Occupation, Business and Technology 8

1L e s s o n

Selection of Professional
Area and Making Plan

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to identify things to be considered while selecting a profession and procedure of

making a plan.

Pre-reading Activity
What do you want to be in your life and why? Share it with the class.

Terms & Terminologies

procedure : a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct
way
copycat
: used especially by children about and to a person who
migrating copies what somebody else does because they have no
passion ideas of their own
reputed
: to move from one place to another

: enthusiasm, interest, zeal

: well-known, noticeable

Introduction

It is said that selection is a very tough work and
skill out of numerous options. It is applicable to
profession too. Each and everyone has some latent
potentiality to perform but before they come to
know their hidden capacity, it becomes too late in
life. The successful people in any field are because
of identifying their own talent.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 51

Whether it is a good selection or not,
it is shown after making proper plan
to achieve the desired goal because
everyone talks about the result not
the process. If we make proper plan
to achieve our goal, it is said half of
the work is done while starting it. So,
right selection of profession according
to one's own potentiality and good
planning to achieve the goal are
interrelated to each other.

Most of the people in our society are following copycat method about their
profession. It means they are trying to follow what their parents are doing.
If the parents are farmers, their children try to follow it and if the parents are
businessmen, their children try to boost up their parents' business. It is a
traditional way of selection of profession. Those parents who are involved in civil
service, their children also try to adopt this. Not only this, if a father is an army,
his son also tries to be an army. This is a common way of selecting a profession.
But this tendency is rapidly changing in Nepal. Nowadays, people are migrating
to city area and trying to establish and start new profession, business or foreign
employment.

It is easy to follow parental profession because children become very habitual by
coming across to it.

Sometimes, there are different ways of selecting a profession. Some parents
inspire their children to do different types of works rather than following them.
If a person is able to select the right profession, he is able to run it successfully.

Things to be considered while selecting any profession:

• There must be deep passion and interest about one’s profession.

• The profession must be according to one’s capacity.

• The profession must be favourable to one's own interest, knowledge and
skill.

• The profession must be according to one's own economic condition.

• The profession must be demanded in the society.

• It must have high opportunities to go ahead and to make good income and

52 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

living standard.
• The profession must be highly beneficial out of available other options.
• There must be chances to gain more utilizing available resources of the

society.

Procedures and Steps of Making a Plan

We should not select any profession. Before making a plan to choose a profession,
the following things should be taken into consideration:

• There must be deep study about the profession and its scope.

• We should make a list of what we can do in that profession.

• We should make a list of the opportunities and obstacles of the profession.

• We should study its scope in the market.

• We should find out the sources of its knowledge, skill, experts, and resources.

• We should manage our knowledge, skill, and available resources.

• After clearly identifying its positive outcomes, we should make the plan to
start the profession.

• After selecting the profession, we should devote ourselves by heart and
mind to get success in it.

Exercise

1. Fill in the following table after asking your friends.

S.N. Name Interest to do What are supporting factors?

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 53

2. What things should be considered while selecting any profession?
Discuss and write.

a. What should we do while making a plan for the profession? Discuss
and write.

b. How do you make your plan while doing a work?
c. What do you want to do or to be in your life? Why and how? Write.
d. Do you think that interest and capacity play a great role to get success

in a profession? Give your opinion.
e. What is planning and why is it important? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Make a set of a questionnaire and take interview of any five persons of different
professions. Ask about their professions, who encouraged them to do, what are
benefits of their profession, what are obstacles of their profession, how do they
plan to work and so on.

54 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

2L e s s o n

Institutions Providing Medium and Higher
Level General Education

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the institutions which provide medium and higher level education.

Pre-reading Activity
What do you understand by medium and higher level education? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

institution : organization, body, institute, association

secondary level education : Grade 9, 10, 11 and 12

humanities : area of study that are concerned with the way people
think and behave, for example, literature, language,
history and philosophy

faculty : a department or group of related departments in a college
or university, the faculty of law, the arts faculty etc.

accomplish : achieve, complete

anthropology : the study of human race, especially of its origin,
development, outcomes and beliefs

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 55

Introduction

There are three levels of school education in Nepal. They are basic level of
education (1-8), secondary level of education (9-12). The school education which
is going on in the country is medium level of education. It does not produce any
specific human resource. Education from bachelor level is known as higher level
education. The higher level education is provided by different colleges getting
affiliation from the universities. They teach different subjects in different faculties.

They are science, humanities, management, education, law etc. Some of them are
discussed below.

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

This faculty includes those subjects which are related to social science. The students
are taught arts, languages, demography, mass communication, geography, etc.
The main objective of these subjects is to provide knowledge about human history,
culture, communication, language, geography and their relationship.

Faculty of Education

To teach students successfully and
effectively, a teacher should have
knowledge of different teaching –
learning methods, methodologies
and techniques. They must have
knowledge of curriculum, objectives
of curriculum, objectives of education
and psychology of students. They can
become good teachers in the future. The main purpose of this faculty is to provide
students knowledge and skill about how to teach successfully and effectively.

Students get knowledge, skill, and training about the child friendly teaching,
student centered teaching and they get competence in teaching profession. The
purpose of this faculty is to produce professional teachers to provide quality
education by meeting the demands of efficient, skilled and capable teachers for
schools.

Faculty of Management

The sole purpose of this faculty is to
provide knowledge to the students
about business, trade, market, bank,
insurance, economy and financial
institutions. They are taught how
these institutions function and how they are run and managed. For this, they
are taught accountancy, finance, economics, mathematics, marketing, etc. which

56 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

provide knowledge and skill about the proper management of different financial
institutions such as banks, insurance, accounts, cooperatives, etc. Students become
able to run and manage these institutions and get employment as well as provide
employments to others too.

Faculty of Law

Faculty of law deals with the fundamental laws of the country, judiciary system
of a country, code and conduct of the society, rules and regulations of different
sectors and relations, international law, code of conduct, human rights and duties,
etc. Not only this, it gives students knowledge about the policy of government, its
rules and punishment. Students become competent to discuss and to decide what
is right and wrong according to law and rule.

