Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 151 • as regards (has connection with): I have little information as regards her new business. • as soon as (not later than): As soon as he entered for bathing, water in tank finished. • one at a time (one by one): The principal met the students one at a time. • at all (in any way):You must finish this work at all. • at any cost (in any circumstances): He should invite her at any cost. • at any time (any moment): Manjari can come here at any time. • at bottom (indeed;from inner heart):Raman is an honest man, at bottom. • at enmity with (enemies to):Sujata is at enmity with her room mate. • at fault (puzzled): I am always at fault when he asks me a question. • at hand (near): Alisha's birthday is quite at hand. • at leisure (free): Rohit likes watching cartoons at leisure. • at length (in the end): Amit lost the game at length. • at one time: Prachanda was the Prime Minister at one time. • at one's back and call (always ready to obey): His friend is always at his back and call. Exercise A. Use the following words and phrases in sensible sentences of your own. 1. assembly 2. braille 3. frost-bite 4. fond 5. favourite 6. hungry 7. climb up 8. take off 9. put on 10. sanctuary 11. several 12. antlers 13. traveller 14. in spite of 15. because of 16. as long as 17. for a while 18. put off 19. look for 20. climb up 21. in front of 22. take care of 23. as soon as 24. grow up 25. give up 26. hardworking 27. pile up
152 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 28. look forward to 29. a lot of 30. one by one 31. tired of 32. in the middle of 33. no doubt 34. apart from 35. accused of 36. ups and downs 37. picked up 38. depend on 39. in addition to 40. in a hurry 41. keep an eye 42. once a year 43. rather than 44. as far as 45. due to 46. grow up 47. think of 48. after all 49. bed of roses 50. set out 51. keep up with 52. day after day 53. casually 54. keep on 55. In a hurry 56. as soon as 57. for instance 58. full of 59. until 60. starvation B. Put the best word in the space to complete these sentences. 1. Can you tell me how much I should pay for a .............ticket to Delhi? (a) return (b) double (c) round 2. You need to make.............with the doctor for your check-up. (a) a call (b) a meeting (c) an appointment 3. I love.............my bicycle when I go to school. (a) driving (b) riding (c) taking 4. We need to be careful not to .............our belongings. (a) lose (b) loss (c) loose 5. Please come inside or you will get.............soon. It's raining heavily. (a) dry (b) warm (c) wet 6. Do you like to.............the cricket match on T.V.? (a) look (b) see (c) watch 7. You are requested to keep.............in the library. (a) quite (b) quiet (c) quietness 8. Our teachers.............us to solve the sorts of problems at school. (a) show (b) encourage (c) make 9. You need to be a very good..........if you want to prepare delicious food. (a) cooker (b) cook (c) cookery 10. How much do these plants.............? (a) cost (b) charge (c) price
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 153 Word Formation Lesson 17 Word formation It is the process by which new words are formed. There are many ways of forming words. Some of them are listed below. A. Use of prefix: A prefix is a syllable added at the beginning of a word. Prefix + base word = New word Un + happy = unhappy Dis + honest = dishonest Un + countable = uncountable Un + controlled = uncontrolled Dis + agree = disagree Dis + advantage = disadvantage Dis + qualified = disqualified Un + known = unknown Un + able = unable B. Use of suffix: A suffix is a syllable added at the end of a word. Base word + suffix = New word Help + full = helpful Count + less = countless Hard + ship = hardship Fight + er = fighter Light + er = lighter Tall + er = taller Great + er = greater Great + ness = greatness
154 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 C. Formation of nouns from adjectives Adjective Noun Adjective Noun able ability absent absence accurate accuracy brave bravery bold boldness patient patience young youth busy business clam calmness cheap cheapness clean cleanliness cruel cruelty causal casualty deep depth different difference dry dryness eager eagerness equal equality false falsehood fertile fertility free freedom great greatness important importance high height intelligent intelligence kind kindness long length loyal loyalty merry merriment noble nobility obedient obedience poor poverty proud pride present presence real reality rich richness red redness safe safety silent silence strong strength true truth warm warmth violent violence weak weakness very variety sharp sharpness D. Antonyms Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Above Below Go Come Add Subtract Grief Joy Appear Disappear Hard Soft Artificial Natural Heaven Hell Attract Repel High Low Barren Fertile Ignorant Educated Best Worst Increase Decrease
