should be kept into
another tub to clean.
C. Geyser
Geyser heats the water that comes from the tap. Therefore, its
water is used to take bath and for other purposes. Electricity
or gas is used to run the geyser.
Electric geyser: It is attached on the wall of bathroom. Water
from the tap is collected in its tank. A heater is fixed on its
bottom. When the switch is on the heater, it heats water and
hot water comes out of the tap.
Gas geyser: Nowadays, gas geyser is also available in the market. There are
different types of gas geysers. It heats the water by lighting the gas. Some of
the gas geysers are digital. When the source of water is on, the gas begins to
light automatically. But in some of the gas geysers lighter is used to light the
gas.
D. Refrigerator
Commonly it is called freeze. It helps to preserve
goods stored in it. It is also a cooling technology.
Gas or electricity is needed to run this technology.
Refrigeration technology: Refrigeration can
be divided into two parts. It is called vapour
cycle. This cycle is divided into two parts-
vapour compression refrigeration and vapour
absorption refrigeration.
Vapour compression refrigeration: The
refrigerator made using this technology is
mainly used in houses. It is used to preserve
vegetables, fruits, meat, etc. It preserves the food from rotting. Refrigerator
used for domestic purpose has two sections. The lower section is a bit bigger
than the upper one. The section is called deep freeze. Ice is formed in this
section and the thing stored in this section is totally frozen.
Vapour absorption refrigeration: This technology is not used nowadays. It
was used in the first phase of the twentieth century. Nowadays it is used
in the refrigerator in which LP gas is used. It is not used in the electric
refrigerator.
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E. Solar Lamp
It is lit with the help of solar light. Photo voltaic cell
is used to convert the rays of the sun into electricity.
Solar panels are used to absorb the rays of the sun.
Wires are connected from panel to the bulb.
F. Solar heater
It is a technology to heat water with the help
of heat of sun’s rays. In this technology, the
heat of the sun’s rays is directly used to heat
the water. The solar panel is black coated to
absorb the heat from the sun’s rays. From the
same coating, heat transferring mechanism is
adopted. The system of changing water from
solar panel and collecting the hot water into a
tank is managed.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the function of a refrigerator?
2. How does a refrigerator help in the kitchen?
3. What is the function of a washing machine?
4. How many types of washing machines are found in the market?
5. Why is a geyser used? Write its type.
6. How does a solar heater work?
7. What are the types of refrigeration?
Project Work
Collect different pictures of home appliances and paste them on a chart paper.
Highlight their parts and function.
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2L e s s o n
Modern Technology and
Appliances
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the function and importance of ATM, Multimedia, Air Conditioners,
Scanner, etc.
Pre-reading Activity
What types of modern technologies have you been using in your daily life?
Share it with the class.
Terms & Terminologies
ATM : automated teller machine, cash machine
air-condition : a system that cools and dries the air in a building or car
transaction : a piece of business that is done between people,
especially an act of buying or selling
multimedia : using sound, pictures and film in addition to text on a
screen
video : a type of magnetic tape used for recording television
pictures and sound; a box containing this tape, also
called a video
encyclopedia : a book or set of books giving information about all areas
of knowledge or about different areas of one particular
subject, usually arranged in alphabetical order
scanner : a device for examining something or recording
something using light, sound or X-rays
326 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
A. Introduction
An air-conditioning system has been developed to control cold and
hot temperature. The banks allow customers to manage deposits and
withdrawals through automated teller machines, or ATMs. Schools, colleges
and offices use photocopy machines to duplicate documents. Multimedia is
used to edit drawing, picture, video, etc. Information technology is used in
it. Scanner is used to copy, duplicate photo or article as it is.
These all are modern technologies. Some of them are discussed below:
B. ATM.
ATM. stands for Automated Teller Machine. Banks
issue plastic debit cards. People with accounts at
the bank can use these cards to pay for things and
get cash from an ATM (automated teller machine).
Networking agreements with other banks make
it possible for customers to make transactions at
distant installations-even in other cities-at all times
of day or night. The ATM is the mechanical means
that gives such access. Bank customers are given
coded plastic cards and personal code numbers.
When inserted into anATM with the correct number
punched, the card allows withdrawal and deposit
of funds. A receipt given with each transaction
shows the amount of transaction and often the account balance. The ATMs
enable bank customers to access their money 24 hours a day and seven days
a week wherever ATMs are located, including in foreign countries. Therefore
ATM is a reliable and safe tool for travellers.