Universities and their Programmes

A university is the highest level of educational institute. A university is an
institution which teaches different subjects at different levels. It conducts research
and produces highly competent human resource of different subjects. University
level education is highest rank of education.

1. Tribhuwan University

Tribhuban University is the
oldest university of Nepal. It
was established in 2016 BS.
Its central office is at Kirtipur,
Kathmandu. It has many
affiliated institutions all over the
country. It has different faculties
of different subjects. It provides
education through its affiliated colleges and faculties all over the country.
It conducts research on different subjects. It teaches science, management,
education, humanities, law, sociology, anthropology, history, economics,
language, geography etc. This university is regarded as the torch bearer
of the education of Nepal.

2. Nepal Sanskrit University

It was established in 2043 B.S.
with the sole purpose to provide
education of Vedic literature
specially Sanskrit language
and literature. Besides this,
other subjects such as Yoga,

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 57

Karmakanda, Ayurbedh, Natural Medicine, Science, Astrology, Vedas,
Byakaran, History, Puran, Education, Theology, Baudha Philosophy,
English, Neapli, Economics, Mathematics, etc. are also taught at different
levels. Its central office in at Beljhundi in Dang district.
3. Purbanchal University

This university was established in 2051 BS to provide common,
professional and technical education. Subjects like science, management,
humanities education, law and fine arts are taught here. Its central office
is at Gothgaun, Morang district.

4. Pokhara University

It was established in 2054 BS. Its central office is in Pokhara. It has been
running different programs in science, management, technology, and
humanities through different affiliated institutions.

6. Kathmandu University
It was established in 2048 BS with the sole purpose to provide international

standard education on different subjects. It has been running programmes
on different modern subjects like medical science, engineering, nursing,
58 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

management, education, arts etc. Its head office is at Dhulikhel in
Kabhrepalanchok district.

7. Far-western University

Far-western University is a university in Nepal, located in Mahendranagar,
Kanchanpur.

Courses offered in Far-western university are:

Faculty of Management, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Humanities and
Social Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, BBA, BBS, BA, B.Ed,
B.Sc, Masters in Business Management and BE (civil)

8. Lumbini Buddhist University

Lumbini Buddhist University located (under construction) in Lumbini,
Nepal, the birthplace of the Buddha. The idea for the university was
conceived at the First World Buddhist Summit held in Lumbini in 1998,
and it was officially established in November 2004.

It will offer a three-year course for a Diploma in Buddhism, as well as MA
and PhD courses

9. Mid-Western University

Mid-Western University is a state-run university in Surkhet. This
university was established as a part of the Nepal government's policy to
establish regional universities to expand easy access of higher education
to the people. This university is expected to make the change of strategy
over the education system of this region.

10. Agriculture and Forestry University

The Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) is a public agricultural
university with central offices in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.

The university exists to offer agricultural workforce development and
promote research in agriculture, forestry, and allied disciplines. Through
teaching, research, and extension programs in agriculture, livestock, and
forestry, it aims to raise the socio-economic conditions of rural people.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 59

Exercise

1. Answer the following questions.
a. Discuss and write the objectives of a university.

b. What difference do you find between school level education and
college level education? Discuss and write any three of them.

c. Prepare a profile of the universities which are in Nepal.

2. Match the following. Pokahara University
2048 Kathmandu University
2016 Nepal Sanskrit University
2054 Tribhuban University
2043 Kathmandu University
2051

Project Work

Get information from library, internet, teachers, concerned persons and make a
colourful chart paper showing the following information about the universities
in Nepal.

S.N. University Established Central Office Main Subjects/ Affiliated Number of
Date Students
Faculties Institutions

60 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

3L e s s o n

Institutions Providing Medium and
Higher Level Technical Education

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce different institutions which provide medium and higher level

technical education.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of educational institutions are available in your locality and what
types of education do they provide? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

vocational : occupational, professional

technical : connected with the practical use of machinery, methods,
etc. in science and industry

vetenarian : connected with caring for the health of animals'

veterinary medicine / science

Technical education is a kind of education which makes a person able to conduct

or run a profession related to that. It makes a person knowledgeable and skilled
through theoretical and practical knowledge. Doctors, engineers, nurses, JTAs,
veterinarians, electricians, mechanics, architects, pilots, drivers, etc. are some of
the products of technical education. After getting technical education, a person
becomes able to run it successfully. Modern development is due to technical
education. There are some technical institutes which produce different human
resource in different sectors.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 61

1. Council of Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)

This council was established in 2045
BS to provide technical and vocational
training. Its main objective is to produce
basic and medium level technical human
resource. It has technical SLC and
diploma level programs. It has all total
418technical institutions of technical
education and vocational training till
now.

2. Tribhuban University Teaching Hospital

This hospital is at Maharjganj in
Kathmandu. This institute is famous for its
high level technical education of medical
science. It produces high level medical
doctors and nurses. Different types of
health diagnosis, treatment and health
research are being done in this hospital.
This is a government hospital where the
common people from different parts of
the country and abroad can come here for treatment.

3. National Academy of Medical Science

It is a university level health academy
for the study of health science. It was
established with the one and only purpose
of producing high level physicians and
nurses. It is in Bir Hospital, Kathmandu.

4. Patan Health Science Academy

This academy has been conducting academic
activities since 2054. It is also dedicated to
produce doctors and nurses. It is one of
the reputed institutions of Nepal for its
treatment and health care.

62 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

5. BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

This academy of high level technical education of health science was
established in 1992 A.D. It has been located in Dharan. It is producing high
level heath human resource. Its sole objective is to conduct medical science
education to produce skilled doctors and nurses.

6. Pulchock Engineering Campus

This is the central campus of engineering education. It is located at
Pulchowk in Lalitpur. It is a reputed engineering campus providing higher
level facilities in Nepal. Its main objective is to produce very capable
human resource of mechanical engineering, architect, electric, automobile
engineering, computer engineering, etc. It has been producing very skilled
human resource in the field of engineering. It is the first choice of Nepalese
students for engineering education.

7. Thapathali Engineering Campus

It is located at Thapathali in Kathmandu. It is also devoted to the service
of nation by producing high level engineers of computers, auto mobile,
industrial, electric, mechanical, etc.