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 155 Blame Praise Bottom Top Internal External Build Destroy Certain Uncertain Knowledge Ignorance Correct Incorrect Marry Divorce Maximum Minimum Cruel Kind Near Distant/Far Odd Even Difficult Easy Partial Impartial Domestic Foreign Permanent Temporary Early Late Emerge Vanish Plentiful Scarce Entrance Exit Precious Cheap External Internal Real Unreal Fair Unfair Remember Forget Far Near Safe Dangerous Flexible Rigid Stand Sit Informal Formal Friend Enemy/Foe Wide Narrow Funny Serious Warm Cool Generous Greedy Wise Foolish Accept Reject Gain Loss/Lose Glad Sad Alive Dead Arrest Release Growth Decay Assemble Disperse Hate Love Awake Asleep Heavy Light Beautiful Ugly Honest Dishonest Birth Death Imaginary Real Bold Timid Inferior Superior Brave Coward Inside Outside Capable Incapable Joy Sorrow Kill Save Comic Tragic Confess Deny Majority Minority Continue Discontinue Notorious Famous Deep Shallow Offend Please Delete Insert Particular General Direct Indirect Polite Rude Effect Cause Pretty Ugly
156 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Equal Unequal Recent Old Export Import Rough Smooth Failure Success Shut Open Familiar Strange Fast Slow Stay Go Final Initial Teacher Student Fool Wise Tiny Large Former Latter Weak Strong Full Empty Active Inactive Glory Shame All None Grant Refuse Arrival Departure Healthy Unhealthy/Ill Attack Defend Believe Doubt Hide Show Bitter Sweet Human Inhuman Borrow Lend Import Export Bright Dull Inhale Exhale Care Neglect Intelligent Dull Clever Stupid Junior Senior Contract Expand Common Rare Mighty Weak Cover Uncover Merry Sad Crude Refined Obey Disobey Definite Indefinite Peace War Do Undo Physical Mental Dress Undress Pleasure Pain Encourage Discourage Primitive Modern Regular Irregular Fasten Loosen Slavery Freedom Spoken Unspoken Forgive Blame War Peace Win Lose Fall Rise Young Old
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 157 E. Synonyms Synonyms are words that have the similar meaning. Able Competent Angry Furious Answer Reply Bare Naked Blank Empty Chat Talk Close Near Add Support About Nearly Big Huge Below Under Cheat Trick Disturb Annoy Destroy Ruin Ago Before Eat Devour Beautiful Pretty Area Region Describe Explain Dawn Morning End Finish Drag Pull Fortune Fate Error Mistake Imitate Copy Hot Warm Many Several Large Big Pair Couple Old Ancient House Home Illness Sickness Listen Hear Intelligent Bright Happen Occur Sacred Holy Type Kind Tiny Small Start Begin Roam Wander Rely Depend Wash Clean Teach Train Accuse Blame Arrive Come Correct Right Energy Power Calamity Disaster Cost Price Disease Illness Annual Yearly Blame Accuse Divide Split Enjoy Delight Hate Dislike Lad Boy Neat Clean Famous Renowned Pain Ache Student Pupil Wealthy Rich Wet Soaked Thin Lean Wicked Evil
158 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Exercise 1. Change the given nouns into adjectives to fill in the blanks. a. This........................land of Buddha stands in the globe. (glory) b. The USA is a........................state. (wealth) c. There are........................people all around this street. (wisdom) d. I love to maintain a ........................glory. (height) e. You are quite........................innature. (child) f. He'd better turn........................for safety. (slowness) g. Are you........................for a game? (presence) h. When I was........................I was humorous. (youth) 2. Use suitable form of the words given in the brackets. a. His........................made him rich. (popular) b. We........................as the dog walks. (watch) c. The talking style of Ram is highly........................(impress) d. Stale food is not........................(eat) e. The........................of her sister was not an accident. (die) f. I'm........................whether you enjoyed the party or not. (doubt) g. Do you do your work........................? (honest) h. His........................was satisfactory. (judge) i. Check your........................behavior. (morality) j. She showed her........................on her face. (angry) k. Hari was........................in driving. (succeeded) l. They saw .......................light in the empty house. (colour)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 159 Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns abound abundance bereave bereavement accede access breed brood accomplish accomplishment build build/builder accustom custom believe belief/believe .