Occupation, Business and Technology 8

2L e s s o n

Use of Medicinal Plants

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state different uses of medicinal plants and their importance.

Pre-reading Activity
Have you used any herbal in your life and why? Tell your friends.

Terms & Terminologies

medicinal : helpful in the process of healing illness or infection

herbal : connected with or made from herbs (herbal medicine,
remedies)

constituent : one of the parts of something that combines to form
the whole

fragrant : perfumed, aromatic, sweet-smelling

constipation : the condition of being unable to get rid of waste
material from the bowels or intestines easily (= being
constipated)

herb : a plant whose leaves, flowers or seeds are used to
flavour, food, medicines, or for their pleasant smell.

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Introduction

Plants having medicinal property
are called medicinal plants or herbal
plants or jadibuti. Herbal remedies
have been used for thousands
of years. In herbal medicine, the
word herb applies to any plant or
plant part used for its medicinal,
flavoring, or fragrant properties.
Leaves, flowers, stems, roots, seeds,
fruit, and bark can all be constituents
of herbal medicines. They are also
used as raw materials of modern
medicine and scented oil.

1. Use of Medicinal Plants

a. As medicine

Name of Parts Used as Curing Diseases
Medicinal Plants Medicine

Barro fruit constipation, mild fever, piles,
diarrhea

Panch aunle bulb/root energizer

Gurjo stem and fever, diabetes, jaundice,
root problem of less urine

Ghiu kumari gel of leaves burning of fire, lever related
(Indian aloe/ disease, constipation, fever
Barbados aloe)

Nir masi bulb of main poisoning, snake and scorpion
root bite, cough medicine

Neem leaf, bark, to wash gum and teeth, skin
flower, seed disease, indigestion, high blood
pressure

Haledo (turmeric) root cold and cough, eye pain,
gastroenteritis, wound and sore

Yarsagumba/ whole part energizer, remedy of all disease
cordycepts

Sarpagandha/ root insanity, insomnia, high blood
serpentina pressure

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b. Used as Cosmetics

Some herbals are used in cosmetics, soap, scented oil etc. Some of them
are as follows:

Name of Medicinal Parts Used Produced Goods
Plants as Medicine

Ghiu Kumari (Indian leaf shampoo, facial cream
aloe/Barbados aloe)

Kachur root scented oil

Khaskhas root scented oil and perfume

Chuthro bark making colour and painting

Jatamashi (Spike root scented oil, cosmetics
Nard)

Timur (Nepali pepper) fruit oil, tooth paste and tooth
powder

Dhasingre leaf scented oil used in massage

Nagbeli paste of pod lipstick

Neem (Margo tree) leaf soap, cream

Sikakai/climbing pod, leaf black, long and silky hair
acacia

c. As the Raw Materials for the Industries

From the time immemorial, herbal medicine is found and used in
Nepal. But the medicine related industry was established in 2038 B.S.
as Nepal Herbal Medicine Production and Processing Company Pv.
Ltd. It was established in Kathmandu. It began to produce medicine
and oil using medicinal plants found in Nepal. It drew the attraction of
the people towards herbal products. Gradually, professional farming
of medicinal plants started. This company extracts medicines from
Sunpati, Titepati, Bojho (sweet root), chamomile, citronella, kachur
(turmeric), Tulsi (French basil), Jatamashi (Spike Nard), lemon
grass, Mengha, Dhupi, Pamroja, Tagetis, Sugandhakokila, tarpon
oil, Dhasingre oil, Timur oil, Asuro, fungus etc. The medicinal plants
such as lemon grass, palmrosa, citronella, French basil, eucalyptus,
chamomile etc. began to be imported. The produced herbal medicines
are used nationally and internationally.

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2. Packaging Of Herbal Medicine

Any produced goods are packed in plastic, paper, clothes, sacks, can, tin,
glass, metal box etc. Similarly, the produced herbal products are packed in
attractive and safe packets before they are sent in the markets. This process
is called packaging.

3. The Reason Behind Packaging

There are various reasons behind packaging. Some of them are as follows:

• To preserve the goods from breaking and damaging
• To make supply safe and easy
• To maintain its quality for a long time
• To inform the customer about the source of production, weight, and

manufacture and expiry date
• To advertise and make the producing company or trademark reliable
• To make the produced goods attractive in the market

4. The Outline of the Processing of Medicinal Herbs in Small
Amount

The process of sorting out useful extract from medicinal herbs is called
medicinal herb processing. It is the process of collection of raw materials
and other processes adopted after that. It is the activities like to cut, sort
out, grind, clean, dry, make pieces, squeeze, make liquid, extract oil, bake,
vaporize, etc. These are the processess adopted in the factories as well. But
the process may vary according to the species of the medicinal herbs.

5. Selling and Management of Account of Herbal Products

Much expense is necessary in the farming of medicinal plants from nursery to
the production stage. Labour, seed, fertilizer, irrigation, weeding, pesticides,
etc. are included in it. The expense is also necessary for the collection of herbal
plants, processing, storage, packaging, etc. The expense is also necessary for
the promotion, distribution and selling. After excluding all these expenses,
the record of profit and loss should be kept.

The farmer or the proprietor of the farm should keep the daily expense of
the farm. It helps to fix the real price of the herbal products.

Activity

Collect any ten names and samples of herbal plants used in your community.
Demonstrate them in your class with their name and discuss about them.

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Exercise

1. Write any six names of medicinal herbs and the diseases they cure.
2. What are the medicinal herbs used in cosmetics? Write their names with the

products in which they are used.
3. How is the condition of herbal factory in Nepal?
4. ‘There is a great potentiality of herbal production in Nepal’. Explain this

statement.
5. Why is the packaging of herbal product necessary? Explain.
6. How can the selling and distribution of herbal products be maintained?

Project Work
With the help of parents, prepare medicine using herbal plants. Prepare a
scrap book mentioning the procedure of its preparation. Paste the sample
parts of the plant/s.

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Gardening
● Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science,

technology and business of plant cultivation.
● Floriculture is cultivation of ornamental flowering plants for aesthetic

purposes, whether grown in window boxes, greenhouses, or gardens.
● Nepal is not self reliant in flower farming, so there is a great chance to

create employment and income from it.

Lesson-1 Use of Medicinal Plants
● The plants are used to make medicines called medicinal plants.
● Barro, Panch Aule, Gurjo, Ghiu Kumari, Nirmari, Neem, Yarsagumba,

Sarpagandha, Timur, Nagbeli, Jatamashi, Khas Khas, Chuthro are
some of the medicinal plants which are used in different purposes.
● We should be very conscious to prevent these medicinal plants.

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Unit

11

Raising and Caring
of Livestock

[Note: Teach any ONE lesson from this unit.]

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years since the first
domestication of animals. They are called livestock.

People rear them for food, milk, leather, or wool. Some types of livestock
are: cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. The group is mostly thought to
be cows, buffaloes, goats, sheeps and bulls. Chickens produce eggs, pigs
produce ham, bulls make leather for their pets, goats and cows give milk,
and sheep give wool.

Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals by humans
for profit, in which genetic qualities and behaviour, considered to be
advantageous to humans, are further developed. The term can refer to the
practice of selectively breeding and raising livestock to promote desirable
traits in animals for utility, sport, pleasure, or research.

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1L e s s o n

Raising Goats, Sheep
and Mountain Goats (Chyangras)

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the methods of rearing and caring of goats, sheep, and chyangras.
• to name different diseases of these animals and introduce the treatment methods.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of animals are reared in your locality? Discuss their benefits.

Terms & Terminologies

topography : the physical features of an area of land, especially the
position of its rivers, mountains, etc. the study of these
features

rearing : the process of breeding animals or birds and caring for
them as they grow

commercialize : to use something to try to make a profit, especially in a
way that other people do not approve of

livestock : the animals kept on a farm, for example, cows or sheep

supplement : a thing that is added to something else to improve or
complete it

legumes : any plant that has seeds in long pods; peas and beans
are legumes

perennial : continuing for a very long time; happening again and
again: recurrent, permanent

by-product: : a substance that is produced during the process of
making or destroying something else

domestication : to make a wild animal pet

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Introduction

Nepal is rich in topography, climate, and biodiversity. Different climates and land
structures have made this possible in biodiversity. The main profession of Nepal
is agriculture. Agriculture is not modernized and commercialized. It is mostly for
livelihood. People cultivate different crops, vegetables, fruits and rear animals for
their livelihood.