Activity
Ask with the ATM users and prepare a report on advantages of ATM.
B. Air Conditioning
It is also called AC in short. This
technology is in houses, offices and hotels,
etc. Air conditioning makes the extreme
temperature suitable to live. Nowadays, it is
used in bus, car, aeroplane and factory, etc.
Even in the place where the temperature
is minus 25 degree Celsius, human beings
can spread their settlement with the help of
air conditioner.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 327
C. Multimedia
Multimedia combines text, audio, video, and
animated graphics. It provides easy access to
large quantities of information, such as industrial
training manuals, dictionaries, and encyclopedias.
Computer, video camera, camera and digital audio
are used in it.
Multimedia has been used in different sectors such as
information technology, entertainment, education,
journalism and engineering, etc. Nowadays, we
can have conversation in computer connecting
internet. It also helps create jobs. Classroom teaching using multimedia is
very common nowadays.
Activity
How can we make our teaching learning effective using multimedia in our
classroom? Discuss and write conclusion.
D. Photocopier
Photocopier is a device for making instant replicas
of documents or images on paper. Commonly it is
also called photocopy machine. Using photocopy
machine, we can reproduce different types of
documents. The materials reproduced through
this means can be used in different offices,
schools and colleges. It is cheaper and faster
means of duplicating text and photos. One can
professionally reproduce different documents
and sell them to the costumers.
Activity
What can we photocopy? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
E. Video Conversation
Before the invention of telephone and internet, people only used to write
letter to their distant relatives. After the invention of telephone they began
to use telephone. Gradually, email came in to use. Now using internet and
video-camera we can have conversation with visual sight. The conversation
328 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
which is conducted using internet and video camera is called video mail.
The video conversation enables the people to listen and see the sound
and sight at the time of conversation. This technology has narrowed
down the boundary of the world because one can see his interlocutor and
surroundings while having conversation. Through the video conversation
we can exchange message related to education, business and family. Skype,
Viber, etc. are very common softwares for video conversation.
F. Scanner
This technology helps to copy the image of any object
exactly in the same form and store in the computer.
It helps to convert the text in digital form which can
be used later. To type any document needs lots of
effort and time therefore scanner is used in such
a situation. Scanner is also called image scanner.
It is used in schools, colleges, offices and business
organizations. The scanners used in such places are called desk top scanner.
By scanning, we can send different books and text from one place to another.
It is very easier, cheaper and faster. It can be sent to another place storing in
storage devices or through mail.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the full form of ATM? Why is it used? Discuss and write.
2. What type of change has ATM brought in banking sector? Explain.
3. Why is air conditioning used in the room? Discuss and write.
4. What is the main work of multimedia? Discuss and write.
5. What are the advantages of multimedia in a classroom? Describe.
6. What is the function of photocopy machine? Describe
7. How is video conversation done? Explain.
8. What does a scanner do? Describe.
Project Work
Collect any ten pictures of modern appliances and paste them on a chart paper.
Highlight their function too.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 329
3L e s s o n
Alternative Energy
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to explain the importance of alternatives energy.
Pre-reading Activity
What is the source of light at your home? Tell your class.
Terms & Terminologies
alternative : a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two
or more possibilities
alternative energy : electricity or power that is produced using the
energy from the sun, wind, water, etc. in place of
fossil energy
fossil : the remains of an animal or a plant which have
become hard and turned into rock.
fossil fuel : fuel such as coal or oil, that was formed over
millions of years from the remains of animals or
plants
nonrenewable : that cannot be replaced after use or that cannot be
continued or repeated for a further period of time
after it has ended such as gas, petrol, etc.
hydro power : using the power of water to produce electricity;
produced by the power of water
330 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
A. Introduction
The machines that make modern life easier require energy to make them
run. About 90 percent of that energy comes from burning fossil fuels. Fossil
fuels include petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas. These materials are
called fossil fuels because, like fossils, they are the remains of organisms
that lived long ago.
Fossil fuels formed on Earth hundreds of millions of years ago. Dead
organisms sank into mud and rock. Over time many layers of rock built up.
The remains of the organisms slowly changed in form to become different
kinds of fossil fuels. Coal came from plants. Petroleum and natural gas came
mainly from microscopic organisms such as algae.
