Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 1 Tel : +977-1-4313205
2 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Publisher: Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. Anamnagar, Kathmandu Copyright : Publisher First Edition : 2066 Second Edition : 2067 Third Edition : 2073 Fourth Edition : 2078 (Revised) Fifth Edition : 2081 (Thoroughly revised) Layout: Oasis Desktop Group Printed in Nepal
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 3 Foreword Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition is a series of Graded English Grammar Books (I-X) for school students. Although some people think that grammar teaching and learning is rigid as well as tasteless, I hope this newly written grammar series will really quench the deep thirst of learners. During the course of 20 years of my experience in the field of English language teaching, I have faced practical and actual difficulties because of the lack of availability of proper teaching learning materials for school children. This updated series has been designed to inculcate the real and practicable skills for the young users of English. ‘Learning by doing’ is very effective to get the knowledge and skill in English. All lessons included in each book of the series have varieties of interesting, enjoyable, stimulating and useful illustrations. Selected and situational pictures have been included for balancing conceptual base. This series is useful to both students as well as teachers. Inductive method is applied to prepare each unit which makes the learning easier for not only the fast tyros but also for slow learners. I thank Mrs. Laxmi Karki who encouraged me to address the real demand of the students throughout Nepal. I would like to thank Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this series. I cannot stay without thanking Oasis Desktop Group and Mr. Ramesh Bhattrai for the computer typing and setting. Finally, I am grateful to all the personalities who helped to prepare and publish this new series. Constructive comments, suggestions and feedback are always welcome for further development of the series in its upcoming edition. Author
4 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Test Specification Grid English Grade - 8 External Assessment (Written Examination) The final examination is based on the written test which covers reading and writing skills. Grammar is incorporated in writing section. The test follows the following test specification chart. Reading (25 marks) The assessment of reading skill follows the following structure: 1. Reading 1: One short reading text from the textbook with one type of comprehension question (5 marks) 2. Reading 2: One short reading text from the textbook with one type of comprehension question (5 marks) 3. Reading 3: One short reading text not given in the textbook with one type of comprehension question. (5 marks) 4. Reading 4: One short reading text not given in the textbook with two types of questions. (10 marks) Note: • Text types for reading 3 and 4: Story, schedule/timetable, menus, charts/ graphs, calendar, notice, speech, announcement, instructions, memoir, diary entry, letter/email, news stories/report, leaflet, brochure, biography/ autobiography and short essay). • The length of the text of reading 3 and 4 should not exceed 250 and 300 words respectively. • Types of Question types can be: True/False, Fill in the gaps, Multiple choice, Matching, Ordering, Short Answer Questions. • ext type should be different for reading 1 and 2. For example, letter in Reading 1 and story in Reading 2. Type of texts in Reading 1 and 2 should not be repeated in Reading 3 and 4 too. • Reading 4 should the questions for testing of vocabulary. • The distribution of comprehension questions(except vocabulary) should be based on the following table: Type of comprehension Number of questions Literal comprehension 8 Reorganization 4 Inference 5 Evaluation and reflection 3 Writing1 (25 marks)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 5 The assessment of writing skill follows the following structure: 1. Punctuation: A short and simple paragraph containing ten punctuation errors. (5 marks) 2. Guided writing: One task: Description, paragraph, news story or news report, story, description of tables/charts and diagrams, announcement, a set of instructions with some guidelines (5 marks) 3. Free writing: One task: personal or official letter, an account of events, diary entry, or a short essay (10 marks) Grammar (5 marks) The grammar questions should cover the following contents: 1. Article 2. Preposition 3. Tense 4. Connectives 5. Question tag 6. Reported speech 7. Voice 8. Conditional sentences 9. Subject-verb agreement 10. Question and negation 11. Model verbs 12. Causative verbs 13. Relative clause 14. Comparative and superlative Types of questions There will be ten multiple choice questions for grade 6 and each grammatical item contains a question. In case of grade 7-8, the questions will be of the following types and the grammatical item will not be repeated. The type of questions for grade 7-8 will be as given below: 1. Reproduction: It should cover tense, question tag, reported speech, voice, question, and negation) (5 × 0.5 = 2.5 marks) 2. Multiple choice (individual sentences or a contextual passage): It should contain article, preposition, connectives, model verbs, used to, causative verbs, relative clause, comparative and superlatives, conditional sentence and subject-verb agreement, model verbs) (5 × 0.5 = 2.5 marks) Note: The writing task type should not be similar to that of reading texts given in the reading section
6 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Contents Part-I (Grammar Section) 1. Articles .................................................................................................. 7 2. Preposition ............................................................................................. 20 3. Tense........................................................................................................ 27 4. Connectives ........................................................................................... 33 5. Question Tag ......................................................................................... 44 6. Reported Speech ................................................................................... 57 7. Voice ....................................................................................................... 74 8. Conditional Sentences........................................................................... 93 9. Subject-Verb Agreement........................................................................ 101 10. Question and Negation......................................................................... 108 11. Modal Verbs .......................................................................................... 120 12. Causative Verbs ..................................................................................... 124 13. Relative Clause....................................................................................... 130 14. Comparative and Superlative.............................................................. 134 15. Reflexive Pronoun ................................................................................ 142 16. Vocabulary.............................................................................................. 144 17. Word Formation .................................................................................... 153 Part-II (Writing Skills) 1. Punctuation............................................................................................ 176 2. Guided Writing....................................................................................... 184 3. Free Writing............................................................................................. 220 Part-III (Reading Skills)................................................................................ 258 Part-IV Model Question prescribed by CDC............................................ 275 Regular and Irregular Verbs...................................................................... 280
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 7 Preview Fill in the blanks with a, an, the'. Yesterday I saw ........... man. ........... man had ........... umbrella. ........... umbrella was black. He had ........... horse. ........... horse was black too. ........... I had to cross ........... river. ........... horseman helped me. I thanked ........... man for his help. ........... man was crossing ........... river. ........... river was Sunkoshi. Sunkoshi is ........... big river. Read and learn. 'A/an' is used in the phrases like • The adjective 'a/an' or 'the' are usually called articles. a man a hat a university a European a one-way street an apple an island an hour an onion an egg anMP an M.A. a B.A. an 'x' an actor an actress a woman a table a un10n an earthquake a ewe an insect an animal an umbrella an honest man an old man an apple an engine a mango, etc. a lot of a few a bit a number of a pack of a litre of a piece of a cup of a glass of an item of a couple of a dozen a great deal of a sack of a kilo of a little a large number of, etc,. Articles Types of Articles A. Indefinite Article: 'A' and 'An'. B. Definite Article: 'The' Articles Lesson 1 Part-I Grammar Section
8 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Introduction and uses A. Indefinite Article (A and An) a. Indefinite articles 'A and 'An' are used with singular common nouns because 'A' or 'An' means only one in number and any one of that kind. Examples: Singular Plural Uncountable Nouns A book ...x... books a kilo of ...x...sugar A pen ...x... pens a piece of ...x...meat A cock ...x... cocks a litre of...x...milk An aeroplane ...x... aeroplanes a tin of ...x...oil An ewe ...x... ewes a piece of ...x...iron An eagle ...x... eagles a packet of ...x...salt * No indefinite articles are used with plural and uncountable nouns as shown in the above examples. * But indefinite articles (a, an) are used with the units of uncountable nouns like kilo, piece, litre, tin, packet, etc. Uses of 'A' and 'An' A An with a countable noun that has an initial consonant sound. with a countable noun that has an initial vowel sound a buffalo / b / initial sound an eagle: /I/ initial sound a cat an apple a dog an aeroplane a fish an ink-pot a gun an umbrella a university an orange a union an hour • Though 'u' is a vowel letter, it sometimes has a consonant sound. In the same way, the following words also have consonant sound. So, they take indefinite article 'a'. Example: a European, a ewe, a useful thing, a unicorn, a uniform, a eulogy, a unit, a one-rupee note, a UN staff, a UK plane, a US soldier, etc.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 9 • Though 'h' is a constant letter, it is silent in pronunciation and it begins with the vowel sound/E, ú, ó/. So, hour, honest, heir, etc. also take indefinite article I an'. • With English alphabet and abbreviation when they are separately read out. Example: : a 'B', a 'D', an 'H', etc. • When a noun belongs to a group/community/profession and expresses the meaning 'a kind of' even though they are uncountable nouns: Example: He is a Gurung. She is a nurse. Ramu is a Newar. Gold is a useful metal. Milk is a drink. Iron is a metal. • With the word like hundred, thousand, million: Example: : a hundred rupees, a thousand books, a million people • With the meaning of each/per/rate: Example: : 10000 rupees a month, Rs. 70 a kilo, 6 kilometres an hour • With some phrases: Example: as a rule a pity to have a pain to make a guess a cold a fever a cough a headache a talk a rest a walk a noise to have a bath a drink to pay a visit to take an interest to give a warning be in a temper on an average to have a good education to have a knowledge, etc. B. Use of definite article 'The' Article 'the' is used for showing a particular person or thing. Look at the following examples. 1. With repeated noun: Example: I have a dog. The dog is black. 2. With ordinal numbers: Example: Rukesh is the first boy. The second, the third, the tenth, the next the last, etc. 3. With the nouns with adjective phrases/clauses: Example: The book on the table is not mine./The book which is on the table is not mine.