----,. act action/actor burn brand/burner/burial admit admission/ admittance beautiful beauty/beautician adore adoration/adorer break breach/breakage/ breaker advice advice/advisor bear birth/bearer agree agreement bless blessing/blessedness allow allowance criticize criticism/critic amuse amusement choose choice apologies apology collect collection/collector apply application/ applicant compel compulsion approve approval conceal concealment assassinate assassination/ assassin comply compliance assign assignment corrupt corruption assemble assembly/ assemblage correct correction assert assertion calculate calculation/calculator attach attachment consider consideration associate association consume consumption/ consumer authorize authorization contend contest/contestant assist assistance/assistant carry carriage/carrier assure assurance converse conversation/ conversationist attend attendant/attention create creation/creator F. Formation of Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs Formation of nouns from verbs
160 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 attract attraction clean cleanliness/cleaner bleed blood cheap cheapness betray betrayal/betrayer confirm confirmation blacked blackness console consolation/consoler broaden breadth defer deference brighten brightness differ difference banish banishment deface defacement behave behavior G. Formation of Verbs From Nouns Nouns Verbs Nouns Verbs air aerate falsehood falsify advice advise glory glorify apology apologise grass graze black blacken gladness gladden bath bathe horror horrify beauty beautify height heighten belief believe head head blood bleed haste hasten body embody justice justify/judge breadth breathe knee kneel breadth broaden memory memories critic cirticise necessity necessitate character characterise nest nestle calf calve nation nationalize creation create office officiate cage encage origin originate camp encamp peril imperil circle encircle prison imprison courage encourage power empower cloth clothe peace pacify class classify people populate custom accustom slave enslave centre centralize snare ensnare company accompany spark spark
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 161 dew bedew sympathy sympathize drop drop/drip system systematize danger endanger success succeed electricity electrify sale sell example exemplify table tabulate flower flower terror terrorize food feed throne enthrone/ dethrone fool fool title title/entitle force enforce/force tomb entomb friend befriend utility utilize fright frighten vapour evaporate/vaporize frost freeze famine famish fruit fructify fame defame vigour invigorate fine fine/refine wreath wreathe fresh freshen/refresh web weave/web H. Formation of Verbs from Adjectives Adjectives Verbs Adjectives Verbs able enable mad madden abundant abound noble ennoble base debase pure purify black blacken popular popularize bitter embitter public publicise broad broaden quick quicken cheap cheapen real realize civil civilize rich enrich certain ascertain sure ensure clear clarify half halve clean cleanse heir inherit calm becalm health heal dear endear habit habituate dense condense hale hale deep deepen humble humiliate dark darken hard harden
162 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 different differ joy enjoy equal equalize just justify full fill long lengthen familiar familiarize white whiten fat fatten short shorten large enlarge strange estrange little belittle specific specify low lower sweet sweeten moist moisten thick thicken vile vilify I. Formation of Nouns from Adjectives Adjectives Nouns Adjectives Nouns active activity/activist cruel cruelty absent absence/absentee difficult difficulty able ability deep depth abundant abundance dense density accurate accuracy dull dullness artful/artistic art/artist efficient efficiency airy mr excellent excellence brief brevity easy ease brilliant brilliance eminent emtnence broad breadth equal equality brave bravery free freedom certain certainty fertile fertility calm calmness fresh freshness curious curiosity fat fatness coward cowardice frank frankness false falsehood regular regularity golden gold rigid rigidity grand grandeur short shortage/shortness gay gaiety stupid stupidity/stupid gallant gallantry silken silk hairy hair silent silence