Goats and sheep are reared in all parts of Nepal. Farmers rear these livestock
for cash as well as for meat and fleece. Nepali farmers depend on natural
feed for rearing sheep, goats and Chyangra. Due to lack of transportation and
industrialization, farmers can’t care for these animals properly.
Some Major Problems of Caring Goats, Sheep and Chyangra
• Nepali farmers rear goats, sheep and Chyangra in their traditional ways.
• Farmers don’t have knowledge about the modern system of animal rearing.
• The farmers can’t get optimum benefits from rearing livestock.
• They rear these animals not for business purpose but to earn their livelihood.
• They don’t have knowledge about the balanced diet of animals.
• They don’t have knowledge about the animals’ diseases and their curative

and preventive methods.
• There is lack of animal hospitals and research centers in Nepal.
• Farmers have to bear a great loss from the death of their animals.
These animals should be given appropriate diet and proper care for their good
health and development. There are different categories of food and care which
are given below:
Balanced Diet for Pregnant: They should be provided green grass, leaves, and
other supplement food that contains 15-20% protein. It should be fed daily at least
200-400 gram.

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Balanced Diet for Lactating Animals: The lactating animals should be given more
diet than the regular ones. They need more diet during this time. They should be
fed 200-400 grams supplement food daily.

Balanced Diet for Milk: For good milk production, they need good quality hay--
preferably alfalfa hay or hay from other legumes such as perennial peanut. Abalanced
grain mix is also required, preferably with a protein content of 14% to 16%.

Balanced Diet for Meat: For meat they require protein, calcium, and phosphorus
on a daily basis. They should be offered the highest-quality hay, supplemented
by a concentrated feed that provides 70% to 90% of their total daily nutritional
requirements. Pregnant and lactating animals do need a diet of grain, protein
meal, and whole cottonseed to prevent ketosis and early death loss of the kids.

Source of Diet: The animals should be provided a balanced diet. Protein,
carbohydrate, minerals, water, etc. should be provided them daily. A short
description is given about their diet.

Grass, Clover and Forbs

These animals are related to ruminant cud-chewing animals. They prefer to eat
browsers, selectively eating a wide variety of shrubs, woody plants, weeds, and
briars. They eat grass, clover, forbs, and other pasture plants. They especially love
forbs. It is usually their first choice of food in a pasture. Forb is a broad-leaf plant
other than grass. It is a flowering plant. Forbs are often very nutritious. They eat
a greater variety of plants and select a more nutritious diet. Sometimes, pasture
plants are cut, chopped, and brought to the sheep. Fresh harvested forage is called
green chop. This "cut-and-carry" system of feeding is common in developing
countries, where labor is not a limiting factor like in Nepal.

Supplementation of Diet

Grain is often fed to these animals with higher nutritional needs. Grain is the seed
part of cereal crops such as corn, barley, wheat, and oats. They have always eaten
the seeds of plants. A protein source, such as soybean meal or cottonseed meal is
usually added to the grain ration, along with vitamins and minerals to make a
100 percent nutritionally-balanced feed. Unbalanced grain rations can lead to a
variety of health problems.

By-products

By-products from crop production and food processing can also be fed to these
animals for better growth. This is another advantage of ruminant livestock: they
can be fed products that would otherwise go to waste or require costly disposal.
Examples of by-product feeds include soybean hulls, peanut hulls, corn gluten
feed, wheat middling and whole cottonseed.

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Diseases in Sheep and Goats

PPR (peptides peptitis ruminant)
It is an acute highly contagious viral disease of goats, less commonly sheep and is
clinically mimics cattle plague, characterized by fever, erosive stomatitis, enteritis,
pneumonia, and death. In the regions where PPR occurs in an epizootic form, it
may have dramatic consequences for animal owners due to high death rates.

Symptoms • contractions of body
• high fever up to 106o • red eyes
• dry mouth • sores in the gums and nose
• thick mucus running from the mouth • black diarrheas
• sores in the mouth • dehydrations
• abortion

Treatment
Vaccination every two years

Bloat

Bloat occurs when rumen gas production exceeds the rate of gas elimination.
Gas then accumulates causing distention of the rumen. The skin on the left side
of the animal behind the last rib may appear puffed-up. Bloat can be a medical
emergency, and timely intervention may be necessary to prevent death. Bloat is
a common cause of sudden death in livestock. It usually results from nutritional
causes. There are two types of bloat:

Frothy Bloat (pasture bloat)

Frothy bloat is usually associated with the consumption of legume forages.

Free Gas Bloat (feed lot bloat)

Free grass bloat is associated with grain feeding and occurs when animals are not
given enough time of an adjustment period.

Bluetongue

Bluetongue is an insect–transmitted, viral disease of sheep, cattle, and goats. It is
particularly damaging in sheep. Half of the sheep in an infected group[flock] may
die. In cattle and goats, however, bluetongue viruses cause very mild, self–limiting
infections with only minor clinical consequences. A bluetongue virus infection
causes inflammation, swelling, and internal bleeding of the mucous membranes
of the mouth, nose, and tongue.

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Cobalt deficiency (vitamin B12 deficiency)

The only known animal requirement for cobalt is as a component of Vitamin B12,
which has 4% cobalt in its chemical structure. This means that a cobalt deficiency
is really a vitamin B12 deficiency.

Cobalt deficiency causes lack of appetite, lack of thrift, severe emaciation,
weakness, anemia, decreased fertility, and decreased milk and wool production.

Diarrhea (Scours)

Diarrhea is defined as an increased frequency, fluidity, or volume of fecal excretion.
There are many causes of diarrhea: bacterial, viral, parasites, diet, and stress. It is
not possible to definitively determine the infectious organism by looking at the
colour, consistency, or odor of the faeces. A definitive identification requires a
sample for microbiological analysis. Diarrhea is a complex, multi-factorial disease
involving the animal, the environment, nutrition, and infectious agents.

Treatment
• to feed NEBLON, PARGOCARE, etc. medicine

• to feed SALFA medicine tablet

• vaccination against parasites

• maintenance of cleanliness

Scabies

Sheep scab is a very contagious disease, caused by mites feeding on the surface
layers of the sheep's skin. Severe itching occurs, wool or hair falls out in patches,
and the skin becomes reddened, crusted with scabs and sore. The preferred
method of treatment is dipping with insecticides

Foot-and-mouth disease

(FMD, hoof-and-mouth disease)
Foot-and-mouth disease is a severe, highly communicable viral disease of cattle
and swine. It also affects sheep and goats and other cloven hoofed animals. The
disease is characterized by fever and blister-like lesions followed by erosions on
the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats, and between the hooves.

Goiter

Goiter is an enlargement or swelling of the thyroid gland. Affected lambs have
a swollen throat. They are often born with little or no wool. They are weak and
often die of starvation. Treatment is usually unrewarding. But if the condition is
not advanced, the lamb may survive.

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Pneumonia
Symptoms

• Fast breathing in the beginning
• Difficulty in breathing later
• Coughing, fever, running nose
• No appetite and sound through throat
• If not cared animal falls dead
Treatment
• Provide animal ANVIL injection
• Sanitation and warm place for the animal
• Feed the CAFLONE powder
• Antibiotic injection

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss in the class about the rearing of the goat, sheep and Chyangra.
2. Do the people rear goat, sheep and Chyangra in your locality? How do they

rear these animals? Discuss.
3. What are the common diseases in the sheep and goat? Discuss and write.
4. Write the symptoms of the disease pneumonia.
5. Write a short note on the disease PPR.
6. What are the common symptoms of the sick goats and sheep? Discuss and

write.

Project Work
Prepare a file showing and describing different diseases in sheep and goats.

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2L e s s o n

Raising Cows, Buffaloes
and Yaks

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the methods of rearing and caring of cows and buffaloes.
• to identify different diseases of these animals and apply their treatment methods.