10 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 I don't like the girl with long hair./I don't like the girl who has long hair 4. With superlative degree of adjectives: Example: Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. The tallest, the deepest, the longest, etc. 5. With the positive degree of adjectives when they refer to the whole class. It is used as plural and no noun is used next to the adjectives. 6. With comparative degree of adjectives when they are used reciprocally: Example: The more he gets, the more he wants. The harder you work, the more you will be paid. 7. With the structure of Noun+ of+ Noun, the is generally used with the first noun. Example: The boys of this class are good. He likes the tea of Ilam. The water of this pot is fresh. 8. If the activity is according to the purpose of the place, no article is used with the name of the place. Otherwise 'the' is used. I always go to x school (This means 'I', the person, is a teacher or a student because he always goes there and his/her activity is as per the purpose of the school.) 9. With the following naming words: Naming words Examples (a) Unique things the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the universe, etc. (b) Scientific invention the telephone, the radio, the camera, the television ('A/An' is used when it means a set of) (c) Musical instruments the tabala, the piano, the guitar, the drum set, the violin, etc. (d) Great/Holy/ Religious books the Ramayan, the Gita, the Bible, the Kuran, the Tripitak, the Sakuntala, the Muna Madan, etc. (e) Monuments/ Buildings the Singh Darbar, the Hanumandhoka Palace, the Taj Mahal, etc. (f) Newspapers the Rising Nepal, the Kathmandu Post, the Himalayan Times, etc.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 11 (g) Designation/Post/ Title the Prime Minister, the Managing Director, the Principal, etc. (h) Religious communities The Hindus, the Muslims, the (i) Force the army, the police, the armed police, the air force, etc. (j) Political parties the Nepali Congress, the Nepal Communist Party, the Workers and Peasants Party, the Forum (k) Direction the east, the west, the south, the north (1) Day breaks the sunset, the sunrise (m) Parts of building the kitchen, the dining room, the drawing room, the garden, the garage, the office, the bath room ('A/An' is used with the meaning of 'there is one...) (n) Parts of day in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon (But it will be at night) (o) Rivers seas, oceans, lakes,deserts, canals The Bagmati, the Karnali, the Ganga, The Red Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Sahara Desert, the Suez Canal (p) United Countries the United Kingdom, the United States of America, etc. (q) Committee, club and foundation the Construction Committee, the Rotary Club of Kathmandu, the Lions Club, the United Nations, etc. (r) Physical positions the top, the bottom, the back, the front, the side, the centre, etc. No article a. Before names of languages Ram knows...x...English,...x...Nepali and ...x...Bhojpuri. b. Before names of games We play...x...tennis...x...ludo and ...x...volleyball. c. With the words like appoint, declare, elect and make + noun They elected him...x...minister.
12 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 d. With type of, kind of, sort of + noun I want this type of ...x...gun. Ramu is a different kind of ...x...man. e. With rank and title + noun He was promoted to the rank of ...x...Major. f. Before names of subjects Ram is learning ...x...Maths. g. With the places- bed, church, court, hospital, prison, school, college and university visited or used for their primary purpose (such as bed is for sleeping, school is for reading, church is for praying and so on.) h. Before indefinite plural nouns Example: ...x...cows are grazing. ...x...boys were reading. ...x...birds are flying. i. Before indefinite uncountable noun Example: Radha brought ...x...water. ...x...blood is red. Sushila drank ...x... impure water yesterday. j. Before proper nouns Example: They helped ...x...Ram. ...x... Ramesh lives in ...x... Nepal. ...x...Kathmandu is the capital of ...x...Nepal. ...x...Nepal is a mountainous country. ...x... Puspa came in...x... Bhadra. ...x...Dhurba left home on ...x...Sunday. k. Before the names of material nouns Example:
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 13 The man brought...x...silver. ...x...gold is more valuable than...x...silver. ...x...iron is a useful metal. ...x...diamond is too expensive. I. Before abstract nouns Example: ...x...honesty is the best policy. ...x...wisdorn is superior to strength. m. Before the name of diseases Example: He died of ...x...cancer. She is suffering from ...x...fever. ...x...rnalaria can be eliminated. n. If man or woman stands for or represents the whole humanity Example: ...x...rnan is mortal. ...x...wornan is weak-hearted. o. Before home Example: They went ...x...horne. We have come from...x...horne. The boy has gone...x...horne. p. If there is not any singular countable noun after an adjective of positive degree Example: Ramu is...x...honest. Rupa is...x...intelligent. q. If there is an indefinite plural noun or uncountable noun after an adjective Example: They are...x...good boys. I don't drink...x...impure water.