8. Kathmandu Forestry College (KAFCOL)
Kathmandu Forestry College (KAFCOL) was established in 2005 by the

Nepal Agroforestry Foundation and a group of like-minded professionals
and academicians deeply committed to the cause of promoting quality
education and research in the fields of Forestry and Natural Resource
Management in Nepal. KAFCOL has been steadily growing over the

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 63

years. Currently, it runs three academic programs: (i) B.Sc. Forestry in
affiliation with the Tribhuvan University, Nepal, (ii) Diploma in Forestry
in affiliation with the Council for Technical Education and Vocational
Training (CTEVT), Government of Nepal, and (iii) M.Sc. in Geographical
Information Science and Systems (GIScience) in collaboration with the
University of Salzburg, Austria. In pursuit of realizing its vision to become
a "centre of excellence" in education and research related to Forestry and
Natural Resources Management (NRM), KAFCOL is now preparing to
offer Masters level courses in Natural Resources Management and Rural
Development (NRM-RD) in affiliation with the Tribhuvan University.

9. Institute of Forestry

The Institute of Forestry, the first and only institution on forestry in
Nepal, was established in 1947 as Nepal Forestry Institute under the
Government of Nepal, which moved to Supping Bhimphedi in 1957, then
to Hetauda in 1965 and merged with TU in 1972. The main objective of
the Institute of Forestry is to provide graduate students with advanced
training in forestry, natural resource conservation and management.
Additional responsibilities of this institute include forestry research and
the development of technology suitable to Nepal. At present, the IoF
has 3 projects: Scifor project supported by Danida, NUFU supported by
NORAD and Moringa research funded by multi stakeholder project.

The overall objectives of the projects are to enhance the capacity of
teaching and research at the IoF, to develop the institute facilities, to train
faculty/staff, and to develop network and linkages with European and
Asian universities to ensure quality of teaching and research.

The institute has 2 campuses, one in Pokhara and the other in Hetauda.
The campuses of the Institute of Forestry have facilities of laboratories,
woodloots, arboreta, forest research centres, and computer centres.

The library at Pokhara Campus has a TREECD Database system. A
Museum-Cum-Library and Documentation Complex are at Hetauda
Campus.

Programmes of IoF Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Forestry (4 years) Master
of Science (M.Sc.) (2 years)

a) Master of Science in Forestry

64 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

b) Master of Science in Watershed Management
c) Master of Science in Natural Resource Management and Rural

Development.
Importance of Technical and Vocational Institutes
• Technical education is the base of technological development of any

country.
• Vocational and technical institutes produce technical Human Resource.
• Technical Human Resource helps to fulfill different needs of the country.
• Health science institutes produce health experts for the treatment of different

diseases.
• These institutes help to improve the health condition of people.
• Technical education in engineering helps to construct different physical

infrastructures such as bridges, dams, roads, houses, buildings, palaces,
etc.
• Technical education solves the unemployment problems of the country.
• The human resource are self employed themselves and provide
employment to others also.
• It brings change in the life style of common people.

Exercise

1. Write T for true and F for false statements.
a. Technical and vocational education helps to develop modern technology.
b. People can get job opportunity if they are skilled and trained.
c. Bir Hospital is famous for its chief and qualitative health treatment in

the country.
d. Vocational and technical human resources are essential for political

movement.
e. Most of the medium level technical education and trainings are run by

CTEVT.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 65

2. Answer the following questions.
a. Write the importance of vocational and technical education.
b. How does vocational and technical education help to solve

unemployment problem?
c. Write the names of technical institutions of Nepal.
3. Write short notes on:
a. CTEVT
b. TU Teaching Hospital

Project Work
Visit a technical nearby you school/house and prepare a report describing its
functions, Human Resource, and importance.

66 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Selection of Professional Area and Making Plan
● While selecting a profession, one must be interested, skilled; the profession

should be demanded, beneficial and favourable to run.
● Before selecting any profession, we must make a plan about it considering

its positive and negative aspects.
● Education, training and employment are interrelated.
● Education and training make a man capable to get employment.
● The need of an employment makes a person acquire education and

training.
Lesson - 2 Institutions Providing Medium and Higher Level General
Education
● There are different levels of education. They are basic and secondary

higher level.
● There are different faculties such as humanities, science, management,

arts, law, etc.
● Faculty of humanities teaches subjects like history, literature, etc.
● Faculty of management teaches subjects like accountancy, marketing,

economics.
● Faculty of science teaches subjects like physics, chemistry, biology.
● Faculty of education teaches subjects which provide education about

how to teach, teaching methodology, child psychology, curriculum etc.
● T.U is the oldest university of Nepal and it is torch bearer of education of

Nepal.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 67

Unit

3

Information about
Employment

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

We are living in the modern time which is the age of information technology.
Information plays a vital role in the selection of profession. If people get
right information about different professions, their scope, demand, process,
benefits, obstacles, etc. they can make better selection and better progress in
their professions. Those persons who are informed timely or get chance to be
informed, they make fast progress in any sector. There are different sources
of foreign employment. We must have knowledge about them to get better
opportunities in foreign countries.

68 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

1L e s s o n

Sources of Information about
Foreign Employment

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name the sources of foreign employment.

Pre-reading Activity

What are the different sources of information in your locality and what is their
importance for employment? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

foreign : overseas, alien, far-off, distant
contract : an official written agreement
citizenship : the legal right to belong to a particular country
abroad : out of country
company : a business organization that makes money by

producing or selling goods or services

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 69

Introduction

If a person goes to another country
and gets jobs, it is called a foreign
employment. It is the process of
going abroad for jobs is called
foreign employment. Foreign
countries and their companies
or employers advertise for the
fulfillment of workers, and then
the human resource companies
select required human resource
with the help of agents of company
and send the workers to other
countries. This process is called foreign employment.

Process of Foreign Employment

• First, both native and foreign countries must have official agreement for
work permission.

• Where there is no permission for work, it is illegal, punishable and risky to
go there for the job.

• The employer companies advertise for required human resource giving all
information about the work, salary, working hours, facilities and cost to
apply.

• The human resource companies of the country select and send workers to
the employer country.