Pre-reading Activity
How do you get milk and milk items at your home? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

yielding : giving the amount of crops, profits, etc. mentioned
harvest : the act of cutting and gathering crops
tendency : behave or act in a particular way i.e. trend, inclination
forage : (especially of an animal) to search for food i.e. rummage

Introduction

Buffaloes and cows are reared by most of the farmers in Nepal. Their production
systems vary greatly across the Agro-eco zones. In Southern Terai belt, inner Terai
and mid-hill river valleys, buffaloes and cows are mainly kept under stall feeding
and grazing. Stall feeding is more permanent for the higher yielding animals. In
the Himalayan foot-hills, grazing of buffaloes and cows in the village pasture,
forests and recently harvested crop fields is more frequently seen. There is a
tendency to keep the milking cattle within the fence of the shed. In the high hills
and mountains, they are even reared under migratory system. The animals are
taken up to the high altitude of alpine pasture, sometimes beyond 3500m also,
crossing the tree line in the Southern face of the Himalayas. Thus, environments
in which buffalo and cows are reared, there is diversity of environment depending
upon their physio-graphic locations.

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Buffaloes and cows in Nepal are well known for their ability to survive on low
quality forage or fodder as they utilize crop residues- straw of rice, millet, wheat
and legumes across all agro-eco zones, but are also fed on green forage. It is usually
a milking buffalo and cow which are offered with high quality green fodder and
some supplemental grains on regular basis. In Terai, inner Terai and the lower
hills, they are usually given a permanent housing either separate from or attached
to the house of the owner farmers. As the altitude increases towards north, the
buffalo and cow housing tends to be increasingly temporary and poorly built.

For getting good benefits from cows and buffaloes, the following things should
be done:

Preparation of balanced diet for cows and buffaloes from the locally available
materials

S.N. Required materials to mix in the fodder of cows and Quantity to be

buffaloes mixed

1 Maize, wheat, barley, millet 30-35

2 Mustard, sesame seed, penut, 25-35 25-35

3 Pulse, gram, lentil, etc. 10-20

4 By products of crops like rice-bran, wheat bran, chaffs, 10-20
lapse, husk, straw

5 Salt and minerals 2-3%

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Balanced Diet and Pasture for Cows and Buffaloes

Cows and buffaloes should be cared properly. They should be provide with
balanced diet containing protein, minerals, vitamins, and proper diet. They should
be fed appropriate quantity of food so that they can get good growth. Healthy
animals give enough milk and meat. Proper pasture land should be managed for
their good health. Animals like grazing. They eat green grass and leaves.

Management of Breeding

There are different breeds of cows and buffaloes. Most of the Nepali farmers
have traditional species of cows and buffaloes. They don’t give enough milk and
they are small in size. But, now a days, there are developed species of cows and
buffaloes which are produced through different cross breeding and research. The
animals should be healthy, highly productive of milk and meat, they should have
high capacity of reproduction, strong immune power and good physic.

Breeding of Animals

There are two types of breeding. They are out breeding and inbreeding.

Types of Breeding In- breeding Close-breeding is with
Out- breeding blood related relation

Line-breeding is not
related to blood relation

It is neither close nor
line breeding

Diseases in Animals

Buffaloes and cows are attacked by different diseases. If they are not properly
cared, the buffaloes may suffer. A sick buffalo can’t give much milk and it is not
healthy also. If the buffalo dies of disease, the farmer has to bear a great loss. So,
the buffaloes should be cared properly.

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Some common symptoms of the sick animals are given below.
• Feeling laziness and no appetite
• Dry mouth and yellowish urine
• Difficulty in breathing and high pulse
• Watery eyes, bent ears, and dry face
• Swollen face, diarrhea, mucus and blood in dung

Bhyagute Rog [Hemorrhagic Septicemia-HS]

sudden high fever up to 107 degree

difficulty in breathing

Symptoms of the HS swollen neck
production of sound while breathing

frothing at the mouth

loss of appetite and feeling weakness

Treatment of the Bhaygute Rog: The infected animal should be cared in time. It
should be kept separate from other group. It should be treated immediately. It can
be cured with medicines such as Sulpha Drug Group Diarian, Mecadin, Oripri,
and Terramycin or Tetracycline. For the prevention of the Bhayagute Rog 3.5 ml of
HS Vaccine should be hypodermally given against HS in the month of Baishakh.

Black Quarter [BQ]

Black Quarter is called Charchara or Langada. It is also a fatal disease in animals.
It can take animal’s life if not cured in time properly. The following symptoms can
be seen when the disease attacks.

1. High fever from 104 -106 degree 2. Fleshy part of the body

3. Swollen thigh 4. Swelling of the other part

5. The swollen part produces sound if pressed.

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6. The animal becomes lame.
7. The animal's doctor should be called immediately.
8. The infected animal should be given injection at the interval of 6 hours.

Foot and Mouth Disease [Khoret]

When this disease attacks, the animal gets high fever. The infected animal gets
continuous salivation and limping. The animal gets blisters and wounds on and
around the mouth and hooves. The animal looks very weak and falls, and dies
suddenly.
Rabbies: Rabbis is a fatal disease in animals as well as in human beings. This
disease occurs when the infected dogs, jackals, cats, mongoose bite the animals.
The infected animal should be vaccinated immediately with Mastitis (Thunelo) to
save: When the animal is infected, its udder swells. The animal starts to give less
milk. Sometimes the animal gets fever. The animal feels uneasy. It does not yield
enough milk. Blood and mucus can be seen in milk.
Treatment: The animals should be given antibiotics through udder. The udder
should be cleaned properly before milking .
Abortion: During 5 - 9 months of pregnancy of animals, abortion occurs and navel
string can be stuck in the stomach. It can create problems. The animals should be
kept separate.

Exercise

1. What types of animals are reared in your locality or village ? Discuss with
your friends.

2. What are the common disease in cows and buffaloes, discuss with your
friends and write.

3. What are symptoms of the disease in buffalo and cows? Discuss and write.
4. Write the methods of the preparation of food for the cow and buffalo.

Project Work

Prepare file on the study of cow and buffalo rearing, caring, disease and treatment.

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3L e s s o n

Poultry Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define poultry farming.
• to describe the methods of poultry farming.
• to name the different diseases of chickens, ducks and specify their treatment

method.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of meat items do you eat at your home? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

poultry : chickens, ducks and geese, kept for their meat or eggs
infection : the act or process of causing or getting a disease
broiler : a young chicken suitable for broiling or roasting
fumigate : to use special chemicals, smoke or gas to destroy the

symptom harmful insects or bacteria in a place
: warning sign,indication, indicator

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Introduction

Poultry is a part of farming. It is done to produce meat and eggs from chickens, ducks,
geese, pigeons and turkeys. Chickens and ducks are reared at home for meat and
eggs. These are also done commercially in the farm where a large number of chickens
and eggs are produced. Poultry farming has become an industry in the world. It has
a good market in Nepal also. A large number of people are getting employment in
poultry farming. The following things should be known about poultry farming:

Care of the Farm

• The farm must be neat and clean.
• There should not be any types of

unhygienic things in the farm.
• They should be given proper food,

water, nutrients in time.
• The farm must be well protected from

excess heat, cold, wind, and strom.
• The chickens and ducks must be medically checked time to time .
• The chickens are highly infected. So there must be high alert about different

diseases and infection.
• The sick chickens and ducks should be immediately separated from farm.
• The stool, wings, and other wastes of chickens and ducks must be managed

properly.
• The farm must be far from the human settlement.
• The workers must take precaution while caring them.

Management of Balanced Diet for the Chickens

For better and healthy production of chickens and ducks, they should be given
healthy and balanced food. The food must contain protein, carbohydrate, minerals,
and water.

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Starter food or no 1 food: This Food: This food is given to the
is given to the young ones of the growing chickens in this food there
chickens from hatching to 8 weeks. is 17-2% protein.

In this food there is 20-25% protein.