14 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. .............university student need not wear uniform. (a, an,the, nothing) b. .............'s' is missing from the word 'crossed'. (a, an, the, nothing) c. He is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the) d. She works in .............UNO office. (a, an, the) e. Today I met.............one-eyed man on the road. (a, an, the) f. He is............. (a, an, the) US citizen. g. ............. (A, An, The, Nothing) water has no colour, but ..............(a, an, the, nothing) water of the tank is red. h. Mr. Shrestha is............. (a, an, the, nothing) university professor. i. People recite.............Geeta (a, an, the, nothing) every morning. j. Who is Mr. Joshi? He is ............. (a, an, the, nothing) university professor. k. Which is............. (a, an, the, nothing) best book in English literature? l. Would you like to drink.............cup of coffee? (a, an, the) m. What is.............capital of England? (a, an, the) n. He has kept............. (a, an, the) ewe. o. She is............. (a, an, the) L.L.M. p. He is............. (a, an, the) Eurasian. 2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. She has written............. (a, an, the) unique article in The Kathmandu Post. b. He is............. (a, an, the) heir to the palace.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 15 c. I have heard a lot about............. (a, an, the, nothing) Netherlands. d. Iron is............. (a, an, the) useful metal. e. ............. (A, An, The) dog is an honest servant of man. f. Raju is playing ............. (a, an, the, nothing) football in his room. g. She is............. (a, an, the) teacher who teaches us English. h. Mr. Buddhoo was............. (a, an, the) unwanted fellow in our locality. i. ............. (A, An, The) injured passenger of this bus was rushed to hospital. j. I hate............. (a, an, the) telephone. k. Who invented............. (a, an, the) radio? 1. He earns Rs.10000............. (a, an, the) month. m. Rice is sold for ............. (a, an, the) kilo. n. That could be............. (a, an, the) useful piece of information. o. He is not............. (a, an, the) honourable man. p. ............. (A, An, The) blind are unfortunate. 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. I went to.............church to observe its architecture. (a, an, the) b. He is .............European. (a, an, the) c. .............water in the glass is very dirty. (A, An, The) d. Please buy me.............exercise book. (a, an, the) e. Nepal is an independent country for.............half century ago. (a, an, the) f. He is.............M.B.A. (a, an, the) g. He is a champion of............. golf. (a, an, the, no article) h. Washington is the capital of.............U.S.A. (a, an, the, nothing) i. I have.............hundred-rupee note in my bag. (a, an, the, nothing) j. This is.............most beautiful situation of our life. (a, an, the)
16 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 k. I have.............cup of tea in the morning. (a, an, the) 1. Sunil has passed +2 and is studying in.............university. (a, an, the) m. There is.............ox beside him. (a, an, the) n. .............ignorance of these people is astounding. (A, An, The, Nothing) o. .............water in that basin is not fit to drink. (A, An, The, Nothing) p. We have made.............union of youths. (a, an, the, nothing) 4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. .............European visited our school yesterday. (A, An, The, Nothing) b. Mr. Thapa is.............honest man. (a, an, the, nothing) c. He plays.............guitar well. (a, an, the, nothing) d. I felt pity for.............one-eyed man. (a, an, the, nothing) e. Gita went to.............prison to meet her friend. (a, an, the) f. On his way to school he found............. (a, an, the) one-rupee note. g. I have left.............one rupee note in the room. (a, an, the, nothing) h. Mount Everest is.............highest peak in the world. (a, an, the, nothing) i. ............. water in the glass is dirty. (A, An, The) j. Petrol is sold by.............litre. (a, an, the) k. Your servant is.............honest man. (a, an, the) 1. Which is.............longest river in Nepal? (a, an, the) m. We have formed.............union in our locality. (a, an, the, nothing) n. I go to school by.............bus. (a, an, the, nothing) o. She is my.............best friend. (a, an, the, nothing) p. .............iron is a metal. (A, An, The, Nothing) 5. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. He bought.............x-ray plant. (a, an, the, nothing) b. .............'1' is missing from the word 'allowed' (A, An, The, Nothing)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 17 c. He is.............U.S. ambassador. (a, an, the) d. .............education of little children has been greatly neglected. (A, An, The, Nothing) e. Have you eaten.............enough? (a, an, the, nothing) f. My sister is.............L.L.B. (a, an, the, nothing) g. I do not like.............sugar in my tea. (a, an, the, nothing) h. Mr. John works in.............UNO office. (a, an, the, nothing) i. Where is.............book I left with you? (a, an, the, nothing) j. The rich are dominating.............poor. (a, an, the, nothing) k. Mr. Subedi is.............university graduate. (a, an, the) 1. Which is.............longest bridge in the world? (a, an, the) m. A student goes to.............school everyday. (a, an, the, nothing) n. Oil is sold by.............litre. (a, an, the) o. Mr. Shrestha is.............honourable member of our institution. (a, an, the) p. Have you seen.............Bagmati river during the rainy season? (a, an, the, nothing) 6. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. Sita is.............useful member of the family. (a, an, the) b. This is.............plot where we intend to build a house. (a, an, the) c. Sita plays.............flute well. (a, an, the) d. Mt. Everest is.............highest peak in the world. (a, an, the) e. Sri Lanka is.............island. (a, an, the, some) f. Who is.............best student of your class? (a, an, the, some) g. It is.............one-rupee note. (a, an, the) h. That is.............book I like most. (a, an, the) i. My sister is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the, nothing) j. The Atlantic Ocean is.............biggest ocean. (a, an, the, nothing)
18 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 k. Mrs. Karki is.............honourable teacher. (a, an, the, nothing) 1. We played.............volleyball yesterday. (a, an, the, nothing) m. Who is.............best player of your team? (a, an, the) n. New Zealand is.............island. (a, an, the) o. There is.............ewe beside him. (a, an, the) p. This is.............place I like very much. (a, an, the) 7. Choose the correct answer and put in the blanks. a. We had dinner in.............very nice restaurant. (a, an, the) b. Sonam is.............housewife. (a, an, the) c. Mr. Karl Louis is.............Christian. (a, an, the) d. Akriti plays.............flute well. (a, an, the) e. The minister welcomed.............king. (a, an, the) f. .............gate keeper is very well behaved. (a, an, the) g. Don't laugh at.............poor. (a, an, the) h. It is.............one-rupee note. (a, an, the) i. Rijan is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the) j. Nitu is.............first girl of our class. (a, an, the) k. Hari is.............university student. (a, an, the) l. Let's sit in.............garden. (a, an, the) m. What is Jenish like? He is.............honest man. (a, an, the) n. Arjun asked his doctor when he would go to .............hospital. (a, an, the, nothing) o. Rice is sold for Rs. 70.............kilo. (a, an, the) p. Carl is from.............UK. (a, an, the) q. I hate.............telephone. (a, an, the) r. Indira is.............honourable teacher. (a, an, the) s. Who is.............best student of your class? (a, an, the)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 19 For your practise Choose the correct words from the brackets to complete these sentences. a. The.............knows all the students by name. (principal, principle) b. The .............looked dashing in his armour. (night, knight) c. I don't even have one.............with me. (cent, sent) d. He said he............. where the place was. (knew, new) e. .............you like coffee or tea? (would, wood) f. It's rude to............. . (stare, stair) g. There were ten perfect.............of flowers in the garden. (rose, rows) h. I need some more.............for the cake. (flower, flour) i. Where did the dog.............the bone? (bury, berry) j Do you want another bread.............? (role, roll) k. We both walked.............foot in the sand. (bare, bear) l. He always makes so much noise when he............. . (chews, choose)