• Before a person applies for the job, he/ she must have their citizenship and
passport.

• They go abroad only for a certain period of time and come back after that.

• If they are interested and the employer is ready to renew, they have to make
new contract.

Sources of Information of Foreign Employment

1. Department of Foreign Employment
In Nepal, there is a Department of Foreign Employment under the Ministry

of labor. This department has all rights about the foreign employment. It
conducts all required things for the foreign employment.

It carries out the following tasks:

• It confirms about the foreign employment.

70 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

• It receives information about the vacancy from foreign countries.

• It gives authority to the human resource company to select people for
jobs.

• It gives permission for employment.

• It fills up labour insurance.

• It conducts health check-up of the prospective employees.

• It makes labour contract and renews them.

• It keeps the records of the foreign employees.

2. The Ministry of Labour
The Ministry of Labour manages everything about foreign employment. It

carries out the following things about the foreign employment:

• It manages all kinds of labour market.

• It makes policy, rules and regulations about the labour market.

• It gets information about the foreign employments, employers and
employment company.

• It makes agreement about the rights of the workers with the
government.

• It receives and circulates information about the employment.

• It gives all details about the demand of labour, their number, work,
facility requirements.

• It gives information about the skill and training for the foreign jobs.

• It gives permission to other people to run Human Resource Company.

• This ministry is ultimately responsible for all about the labour and
labour market.

3. Human Resource Company
There are some human resource

companies and agencies that
help to send people for foreign
employment. These human
resource companies must get
permission from the Ministry of
Labour. These companies do the
following things about foreign
employment:

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 71

• They get authentic information about the demand of workers from the
Ministry of Labour and Department of Foreign Employment.

• They give information to the people through mass media such as
newspaper, radio, FM, TV.

• They give information through personal contact of their agents or
other program.

• They inform the candidates about the following things:

s country s area of work
s nature of work s fees to apply
s benefits s expenditure
s leave and holidays s terms and conditions
s working hour s tickets
s how to apply s required training, etc.

s required qualifications and experience s required documents

s required language

• Most of the foreign employment process is completed by these human
resource companies under the Ministry of Labour.

• People get required information from these companies.

4. Websites of Foreign Organizations and Companies

Due to the development of modern means of communication, people don’t
need to meet everyone personally because these foreign companies keep
their advertisement on their websites in detail. People can get information
from websites and Internet.

5. Training Centres and Institutions

There are some training centres and institutions which provide different
training, skill, and knowledge about foreign employment. They run different
trainings according to the interest and needs of the people. They provide
different information about foreign employment during training period.
They give knowledge about the culture, way, language, and other necessary
information which should be used after reaching there.

6. Consultancies and Counselling Agencies

There are some human resource consultancies. They provide information

72 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

about foreign employment. They inform the candidates about the
opportunities of the concerned job and its challenges. They inform about the
documents, passport, and essential things to be carried, essential training
which should be taken before leaving the country. Not only this, they tell the
candidates how to behave in foreign countries and what types of risks are
involved.

Exercise

1. Write T for true and F for false statements.
a. Foreign employment is done within one's own country.
b. There must be permission of the government for the foreign employment.
c. We can go to any country for job.
d. Foreign employment helps to improve economic standard.
e. We don’t need enough information about the job because human

resource companies have it.

2. Answer the following questions.
a. What is called foreign employment? Discuss and write.
b. Write the names of the sources which provide information about

foreign employment.
c. What is the role of Ministry of Labour for foreign employment? Discuss

and write.

Project Work
• Visit a human resource companies or persons who are related to foreign

employment. Get information about the opportunities and challenges of
the foreign employment.
• Read some of the newspapers and find out the advertisement about
foreign employment. Get it photocopied and paste it on your copy.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 73

2L e s s o n

Means and Methods of Getting
Information about Foreign Employment

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the methods of getting information about foreign employment.

Pre-reading Activity
Discuss the importance of FM radio, TV and Internet in our daily life.

Terms & Terminologies

FM : frequency modulation (a method of broadcasting high-
quality sound by radio)

radio : the process of sending and receiving messages through
the air using electromagnetic waves or piece of
equipment used for listening to programmes that are
broadcasted to the public

TV : a piece of electrical equipment with a screen on which you
can watch programmes with moving pictures and sounds

advertisement : announcement

Internet : an international computer network connecting many
networks and computers

Introduction

There are many sources which provide information about foreign employment.
We can get information through direct contact with the persons who are related
to foreign employment, Department of Labour, Ministry of Labour, Human
Resource companies, agencies, consultants, etc. FM, Radio, TV, newspaper,
magazines, advertisements, interactions, etc. are the sources of information. They
give information about the foreign employment.

74 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

The following means and methods help to get information about foreign
employment:

1. Notice Board

Each and every human resource company and consultancy put a notice
board at the gate of their company. They write information about foreign
employment on their notice board giving following information:

• Name of the country
• Name of the company
• Post of the labour
• Required number
• Minimum qualification
• Monthly salary
• Contract period

2. Information Booklet

All the human resource companies keep their information booklet in
their office. They keep all the information about the foreign company and
employment in their booklet. It is a reliable source of getting information
about foreign employment.

3. Agencies Working Under the Ministry of Labour

The foreign companies contact to the government agencies related to
labour and inform and request them about their needs of labour and
required number to supply. After visiting these agencies, we can get reliable
information about the employment.

4. Human Resource Companies, Their Agencies and Agents

The staff and the agents of different human resource, consultancies, training
centres, also provide information about the employment .We can get
information by visiting these people and agencies.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 75

5. Leaflet and Brochure of the Training Institutes and Centers

After the study `of the leaflet of the training centers, we get information
about foreign employment. They give details in these documents.

6. Websites

Nowadays, websites of foreign companies are also the reliable sources
for getting information about foreign employment. The people who have
knowledge of computer can get information about foreign employment
using websites and internet.

7. Newspaper and Magazine

There are different local, national and international newspapers and
magazines which publish different articles, advertisements, and news
about the foreign employment. The advertisements are published taking
permission of the Nepal Government and gives detail information about the
foreign employment.