Classification of food
given to the chicken

and ducks

Food for eggs: This is called layer Broiler food: First food is given up
ration or 3 no rations. It is given for to 5 weeks. The second no food is
eggs. In this food there is 15-20% given after 6 weeks.
protein. It is given to chickens 20-80
weeks.

Preparation of balanced food for chickens from the local materials:

Farmers can prepare food for the chickens from the locally available materials. It
is cheap as well as healthy.

S.N. Food items Quantity %
1 Rice husk 15
2 Maize portion 30
3. Wheat husk 10
4. Peanut cake 15
5. Gram portion 10
6 Barley portion 7
7. Dry fish 6
8. Khudo [molasses] 5
9. Bone portion 1
10. Salt 0.5

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Improvement in Reproduction of Chickens

Poultry is a good source of income at low investment. Farmers as well as other
interested people can get benefit from the poultry. Nowadays,
there is research and study about the poultry arming.
Scientists are trying to produce advanced species of chickens.
Advanced chickens are called hybrid. They are reproduced in the high level
hatchery in foreign country. In the artificially improved environment, the eggs
and chickens can be produced at large quantity.

Identification of Diseases and Their Treatment

Chickens and ducks are highly sensitive birds. They are attacked by different
diseases. Sometimes, whole farm of poultry is destroyed by the fatal diseases in
ducks and chickens. So, poultry farming is, sometimes, very risky. So, we should
know about the different types of diseases in poultry. Chickens and ducks are
attacked by different types of virus, bacteria. Viral diseases are ranikhet, marecs,
be-for, typifie. Cholera, respiratory diseases, occidimossis, etc. occur from bacteria.

Some Common Symptoms of Sick Chickens
Sick chickens don’t eat food. They feel lazy; yellowish diarrhea, green stool, fever
etc. are the common symptoms of the sick chickens.

Common Treatment of the Diseases

Some common treatments are as follows:
• to maintain the cleanliness of the farm,
• to separate the sick chickens from the group,
• to keep separate of different age group chickens,
• not to keep unnecessary chickens in a place,
• safe and proper management of the stools and wings of the sick chickens

and ducks,
• no hatching from the sick chickens and ducks,
• to make incubator bacteria free through fumigation,
• to keep utensils of fodder always clean and not to mix with other essentials,
• to consult the veterinarian from time to time.

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Fowl Pox

Symptoms: The Chicken Pox or Fowl Pox (Sorehead)
is caused by a virus of the family Poxvirida and the
genus Avipoxvirus. This is a worldwide disease that
can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact, as
well as through biting insects.

It commonly affects poultry, such as chickens and
turkey; but also quail, canaries, pigeons, and many
other species of birds have come down with this disease. This disease is seen in
two forms- dry form and wet form.

Disease Progression: Fowl pox tends to spread slowly and a flock may be affected
for several months. The course of the disease in the individual bird takes three to
five weeks.

• Affected young birds are retarded in growth.

• There is drop in egg production.

• There is difficulty in eating and breathing.

• It has two types- coetaneous pox (dry form) or diphtheritic pox (wet form).

Treatment, Control & Prevention: There is no treatment for this condition. In
many cases, the disease may resolve itself. It is important to control any mosquito
infection. The sick bird should be kept separate. The virus is highly resistant in
dried scabs. Disease control is accomplished best by preventative vaccination
since ordinary management.

New Castle: The infected chickens start to pass yellow and green excreta. The
chickens start coughing, gasping, rattling and trembling. After some times, the
infected chickens fall dead.

Prevention: This is highly infectious disease. So, the infected fowl should be kept
separate from the healthy fowls.F1 Vaccine,electrolyte and antibiotic should be
given to the infected ones.

Gumboro [Infectious Bursal Disease]: The infected chickens start to be depressed,
the weight falls, white and yellow watery droppings pass. The production of eggs
also decreases. More than 90% infected chicks fall to death. To protect from this
disease water with electrolyte and lemoso 175 antibiotics should be given to the
diseased chickens. They should be kept separate.

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Coccidiosis: This is a fatal disease in the chickens. The infected chicken starts to
vomit blood out. Its weight also falls all of a sudden. It starts to give fewer eggs.
It gasps. The infected chicken should be kept separate. To control this disease and
to save the infected chicken, Super Cox, Codicils, Sulmate and Cotrinol should be
fed to the infected chicken.

Ranikhet

Symptoms
• Eyes become red and suppurate
• the chickens twist the neck
• Sudden decrease in egg production
• Stools looks like the mix of white, red, and green
• Rough sound while coughing
Treatment
• Use the EK strain vaccinations.
• Proper cleanliness and keeping the sick chickens separate is required.



Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is poultry? Discuss with your friend in the class.
2. How to make poultry farm? Discuss and write the process.
3. Write the methods of prevention of different diseases in the chickens.
4. What are the common symptoms of the disease in the chickens?


Project Work
Prepare a file describing the methods of rearing and caring of poultry.

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4L e s s o n

Pig Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the methods of rearing and caring of pigs.

Pre-reading Activity
Discuss types, nature and behavior of the pigs in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

population : total number of inhabitants, human beings, animals,
birds, in a place

urbanization : having a lot of towns, streets, factories, etc. rather than
countryside

drainage : the process by which water or liquid waste is drained
from an area

abnormal : unusual,uncommon,

piglets : young ones of pig

Introduction

The population of Nepal is increasing rapidly.
This is why there is rapid development of
urbanization in Nepal. People use meat in their
food. From village to city, the demand of meat
is high. Chickens, goats, buffaloes, fish, pigs,
mountain goats, sheep, etc. are the main source
of meat in Nepal. Nowadays, pig farming is
growing fast. People are getting lots of benefits

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from pig farming. This lesson highlights pig farming, taking care of the pigs,
preparation of food for the pigs, prevention and treatment of different diseases of
pigs, etc. If properly reared and cared, the pigs, give lots of benefits.

Care and Housing of the Pigs

1. The house should be neat, clean and airy.

2. There must be enough water and food for
the pigs.

3. The house should not be damp and wet.

4. The house must be warm and clean.

5. There must be regular cleanliness of the
pigs’ house.

6. There must be good drainage system to pass the excreta and other wastes of
the pigs.

7. Maintenance of sanitation must be given high priority.

Food for the Pigs: For healthy and big pigs, the food must be nutritious. The food
must contain carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals, and vitamins. The pigs can be
fed with wheat, kitchen waste, rice, green grass, barley, bone meal and required
amount of minerals.

Preparation of Balanced Diet for the Pigs

For getting good profit from the pig farming, they
must be provided balanced diet. Pigs eat all kinds
of vegetables like radish, carrot, DUBO, leaves of
sugarcane, grass, wastages, maize, rice, barley, millet,
etc. Pigs should be fed 15 to 20 %protein in their food.
The pigs should be left for grazing which helps to
grow them in natural way also. The required quantity
of food is shown as below according to their weight:

S.N. Types of pigs Weight of pigs Required food
(in kg) (in kg)
1 Piglets
2 Growing piglets 20-40 1-2

40-50 3-4

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3 Male pig 50-100 3-5
4-6
4 Sterile 100 4-6
3-5
5 Mother pig with piglets 100

6 Reproductive male and female 100

Breeding of the Pigs

Pigs are reared for meat. They get heavy weight and provide lots of meat within
a short period of time. For pig farming, healthy and advanced species of pigs
should be reared. Now a days, there is research on pigs and its development.
There are different types of modern and advanced species of pigs.

Various Diseases of the Pigs: The pigs become victims of various diseases. They
are fond of living in dirty place and making dirt. If there is lack of sanitation, the
pigs catch many diseases and can’t grow properly.

Common Symptoms Found In the Sick Pigs

• Sick pigs feel laziness and restless.

• They show abnormal behavior.

• They don’t eat properly.

• They get fever.

• They get sores in the hoofs and mouth.

• They get watery mouth.

Some Diseases in Pigs

Swine Fever/Hog Cholera: When this disease
catches the pigs, they get high fever up to 106
degree. The infected pigs don’t eat properly.
They try to drink much water. The face becomes
pellets. Blood occurs in fecial matter. The nose
starts bleeding. The blue spots are seen in the
body. The infected pigs get diarrhea and feel sensation of vomiting. They get rear
legs paralyzed. The sick animal dies of pneumonia at last. To prevent this disease,
the piglets should be given vaccination once. The sows should be vaccinated every
year. The dead pig should be buried immediately.