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 163 hot heat strong strength/strong heroic hero/heroism safe safety/safe holy holiness scarce scarcity happy happiness severe severity innocent innocence sensible sense inferior inferiority silken silk/silken just justice/judge splendid splendor joyful/ joyous joy starry star liberal liberality/ liberation studious study/student local locality/location sympathetic sympathy/ sympathizer loyal loyalty systematic system long length scientific science/scientist lame lameness/lame timid timidity/timid little littleness true/truthful truth/truthfulness large largeness terminal terminal/ termination milky milk merry merriment tragic tragedy obedient obedience vain vanity/vain obstinate obstinacy violent violence popular popularity vicious vice private privacy vacant vacancy present presence valiant valour prudent prudence vigorous vigour vocal voice virtuous virtue verbal verb/verbosity patriotic patriotism/ patriot proper proprietry polite politeness poor poverty/poor weekly week rosy rose
164 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 wilful will/willingness royal royalty wooden wood rival rivalry/rival warlike war/warrior real reality/realism yearly year zealous zeal/zealot J. Single Word for a Group of Words A. One word may express the idea of a phrase or a group of words. Read the following groups of words: 1. One who cannot hear................. Deaf 2. One who cannot speak................. Dumb 3. One who cannot see................. Blind 4. One who cannot read or write................. Illiterate 5. One who cannot pay his debts................. Bankrupt, Insolvent 6. One who is liked by people................. Popular 7. One who knows everything................. Omniscient 8. One who is all powerful................. Omnipotent 9. One who looks at the bright side of things......... Optimist 10. One who looks at the dark side of things............ Pessimist 11. One who does not believe in God................. Atheist 12. One whose husband is dead................. Widow 13. One who speaks for others................. Spokesman 14. One who can hit the mark................. Marksman 15. A place where dead bodies are buried................. Cemetery 16. A place for washing hands and face................. Lavatory 17. A place fitted for scientific experiments............. Laboratory 18. A place fitted up for reading and study.............. Library 19. A place where birds, animals, etc. are kept........... Zoo 20. A place where clothes are cleaned.......... Laundry 21. A place where tickets are sold........ Booking office 22. That which cannot be read........... Illegible 23. That which cannot be heard............. Inaudible 24. That which cannot be cured.............. Incurable
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 165 25. That which cannot be corrected.............. Incorrigible 26. That which cannot be repaired.............. Irreparable 27. That which cannot be divided.............. Indivisible 28. That which cannot be seen.............. Invisible 29. That which is countrary to law............. Illegal 30. That which cannot be solved................. Insoluble 31. That which is found everywhere................. Universal 32. That which conduces to health................. Wholesome 33. Work for which no salary is paid................. Honorary 34. A remedy for all diseases................. Panacea 35. A word opposite in meaning to another.......... Antonym 36. A word having the same meaning as another...... Synonym 37. The life of a person written by himself/herself........ Autobiography 38. A disease/accident that ends in death.......... Fatal 39. A match in which neither party wins.......... Drawn 40. A paper written by hand............ Manuscript 41. Medicine to counteract the effect of poison........ Amidote 42. Word for word............ Verbatim 43. Always inclined to find fault........... Critical 44. Fit to be eaten.............. Edible 45. No longer in use.............. Obsolete 46. Without preparation........... Extempore 47. Murder of self........... Suicide 48. All of the same mind............ Unanimous 49. Of one’s own free will............. Voluntary 50. Able to be easily broken........... Brittle 51. People at a solemn meeting............ Assembly 52. People at a lecture or concert............ Audience 53. People in a bazaar or street.............. Crowd 54. People in a match or show............. Spectators 55. A disorderly crowd of people........ Mob 56. Soldiers in a fortress.............. Garrison