20 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Preview Fill in the blanks with the correct choice from the bracket. * Ram is accused ............ theft. (at, in, of) * My teacher always goes to school ............ bus. (in, by, on) * Don't laugh ............ the poor. (of, at, in) * Meera met him ............ the way to school. (in, to, on, at) * "What is wrong ............ you?" she asked me. (by, in, for, with) * She is ............ a red sari today. (at, in, by) * Madan married ............ an American lady. (to, with, and) * The boy put a piece of chalk ............ (in/into/out/of/from) his pocket as soon as the teacher gave him. * A pen is different ............ a pencil. (then, from, and, than) * Promod is ............ the door now. (at, in, by) * Hari goes to school daily. But, he doesn't go there ................ Saturday. (in/on/at) * My father always goes to school ............ car. (in/by/on) * I prevented him ............ speaking. (for, to, from) * She passed ............ in her childhood. (away, on, by) * Anju usually goes to school ............ foot. (in, to, on) * Some boys of our class gave ............ smoking. (in, up, away) * The sunlight came into the room ............ the window. (from, with, through) * Public opinion was ............ the Bill. (from, behind, against) * I bought this pen ............ five rupees. (with, for, against) * Hari is true ............ his name. (to, for, with) * All the students must abide ............ the school rules. (with, by, for) * You can stay here ............ I come back. (since, until, to) * Give ............ smoking. (out, up, in) Preposition Lesson 2
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 21 Prepositions Prepositions are used for describing someone or something in relation to another thing or person. In the sentence "Ram is near the building" 'near ' is the preposition. Ram is the subject and building gives reference where he is. Read and learn. Use of "on": (i) Before days: on Monday, on my birthday (ii) Dates: on 3rd December on 10th Baisakh (iii) Position: on the table, on the floor (iv) Means of travel: on foot, on bicycle (v) Concerning: He is speaking on wildlife conservation in Nepal. (vi) To make phrase: get on, go on, keep on, live on, put on, switch on. Use of "on to": (to motion over) on to the wall, on to the floor Use of "in": (i) Year: in 1940, in two years (ii) Month: in January, in March, in Ashar (iii) Season: in spring, in autumn (iv) Parts of the day: in the morning, in the evening (v) Period of time: in five minutes (vi) To denote place: in Kathmandu, in Nepal (vii) Things worn on the body: in a blue sari, in a black coat (viii) To make phrase: get in, in addition to, in a hurry, in front of, in return, in search of, in spite of, in the end, in the past Use of "into": in motion inside into the classroom Use of "by": (i) By+ point of time: by 2001, by 30th January
22 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 (ii) Passing through, along, across: Rarnita carne by the field. (iii) In the passive voice: Ravan was killed by Ram. Use of "at": (i) Hour: at 3 o'clock, at two (ii) Noon: at noon, at night, at midnight (iii) Festivals: at Dashain, at Tihar (iv) Denote place (very small): at the bus stop, at the hotel. Use of "over'': (i) Vertically above, up, without touching Many planes fly over the Mt. Everest. (ii) Covered fully/partly: Ink has spilt over the cloth. Use of 'under': (down, without touching) The ball is under the tree. The cow is under the tree. (vertically below) Use of "in front of": The tree is in front of the car. Use of "behind": The car is behind the house. Use of "Beneath": The road is beneath the car's wheel. Use of "below": (down to a location): The plug is below the fan. Use of "of": (i) Express possession: top of the mountain (ii) Measure: a meter of cloth (iii) Quantity: a kilo of sugar, a glass of milk (iv) Cause: die of hunger (v) In age: He is a man of seventy. (vi) To make phrase: because of, in spite of, of course, etc.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 23 Use of "up": (i) movement from lower to higher: He goes up the hill. Use of "down": (i) Movement from higher to lower: He goes down the hill. Write down your lesson. Put down the book. (ii) To make phrase: climb down, fall down, get down, bend down, knock down, jump down, take down, etc. Use of "with": (i) Indicating the tool: Write a letter with a pen. (ii) In company of: Rita goes to Tandi with her father. (iii) Physical features: a man with a long nose (iv) Having possession: a boy with an umbrella, the child with a dirty face (v) To make phrase: encounter with, discuss with Use of "to": (i) Direction of movement: point to a tree, the way to Kathmandu, go to work (ii) Use with these words: listen to, equal to, related to, injurious to, move to, in order to, new to, belong to, get to, etc. Use of "from": (i) Starting point or place of origin: He is from Japan; from page 18 to 20; from the woods; from Kathmandu (ii) Cause: She is suffering from cholera. (iii) Movement: come from (iv) With words: different from, protect from, recover from, etc. (v) Time at which something starts: from Sunday, from tomorrow
24 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition given in the brackets. a. I will come to your school ............ Sunday. (to, on, by, for) b. She will work ............ Parbat ............ spring. (on, by, in, to, at) c. Ram has lived here ............ five years. (to, for, by) d. The whiteboard is ............ table. (around, over, above, at) e. Put the pen ............ your pocket. (on, into, over, at) f. I came here ............ my horse. (in, on, at, by) g. He is here ............ my house. (in, on, at, by) h. Nepal lies ............ China and India. (in, between, among, at) i. My sister sleeps ............ eight o'clock. (over, till, through, by) j. I have been living here ............ last week. (since, by, before, after) k. They were running ............ the jungle. (by, above, through, at) l. The book I bought yesterday is ............ the table. (in, on, to, over) m. Some people believe ............ ghost. (on, to, in, of) n. What is lying ............ the floor? (over, at, under, on) o. Aesop was accused ............ theft. (by, of, to, in) p. What's wrong ............ you? (on, in, for, with) q. Binod got married ............ an Indian girl. (by, with, to) r. Sushila will have finished it ............ tomorrow. (on, by, for) s. He always quarrels ............ his wife. (with, by, for) t. You should write ............ pencil at first. (in, by, on, with)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 25 2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition given in the brackets. a. Nepal is rich ............ (in, of, for) hydroelectricity. b. What is the solution ............ (for, of, to) overpopulation? c. I am not annoyed ............ (at, for, with) her behaviour. d. He is excited ............ (for, with, at) my proposal. e. They are surprised ............ (for, with, at) my presence. f. I am pleased ............ (with, for, in) her performance. g. She is conscious ............ (with, for, of) being punished. h. She is engaged ............ (with, to, by) John. i. They are interested ............ (to, for, in) study. j. Nepal depends ............ (of, on, in) agriculture. k. I am not responsible ............ (with, for, to) the accident. l. She is famous ............ (with, for, to) dancing. m. They are similar ............ (from, to, by) each other. n. He is good ............ (in, for, at) football. o. She is always jealous ............ (of, for, in) others' progress. p. Can you point the arrow ............ (to, at, on) the bird? q. Do you write ............ (to, on, for) me ever? r. Can you throw the pen ............ (on, at, to) me? 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition given in the brackets. a. He apologized ............ (to, on, for) me for being late. b. Please search a job ............ (to, with, for) me. c. The police warned us ............ (for, about, to) the danger. d. She was blamed ............ (to, of, for) the accident. e. I congratulated her ............ (for, about, to) the success. f. I love swimming ............ (on, in, into) the sea. g. They will be ............ (at, in, on) work until5:30.