But the planet's supply of fossil fuels is limited. Fossil fuels are called
nonrenewable resources. Once they are used up, they will be gone forever.
The use of fossil fuels harms the environment as well.
For these reasons scientists are looking for fuels to replace coal and oil. They
are looking for ways to use the power in wind, water and in rays from the
Sun. This type of energy is also called alternative energy. Tidal, biogas, and
nuclear energy can also be used as the alternative source of energy. But
hydropower and solar energy are the main sources. The alternative energy
never lasts. For example, solar energy lasts till the sun remains.
B. Solar Energy
Solar energy is produced from the Sun. It is the source of nearly all energy
on Earth. This energy is stored in the ground, the oceans, and the wind.
Even fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas, come from ancient plant life
that once soaked up sunlight.
We can get energy to produce electricity, heat water and even run the car.
For this voltaic cell is used to produce electric power.
You may have seen solar plates on top of buildings. The solar collectors
capture the Sun’s energy. It charges the battery. It can supply energy to the
homes. In Nepal such solar power is used to light electric bulb, to watch TV
and to run computers.
Project Work
Discuss the disadvantages of fossil fuel and advantages of solar energy.
C. Hydro Power
Hydro power is derived from the fall of water from a higher to a lower level.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 331
It is extracted by means of waterwheels or hydraulic turbines. It is a natural
resource of fuel. There are two types of hydro powers. They are:
a. Peltric Set /Micro Hydro Power
There are a lot of rivulets and waterfalls in Nepal. When electricity
is generated using such rivulets and waterfalls, it is known as Micro
Hydro Power project. Generally, Micro Hydro Power projects are of 50
kilowatt. In our country, electricity is generated even joining dynamo
in Ghatta, wooden water mill. This type of set is also known as Peltic
Set. The electricity produced in this way is distributed locally. It
generally fulfills local demand.
b. Hydro Power
It is a type of energy produced using water. Now the hydro electricity
occupies only one-fifth of energy needed in the world. Nepal is the second
richest country in water resources after Brazil in the world. Therefore,
there enormous potentiality of hydropower generation in Nepal.
Project Work
How is electricity generated from water? Discuss in the class.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What is alternative energy? Explain.
2. What is solar energy? Discuss its importance.
3. How is solar energy used in Nepal?
4. What is micro hydro power? Discuss and write.
5. What are the advantages of micro hydro power? Discuss and write.
6. Which country is the richest country in water resources? What is the position
of Nepal
Project Work
Observe the alternative source of energy used in our locality and prepare a
short report including its advantages.
332 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
4L e s s o n
Use of Internet
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the uses and importance of internet.
Pre-reading Activity
Do you need internet or not? Share in the class.
Terms & Terminologies
internet : an international computer network connecting networks
and computers
information
instantly : facts or details about something and somebody
network
browser : at once
: set of connection, system, net
: a program that lets you look at or read documents on
the Internet
A. Introduction
The Internet is a network, or system, that
connects millions of computers worldwide.
It allows our computer to access information
stored on other computers far away. It
has substituted the traditional means of
communication. Nowadays television
and newspapers also can be watched or
read using the internet. Now the internet
technology has developed system through which we can talk face to face
and send message instantly.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 333
B. The use of Internet
The Internet application called the World Wide Web-or the Web inshort-was
invented by the British computer programmer Tim Bernes-Lee in the early
1990s. Bernes-Lee designed the Web as a way of sharing text documents
by displaying them in a program called a browser. We can get different
types of information from it. Different business organizations use internet
to promote their business. Through web they advertise their products.
We can make our own email ID and send and receive information through email.
Search engine is a software program that helps users find information stored
on a personal computer, or a network of computers, such as the Internet. A
user enters search terms, typically by typing a keyword or phrase. Search
engines are most often used to find pages, files, news, images, and other
data on the Web. Some of the most popular Web search engines include
Google Inc., Microsoft Network (MSN) Search, and Yahoo! Inc.
The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to communicate
with one another effectively and inexpensively. Today the Internet helps many
people communicate, work, learn, and have fun. Therefore, the Internet has
defined as the system of the world wide communication and information.
Social networks like facebook, tweeter are highly popular. Through these
networks people can share opinions and views.
Electronic business (E-commerce) is the exchange of goods and services by
means of the Internet or other computer networks. E-business follows the
same basic principles as traditional commerce-that is, buyers and sellers
come together to exchange goods for money. But rather than conducting
business in the traditional way in e-business buyers and sellers transact
business over networked computers.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What is Internet?