166 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 57. The person who flies aeroplanes........... Pilot 58. The person who drives our motor cars..... Driver 59. The person who sells us sweets.......... Confectioner 60. The persons who mend our shoes....... Cobblers 61. The persons who sell us flowers.......... Florists 62. The persons who make laws for us........... Legislators 63. The persons who sell us our pens and pencils..... Stationers 64. The persons who bring us our newspapers......... Newsboys 65. The persons who attend the sick in hospital....... Nurses 66. A person who breaks into a house........... Barglar 67. A person who eats human flesh............ Cannibal 68. An animal that lives on meat................. Carnivorous 69. A man who lacks courage................. Coward 70. A person who leaves his country................. Emigrant 71. A person lacking knowledge................. Ignorant 72. A person with low behaviours, conduct............. Ignoble 73. A person skilled in various languages............... Linguist 74. An organism that lives on another.............. Parasite 75. A person who welcomes guest in his house........ Host 76. A person who eats no meat............. Vegetarian 77. Objects possessing life.............. Animate 78. A list of names of books............. Catalogue 79. A letter not claimed by anybody.......... Dead letter Some commonly used comparisons Learn the following idiomatic comparisons: 1. As black as a crow 19. As green as grass 2. As bitter as galls 20. As good as gold 3. As brittle as glass 21. As grave as a stone 4. As bright as silver 22. As greedy as a wolf 5. As bold as a lion 23. As hard as a stone
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 167 6. As busy as a bee 24. As happy as a lark 7. As brisk as a butterfly 25. As hot as fire 8. As cold as ice 26. As heavy as lead 9. As clear as a day 27. As innocent as a dove 10. As cunning as a fox 28. As light as feather 11. As cool as a cucumber 29. As obstinate as a mule 12. As dumb as a statue 30. As proud as a peacock 13. As dry as dust 31. As pale as death 14. As fair as a rose 32. As red as blood 15. As firm as a rock 33. As round as a ball 16. As fast as a hare 34. As regular as a clock 17. As fierce as a tiger 35. As sweet as honey 18. As gentle as a lamb 36. As sure as death Exercise 1. Form nouns from the following words: (a) admit allot approve assure amuse behave bear believe bury bleed carry choose digest differ depart deliver decide direct eat enjoy fail feed free give go govern heal inspect invite know live obey oppose occupy omit prove propose receive relieve sing sell try (b) able active broad busy coward cruel difficult false free fast grand holy happy hot just lazy loyal merry polite proud patriot real safe secret scarce true vain wise
168 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 2. Form Adjectives from the following words: body blood colony circle cheer crime day drink earth ease fire flow fear fool glory grace gas hand heaven hill ice joy live might 3. Form verbs from the following words: (i) belief breadth black class cage danger fool slave sympathy office sale title (ii) broad deep dear equal fat full glad just new rich wide sure large 4. Fill in the blanks with proper form of words given in the brackets: a. There is a........................between these two. (differ) b. Overwork is........................to health. (injury) c. His efforts ended in a........................(fail) d. Everyone likes him for his........................(brave) e. He is sure of his........................(succeed) f. Everyone admires him for his........................(honest) g. We must be........................towards the poor. (sympathy) h. That man showed great........................(patient) i. He never realizes his........................(responsible) j. I do not require any........................(prove) k. ........................of fairies is confined to fairy tales (exist) l. She feels........................all the time. (nerve) m. ........................before self should be our motto. (serve) n. There is keen........................in every trade. (compete) o. Your........................in school is poor. (attend) p. He is a........................boy. (fashion) q. ........................in speech wins friends. (polite)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 169 r. It is difficult to walk on........................road. (slip) s. His brother's death was........................(accident) t. He is in........................of your wedding. (receive) 5. Complete the following words by adding 'ity', 'ry', 'ory', 'ery' or 'ary': a. Ang................. b. Hung................. c. Diction................. d. Wint................. e. Advis................. f. Fact................. g. Milit................. h. Brib................. i. Viet................. j. Robb................. k. Ordin................. l. Begg................. m. Prima................. n. Slave................. o. Lott................. p. Dens................. q. Rival................. r. Fertil................. s. Monet................. t. Ordin................. u. Jewell 6. Give one word for each of the following expressions. Choose the words from the box given at the end. a. A voice which cannot be heard b. A thing which is liable to be easily broken c. That which is contrary to law d. One who cannot make a mistake e. One who does not believe in the existence of god f. A person who easily believes whatever is told him g. A medicine to counteract the effect of poison h. A letter not bearing the name of the writer i. A medicine that kills germs j. A man of unusual habits k. A general pardon of political prisoners l. This cloth is able to keep water out m. These words are no longer in use n. One who walks on foot