26 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 h. He goes to market ............ (on, in, by) a horse. i. He got ............ (in, by, into) the car and drove away. j. I met him ............ (in, during, at, nothing) last Saturday. k. I will give your money ............ (in, at, on, nothing) next week. l. I saw a cobra ............ (by, on, in, nothing) last week. m. Don't go out ............ (to, in, under) the rain. Please wait for a while. n. He stands ............ (on, in, at) the door. o. There is a picture ............ (on, in, at) the door. p. The accident took place because of my fault so I had to pay for the damage............ (to, into, nothing) the other bike. For your practise Choose the correct words from the brackets to complete these sentences. a. A small forest is called ............ . (woods, wood) b. Vegetarians don't eat ............ . (meat, meet) c. The room has a very ............ colour. (plain, plane) d. The music has a fast ............ . (beat, bit) e. The necklace has many red ............ (beads, bids) f. I must pay my lab ............ before I can do an experiment. (fees, fizz) g. My father-in-law has a lot of money. He is very ............ . (reach, rich) h. The army drove ............ through the jungle. (jeeps, gyps) i. That student is brilliant. He is a ............ at Mathematics. (wheeze, whiz) j. There are 52 ............ in a year. (weeks, wicks) k. That student isn't very smart. He is a ............ . (tweet, twit) l. Her face is as soft as a ............ . (peach, pitch) m. The bathtub has a very bad ............ . (leak, lick) n. It's your turn to ............ the cards. (deal, dill)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 27 Tense Lesson 3 Preview Circle the correct words in the conversation below: A : Hello! What am/is your name? B : Hi! I am/is Tony. A : Is/Are you an English man? B : No, I'm not/I isn't. A : What am/is his name? B : His name am/is Prashant. A : Is/Are she a Nepali? B : Yes, she is/are. A : Is/Are they students? B : Yes, they is/are. Tense Read and learn. I am young. I was a baby. I will be old. Present Past Future ⇒ We are late today. ⇒ We were late yesterday. ⇒ We shall be late tomorrow. ⇒ The stars are shining now. ⇒ The stars were shining at night yesterday. The form of the verb that is used to show the time of an action is called tense.
28 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Kinds of Tense 2. Past tense 3. Future tense 1. Present tense S.N. Forms of present tense Pattern Sentences 1. Present simple S + V1/V5 + O I play game. He cooks food. 2. Present continuous S + is/am/are+V4+O He is singing songs. I am reading a book You are sleeping now. 3. Present perfect S + has/have+V3+O We have passed SEE. She has got a car. 4. Present perfect continuous S + has/ have+been+V4+O He has been doing his work. We have been singing. S.N. Forms of present tense Pattern Sentences 1. Past simple S+V2+O We worked hard. 2. Past continuous S + was/were/V4+O He was working. They were playing. 3. Past perfect S + had + V3 + O She had worked. 4. Past perfect continuous S+had+been+V4+O He had been working. S.N. Forms of present tense Pattern Sentences 1. Future simple S + shall + V1 S + will + V1 I shall work. They will work. 2. Future continuous S + shall/be+V4 S + will + be + V4 We shall be working. He will be working. 3. Future perfect S + shall+have+V3 S + will + have + V3 I shall have worked. He will have worked. 4. Future perfect continuous S + shall + have + been + V4+O I shall have been working. We will have been working.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 29 Verb forms of 12 tenses Examples: S.N. Tense Present Past Past 1. Simple V1 / V5 V2 Shall/will + V1 2. Continuous is/am/are+V4 was/were+V4 Shall/will+be+V3 3. Perfect has/have+V3 had + V3 Shall/will + have+V3 4. Perfect continuous has/ have+been+V4 had + been + V4 Shall/will + have + been + V4 Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Present He dances well. He is dancing well. He has danced well. He has been dancing well. Past He danced well. He was dancing well. He had danced well. He had been dancing well. Future He will dance well. He will be dancing well. He will have danced well. He will have been dancing well. Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets. a. Did you meet your friend outside? No,..................(I did not met him, I had not met him, I didn't meet him) b. Why..................(does Maya prefer, did Maya prefer, Maya prefers) pop songs very much? c. .................. like sweet? (Doesn't you, Yes I do, Do you) d. What-question of "He has a pen to write with" is: .................. (What has he to write with?/What has he to write with a pen/What does he have to write with?) e. He ought to..................listened to his teacher. (has, have, had, having) f. They..................go out very often. (have not, do not, had not) g. I didn't try..................the fact. (knowing, know, to know) h. The statement of "Does he have to guide her?" is..................(He have to guide her, He does has to guide her, He has to guide her)
30 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 i. He..........(would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now he believes in God. j. Did Rohit................(show, showed, shows) his work to his teacher? k. Sarita doesn't..................(fried, fry, fries) fish. l. Everybody..................(get, gets, have got) money. m. She..................(do, has, does) not know anything. n. Ram..................(win, won, have won) the race last week. o. Rupa cannot..................(see, saw, sees, seeing) well. p. She will not..................(leaves, leaving, left, leave) tomorrow. q. Did you..................(meets, meet, met) her again? r. She does not..................(wanted, wants, want) any more sugar. s. We shall not..................(has, have, had) any rain. t. I never..................(goes, went, go) to school before 9 o'clock. u. Did Sita..................(fell, falling, fall) down? v. Will you..................(met, meets, meet) his mother? w. She does not..................(speaks, spoke, speak) Japanese. x. Has he..................in the river? (swim, swam, swum) y. Have they..................(doing, done, did) their work? z. They do not..................(knew, know, known) anything. 2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets: a. Did he..................(led, leads, lead) you into another room? b. ..................(Have, Does, Do) the girls laugh at you? c. ..................(Has, Is, Will) she not buy any mangoes? d. Is your mother..................(comes, coming, come) back? e. Has the wind..................strongly? (blows, blown, blew) f. ..................(Did, Does, Has) she not come yet? g. We..................(must, have, are) not smoke in a library. h. She need not..................(stays, stayed, stay) long. i. ..................(Won't, Aren't Hasn't) she bring my pen?
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 31 j. Have you..................(bring, brings, brought) your bag? k. Has she..................(pays, paid, pay) for you? l. Hasn't she..................(becoming, become, became) a nurse yet? m. Does she..................(plays, played, play) ping pong? n. I have not..................( sees, seen, saw) her before. o. Students did not..................(listened, listens, listen) to the teacher. p. Narendra ..................(do, has, does) not teach English grammar. q. He always .................. to temple on Saturday. (go, goes, is going) r. Have you ever .................. to Pokhara? (be, been, have been) s. Did Ramesh play the guitar in the programme? No, it..................by Shyam. (played, is played, was played) t. How did Hari..................to school yesterday? (go, goes, went) u. Do the farmers..................rice every year? (grow, grows, growing) 3. Fill in the blanks. a. How..................you last week? (does she help, did she help, she helped) b. Bina and Muna like travelling a lot. They..................India next month when their SEE exam finishes. (will visit/are visiting/ visit) c. As soon as the teacher entered, the students..................to their feet. (leapt had leapt, were leaping) e. The SEE examination..................near. (will come, is corning, come) e. How did Shyam..................to school yesterday? (go, goes, went) f. ..................it? Yes, I did it yesterday. (Did you, Did you do, Do you do) g. He speaks English but he..................speak Chinese. (doesn't didn't, don't) h. Take an umbrella. It..................outside. (rains, is raining, rained) i. Madam Curie..................radius. (discover, discovered, discovering) j. I have already..................that film. (see, saw, seen) k. As soon as you see Bina, you..................her father. (will remember, remember, remembered) l. Did she know the way to your house? Yes, she.......it. (know, knows, knew) m. As soon as I cracked jokes, everybody..................(laugh, laughs, laughed)