8. Radio, FM and Television

Radio, TV and FM are also the reliable sources of information. They give
information about the foreign employment. These electronic media are very
useful to get information about foreign employment. Not only this, they
conduct program on different subject matter related to foreign employment.

76 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

They invite some experts of foreign employment and take interview asking
different questions about the employment.

9. Public Contact

There are different human resource companies, training centres, and
consultancies in Nepal. These agencies have their human resource to run
their offices. These agencies meet the people to fill up the vacancies. They give
information about the foreign employment. They organize different workshops,
seminars and interaction about the foreign employment. People get more
knowledge by attending these activities, meetings and taking to people.

Information Agencies
booklet under
Labour
Notice
board Ministry Human
Resource

companies and
agencies

Sources and ways of Training
getting information agencies
and centres
Public
relation

Websites
Radio, FM Newspapers

and TV and magazines

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What are the ways of getting information about foreign employment?

Discuss and write.
2. What do you understand by the term advertisement of foreign employment?

Discuss and write.

Project Work
Make a colourful chart paper showing different sources of foreign employment.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 77

3L e s s o n

Basic Information about Foreign
Employment

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to give basic information of foreign employment.

Pre-reading Activity
If you want to go to foreign country, what things do you need to do? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

basic : essential, necessary

accommodation : a place to live, work or stay in or somewhere to live
or stay, often also providing food or other services

ritual : a series of actions that are always performed in the
same way, especially as part of a religious ceremony

obstacle : barrier, problems, impediment

environment : the conditions that affect the behaviour and
development of somebody/something

faith : belief

obstacles : hindrances, difficulties

consultancy : a company that gives expert and advice on a particular
subject

78 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Introduction

People who want to go for foreign
employment, must have some basic
knowledge and information about the
employment. Due to the lack of knowledge
and information, people are suffering and
losing their life and property. The persons
who try to get foreign employment must
get some basic knowledge and information
about the employer’s country.

Basic Knowledge and Information

A person who applies for foreign employment must be aware of the following
information and ideas:

• Geographical structure and climate

• Way of living, fooding and accommodation

• Religion ,culture, faith, rituals

• People and their languages

• Way of greetings and welcome

• Way of introduction

• Law and order of the country,

• Political system, rules and regulations

• Working environment

• Obstacles and challenges of work

• Behavior of the people

Things to be Considered before Leaving for Employment

• Process should be done for employment only from the reliable and registered
human resource company or consultancy.

• Orientation training should be taken before leaving for the country.

• Orientation training helps to minimize accidents and obstacles.

• Contract letter with the foreign employer company should be kept at home
and with oneself.

• We should not go to the countries where the government has not allowed.

• Prohibited goods and things should not be carried.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 79

• Prohibited drugs should not be carried with.
• The rules and regulations of the concerned country should be respected and

followed properly.
• The person should have knowledge whom and where to contact during

emergency.
• They should not show any carelessness and misbehaviour with any

authorities of the company and persons.
• Theft, cheating and dishonesty should not be done at any cost.

Exercise

1. Correct the following statements.
a. A person who wants to go for foreign employment, does not need a

sound knowledge about the targeted country.
b. People should run away from the office taking valuable goods and

things on getting a chance to do so.
c. We should try to go to every country where we get high income.
d. We can go to prohibited country by changing route and hiding.
e. Pre-departure orientation training is just for earning money.

2. Discuss and answer.
a. What are benefits getting orientation training before going for

employment? Discuss and write.
b. What things should be known before leaving for the employment?

Discuss and write.
c. Make a list of the things which are not allowed to do in other country.

Discuss and write.

Project Work
Make a list of the things that should be known for foreign employment and
highlighting them in a chart paper.

80 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

4L e s s o n

Foreign Employment Management Board

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the Foreign Employment Management Board, its duties and

responsibilities.

Pre-reading Activity
Who takes care of Nepalese citizens when they are in foreign land? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

board : a group of people who have power to make
decisions and control a company or other
organization

secretary : a person who works in an office, working for
another person, dealing with letters and telephone
calls, typing, keeping records, arranging meetings
with people, etc.

entrepreneurs : a person who makes money by starting or running
businesses, especially when this involves taking
financial risks

accessible : easy to get to

recommend : to tell somebody that something is good or useful,
or that somebody would be suitable for a particular
job, etc.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 81

Introduction

Nepal government has formed a board to make foreign employment safe and
secure. This board is known as Foreign Employment Management Board.
It works to make foreign employment profession secure, well managed and
respectable. This board has formed a secretariat to make day to day work
smooth and effective. It helps to bring injured and dead workers back to Nepal.
It helps Nepalese workers who are uncared and helpless in the foreign land. It
brings them back home. To manage all these things, it has established a fund.
Through this fund, it helps the workers who are in problems, difficulties and trouble.

Duties and Responsibilities of Foreign Employment Management Board

This board has been conducting the following activities:

• Its main work is to make foreign employment safe and secure in every way.

• It makes foreign employment easy, accessible, respectable, and disciplined.

• It tries to protect the rights both of workers and entrepreneurs.

• It formulates essential rules and codes for the protection of both workers
and employers. It recommends these rules and codes to Nepal government
for the implementation.

• It supervises and identifies the qualifications and skills of the trainers of
foreign employment.

• It conducts different awareness programs about the challenges and
opportunities of foreign employment.

• It helps Nepal Government to change essential rules and codes about foreign
employment.

• It gives suggestions to make the foreign employment condition up to date
for the betterment of employers and employees.

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. Meet a person of your village or area who has come back from foreign

service and prepare report on the things he or she had faced while working
in the foreign country.

2. What are the main functions of the Management Board of Foreign
Employment? Discuss and write.

82 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

5L e s s o n

International Employment

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define international employment.
• to state the features, importance and sources of international employment.

Pre-reading Activity
Where do the people of your locality go for employment? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

training : the process of learning the skills that you need to do a
job

international : connected with or involving two or more countries

multinational : existing in or involving many countries

recognition : the act of accepting that something exists, is true or is
official

prior : previous, earlier

catchy :  attractive

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 83

Introduction

Employment is a situation of
being busy doing some kinds of
jobs, occupations or professions.
Sometimes, people get jobs
in the offices of organization
or company of their own
country which is called national
employment but sometimes they
work in the offices or company of
international organizations which is called international employment.