170 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 o. One who is really made angry p. One who is fair in giving judgements q. One who is careful about spending one's money r. Science of life and living things s. Life story of a person written by himself/herself t. List of days, weeks and months of a particular year WORD BOX infallible illegal inaudible autobiography gullible/credulous brittle antidote anonymous amnesty atheist germicide eccentric obsolete irritable pedestrian biology calendar frugal impartial waterproof Offspring of Animals Animals Offspring Animals Offspring ass foal goose gosling bear cub hen chicken cat kitten horse colt, filly hen chicken hare levere cow calf lion cub, whelp deer fawn stag fawn dog puppy,pup sheep lamb duck duckling swan cygnet frog tadpole tiger cub goat kid wolf cub Cries of Animals and Birds Different words are used to describe the cries of birds and animals. Animals Cries Animals Cries asses bray kittens mew bears growl lambs bleat bees hum larks sing, warble birds sing, chirp, twitter lions roar
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 171 calves bleat mice squeak camels grunt monkeys chatter, gibber cats mew, purr nightingales sing, warble cattle low owls hoot, scream cocks crow parrots talk, chatter cows low peacocks scream crows caw pigeons coo eagles scream pigs grunt, squeak foxes yelp, bark puppies yelp flies buzz, hum snakes hiss geese cackle squirrels squeak goats bleat swallows twitter hawks scream swans cry hens cackle, chick tigers grow roar horses neigh vultures scream Sounds Made By Various Objects aeroplanes zoom, boom guns boom, roar bells jingle, ring hands clap bugles blow hoofs clatter bullets whizz leaves rustle clocks tick rivers murmur clouds thunder teeth chatter coins jinkle, chink tress sigh drums beat water ripples fire crackles wind whistles Homes and Dwellings convict prison nun convent dog kennel owl tree fox burrow peasant cottage
172 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 horse stable person house lion den prisoner cell lunatic asylum pig sty mouse hole spider web monk monastery sheep pen, fold Where Things Are Made? things where made things where made articles workshop leather goods tannery beer brewery money mint bread bakery manufactures factory bricks kiln paper mill film studio ship dockyard iron goods smithy Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with words opposite in meaning to those in italics: a. He was loved by his seniors and.................alike. b. Man is mortal but soul is................. c. It is a question of demand and................. d. Nepal's imports exceed her................. e. Artificial flowers are not prettier than.................ones. f. His income does not exceed his................. g. God made the village and man made the................. h. .................is better than revenge. i. The innocent often suffer for the................. j. Wise enemy is better than a.................friend.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 173 2. Fill in the blanks with idiomatic expressions: a. As wise as................. f. As swift as................. b. As brave as................. g. As silent as................. c. As proud as................. h. As hard as................. d. As sure as................. i. As timid as................. e. As gentle as................. j. As obstinate as................. 3. Complete the following according to the example given below: Example: A horse................. A horse neighs. a. A lion................. b. A wolf................. c. A goat................. d. A sparrow................. e. A dog................. f. A parrot................. g. A crow................. h. A bull................. i. An eagle ................. j. A pig................ 4. Tick() mark the correct word in the brackets: a. Crows (sing, twitter, caw) b. Monkeys (roar, talk, chatter) c. Jackals (low, growl, howl) d. Kittens (squeak, hiss, mew) e. Ducks (coo, quack, low) f. Mice (squeak, cackle, croak) g. Goats (yelp, bleat, grunt) h. Frogs (cackle, croak, quack) i. Bears (low, growl, neigh) j. Doves (crow, coo, sing) Read and learn the following: All Noun : We lost our all in the earthquake. Pronoun : All spoke in her favour. Adjective : He ate all the sweets.