32 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 n. Listen! someone................(is singing, sing, will singing) o. Did you..................the principal yesterday? (met, meet, meets) p. When we woke up, it..................outside. (rained, was raining, will rain) q. Binod..................his work yet. (has finished, has been finished, has not finished) r. He plays chess but he..................carom. (don't play, doesn't play, is not play) s. Anju is pregnant now. She..................birth to a baby. (is going to give, is giving, will give) 4. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers from the brackets: a. Rohan loves music but his father..................(does, don't, doesn't) b. "Did she help you yesterday? "Yes, she..................me a lot." (helps, helped, help) c. Prashant visited his grandparents so that they would be glad. The yes/no question of this statement is: ..................? (Did his grandparents visit him, Did he visit his grandparents, Did he visit his grandparents so that they would be glad). d. Sandip brought his beddings, but his friend..................any. (don't bring, did not bring, not brought) e. Gotiya wants to play cricket, but they..................(don't, doesn't, didn't) f. Messi plays football, but 1..................(don't, doesn't, didn't) g. Susma sometimes comes to me, but 1..................go to her. (do not some times, do not anytime, never) h. Amitabh always loves to watch TV news but his wife..................(doesn't, didn't, don't) i. Ram loves to play ball, but Sita..................(didn't, don't, doesn't)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 33 Connectives Lesson 4 Preview Fill the suitable connectives. • I don't know..................Rara lake is located. (which, when, where) • We go to the bank..................we can cash the cheque. (to, for, so that) • Saturday was the day..................it rained heavily. (which, where, when) • ..................his hard work, he passed the exam. (in spite of, because of, because) • He has not returned the call......................I have telephoned twice. (whether, so that, although, because) • You will be punished for..................you have done. (what, when, while) • The school was closed..................strike. (because, so that, because of) • Rajendra..................(which, whose, whom, where) everyone likes, works in a school. • .................. he is poor, he helps the orphans. (Although, Because, However) • I know..................you are thinking about. (whom, what, which) • ..................she is rich, she does not spend money. (Because, Because of, Although) • We could not go for trek..................the snow-fall. (because, despite, because of) • We have been victim..................his cruelty. (because, because of, so) • This is the village.................. I was born. (where, which,when) • ..................his higher qualification, he was a failure as a teacher. (Because, In spite of, Even though) • This is the book................Iwanted. (when,whom, that) • She went to school..................her illness. (though, because of, in spite of) • I don't know the spot..................he met with the accident. (who, where, which) • Bhumika will buy a skirt, ..................will Reshma. (either, so, neither)
34 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Connectives Read the following sentences. • Because of his weakness, he failed in the exam. • In spite of his hard labour, he failed the exam. • They did not play football because of rain. • I did not go to market as it was very hot. • As long as we were in the bus,we slept. • As soon as they saw the temple, they fell in love with it. • He phoned me thinking that I love him much. • He asked me for some money hoping that I will give him. • Kamal was honest, however/nevertheless he was accused of theft. • Despite/In spite of my hunger, I didn't eat anything. • I didn't eat anything although/though/even though I was very hungry. Use of connectives Connectives are the conjunctions/joining words that combine two or more words and sentences into one. They are of different kinds like the connectives of reason, purpose, result, condition, concession, comparison, etc. Now, we are going to learn to join pairs of sentences using the following connectives. 1. Reason Connectives A reason connective joins an action with its reason. The connectives are because, as, since and because of. a. Because, As, Since Structure: Action+ because/as/since+ Reason (SV+O) Raina passes every exam because/as/since she always studies hard. (Action Reason in SV) b. Because of Structure: Action+ because of+ Reason (Noun Phrase) Raina passes every exam because of hard work. (Action Reason in NP) 2. Purpose Connectives A purpose connective combines an action with its purpose. A purpose is like a reason/cause but not exactly the same. The connectives are to, in order to, so that. a. To, In order to Structure: Action+ to/in order to+ Vl (Purpose)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 35 I am doing this work until midnight to/in order to publish the book in time. (Action+ Vl Purpose) b. So that Structure: Action + so that + Purpose Statement/Clause (Sub. + Modal Aux. (will/would/shall/should/can/could) + Vl (main purpose lose) I am doing this work until midnight so that we can publish the book in time. (Action+ Purpose) 3. Connectives of Unexpected Result Sometimes we may get a result that is quite different from our thought or expectation. It means the result is contrary to the situation. Such a result is an unexpected result. The connectives of unexpected result join a situation and an unexpected result. The connectives are though, although, even though, in spite of and despite. a. Though, Although, Even though Structure: Though/Although/Even though + Situation (SV/0), + Unexpected Result Although he is lazy, everybody likes him. Situation (SV) Unexpected Result When we think the situation is more important, it is normally placed later. Everybody likes him although he is lazy. b. In spite of/Despite Structure: In spite of/Despite + Situation (Noun Phrase), + Unexpected Result In spite of/Despite his laziness, everybody likes him. (Situation (NP) +Unexpected Result) 4. Therefore/So 'Therefore/So' is quite opposite of Reason Connectives. Structure: Reason+ Therefore/So+ Result Binu is honest and patient; therefore/so she can adjust in the new situation. Reason Result Binu can adjust in the new situation because she is honest and patient. (Result/Statement+ Reason)
36 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 5. However 'However' is used with the second statement when it is contrary to the first statement. Structure: First statement+ however+ second statement. The boys were naughty; however, the teacher did not punish them. 6. Relative Clauses Who, whom, whose, which, where and what are the relative pronouns. Relative pronouns make a clause to say something about the persons or things preceded by them. So, they act as adjectives too. • 'Who' is used for a person as the subjective case. (for Ram, Sita, he, she, they, etc.) Sunayana is my own sister. Sunayana lives in Chitwan. Sunayana who lives in Chitwan is my own sister. • 'Whom' is also used for a person as the objective case. 'Who' can be used in place of 'Whom'. (for Ram, Sita, him, her, them, etc.) Bhupal was our boss. You are talking about him. Bhupal of whom you are talking about was our boss. • 'Whose' is also used for a person as the possessive case. (for Ram's, Sita's, his, her, their, etc.) Nikita is a very helpful fellow. I have borrowed her car for many times. Nikita whose car I have borrowed for many times is a very helpful fellow. • 'Which' is used for a thing or an animal as the subjective and objective cases. (for book books, pen, pots, television, cow, dog, it, they, them, etc.) 'Which'can also be used as the relative pronoun for a place when the place is used as the subject or object in the sentence. Yesterday I bought a book. The book is useful for my kids. Yesterday I bought a book which is useful for my kids. That white puppy looks very cute. The puppy belongs to Marie. That white puppy which belongs to Marie looks very cute. • 'Where' is used as the relative pronoun for a place as a place adverb. (like: in Kathmandu, in Nepal in a village, at Baneshwor, here, there, etc.)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 37 Never forget the village. You were born in the village. Never forget the village where you were born. Bhadgaun is an ancient town. Mostly Newars live here. Bhadgaun where mostly Newars live is an ancient town. • 'What' is used for the things/sayings as the subjective or objective cases. You should not forget the things. Teachers told you the things. You should not forget what teachers told you. • The following structures can also help you solve the problems. (a) Person + who +verb ................. This is the man who saved Kanhaiya. (b) Person+ whom/who+ subject ................. The students who/m we taught passed with distinction. (c) Person+ whose+ noun................. I don't like Monika whose mind is always negative. (d) Place+ where+................. This is the school where I teach. (e) Things/ Animals+ which+................. The pen which you gifted me writes swiftly. (f) (No person/place/things/animals) but generally a verb/an adjective+ what+ ...... He said what was fake. Be contented with what you have. Things to Remember • Reason connectives join a statement and a reason. • 'Because/as/since/for/because of' are placed before reason but 'therefore and so' are placed after reason. • 'Because of' needs a noun phrase. • Write V1 after to/in order to. • Write either V4 of purpose or the noun phrase after for: • 'Inspite of/Despite' needs a noun phrase. • 'After/when/while/as long as/as soon as' are placed before the first action. • 'before/until/till' are placed after the second action.