2. Write any three advantages of Internet.
3. What are the most popular social networks?
4. What is search engine? Discuss and write.
5. What is e-business? Discuss its process and importance.
Project Work
Write an email to your teacher or friend stating the importance of Internet.
334 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
5L e s s o n
Code of Conduct in the Use
of Information Technology
Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to specify the importance of code of conduct in the use of information on
technology.
Pre-reading Activity
What are the misuses of information technology? Discuss in the class.
Terms & Terminologies
code : a system of laws or written rules that state how people
in an institution or a country should behave or policy,
conduct rule or set of laws
welfare
vulgar : a person’s behaviour in a particular place or in a
password particular situation
: the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an
animal or a group
: not having or showing good taste; not polite, elegant or
well behaved
: key, secret word, code word
A. Introduction
Information technology provides information easily. The rule which prevents
using this information elsewhere except in human welfare is called code of
conduct.
The Government of Nepal has formed code of conduct in the use of
information technology to help human development.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 335
B. Rules
They are mentioned below in short:
a. Nobody can scold or use vulgar language to others using information
technology. If such language is used, the law can punish them.
b. The secret information of the country cannot be exchanged. If the
secret information is found exchanged, the concerned authority can
declare penalty as per the law.
c. We should not give our password to others. If anybody gives his/her
password to anybody, himself or herself should take responsibility.
Therefore, the password should not be shared with anybody.
d. The Internet is considered as the ocean of information. A lot of
information is found here. If the information has adverse effect on
society or human beings, such picture, information should not be used.
e. Finding the password of others and sending fake e-mail, etc. is known
as hacking. It is illegal.
f. No one should use language that creates adverse psychological impact
such as fear or threat to anybody using information technology. If
such language is used, the law punishes such person. In Nepal, such
person is even imprisoned.
g. The materials showing interracial, intercultural and interreligious
discrimination cannot be used in Internet. It hampers social order and
harmony. Therefore, those who bring such material in use should be
punished. Those materials should be removed from Internet.
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the codes of conduct which one should follow while using
information technology?
2. What type of information can be used in Internet?
3. What is hacking?
4. What should be considered while publishing information on the Internet?
Project Work
Highlight the merits and demerits of IT on a chart paper and display in the class.
336 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Points to Remember
Lesson-1 Modern Home Appliances
• Technology has brought changes in every sector of human life.
• Modern technology has developed so many home appliances to make
life easy and comfortable.
• Washing machine, geyser, refrigerator, solar lamp and heater, etc are
some of the appliances for the use at home.
Lesson-2 Some Modern Technology and Appliances
• Other modern technologies such as ATM, air conditioning and
multimedia have brought change in banking, offices, home and
education.
• ATM has made banking service easy. People can withdraw their money
for twenty-four hours.
• Multimedia has changed teaching-leaning activity in the classroom.
• Air-conditioning has made life very comfortable by controlling
temperature from being extreme cold or hot.
Lesson-3 Alternative Energy
• Alternative energy is essential for the people nowdays because of its
durability and being eco-friendly.
• Solar energy, hydro-energy, wind energy, bio-gas energy etc are some
of the important sources of alternative energy.
• Fossil fuels are limited and going to be over forever from the earth but
the alternative sources of energy are everlasting.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 337
Lesson-4 Use of Internet
• Modern technology has brought changes in every sector of life. The
things which were not in the imagination and dream of the human
beings are becoming reality.
• Computer, mobile, internet, etc are great boons to human beings.
• The vast world has changed into a small village and family due to the
use of internet and modern means of transportation.
Lesson-5 Code of Conduct in the Use of Information Technology
• Modern things have some negative aspects also.
• The misuse of information technology has become a challenging threat
to human beings.
• The rule which prevents misusing information technology against
human welfare is known as code of conduct of internet.
• Nobody can use vulgar language, personal secrecy cannot be exposed
by any means, and hacking, etc are punishable.
• So, we should use information technology only for human welfare but
not elsewhere.