There is a difference between foreign and international employment. Students
should not be confused between these two words. A foreign employment refers
to going out of country or abroad to get a job while in international employment
it is not always necessary to go out of the country, it is obtained within one's own
country in an international organization. Such type of employment is provided
by the international organizations which run their offices worldwide. Some of the
examples of these organizations are UNO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNISCO, Save the
Children, Universities and Colleges, Multinational Companies and Organizations.
These institutions and companies run their programmes in different countries of
the world by establishing their branch offices in those countries. Their head office
is located in one country but their branch offices are found in other countries.

Features of International Employment

• These organizations or companies establish their head office in one country
and branch offices in other countries.

• They run their activities and programmes through their branch offices in
different countries.

• People get different job opportunities in these companies and organizations.

• They run their programmes making favourable according to the national
political, economic, cultural, geographical, religious environment.

• They try to fulfill their vacancies with the human resource from the countries
where they establish their branches.

• These organizations/ companies can establish their offices taking prior

84 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

information, permission from the target country.

• They are allowed to establish their offices when they fulfill and follow the
required terms and conditions of the target country.

Features of a Multinational Organization

• Multinational companies are established with a view to get more profit.

• They try to expand their business in different countries.

• They try to produce goods and services to export to other countries.
• They produce goods considering the interest, needs and purchasing capacity

of the people.

• They produce and publish catchy advertisement of their goods and services.

• They try to supply goods and services according to the demands of the
people.

• They bring change in their goods according to the feedback of the customers
and consumers.

Importance

Due to the rapid globalization of each and everything, there is not any area and
thing which is not accessible to another country. The following points highlight
the importance of international and multinational employment.
• International organizations and companies are great sources of employment.
• They provide different job opportunities to the people where they are

established.
• They help to solve the unemployment condition of the country.
• Local resources are utilized and local people also get job opportunities.
• Multinational companies produce goods getting raw materials from local

level such as herbs.
• A country earns foreign currency from them.
• People acquire foreign knowledge, skill, technology, and methods.
• They produce varieties of goods.
• People’s income grows and their life style becomes better.
• International cooperation, relation and fraternity is developed.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 85

Exercise

Answer the following questions.
1. What is called international employment? Discuss and write.
2. What is the importance of international employment? Discuss and write.
3. How does an international employment help people and nation? Discuss

and write.
4. Write any five international organizations which operate in Nepal and

describe one of them.
5. Divide the class into two groups and organize a debate program on

'Multinational companies misuse a country's resources rather than
utilize them'.
Project Work
Are you in favor of international employment or not? Why or why not?
Prepare a speech highlighting its merits and demerits to present in the class.

86 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

6L e s s o n

Opportunities and Challenges of
Foreign Employment

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the opportunities and challenges of foreign employments.

Pre-reading Activity
What kinds of problems do the foreign workers face? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

challenge : a new or difficult task that tests somebody's ability and skill

instability : the quality of a situation in which things are likely to
change or fail suddenly

gulf : a large area of sea that is partly surrounded by land,

the Gulf of Mexico

opportunities : chances

challenges : difficulties, hurdles, threats

Introduction

There is unemployment problems in Nepal. It creates many problems in the society.
Due to lack of job opportunities in the country, the youths are compelled to go out of
country in search of jobs. Earlier and today also, India is one of the easy destinations
for employment but nowadays, many are flying to Gulf countries and other countries
too. Most of the young people are leaving their homes not voluntarily but due to
the compulsion of unemployment. No doubt, Nepali economy is running with the
remittance sent by these youths. Foreign employment has both positive and negative
aspects which are discussed below:

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 87

Benifits of Foreign Employment

• Foreign employment has solved the unemployment problem to some extent.
• People get opportunities to visit different countries.
• They solve their economic problems.
• Some people are getting very good income and changing their life style.
• They get knowledge about different people, their religion, thinking, way of life.
• They get knowledge about the development and progress of these countries.
• After coming back, people are motivated to do something at home also.
• They apply their skill and knowledge in their own country.
• Foreign employment helps to increase the income of government due to

remittance.
• People start their own business and profession after coming back to the country.

Disadvantages, Difficulties and Challenges of Foreign Employment

Foreign employment has many disadvantages and challenges too. They are given below:
• There are new land, new cultures, religion, way of life, etc. which are very

challenging to the employee.
• Unfamiliar rules and regulations and political system create problems.
• Lack of experience and knowledge creates problems to the employees.
• Loneliness and frustration develops due to lack of friends and relatives.
• Unfavourable climate becomes fatal to many people.
• They have no support during the time of emergency.
• Unexpected conflict and misbehaviour from the employer creates mental and

physical torture.
• They don’t get timely help and life support at the time of accident.
• They have to always work under pressure.
• The death of the worker leads whole family to the unbearable sufferings.
• They are not paid according to paper contract.
• They don’t get the work for which they go and have to do risky jobs.
• Sometimes they are knowingly cheated by the human resource company.
• Sometimes they suffer due to lack of documents and their verification.
• They don’t have any place for complaint if they are cheated and troubled.
• Not getting justice is a great problem and challenge of the people.
• They become victims of conflict, war, battle and riots.

Exercise

1. What are positive aspects of foreign employment? Discuss and write.
2. What are disadvantages and obstacles of foreign employment? Discuss and write.

88 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Sources of Information about Foreign Employment
● Working out of own country is known as foreign employment.

● While applying for foreign employment, there should not be objection.
● Name of company, salary, going process, ticket, accommodation, facilities,

etc. should be considered before going for employment.

Lesson-2 Methods of Getting Information about Foreign Employment
● Modern life is fully based on the circulation of notice, information, knowledge,

TV, FM and radio, internet which are the sources of foreign employment.

Lesson -3 Basic Information about Foreign Employment
● A person who wants foreign employment must have knowledge and

information about the targeted country.

● They must know rules and regulations, political system, religion, costumes,
manner of greeting, things not to disobey, language, etc.

Lesson-4 Foreign Employment Management Board
● Foreign Employment Management Board is responsible to make the life of

the Nepalese workers in the foreign countries safe and secure.