174 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Adverb : She lives all alone. Any Pronoun : You may do any of these questions. Adjective : Have you any book? Adverb : He does not want any more. As Pronoun : This is the same pen as that. Adverb : The hare ran as fast as it could. Conjunction : As I am ill, I can’t leave home. Fine Noun : He will have to pay the fine. Verb : The Principal fined him. Adjective : That is a fine sight. Half Noun : One half is done. Adjective : I gave her half the share. Adverb : Well begun is half done. Iron Noun : This trunk is made of iron. Verb : He irons the clothes daily. Adjective : It is an iron chair. Light Noun : The sun gives us light. Verb : I lighted a candle. Adjective : She takes light food. Adverb : Light come, light go. Noun : Likes and dislike differ. Verb : Children like sweets.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 175 Adjective : They are men of like nature. Long Noun : I shall do it before long. Verb : They long for the holidays. Adjective : He has gone on long leave. Adverb : He works all the day long. Much Noun : Too much of anything is bad. Adjective : You have much money. Adverb : I am much pleased with you. Near Adjective : He is a near relative of mine. Verb : The boat is nearing the land. Adverb : Come near, please. Exercise 1. Use the following words as different parts of speech: little well cast idle down half more turn better stone that after before while cut long still 2. Construct sentences to illustrate the use of the following: a. 'Wrong' as a noun, as an adjective and as a verb b. 'Top' as an adjective, as a verb and as a noun c. 'Slow' as an adjective, as a verb and as an adverb
176 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 1. Punctuation Part-II Writing Skill Punctuation is the use of special marks that are used in writing to separate phrases and sentences. Chief Marks of Punctuation (i) Full stop (.) (ii) Comma (,) (iii) Semi-colon(;) (iv) Colon (:) (v) Mark of interrogation (?) (vi) Note of exclamation (!) (vii) Inverted commas (" ") (viii) Dash (–) (ix) Hyphen(-) (x) Apostrophe (') Some important punctuation marks are given below. Full stop (.) (a) It is used at the end of statement, indirect question and indirect exclamation. We live in Nepal. He asked me what I was reading. She exclaimed with joy that she had passed. (b) It is also used at the end of an imperative sentence. Lend me your book. Please pass on the paper to him. (c) It is also used to separate hour from minutes and to separate date from month/year: It is 9.45 now. The bus leaves Janakpur at 7.15 in the morning. The expiry date is 2.5.2016. (d) Abbreviations of personal names/ degrees/ titles are written with full stops. (Sometimes they are written without full stops too) B.A. or BA M.A. or MA Dr. or Dr Mr. or Mr (e) Full stop is not used in the following: BBC VIP WHO STD TB TV NE NW SW SE Exam Math OK ISD PM
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 177 Comma(,) (a) It is used to separate three or more words of the same part of speech: The last word is often separated by 'and' / 'or': He, you and I are friends. She sells oil, soap, sugar, salt and rice. (b) It is used after vocatives: Friends, listen to me. Dad, you are really very great. (c) It separates 'yes', 'no' in an answer: Yes, the bag is mine. No, thanks. (d) It is used to separate a date from a year: Magh 1, 2072 7 February, 2015 (e) It is used after salutation and the complimentary close in letters: Dear Sir, Sir, My dear Geeta, Dear Madam, Yours sincerely Faithfully yours, (f) It is used between a noun/pronoun in apposition: Mr. Uday Raj Pradhan, our class teacher, is in the office. I live in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. (g) It is used after a sentence adverb placed at the beginning of the sentence: Luckily, nothing had happened. Unfortunately, I fell. (h) It separates the question tag: You aren't angry, are you? Follow me, will you? (i) It is used between the reporting clause and the direct speech: He said, "I am better now." "You're doing well," said the teacher. (j) It is used after 'well', when used as an interjection: Well, tell your trouble.