338 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Occupation, Business and Technology Education
Class-8 Specification Grid for Practical Exam
Full Marks: 50 Pass Marks: 20 Time: 1 Hour and 30 Minutes
SN Subject Area Units Activity No Marks Total Remarks
Marks
Professional Education Professional Education 15
Education, Training and 1 5
Employment
1. • Selection Of Profession and
Their Planning Process
1 5 Attempt All
• Information Related To The Activities
20
Employment
• General Vocational /Soft Skills 1 5
Vocation
Business/Vocation Orientation
• Business And Market
Management
Profession/Vocation
a. Vegetable Farming
b. Fruit Cultivation
2. c. Dry Vegetable ,Fruit, and Food Attempt Any
Stuff
d. Floriculture and Medicinal 4 20 20 4 Activities
Plants Out of 8 From
e. Rearing and Caring of a -h
Animals and Birds
f. Art and Crafts
g. Clay Work
h. Sewing, Knitting and Painting
3. Technology Local Technology 1 5 10 Attempt All
Education Modern Technology 1 5 Activities
Total 10 50 50
A Guideline and Marks Distribution for 50 Marks of Practical Examination
SN Description Marks
1. Report Presentation by Inquiry 10
2. Record of Practical Works 5
3. Construction of Materials and Their Use 20
4. Mini Project Work(Development at Draft Plan) 10
5. Oral Examination 5
50
Total Marks:-
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 339
Occupation, Business and Technology Education
Class-8 Specification Grid for Theoretical Exam
Full Marks: 50 Pass Marks: 20 Time: 1 Hour and 30 Minutes
SN Subject / Units No of Marks Knowledge/ Skill Higher Total Remarks
Area Questions Comprehension Ability Marks
Professional Education 1 5 1 5
Professional/ Education, Training and 1 5 15 Attempt all the questions
Vocational Education Employment 15
1.
• Selection of
Profession and their
Planning Process 15
• Information Related
to Employment
• General Vocational 1 5 15 Attempt all the
or Soft Skills questions
Orientation of Business/Vocation • Vocation
• Business
and Market
Management
a. Vegetable Farming Attempt Any 4 Questions Out Of 8 From a-h
b. Fruit Cultivation
2. c. Dry Vegetable, Fruit,
and Food Stuff
d. Floriculture and
Medicinal Plants
e. Rearing and Caring 4 20 1 2 1 20
of Animals and
Birds
f. Art and Crafts
g. Clay Work
h. Sewing, Knitting
and Painting
Technology Local Technology 15 1 5
Education 5
3. Modern Technology
15 1
Total 10 50 4 4 2 50
340 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Model Question Sets
{Model Questions Based on New Curriculum and Specification Grid of CDC}
Occupation, Business and Technical Education
Model Questions Set 1
Class: 8 Full Marks: 50
Time: 1 Hour and 30 Minutes Pass Marks: 20
Answer the following questions as directed.
Group-A
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. How is level of profession determined? Explain.
2. What kinds of human resources are produced by the universities? Explain with
examples.
3. What are soft skills? Write their importance.
4. Define entrepreneurship with examples and show the inter-relationship between
market and entrepreneurship.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. What is inter-vegetable farming? Write its methods.
6. Write about the methods of vegetative propagation of fruits.
7. Write the process of preparing SEL ROTI.
8. What kinds of herbal plants are found in your locality? Describe any two.
9. Highlight the importance of carving on wood and stone.
10. Write the processes of making ceramics items.
11. What is drafting in tailoring? Write its procedures.
12. Answer any ONE question only.
a. Write any two diseases of cow and buffalo and write their symptoms and treatment methods.
b. What kinds of diseases are PPR and pneumonia in goats, sheep and changra? Write
their symptoms and treatment methods.
c. How do you manage feeding and pasture for rabbits? Write.
d. What things should be cared to make poultry farming safe and beneficial? Discuss.
e. ‘Proper sanitation is a must for pig farming.’ Why? Give reasons.
f. Describe the ways of diagnosis and line of treatment of any two diseases of fish.
g. Describe the benefits of apiculture.
Group-C
Attempt all the questions. (5×2=10)
13. Define traditional technology and describe any two traditional technologies and their
importance.
14. Internet has brought a drastic change in every aspect of life. Justify this statement with
the appropriate examples.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 341
Model Questions Set 2
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. Define professional education and write its importance in four points.
2. Show the relation between education, training and employment.
3. What things should be considered before leaving for foreign employment?
4. What are soft skills? Explain them with appropriate examples.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. What are benefits of vegetables farming on the roof or courtyard?