Lesson - 5 International Employment
● In the present world, there is no limitation of employment due to

transportation.

● There are many organizations which are formed by the people of many
countries.

● They establish their offices in different parts of the world.

● The people of the country get job opportunities in those offices.

● International employment provides high level income or salary.

● It helps to exchange knowledge, skill, information, technology, among the
people of the world.

● The needs and demands of the people of the world can be fulfilled by sharing
and exchanging.

Lesson-6 Opportunities and Challenges of Foreign Employment
● Foreign employment is full of opportunities as well as challenges.

● Being familiar with the new people, their development, faith, religion,
progress, technology, and high income are some of the positive aspects.

● Some of the demerits of foreign employment are: being victims of different
riots, systems, unfavourable job and climate, frustrations, loneliness, risk of
life and property.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 89

Unit

4

General Professional
Skills (Soft skills)

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

Knowledge and skill are very important things of one’s life. If somebody has
these two things- comprehension and dexterity about anything, he/she can
run life easily and successfully. The most valuable thing of life is knowledge
and skill and how to use knowledge in a practical life. So, to run a profession a
person must have some minimum professional skills such as decision making
skill, ability to find out opportunity and to identify risks in a profession,
ability to identify the priority, ability and skill to analyze problems and skill
to solve them etc. which are known as general professional skills (soft skills)
and these help a person to get success in a profession.

90 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

1L e s s o n

Decision Making Skill

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the decision making skills and to use them in real life.

Pre-reading Activity
What things should we consider before taking any decision? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

decision : a choice or judgement that you make after thinking and
skill talking about what is the best thing to do
analysis
priority : ability, talent, proficiency
gain
: the detailed study or examination of something in order
to understand more about it; the result of the study

: something that you think is more important than other
things and should be dealt with first

: achieve, get

Introduction

Decision making skill is nothing but ability to select or to make a right decision
out of many options. A person always stands among many options and all options
seem equally important but which is the best one for his/her life and profession is
a very difficult one. It is said that there is only one difference between successful
and failure person and that is selection of option.

The right decision makes one to get more success and benefit in a profession
but a wrong decision leads to failure. Taking right decision is a kind of thinking
process. A decision passes through a long process such as experience, negative
and positive influence, present needs, relation, duty, available information during

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 91

decision time, etc.
There are different levels of decision in different sectors. Actually, decision making
skill is a leadership skill. Whatever decisions we take for our life, profession,
organization, politics, etc. play a great role. While taking a decision on anything,
we must think very seriously. Sometimes, decision made by self may cause
problems to others and own life too.
Specially, if the decision is about the future of many people, organization, institute,
and all people, such type of decisions should be made after intense discussion
with the people concerned with it. Collective decisions are better than individual
one because a collective decision makes other people also responsible and help all.

Development of the Decision Making Skill

The following process should be utilized and run while developing decision
making skill:

Analysis of the Possible Elements of Risks
A wise decision is that which can forecast the possible risks and their safety
measures. A decision in haste goes to waste. We should think over all the possible
challenges, risks and obstacles which can occur after making a decision and
implementing it.

Search of Possible Option
Every time, we have to take decision to do anything. Decision taking is not so
hard but to face its results and effects are really challenging for everyone. After
taking decision how to go ahead successfully and how to face the problems during
the time is very important thing for everyone after making decision. So, a wise
man always makes road map of all the possible opportunities and challenges to
achieve one's goal. Taking decision to climb Mount Everest is easy but process of
implementing this decision while climbing through fatal steep path, cold, storm,
etc. is really difficult and dangerous. But, no person can get any success without
taking decision and facing risks. We should try to change the popular maxim
high pain high gain into less pain but high gain by taking right decision and
minimizing risks wisely.

Selection of Priority
While making any decision, we must try to identify the priority. There seem so
many things to be done but what should be done first and what should be done
later is a process of making selection of priority. Everything has its priority. We
should make a list of the works according to their priority. The work which can

92 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

be done in future should not be done at present but the work which should be
done immediately should not be left for the future. So, we have to make a serial
number of our decisions and should act accordingly. This process to reach the
right decision according to the nature, importance, outcome, demand, and effects
of any work is called selection of priority. It helps one to make right decision and
to get success.

Exercise

1. Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
a. Selection of priority refers to do anything any time.
b. Self decision is far better than collective one.
c. A wise man always focuses on present benefits only.
d. A right decision can make one’s course of life successful.
e. We should try to get more profit from less risk and loss.

2. Answer the following questions.
a. What is called decision making skill? Write in your own words.
b. How can we take right decision? Write its process.
c. What is the importance of making priority list? Discuss in the class

giving appropriate examples.
d. Write a speech on the role of students to present in the morning

assembly to maintain sanitation in the school.
e. Suppose, you want to change your school and join another one which is very

expensive. Make a list of the possible risks while joining another school.
f. You want to study but due to lack of money you are unable to continue

your education. Think over this problem and make a list of the possible
options with reason.

Project Work

• Your school’s compound is becoming dirty due to careless management.
Organize an interaction in the class how it can be solved and write the process
of decision.

• Prepare a daily routine giving right priority to study, exercise, entertainment,
rest, etc. and share in the class.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 93

2L e s s o n

Solution to Problem and Analysis Skill

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to outline the ways and steps for solving problems.
• to analyse a problem.

Pre-reading Activity
What things should we consider before solving any problem? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

diagnosis : the act of discovering or identifying the exact cause of
an illness or a problem
latent
: existing, but not yet very noticeable, active or well
struggle developed

aggressive : to try very hard to do something when it is difficult or
burden when there are a lot of problems
wise
: violent, hostile

: load, trouble

: intelligent, judicious

Introduction

There is no work without any problem and risk. While
doing any work, there occur so many problems. We
should not be hopeless while facing any problem
because life is to face problems successfully. Life is
a struggle which starts from the mother’s womb. In
everything, we get challenges and we face them and
get success. This is called the process of life.

94 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

1. Problem Solution Skill

It is said that every problem comes with its solution. There is no problem
without solution. So, we should try to solve problems without being
hopeless. Problems can occur in one’s life as well as in different professions.
But, we must develop skill to solve these problems boldly and skillfully.