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Luto (Mange): It is very common disease in pigs. It occurs due to lack of proper
care and sanitation. When Luto catches the pigs, it affects the whole body. The
whole body gets itching. Specially, it affects ears, neck and inner area of the legs.
To control this disease there must be proper sanitation and the infected animal
should be given Imomac 1 ml per-40 kg weight thorough injection. Golden lotion,
Himix, Aktomin 5 ml should be mixed in 5 liters of water and it should be applied
to the body of pigs. It gives relief to the pig and gets cured.

Bhyagute Disease: Its symptoms are: The pig gets swelling neck, feels difficulty
in breathing and eating. It gets high fever up to 106 degree. If the infected animal
is not cured in time, it falls dead.

Care and Treatment: The infected animal should be kept separate. It should be
given Tetracycline, Sulfadimydin injection regularly for 4-5 days. To prevent
this disease, HS Vaccine should be given to all the pigs in the beginning of every
season.

Khoret Disease: Its symptoms are: The infected animal gets sore on the mouth
and tongue. The hoofs get wound in the middle and the animal starts to limp.
Saliva comes out from the mouth. For the treatment from this disease the legs of
the pigs should be cleaned with fitakirior fiel. The vaccine against khoret should
be given of 23 ml in the skin.

Treatment and Prevention: To prevent this disease, vaccine should be given
within four months. The infected animal’s hoofs should be cleaned with the edible
soda. Himex ointment should be applied to the infected part

Anthrax: This is a fatal disease. The animal gets high fever up to 108 degree. It is
a communicable disease to human beings so it must be prevented in time. The
animal dies within 8-10 days. To prevent it, vaccine should be given from time to
time.

Swine Flu: This disease occurs due to lack of sanitation and change in the season.
The infected animal feels difficulty in breathing. There is no treatment of this
disease. Proper sanitation should be maintained to prevent this disease.

Brucellosis: It is also one of the harmful diseases. It creates problems during
pregnancy of the pigs. It causes abortion. The result is that there is no reproduction
of piglets in time. This disease is infectious to human beings also. So, proper care,
precaution and sanitation must be maintained to prevent this disease.

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Parasites: Pigs are easily attacked by different types of parasites like roundworms,
hookworms, flies, and lice. These parasites disturb the pigs externally and internally.
These parasites grow due to lack of sanitation and unhealthy food items. To
prevent from these parasites, the pigs should be given bimrazene at a rate of 1 ml
/5 kg body weight at an interval of every month. It should be given after the two
months of birth. Moreover, to prevent this disease Albendozole, Fewendozole, etc.
should be given at a rate of 5-10 per kg body weight. Proper care and sanitation
should be maintained to prevent from different parasites.

Management of the Pig Products

Farmers can get benefit by rearing pigs at their home as well as commercially in
the pig farm. They can earn money by selling piglets. They can earn money by
selling meat in the market or they can get benefit by selling pigs for meat in the
market. They can make different varieties of pig’s meat and sell in the market.
They can pack it in the bottle or they can make its SUKUTI [dry] meat and keep
for a long time to use and sell in the market.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Why do people rear pigs? Discuss in the class.
2. What things should be considered while caring the pigs? Discuss in the class

and write.
3. What are the common symptoms of the sick pigs? Discuss and write.
4. How do you prepare a balanced diet for the pigs? Discuss and write.
5. What are the common diseases in pigs? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Visit a farm and prepare a report how they are rearing pigs.

228 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

5L e s s o n

Fish Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the methods of fish farming and caring.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of fish have you seen and what types of fish items have you
eaten? Share in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

fish : a creature that lives in water, breathes through gills
rivulets
hygienic : a very small river; a small stream of water or other liquid
carnivore
vitamin : clean and free of bacteria

mineral : any animal that eats meat

: a natural substance found in food that is essential part
of what humans and animals eat to help them grow and
stay healthy.

: a substance that is naturally present in the earth and is
not formed from animal or vegetable matter, for example
gold and salt. Some minerals are also present in food
and drink and in the human body and are essential for
good health

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 229

Introduction

Nepal is rich in rivers, ponds, and falls,
rivulets, where different types of fish
are found. Moreover, Nepal is rich in
different climates also. There is hot water
in the TERAI belt and cold in the hills and
mountains. So, there are different kinds
of fishes in both climates. There are 185
types of fish species in Nepal. Out of them
three local species and four improved species of fish are reared for commercial
purpose. Fish is known as sea food which is considered hygienic, healthy and
tasty. Some of the local species of fish are described below:

Buhari: Its body is elongated, long and thin, often in a way that is not normal. It
is found in the Terai region. It is reared in the warm water of pond and river. It is
carnivorous. And eats its own fingerlings. It has large head, long moustache and
ash colour.

Rahu: This fish is found in the warm water of rivers, lakes, and ponds in the
Trai. Its food is -lichens and insects. Its body is covered with large scales. It has
long and cylindrical body with white abdomen. Its middle part of scale is red. A
matured fish gets 1.5 kg weight within two-three years. People like to eat it. It is
tasty and healthy also.

Naini: Naini fish is found in the warm water of rivers, pond and lake in the Terai
region. This fish has a long body. Its upper part is brown and lower part is white.
It is reared naturally and artificially. Its weight is 1.5 kg within two or three years.

Improved Breeds of Fish: In different parts of country, there is growing fish
farming. Fish research centre Godawari has developed different varieties of fish.
Improved breeds of fish have been imported from foreign country also and being
cultivated in differ parts of the country. Some improved breeds of fish are- carp,
grass carp, common carp, etc.

Management of Food and Pasture of the Fish

Fish are found naturally in the flowing river and they manage their food themselves.
Such types of naturally developed fish are very tasty and hygienic too. But fish
are being cultivated in the artificial ponds also. These fish need artificial foods to
grow. In those ponds, there should be artificial as well as natural food. There are

230 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

different kinds of fish which like artificial as well as natural food. Common carp,
grass carp like artificial food. Silver carp, bighead carp, manure, etc. like natural
food more. RAHU, NAINI, and common carp like both artificial and natural food.

So food should be prepared according to the kinds of fish. If the fish are provided
with proper nutrients, they grow fast and give benefits. All kinds of fish need
appropriate area for grazing. So they should be provided adequate area for
swimming and feeding. They should be given both artificial and natural food
in the ratio of 45:55. To maintain natural food in their habitat, there must be left
2000-2500 kg compost in per hectare area of the fish every year. 225 kg nitrogen
per hectare every year, and 545 kg phosphors per hectare every year. It helps to
provide the fish natural food.

Preparation of Food for the Fish from the Local Materials

Food for fish can be prepared from the local materials such as maze,
barley, rice, wheat, peanut, mustard, dry fish, bhatmas, cotton worms etc.
For proper growth and development of fish they need food containing
protein,carbohydrate,fat,oil,minerals,vitamins, etc. in appropriate quantity. We
can prepare food for the fish mixing all these materials in an appropriate quantity.
Look at the following table of food for 100 fish.

S.N. Materials to Required
prepare food quantity (kg)
38
1 Dust of rice 38
2 Wheat floor 12
3 Soybean floor 12
4 Dust of dry fish

Balanced Diet for Fish

The fish should be provided balanced diet for their proper growth. The food must
contain protein,carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins, etc. We can make balanced diet
for fish from our own field as well as from market. The food must contain 30-35
%protein for the fishlings of carp and for adult fish protein should be 25-30%. Fish
need all these materials for their good development.

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Method of Feeding Fish: The fish should be cared properly giving food 4-5 time
per day. Generally, the breeding fish should be fed 3-4%feed of their body weight.
Growing fish need to feed 3-5% feed of their weight. Appropriate quantity and
quality helps the fish growing fast and healthy. The artificial feed should be made
powder. The kneading and powder feed should be made pellet. Such types of
food should contain enough protein and should be given twice a day.