6. Why should we store fruits? Describe one method of storage of fruits.
7. Write the process of making vegetable MOMO.
8. Write any five medicinal plants and describe one of them.
9. What things should we care while polishing and shining things?
10. Write the names of instruments used in clay work.
11. Write the process of taking measurement of body for tailoring.
12. Answer any ONE question only.
a. Write any five diseases of cattle and explain one of them.
b. What things should be cared while rearing sheep, goats and mountain
goats? Explain.
c. What kind of disease is poultry cholera? Write its symptoms and methods
of prevention.
d. Write the advantages of swine farming.
e. Explain about fish diet.
f. What things should be cared while keeping rabbit? Explain.
g. How do you manage pasture and feeding for bees? Write.
Group-C
Attempt all the questions. (2×5=10)
13. Write the process of using PANNIGHATTA and its importance.
14. Internet has revolutionized communication system. Justify this statement.
342 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Model Questions Set 3
Group-A
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. What are the qualifications to become an MBBS doctor? Write its importance
too.
2. Write a short note on the Faculty of Education and Faculty of Management.
3. List the sources of getting information about foreign employment and
describe any one.
4. What is decision making skill? Explain it.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No. 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. What things should be cared while doing off-seasonal vegetable farming?
Describe.
6. Describe any one storage method of fruits.
7. Write the process of making SAMOSA.
8. Why should we conserve medicinal herbs? Describe its methods.
9. Write the process of making corrugated box.
10. How should we apply colour on the clay pots.
11. Write a short note on the importance of sewing machine.
12. Attempt any ONE question.
a. Write the importance of pasture for sheep, goats and chyangra.
b. Write any two diseases of swine, their symptoms and curing methods.
c. What are the benefits of keeping rabbits? Discuss.
d. How can we conserve the fish products? Explain any two methods.
e. What are the benefits of poultry farming?
f. What are the problems of rearing cows and buffaloes in Nepal? Explain.
g. ‘ Apiculture is an easy way of getting good income.’ How? Give reasons.
Group-C
Attempt all the questions. (5×2=10)
13. What is called local technology? Explain with some appropriate examples.
14. ‘Modern technology has made people’s life comfortable and luxurious’.
Justify this statement with suitable examples.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 343
Model Questions Set 4
Group-A
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. What kinds of human resources are related to engineering field? Describe
any one.
2. What is international employment? Write its importance.
3. What kinds of basic information should we get for foreign employment?
Explain them.
4. Describe the types of business in Nepal.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. What are the storage methods of vegetables according to season? Explain any one.
6. What things should be cared while producing seeds? Write them.
7. What kinds of dry vegetables are prepared in your locality? Describe any two.
8. How can we protect flowers from pests and diseases? Write.
9. What is handicraft? Write its importance.
10. What are the different instruments required for clay work? Write them.
11. Write the process of fixing buttons.
12. Write any ONE question only.
a. What are the different usages of rearing CHYANGRA in Himalayan region?
b. What is MURRAH breed? How is cross buffalo produced in Nepal?
c. What cares are to be provided for chicken and ducks? Write any five.
d. What is swine flu? Why is it considered to be fatal?
e. What common types of fish are reared in Nepal? Name different local and
improved breeds.
f. How should we keep bee-products? Write.
g. What kinds of benefits can we take from rabbit? Write.
Group-C
Attempt all the questions. (2×5=10)
13. What is improved oven? Write its importance.
14. ‘Solar power is the ultimate source of energy’. Justify this statement with
appropriate examples.
344 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
Model Questions Set 5
Group-A
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. Write a short note on architect and hotel manager.
2. What are the means of getting information of foreign employment? Describe
any three.
3. What are the basic elements of selection of profession? Describe any two.
4. What is called market management? Explain.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. Write the methods of preparing drying vegetables and fruits.
6. Write the advantages of intercrop vegetable farming.
7. What things should be cared while selecting land for gardening?
8. Write the process to make clay model of different types of animals.
9. Write the process of making MANDRO (bamboo mat) from bamboo.
10. What kinds of process should be applied to shine things?
11. What is ceramics? Write the use of ceramics.
12. Write any ONE question only.
a. Write any five diseases of cattle and explain one of them.
b. What kind of disease is poultry cholera? Write its prevention.
c. What are the different advantages of goats, sheep, and charngra rearing? Write.
d. How can you manage feeding for pigs at local level? Write.
e. How would you suggest farmers to prepare feed for fish? Explain its
importance.
f. What are the benefits of rabbit farming? Explain.
g. What kinds of problems are in apiculture? Write. (5×2=10)
Group-C
Attempt all the questions.