38 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Exercise 1. Put the correct word from the given alternatives. a. The school was closed.................strike. (because/so that/because of) b. She couldn't solve it.................her weakness. (because of/as/ in spite of/although) c. Rajendra.................every one likes, works in a school. (which/ whose/ whom/ where) d. .................her illness, she didn't give up working. (In spite of/ Because of/ Because/ Although) e. This is the house.................! was born. (which/ when/ who/ where) f. She worked hard.................she could win the race. (to/ because/so that) g. Seema could not attend her school.................her illness. (because/ because of/ therefore) h. I went to the doctor.................some medicines. (because/ for/ to) i. Rita was stupid,.................she failed the exam. (however/despite/ therefore) j. .................he is poor, he helps the orphans. (Although/ Because/ However) k. We postponed the football tournament.................the bad weather. (so that/ because of/ instead of) l. I cannot eat this food.................Inever eat meat. (since/ although/ but) m. Rama was not only your daughter.................my close friend. (but also/ as well as/ along with) n. This is the boy.................(where/ whom/ when/ which) I like. o. Sumit studied hard.................he could get success. (as/because/ so that) p. This is the village................. I was born. (where/which/when) q. .................his higher qualifications, he was a failure as a teacher. (Because/ In spite of/ Even though)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 39 r. She went to school.................her illness. (although/ because of/ in spite of) s. The school was closed.................strike. (because/ therefore/ because of/ in spite of) 2. Put the correct word from brackets. a. They did not climb up the mountain.................snow fall. (because of/ in spite of/ so that) b. I didn't go to his wedding.................he did not invite me. (since/ although/ so that) c. We learn English.................Spanish. (as long as/ as well as/ before) d. .................he was late, he missed the first bus. (Before/ As/ Until) e. Aesop was punished.................his innocence. (however/ therefore/ m spite of) f. .................Sarita is intelligent, she never gets any position in her class. (Even though/ Because/ However) g. He always wants to chew nuts................. he has no teeth at all. (because/ although/ so) h. Aeroplanes are comfortable and quick, .................they are noisy and expensive. (so/ therefore/ however) i. I disguised myself .................people would think I was very poor. (because/ so that/ although) j. Ravi often goes to the river.................swim. (so that/ in order to/ because) k. Hari never studied hard, .................he secured good marks in the examination. (however/ therefore/ because) l. She'll come.................you ring the bell. (so/if/until) m. I won't marry you.................you don't love me. (therefore/however/ because) n. I went to the tea-shop.................have a cup of tea. (so that/in order to) o. My mother went to the market.................buy some fruits. (so that/ in order to/ because)
40 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 3. Choose and fill in the blanks. a. He is the man.................sells meat which is always fresh. (who/ whom/ whose) b. The man.................came here was honest. (who/ whom/ whose) c. The girl.................you see at the door is my sister. (who/ whom/ whose) d. She is the girl.................deceived me. (who/ whom/ whose) e. The girl.................helped us was beautiful. (who/ whom/ whose) f. Kalu.................goats were eaten by the tiger learnt a good lesson. (who/ whom/ whose) g. The boy.................pen you broke is angry with you. (who/ whom/ whose) h. I met a man.................spoke in the bus to my uncle. (who/ whom/ whose) i. The man.................you spoke to in the bus is my uncle. (who/ whom/ whose) j. The doctor.................we visited last year was Ram's father. (who/ whom/ whose) k. The pencil ................. is on the table is mine. (who/ which/ where) l. The fish.................I ate yesterday was very delicious. (that/ when/ where) m. Mr. Bhandari was lecturing on a topic.................was very boring indeed. (whom/ when/ which) n. I was working in my field.................the crime took place. (which/ where/ what) o. I know the house.................my father was born. (which/ who/ where) 4. Put suitable conjunctions from brackets. a. She studies day and night .................she can pass the exam in the first division. (although, so that, because) b. .................his poverty, he helps the poor. (However, In spite o( Although) c. Seema could not attend her school.................her illness. (because, because of, therefore)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 41 d. .................his negligence, he passed the exam. (In spite of, Because of, Because) e. He has not returned the call.................I have telephoned him twice. (so that, although, because) f. This is the house.................! was born. (which, who, where) g. She was with us; .................1 did not talk to her. (therefore, although, however) h. He brought a camera with hirn.................taking photographs of the events. (to, for, because) i. He is the boy.................father was hanged. (who, whom, whose) j. You will be punished for.................you have done. (what, when, while) k. This is the boy.................! like. (where, whom, which) l. Gautarn Buddha was born in Lurnbini.................is a holy place. (which, where, who) m. Students go to school.................read and write. (so that, to, for) n. This is the book.................I wanted. (when, whom, that) o. I don't like the stories ................. have unhappy endings. (who, which, where) 5. Choose the correct connective from the brackets. a. .................everyone played well, we lost the game. (Yet, Though, Because) b. Wash your hands.................you take your meal. (before, when, where) c. This is the house.................belongs to me. (what, which, when, whose) d. We didn't go out.................it was raining. (because, although, for) e. The man.................is standing there can do every kind of work. (whose, whom, who) f. We go to the bank.................we can cash the cheque. (to, for, so that) g. This is the place.................he visited last year. (which, where, when, who) h. That is the man.................came to my home yesterday. (who, whose, whom, when)
42 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 i. She is.................pretty that everyone tries to influence her. (so, because, so that) j. The man.................is doing bad work is mad. (who, whose, whom) k. I waited.................they were all fast asleep. (until, so that, because) l. We listen to radios.................know the news. (in order to, so that, because) m. They didn't postpone the match.................the rain. (despite, however, because of) n. We stopped doing homework.................the light went out. (to, although, because) o. This summer we're going to a place.................there aren't any tourists. (where, which, who) 6. Choose the correct connective from the brackets: a. People.................believe in God, worship and pray daily. (where, who, whom) b. Radhika is the girl.................brother had died of cancer. (whom, who, whose) c. Rajendra, .................everyone likes, works in a school. (which, whose, whom, where) d. Ram bought a book.................was written by Devkota. (which, whose, who) e. She couldn't solve it.................her weakness. (because of, as, in spite of, although) f. Ram was stealing.................we were eating. (while, however, in order that) g. Ranjana is the girl.................sings so well. (whose, who, which) h. Saturday was the day.................it rained heavily. (which, where, when) i. Seema could not attend her school.................her illness. (because, because of, therefore) j. Shakespeare, .................works were highly admired, died in 1616. (who, whose, whom) k. I met Jentin at the guest house.................she was sleeping. (where, whom, who)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 43 l. She climbs the stairs fast.................her leg is broken. (though, however, since) m. I felt he was wrong.................! didn't say so at the time. (although, but, because) 14. She went to school.................her illness. (though, because of, in spite of) n. This is the boy.................! like. (where, whom, which) o. I have bought the book.................contains religious story. (which, that, who) p. She didn't eat anything, .................she was very hungry. (because of, in spite of, although) For your practise Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of adjectives. a. Who is the .................boy in school? (fat) b. My brother is.................than I am. (tall) c. February is.................than January. (short) d. Why are your hands.................than her hands? (dirty) e. Bees are .................than birds. (hardworking) f. He is as.................as his father. (fat) g. Prajwal's hair is.................than Balkrishna's. (dark) h. I think golf is.................than tennis. (interesting) i. This question is.................than the last one. (easy) j. Those are probably the.................curtains in the store. (fancy) k. It is the.................movie I've ever seen. (funny) l. This is the.................work I've ever done. (interesting) m. Prajwal is.................than Balkrishna. (fast) n. Mr. Ghimire is the.................person I know. (happy) o. Prateeva's room is.................than hers. (small) p. This is the.................dog I've ever seen. (small)
44 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Question Tag Lesson 5 Preview Match the statements and tag questions. She needs some help, was it? They are away for a few weeks, don't you? It's warm, doesn't she? It wasn't your turn, will you? There is a problem, is she? You're not serious, aren't they? You come here often, isn't there? She isn't an Italian, isn't it? Don't forget, are you? Question tag A question tag is a very short question that is added at the end of an assertive or imperative statement for confirmation. Question tags are normally used in informal (spoken) language rather than formal (written) language. Read the examples below: Sunayana has done the table work hasn't she? Raman never tells a lie, does he? As shown in the examples, we have to consider the following things while adding a question tag to a statement: • Put comma (,) at the end of the statement. • Tag always begins with an auxiliary verb • Tag always begins with small letter. Read and learn. ⇒ If the statement is positive, question tag should be negative: Example:
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 45 • Ram helps them, doesn't he? • Sita is a teacher, isn't she? ⇒ If the statement is negative, question tag should be possitive. Example: • Hari does not help them, does he? • Sita is not a teacher, is she? Statement Question tag Sub+vS+obj doesn't ..............? Sub+vl+obj don't ..............? Sub+v2+obj didn't ..............? Sub+hasto+vl doesn't ..............? Sub+hadto+vl didn't ..............? Sub+haveto+vl don't ..............? Examples: • He goes out, doesn't he? • They play football, don't they? • Rita made a chair, didn't she? • They don't play, do they? • Hari had to play, didn't he? • Rita has to go, doesn't she? • Children have to be there, don't they? Statement Question tag Sub+ have (main verb)+ obj don't .....? Sub+ has (main verb)+ obj doesn't.....? Sub+ had (main verb)+ obj didn't......? lam aren't.......? I am not am........? Example: Ram has his food, doesn't he? I am a teacher, aren't I? I am not a student, am I? He had his lunch, didn't he?