Diseases of Fish

Seto Kople Disease: These symptoms are seen
in fish: skin colour changes into green, body gets
slimmer, white spots throughout the body, white
sores on some parts of the body.

Treatment: For the treatment of this disease, fish
should be dipped in 3-4% salty water for 3-4
minutes. Mala Kaitgreen 0.1 ppm should be used
for the treatment of this disease.

Emus Disease: Scales start to fall and white spots are seen on the body. After
sometime, wounds occur on the body. If not treated timely, the fish die.

Argulosis-In: In this disease the parasites suck the blood of the fish. Wounds and
blisters are seen on the body due to lack of blood.

Lernia: When the parasite attacks the fish, its hooking organ gets wounds because
the parasite pierces[makes hole] it. The small fish die after moving around when
they get parasite on their head. So, the parasite must be killed to protect the fish.

Trichodinasis: The fish get problem in their skin, gill, and fins when this parasite
attacks them. The fingerlings can die if they are unable to resist these parasites.

Gyrodactylosis: When this disease attacks the fish, they feel unbearable sensation.
Their body gets itching. The fish start to jump and rub their body on the wall.

232 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

They get wound. Generally, the fingerlings get affected by this disease and they
can die. For the treatment of this disease, 0.25 ppm Dipterex should be used .

Management of Fish Products

Fish is known as sea food. It can be reared where
there are water sources. Different products are
made from fish. Farmers can get benefit by
producing its fishlings and selling meat in the
market.
• The harvested fish can be kept in the cold -store or refrigerator.
• They can be preserved by keeping in the salt.
• They can be packed in the box.
• Fish can be kept for a long time by drying in the fire, sun or solar heater.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss the importance of fish in the class.
2. What are the possibilities of fish farming in Nepal? Discuss and write.
3. How can you prepare a balanced diet for fish? Discuss and write.
4. What are the species of fish which can be reared in Nepal?
5. What are the main diseases of fish? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Visit a place where fish are reared. Observe the fish farming and get more
information asking the farmer.

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6L e s s o n

Bee Keeping (Apiculture)

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce bee keeping, bee pasture, diseases of bees and benefits from bee

keeping.

Pre-reading Activity
What do you know about bees, their work; unity, beehives and their products?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

by product : a substance that is produced during the process of
making
pollinate :
to put pollen into a flower or plant so that it produces
investment : seeds
accumulation :
multitude : the act of investing (spending) money in something
colony :
increase in number or quantity

huge number

a group or a swarm of bees

Introduction
Bee keeping is a rewarding occupation which provides multi-benefits in less
investment and labour. The eco-system and the bio-diversity of Nepal are
favorable for apiculture. Bee keepers can get a handsome income from it.
Benefits of apiculture, conservation of bee pasture, bee diseases, bee products
and its quality control; saving and storing have been discussed in this lesson.

234 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Bee pasture
Bee pasture is defined as an area of open land over-grown with flowering
plants on which bees feed. This may consist of a single species of plant, several
types or a highly mixed multitude of nectar and pollen producing plants. Each
type of pasture will produce a range of results within the beehive.

We can help increase the abundance and health of honey bees and native
pollinators by creating nectar and pollen rich bee pastures. These pastures
can be filled with annual plants, which grow from seed each year, perennial
plants, which return and spread on their own each year, various flowering
shrubs and trees, crops or any mixture of above. We can also manage existing
natural areas and woodlands.
The ideal bee pasture is one in which flowers are blooming as continuously as
possible throughout the year. Research shows bees flourish best in open sunny
pastures that are as large as possible. A dedicated, open, sunny pasture having
nectar and pollen plant diversity is best.

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Diseases of Bees

American Foulbrood
American foulbrood disease occurs throughout the world where honey bees
are kept. Bacillus larvae White, the causative organism of American foulbrood
disease, is a spore-forming bacterium which produces over a billion spores in
each infected larva. Only spores are capable of inciting the disease. The spores
are extremely resistant to heat and chemical agents. Worker, drone, and queen
larvae are susceptible to the disease.

The capping of cells containing disease appears moist and darkened. The
convex capping found on cells of diseased larvae become concave as the
disease progresses. Another symptom commonly associated with the disease
is the punctured capping. Larvae are susceptible to American foulbrood only
when they are less than 3 days old. Early detection of the disease is helpful in
preventing further spread.

European Foulbrood
In some areas, European foulbrood is a more serious threat to beekeepers than
American foulbrood. This disease is serious because it occurs most frequently
at the time that colonies are building their peak populations in spring.

The cause of this disease is Streptococcus pluton White, a nonspore-forming
bacterium. Other bacteria commonly associated with the disease are Bacillus
alvei Chesire & Cheyne and Bacterium eurydice White.

Superficial examination of diseased combs shows the same mottled effect
and puncturing as seen in American foulbrood. Death usually occurs in the
larval stage less than in 48 hours. Worker, drone, and queen larvae are equally
susceptible to European foulbrood.

European foulbrood can be transmitted by contaminated food stores, and
equipment from one to another hive. The disease usually is most serious
in the spring and clears up during the summer when nectar and pollen are
abundant. However, outbreaks of European foulbrood in the late summer are
not in rampant. To control this disease, meramycine should be given for three
days keeping in chasni (sugar-water).

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Chalk Brood
Ascosphaera apis (Massen ex Claussen) Olive and Spiltoir, a fungus, is the
cause of chalk brood disease. Larvae, 3 to 4 days old, are most susceptible to
the fungus, especially if they are chilled after ingesting spores of Ascosphaera
apis. Worker, drone, and queen larvae all are susceptible to chalk brood disease.

Infected larvae become permeated with the mycelia of the fungus, leading to
their death. Eventually, the mycelia-filled larvae dry up to form the typical
hard white mummies characteristic of chalk brood disease. Diseased larvae
are stretched out in their cells and also can be mottled or completely gray
or black. This color variation is due to the presence or absence of the black
fruiting bodies that are formed on the outside of the larvae.

The mummies do not stick to the cells and are easily removed by nurse bees.
If colonies have pollen traps, the mummies frequently are found in the traps
and are a source of infection in trapped pollen. The mummies have a faint
yeast-like odor.

Chalk brood disease can be transmitted by adult bees and equipment
contaminated with spores of Ascosphaera apis. The disease rarely destroys
a colony but can reduce the population of bees and consequently affect the
honey yield.

Thai Sacbrood
It is caused due to sacbrood is a virus. It was as epidemic from 2039-2042 B.S.
in Nepal.

Larvae die of sacbrood in capped cells in the elongated position. As the disease
progresses, the larval skin forms a sac, which separates from the pre-pupal
skin. Between these two layers of skin is an accumulation of fluid. The outer
skin toughens and, as a result, the larva can be picked up in its entirety without
the release of the fluid.

The larva changes from pearly white to off white, then brown, and finally
almost black. It has the appearance of a foulbrood scale but no odor, and is
free of bacteria.

Requeening and fresh food may be helpful, but most colonies appear to
recover spontaneously from the disease. if not controlled, whole hive should

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 237

be destroyed.

Nosema Disease
Nosema disease is the most widespread of all bee diseases. This disease is
caused by the protozoan, Nosemaapis Zander. Nosema disease reduces the
life expectancy of adult bees. It can cause queen super-seduce and reduce the
honey production of infected colonies.

The disease cycle is initiated by adult bees that ingest spores of Nosema.
apis, which germinate and multiply in the epithelial cells of the ventriculus.
In addition to affecting the digestive process, the hypopharyngeal glands of
infected worker bees and the ovaries of infected queens become atrophied.
The disease is found in workers, queens, and drones.

Nosema disease is diagnosed by examining for the presence of Nosema. apis
spores. However, the absence of spores does not ensure freedom from nosema
disease. If 20 gram fumagilin in one litere water is sprinkled over all the bees
in hive, can control from this disease.

Septicemia
Septicemia is a bacterial disease of adult honey bees that is rarely encountered;
it is caused byPseudomonas apiseptica Burnside.

The bacteria, by some unknown method, make their way to the hemolymph,
multiply rapidly, and ultimately cause the death of the host.