13. Write any five local technologies of your locality and write their importance.
14. Write any five codes of conduct of using internet.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 345
Model Questions Set 6
Group-A
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. What is called professional education? Show the difference between medium
and higher level professions.
2. What are the obstacles of foreign employment? Discuss any five.
3. What is called entrepreneurship education? Describe its importance in three
points.
4. What kind of relationship is there between market and business? Show it
with appropriate examples.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No. 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. What is called compost fertilizer? Explain its importance.
6. Introduce the biological production of seed or plant and write its methods.
7. How is jam prepared? Describe.
8. What is the importance of floriculture? Describe.
9. Write the process of making a paper kite.
10. What are the benefits of keeping records of income and expenditure?
Describe with examples.
11. What is an apron? Where it is used and what are the advantages of using it?
12. Write any ONE question only.
a. What kinds of species of sheep are found in Nepal? Describe in short.
b. What things should be cared while rearing cows? Describe.
c. What are the main obstacles of poultry farming? Describe.
d. Pig farming is an easy way to improve farmer’s living standard. Justify this
statement.
e. Nepal is a fertile land for fish farming. Justify this statement.
f. How can you manage food and pasture for bees? Describe.
g. How can you conserve the products of rabbit? Write .
Group-C
Attempt all the questions. (5×2=10)
13. What is technical education? How does it bring change in people’s life?
346 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
14. Write any five modern devices of home usage and explain any one.
Model Questions Set 7
Group-A
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. Tourism is a potential source of employment. Justify this statement in the
context of Nepal.
2. What is planning and what is its importance? Write.
3. What is Foreign Employment Promotion Board? Write its duties.
4. What is vocational education? Write its importance.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No. 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. What are the modern ways of protecting vegetables and plants from disease
and pests? Describe any two.
6. Show the planning of fruits cultivation.
7. How is DONUT prepared? Write its process.
8. Write a short note on the use and advantage of TRI-FALA?
9. Write a short note on Kirigami and origami.
10. What are the advantages of keeping records of sales and distribution of the
clay products?
11. What are the essential tools for stitching clothes? Write any ten.
12. Attempt any ONE question only.
a. What things should be cared while preparing shelter/pens for goats and
sheep?
b. What possible diseases can attack to our cows and buffaloes? List them.
c. How are local breeds of chickens produced in Nepal? Describe their
importance.
d. Write a short note on the local breeds of pigs in Nepal.
e. Write about common crap and grass crap.
f. Write a short note on the modern bee-hives.
g. What things should be cared while rearing rabbits? Write.
Group-C
Attempt all the questions. (2×5=10)
13. How can we collect rain water? Write its importance too.
14. Write the importance of alternative energy.
Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 347
Model Questions Set 8
Group-A
Attempt all the questions from Group-A. (4×5=20)
1. What are the qualifications to become a primary teacher and a secondary
teacher? Write them.
2. Write any five institutes that provide technical education and explain any
one of them.
3. Write about the problem solving skill.
4. Make a plan to operate a business.
Group-B
Answer any FOUR questions from Group-B, but question No. 12 is compulsory. (4×5=20)
5. Show the vegetable market of Nepal in pyramid.
6. Why is fruits cultivation growing fast? Give reasons.
7. Write the importance of dry vegetables and fruits in five points.
8. Write any five herbs and describe any two with their usages.
9. Write the process of making a paper envelope.
10. What kind of place is desired to store the products made from clay? Why?
11. Why is rough draft prepared? Write its methods.
12. Write any ONE question only.
a. What is CHYANGRA? Why it is reared? Explain.
b. Write the short note on BHYAGUTE ROG (Hemorrhagic Septicemia and
Charchare or Langada) Black Quarter.
c. How should we prepare ration and water for the poultry? Write.
d. Write about WILD BOAR and MIGMI BANDEL.
e. Write about the RAHU FISH and NAINI FISH.
f. What are the enemies and diseases of domestic bees? Explain.
g. What kinds of diseases attack the rabbits? Describe.
Group-C
Attempt all the questions. (2×5=10)
13. What kinds of local technologies are being used in your locality? Describe
any two of them.
14. Write about ATM and multimedia technology.
348 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8
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