Steps and Ways of Solving Problems:

Diagnosis of the problem
The first thing about the solution to any problem is to identify the problem

and its causes. After identifying the root causes as well as other causes of
problems, it makes easy to find out its solution.

Focus on the ways of solution

After finding out its causes, we have to focus on its solution with whole
heartedly. We must try to find out the solutions while raising any problem
because solution is also latent in the problem. But some people only raise
problems and don’t focus on the way out.

Making the priority of solution
There is no any isolated problem. When one problem comes, it involves

other secondary problems too. Sometimes, the secondary problem seems
more important on the surface but actually it is not a real problem.

Example: When somebody gets fever and does not try to find out its causes
and just provides painkiller, then it creates additional problems. Actually,
fever is not a problem itself but caused by other problems. So, one should try
to find out the causes of fever.

Thinking openly
It refers to be ready to accept any suggestion and advice received from

others. Whatever ideas and solutions come, they must be taken without any
partiality and prejudice. Sometimes, a fool can teach a wise man a
lesson. It should be in our mind.

• We should not have any ego while solving any problem.

• Problems should be taken as an opportunity.
• Some people take problem only as an obstacle but wise people take

it as an opportunity. So we should take difficulty as an opportunity
which inspires us to go ahead successfully.

Thinking differently

We should not be one sided and we should not take our own thought as
unquestionable. The solution of problem is not always straight. Sometimes it
should be considered from the opposite direction also. It is just like a vehicle
taking a back gear to go ahead.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 95

Use of polite language
Sometimes, the use of language plays a vital role in solving a problem.

While solving a social, cultural and ethical problem, we should not use any
negative and aggressive word, rather we must ask question such as: What
should be done? How to do? And what can be done to solve the problem?
We must try to suggest positively and politely.

Taking and accepting any Problem as an opportunity rather than a burden
We should take any problem as an opportunity and should be hopeful. We

must try to find out its easy way of solution from every angle. We should try
to find solution according to its seriousness, place, time and effects.

Activity

What kinds of methods are applied to solve the problems in the society? Consult
with a matured person and make a list.

Analysis Skill

The process of finding pros and cons, good or bad, merits and demerits, negative
and positive things is known as analysis skill. In other words, analysis skill is a
process to separate cream form curd. Analysis skill does not come only by reading
books and listening to lectures. It is a practical skill to solve problems. A person
cannot be a driver just reading and learning rules and regulations of driving in a
book but must be examined through practical test. So, analysis of any problem is
more practical rather than theoretical.

Our analysis must be very practical and realistic. Analysis skill can be developed
through micro and deep pondering over the problem. It should not be based on
hypothesis. It must be mathematical as well as general. General analysis depends
on experience but statistical analysis depends on available data and records.

Exercise

1. Fill in the table with the information of the persons of your locality.
Choose any ten persons.

S.N. Name Gender Caste Occupation

1

2


96 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

2. What kinds of problems can be analyzed by the above data? Write.
3. Correct the following statements.
a. We should run away if problems occur.
b. A problem should be taken as a burden.
c. Every problem has only one solution.
d. We should be biased about the people’s opinions.
e. There is not any role of language in solving a problem.

4. Answer the following questions.
a. What do you understand by the term problem? Give your opinion.
b. What is called analysis skill?
c. What are the steps of solving a problem? Explain them.

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Decision Making Skill
● Decision making skill is nothing but ability to select or to make a right

decision out of many options.
● Analysis of possible risks, search of possible options, selection of

priority, etc. are the steps of decision making skill.
Lesson-2 Solution to Problem and Analysis Skill
● No work is out of risk.
● A wise person tries to face risks skillfully to get success.
● Diagnose the problem, focus on solution, priority of solution, thinking

openly, thinking differently, use of polite language, accepting problem as
an opportunity rather than a burden etc. are some of the ways of solving
problems.

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 97

Unit

5

Business

Introduction Estimated Teaching Periods : 15

Today, everything has become just like a business. Everyone is trying to
convert his skill, knowledge, occupation, and experience into business so
that he can earn more profit and return. But some people are getting high
earnings and some are sometimes losing their own investment too. Why
does it happen so?

The world has become a small village where everything is familiar to each
other. The things of the world are available everywhere. So, it is becoming
more complex and competitive to run any kind of business because people
have more options in the market. The development of a business is called
a trade.

98 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8

1L e s s o n

Operating Business

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to identify different aspects which should be considered while running a business.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of trades are being run by the people in your locality? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

sustainable : involving the use of natural products and energy in a
way that does not harm the environment

conservation : the act of preventing something from being lost, wasted,
damaged or destroyed

effect : result, consequence

applicable : appropriate

fundamental : primary, basic

The following things should be considered while running a business:

1. Proper Selection Process

The first thing that should be considered very seriously while running a
business is its right selection. It is the most important aspect to run a business.
Right selection is not only applicable in business but it is applicable in every
field of life. Only the right selection of business can provide profit. Sometimes,
people invest money without considering its very essential aspects which
play a great role to lead to success or failure. The very fundamental aspects
which should be considered while selecting a business are given below:

Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8 99

Condition
of market

Things which

Nature of affect a business Availability
business that should be of raw

considered while materials

selecting it are

Skilled
human
resource

a. Condition of Market
Amarket is a place where necessary things are produced and purchased
goods are sold. While selecting a business, the condition of market
should be studied very wisely because after the production of things,
they are sold in the market and if the market is not favourable, then
the business goes in loss and nobody wants to get loss because the
objective of a business is to gain profit.

The following things should be considered while studying a market:

• The population of the area where the business is going to be run

• The purchasing power of the people

• Need and demand of the people

• Availability of the substitute goods

b. Raw Materials

Raw materials are those very essential things with which new things
and goods are produced. If the raw materials are not easily available
in the market, it is very difficult to run a business smoothly. So, before
starting a business, it should be confirmed how and where the things
can be made available.

c. Nature of Business

There are different types of businesses. Some businesses can be run
by less human resource while some need more human resource. Some

100 Occupation, Business & Technology Education 8