Bees that die from septicemia appear to have no connective tissues and
dismember easily. The legs, wings, head, thorax, and abdomen separate-even
by the slightest handling. Hemolymph of infected bees also may be milky
white in color. The isolation and identification of Ps. apisepticabacteria from
the hemolymph may be necessary for verification.

Benefits from Bee-keeping

• The byproducts of beekeeping are beeswax and honey. Beeswax is used
in cosmetics and polishes as well as making candles. The honey is used
in many ways to improve the taste of a variety of foods which is full of
nutritious diet.

• Honeybees pollinate one third of all the food we eat. Without bees our

238 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

diets would be drastically affected as we would go without many fruits
and vegetables. Beeswax is a natural wax, with the highest burning
temperature. Candles are made from it.

• Bee keeping is rewarding occupation. With minimal land, investment, and
time; a beekeeper can reap many rewards: increased garden productivity,
delicious honey, intellectual stimulation, and possible economic return.

• Honey bees provide ample opportunity to engage young people in
meaningful work that will teach them valuable skills, give them confidence
in their abilities with sheer enjoyment and entertainment.

Quality control of bee products
Honey is the prime product from bee keeping. Honey must be purified
scientifically and stored properly. Honey and other products should be stored
appropriately to maintain their quality. They should be kept and stored in dry,
clean place and beyond direct sun.

Saving, storing and transportation of bee products
Honey is mainly produced in Hilly and Terai regions of Nepal. Honey is
collected from farmers by individuals and different organizations. They purify
raw honey and pack in the bottles, cans, jars and containers to supply in the
market. Honey and other products should be conserved properly to maintain
their quality.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is bee pasture? Write its importance.

2. Describe the diseases of bees.
3. What should be done to maintain quality of bee products? Write.

4. Highlight the benefits of bee keeping.

Project Work

Prepare a report on bee keeping taking information from field visit or other
sources highlighting in detail bee keeping process, diseases of bees and
benefits from bee keeping

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 239

7L e s s o n

Rabbit Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the rabbit farming, its benefits and diseases.

Pre-reading Activity
Why do people raise rabbits? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

disorder : an illness that causes a part of the body to stop functioning
correctly:
taboo : a cultural or religious custom that does not allow people
to do or to use
inflammation : a condition in which a part of the body becomes red, sore
and swollen because of infection or injury
digestive : onnected with the digestion of food:
susceptible : very easily influenced or affected
mammary : connected with the breasts

Introduction
People usually raise rabbits as pets.
But raising them commercially can be a
great source of income and a smart way
of employment. The annual demand of
meat is increasing rapidly throughout the
world. Right now poultry, beef and pork
meat are controlling this huge demand.
Commercial rabbit production can play
a very important role to meet up this
demand. So rabbit farming business has a great opportunity.

240 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Benefits of Rabbit Farming
• Rabbits are very fast growing animal.

• Their food converting rate is better than other animals.

• One female rabbit can give birth about 2 to 8 kids each time.
• Rabbits can be raised within a short space.
• Production costs are less, compared to other large sized animals.
• Rabbit meat is very tasty, nutritious and easily digestible. All aged people

can eat without any problem.
• There are no religious taboos consuming rabbit meat.

Feeding
Feed consuming rate and nutrient requirements varies, depending on the
rabbit’s age and breed type. For proper nutrition of adult rabbits, their food
should contain 17 to 18 percent crude protein, 14 percent fiber, 7 percent
minerals. Green leafy vegetables, seasonal vegetables, spinach, carrots, muller,
cucumber, green grass and vegetable wastes are common food of rabbits. For
commercial purpose, you can serve them poultry feed. In accordance with
providing nutritious feed, we supply them sufficient amount of clean and
fresh water according to their demand. Rabbits fed a suitable diet and kept in
a healthy environment can live as long as 10 to 12 years.

Diseases
The most common diseases of rabbits include digestive system problems,
respiratory infections, and skin disorders.

Digestive Disorders

Hair Chewing and Hairballs
Rabbits groom themselves almost constantly, so their stomachs often contain
hair. The hair is normally passed through the digestive tract and out through
the animal's droppings. Hair chewing is usually caused by a low-fiber diet and
can be corrected by increasing the fiber in the diet or feeding hay along with
the pellets. Adding magnesium oxide to the diet at 0.25% also may be helpful.
In some cases, hair chewing is a result of boredom. Providing toys and items
on which to gnaw often stops this abnormal behavior.

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Enterotoxemia
It causes in rapidly developing primarily in rabbits 4 to 8 weeks old. It causes
severe diarrhea. It occasionally affects adults and adolescent rabbits. Signs
include lack of energy, rough coat, staining around the hind end, and death
within 48 hours. Often a rabbit may look healthy in the evening and be dead
the next morning. Adding copper sulfate to the diet of young rabbits may help
prevent enterotoxemia.

Tyzzer's disease
It is caused by Clostridium piliforme bacteria, is characterized by large amounts
of watery diarrhea. Other signs of illness are loss of appetite, dehydration, loss
of energy, staining of the hindquarters, and death within 1 to 3 days in recently
weaned rabbits.

Mucoid enteritis
It is a diarrheal disease of rabbits that causes inflammation, an abnormally high
level of secretions, and a buildup of mucus in the small and large intestines.
There is no effective treatment, but intense fluid therapy, an enema to remove
the mucus, antibiotics, and pain relievers may be tried. Rabbits may live for
about 1 week.

Rotavirus
It causes diarrhea in rabbits. It is shed in the droppings of infected rabbits
and, therefore, is probably transmitted by the droppings-mouth route. Young
rabbits of weaning age are most susceptible. There is no treatment but stopping
breeding for 4 to 6 weeks seems to allow the disease to run its course, because
infected does do not infect their offspring.

Pasteurellosis:
It is a bacterial infection caused by Pasteurella multocida, is common in
domestic rabbits. It is highly contagious and is transmitted primarily by direct
contact, although transmission by coughing or sneezing may also occur.

Rhinitis (snuffles or stuffy, runny nose)
It is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the air passages and lungs
and can be short or long-lasting. Pasteurella bacteria are the usual culprits, but

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other bacteria may cause it as well. The initial sign is a thin, watery discharge
from the nose and eyes.

Pneumonia
Pneumonia is common in domestic rabbits. The cause is typically Pasteurella
bacteria, but other bacteria may be involved.

Reproductive Disorders
Reproductive disorders of rabbits include bacterial infections and metabolic
disorders.

Ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia)
Ketosis is a rare disorder that may result in death of does 1 to 2 days before
giving birth. The disease is more common in first-litter does. Possible
contributing factors include obesity and lack of exercise. Signs include loss of
appetite, dullness of eyes, sluggishness, difficulty breathing, and lying down.
The most significant physical change is fatty deposits in the liver and kidneys.
Injection of fluids that contain glucose may correct the disease.

Treponematosis (Vent Disease, Rabbit Syphilis)
Treponematosis is a venereal disease of rabbits caused by Treponema bacteria.
It occurs in both sexes and is transmitted through sexual intercourse and from
the doe to her offspring. An injection of penicillin G is necessary to completely
get rid of treponematosis.

Mastitis (Blue Breasts)
Mastitis (inflammation of the breasts) affects nursing does and may progress to
a blood infection that rapidly kills the doe. It is usually caused by staphylococcal
bacteria, but other bacteria may be involved. Initially, the mammary glands
become hot, reddened, and swollen. Later, they may become a bluish color,
hence the common name, “blue bag” or “blue breasts.” The doe will not eat
but may crave water. Fever is often present.

If antibiotic treatment is started early (the first day the doe goes off feed), the
rabbit may be saved and damage limited to 1 or 2 mammary glands.

Skin Disorders
Skin disorders in rabbits often lead to patches of hair loss (alopecia). Many
of these problems are caused by parasites, such as mites, that will require
medication from your veterinarian.

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Hutch Burn (Urine Burn)
Hutch burn is caused by wet and dirty hutch floors. It also occurs in rabbits
that constantly dribble urine due to poor bladder control.

Wet Dewlap (Moist Dermatitis)
Female rabbits have a heavy fold of skin on the front of the neck called a
dewlap. As the rabbit drinks, this skin may become wet and soggy, which
leads to inflammation. Possible causes include open water crocks and damp
bedding.