46 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Statement Question tag Statement Question tag will+ vl won't ........? would +vl wouldn't ........? would rather wouldn't ........? would have + v3 wouldn't ........? had+ better hadn't ........? Examples: I will go now, won't I? You'd go now, wouldn't you? I'd rather sleep, wouldn't I? I'd have helped, wouldn't I? You'd travelled, hadn't you? I'd better not go, had I? She's corning, isn't she? He's a teacher, isn't he? He's gone, hasn't he? They'll try, won't they? Statement Question tag V +obj Will you? Don't + V + obj Will you? Never+ V + obj Will you? Let me/us/her/him + v Will you? Please, ............. Will you? Let's ............. Shall we? Example: Open the door, will you? Don't open the door, will you? Never be a bad boy, will you? Have a cup of tea, will you?
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 47 Please help me, will you? Ram, come here, will you? Let me go, will you? Don't cross the road, will you ? Let's play volleyball, shall we? Let's go home, shall we? ⇒ If 'there' or 'one' appears in the statement, these are mentioned in the question tag too. Example: • One cannot be happy, can one? • There used to be a temple, didn't there? ⇒ There is a word like none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, never, seldom, not, no, hardly, barely, scarcely, rarely, etc. in the statement, question tag should be positive because these words make the sentence negative. Example: • Ram never goes out, does he? • A barking dog seldom bites, does it? • They hardly play football, do they? • Neither of them is happy, are they? • Nothing has been stolen, has it? ⇒ If the subjects of the statement are neither, none, nobody, no one, either, somebody, everybody, someone, no, both, many, several, all +plural noun, these plural nouns (books, children, dogs, pens etc.) we use 'they' in question tag. Example: • Nobody is coming, are they? • Somebody has come, haven't they? • All are happy, aren't they? • Books have not been stolen, have they? • Cattle are grazing, aren't they?
48 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 ⇒ If the subjects are 'something, nothing, everything, this, that, uncountable noun, singular countable noun (things)' etc. we use 'it' in the question tag. • Everything is beautiful, isn't it? • This is a beautiful flower isn't it? • Nothing is impossible, isn't it? • A cat is running, isn't it? • Water boils, doesn't it? Exercise A. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct answer. 1. You don't smoke ................. ? (a) do you (b) don't you (c) will you 2. It looks like snow ................. ? (a) does it (b) didn't it (c) doesn't it 3. The bus will stop here, ................. ? (a) shan't it (b) did you (c) won't it? 4. You got my letter, ................. ? (a) don't you (b) did you (c) didn't you? 5. I mustn't be late, ................. ? (a) needn't I (b) must I (c) don't I 6. You needn't stay long, ................. ? (a) need you (b) do you (c) don't I 7. I'm not so fat as you, ................. ? (a) am I (b) aren't I (c) don't I 8. I am very late, ................. ? (a) aren't I (b) didn't I (c) don't I 9. You had a dream, ................. ? (a) hadn't you (b) didn't you (c) had you
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 49 10. You don't have to go, ................. ? (a) do you (b) haven't you (c) had you 11. Come and see me tomorrow, ................. ? (a) will you (b) won't you (c) don't you 12. He didn't come to school ................. ? (a) didn't he (b) did he (c) does he 13. My teacher won't come here, ................. ? (a) will he (b) won't he (c) shall we 14. You have taken your meat ................. ? (a) don't you (b) haven't you (c) have you 15. You're married, ................. ? (a) are you (b) didn't you (c) aren't you 16. She's gone, ................. ? (a) is she (b) hasn't she (c) isn't she 17. You'd better go now, ................. ? (a) hadn't you (b) wouldn't you (c) didn't you 18. Ram, help me, ................. ? (a) doesn't he (b) does he (c) will you 19. Have another cigarette, ................. ? (a) don't you (b) will you (c) haven't he 20. I'll go ................. ? (a) won't I (b) shall I (c) shan't I 21. He never used to wear a coat, ................. ? (a) didn't he (b) can you (c) did he 22. He left yesterday, ................. ? (a) can't you (b) can you (c) didn't he 23. There's a cat, ................. ? (a) is there (b) hasn't there (c) isn't there
50 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 24. John drinks too much, ................. ? (a) will you (b) shall we (c) doesn't he 25. Let's go, ................. ? (a) will you (b) shall we (c) shan't we 26. Somebody has come, ................. ? (a) doesn't he (b) haven't they (c) hasn't they 27. No one is there, ................. ? (a) isn't he (b) are they (c) aren't they B. Rewrite the following sentences writing the correct question tag. a. Ram and Shyam play well, ...................................... ? b. Niru's father seldom helped me, ...................................... ? c. Do that work, ...................................... ? d. Rita bring me a pen, ...................................... ? e. Have a nice day, ...................................... ? f. No one solved the problem, ...................................... ? g. He's gone out, ...................................... ? h. Don't make a noise, ...................................... ? i. Help me, ...................................... ? j. Somebody was there, ...................................... ? k. Children had to read, . ...................................... ? l. I'd have visited, ...................................... ? m. I'll play, ...................................... ? n. He's reading a book, ...................................... ? o. She hardly drinks, ...................................... ? p. Our village is beautiful, ...................................... ? q. Children know me, ...................................... ? r. Something is good, ...................................... ? s. He didn't help me, ...................................... ? t. The baby is not happy, ...................................... ?