Automatic watering systems with drinking valves generally prevent wet
dewlaps. If open water receptacles are used, they should have small openings
or be elevated

Sore Hocks
This condition, sometimes called ulcerative pododermatitis, does not involve
the hock (the ankle joint) but the sole of the hindfoot and, less commonly,
the front paws. The cause is either pressure on the skin from bearing the
body weight on wire-floored cages or trauma to the skin from stamping, with
infection of the dead skin

Myxomatosis
Myxomatosis is a deadly disease of all breeds of domesticated rabbits. It
is caused by myxoma virus, a type of poxvirusThe connective tissue of the
eyelids, nose, lips, and ears fill with fluids, which gives a swollen appearance
to the head. The ears may droop.

A vaccine prepared from a myxomatosis virus has protected rabbits from
infection

Mites and Fleas
Ear mites are a common parasite in rabbits. Mites irritate the lining of the
ear and cause a watery fluid and thick brown crusts to build up, creating an
“ear canker.” Infested rabbits scratch at and shake their head and ears. The
medication should be applied within the ear and down the side of the head
and neck

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Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What are the benefits of rabbit farming? Write.
2. Write about the feeding of rabbits.
3. Write about any two diseases of digestive disorder.
4. Write about Ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia) and Mastitis (Blue Breasts)
5. What are the main diseases in rabbit? Describe any two.

Project Work

Prepare a file showing rabbit farming its importance, shelter and feeding and
the diseases of rabbits.

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Rearing of Goat, Sheep and Chyangra (Mountain Goats
● Rearing of goats, sheep and chyangra is a great source of cash for the

farmers.
● Proper care and rearing can provide a lot of benefits to the farmers.
● Balanced diet and sanitation can help to keep the goats, sheep and

chyangra safe, secure, healthy and strong.

Lesson-2 Rearing of Cows, Buffaloes and Yaks
● Cows, buffaloes and yaks are reared specially for milk and milk related

productions.
● Balanced diet, pasture, proper care, and advance breeding help to get

more milk and income from these animals.
● Bhyagute Rog [Hemorrhagic Septicemia-HS], Black Quarter [BQ], Foot

and Mouth Disease [Khoret], Rabbies: Mastitis [Thunelo]: Abortion etc.
are some of the diseases of these animals.

Lesson-3 Poultry Farming
● Poultry is a part of farming. It is done to produce meat and eggs from

chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons and turkeys.
● We can get a very good income from poultry farm.
● The farm must be clean and high priority should be given to keep the

birds safe and healthy.

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● Ranikhet, Coccidiosis, Gumboro, New Castle, scabs etc. are some of the
diseases of poultry.

● Now a days, the terror of bird flue is rampant.

Lesson-4 Pig Farming
● Pigs are reared for meat.
● We can get lots of benefits from pig farming.
● Balanced diet, proper sanitation and timely treatment of diseases can help

to get more return from pig.
● Luto [Mange], Bhyagute Rog, Khoret Rog, Anthrax, Swine Flu, Brucellosis

Parasites etc. are some of the diseases of pigs.

Lesson-5 Fish Farming
● Fish is regarded as a sea food.
● It is very hygienic for our health.
● There are lots of opportunities of fish farming in Nepal due to availability

of cold water.
● Buhari, Rahu, Naini, etc. are some of the fish found in Nepal.

Lesson-6 Bee Keeping (Apiculture)
• Bee keeping is a rewarding occupation which provides multi benefits

such as good income; farmer’s friendly doing pollination, eco-friendly,
entertainment and stress therapy.

• Honey is a great source of nutrition for good health and to fight against
diseases.

• By product of hone is used for cosmetics, polishes and making candles.

• Some main diseases of bees areAmerican Foulbrood European Foulbrood,
Chalk Brood, Thai Sacbrood, Nosema Disease and Septicemia.

Lesson-7 Rabbit Farming
• Rabbits farming are easy and beneficial occupation.
• Its farming is less costly but giving high benefits.
• Rabbit meat is very tasty, nutritious and easily digestible
• Digestive disorders, respiratory infections and skin disorders are its

common problems.
• Providing proper sanitation and nutritious food can help to raise healthy

rabbits.

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Unit

12

Handicraft

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or
handmade item, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and
decorative objects are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools.
It is a traditional main sector of craft, and applies to a wide range of creative
and design activities that are related to making things with one's hands and
skill, including work with textiles, moldable and rigid materials, paper, plant
fibers, etc. Usually, the term is applied to traditional techniques of creating
items (whether for personal use or as products) that are both practical and
aesthetic.

The term arts and crafts is also applied, and mostly to hobbyists' and children's
output rather than items crafted for daily use which is in fact as practical as
it is aesthetic i.e. beauty.

Handcrafting has its roots in the rural crafts of ancient civilizations, while
some are modern inventions.

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1L e s s o n

Paper Craft

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to prepare a corrugated cardboard, kites, greeting cards and bags by themselves.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of things do you use made from paper? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

craft : an activity involving a special skill at making things
with your hands: or all the skills needed for a particular
handicraft activity
corrugated
pulping : activities that use skill with your hands and artistic
adhesive ability to make things
robust
precisely : shaped into a series of regular folds that look like
waves

: a soft substance that is made by crushing wood, cloth
or other material and then used to make paper

: a substance that you use to make things stick together

: strong

: exactly, accurately, carefully

A. Introduction

Paper has multiple use. We use paper for printing and writing. We read
different books and newspapers . We can use paper to make note copy to
write. Paper is used to make napkins which are used in different purposes.
Paper is used to make decorative things. It is used to make different carrying
boxes. Paper is used to make different playthings. The thing that people love

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to have which is called money is also made from paper. A piece of paper
can be worth a thousand rupees and dollars. The above given examples
highlight the value and importance of paper.

B. Corrugated Cardboard

It is a paper box which is used to pack electronic devices such as TV, radio,
freeze, computer, etc. It is made of thick paper. It has two types of paper.
To make a weak paper, when a robust paper is used to cover it, it is used in
corrugated form.

While making a corrugated box, the upper and lower part of the paper is
darned with glue. Properly stitched cardboard paper can be useful to carry
sensitive electronic devices and other things.

C. Making a Box

We can make different boxes from paper which are used to pack and
keep different things. The process of making wide box from the material
like cardboard is called development in the geometric language. We take
corrugated cardboard according to our own need. After developing and
folding it, we can make a box. The box has six folds or parts.

We need a bit bigger cardboard while developing a box from it. The length,
width, and height can be according to our own need and interest. We should
mark the part properly in a fixed measurement cut properly. After cutting
properly, we can fold the cardboard and stitch it with glue and the box is
ready.

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Activity

Visit a shop nearby your home or school. Observe the different boxes for
packing. Request the shopkeeper to provide you a corrugated cardboard and
box. Prepare a box and corrugated cardboard.

D. Making a Simple Paper Kite

Follow the following steps:

• Take a piece of paper and make sure it is
square. It can be of any colour you want.
If you want, you can design one side of it.

• Find two sticks of bamboo and hot glue
or glue it to your paper like this

• Find a toilet paper roll that is finished and some string.

• Attach the string to the toilet paper roll and roll the string onto it and
attach the other end of the string to the end of the stick.

• Fly your kite; it is ready to go up.

E. Making a Paper Bag
Process:

• Cut a piece of paper to 9.5 x 15 inches.
Coloured or patterned craft paper is
ideal for this project, but wrapping
paper or newspaper will do if you had
something more delicate in mind.

• Place the paper in front of you on a flat surface. Make sure to place it
in “landscape” orientation – i.e. Long sides up and down, short sides
to the left and right.

• Fold the bottom edge of the paper up 2 inches (5 cm) and sharply
crease the fold. When you’re done, unfold. Note for later that this will
become the bottom of the bag.

• Fold the sides of the bag into place. Be sure to maintain the landscape
orientation as you work.

• Locate the center points of the top and bottom edges. To do this, either
measure with a ruler or simply lift the paper, maintain the orientation,

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