178 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Mark of interrogation (?) (a) This mark is used at the end of a direct question: Are you free this evening? Who had made this picture? (b) It is used after the question tag: You like a cold drink, don't you? This is a hospital, isn't it? Apostrophe (') (a) The apostrophe is used to form the possessive case: That is Bimala's house. The student's views are proper. (b) It is used to make plurals of letters and figures: MA's MP's t's (c) It indicates the omission of a letter or letters: do not = don't will not = won't cannot = can't honourable = hon'ble Inverted commas ( "' ") (a) Inverted commas are used to enclose direct speech: He said to me, "Where are you from?" (b) Single inverted commas are used to mark a quotation within. He said, "contentment is happiness' is true." Use of capital letters 1. Every sentence begins with a capital letter: There lived a boy in the village. He was very honest. He never told lies. Everybody loved him. 2. A capital letter is used at the beginning of every sentence within inverted commas. He said, "The earth is round." She said, "My watch is expensive."
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 179 3. It is used at the beginning of every line of poem: Life and thought have gone away Side by side. Leaving door and windows wide: Careless tenants them! 4. The personal pronoun 'I' is always written capital. Hari and I are brothers. One night I saw a wonderful dream. 5. The first letter of a proper noun and a proper adjective is capital: John is a European. Americans speak English. 6. The first letter of the words God, Lord, Almighty etc. are written in capital letter. Rely on God and remember him every night before you sleep. 7. The initial letter of the name of a book/journal/subject and chapter is written in capital: Have you read the Ramayan? He teaches us Geography. 8. Names of political parties/ institutions begin with capital letters: The Nepali Congress The Communist Party of Nepal Tri-chandra College UNO UNESCO 9. The first letter of roads, streets, colonies is a capital letter: New Road Durbar Square Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences with capital letters and commas where necessary: a. Nepal our motherland is a great country. b. "mom I'm proud of you" said raju. c. my friend nitish is a rich boy.
180 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 d. I was born on august 16, 1999. e. No certainly not. f. Well what would you like to have? g. sangeeta, rajanee, asha and bina are singing together. h. sit down children. i. meet dr anup raj the principal of our school. j. men women and children paraded through the street. k. you applied for the post didn't you? l. may I go out sir? m. they met talked and dispersed. n. the boy said, "I come of a poor family?" o. why not sir? 2. Use full stop, question mark, apostrophe, inverted commas and capital letters where necessary: a. my mother says, duty is life. b. somebody has picked amrits pocket c. pushkar said to nandu bring my file d. three 5s make fifteen e. well done roshan he said f. where is panchavati g. don't be frightened h. Ill get you some chocolates i. is it possible j. oh, god! we cried k. the young man said tit for tat is a common saying l. there are two ms, two ts and two es in committee. m. this boy is your brother, isn't he n. shant I see him o. sulochanas father will come tomorrow, wont he 3. Punctuate using capital letters where necessary: a. John questioned tony urgently what is gods name... were changing course. b. The passengers went ashore lit fires and were soon busy cooking and washing some began to eat drink and be merry.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 181 c. you must flap your arms and fly like a bird he told icarus but don't fly too near the sun. d. yes i love travelling. look at this map. tasmania has beautiful rain forests with rare animals and flowers e. id go to gokyo where I can see mount everest 22 kms north away from the gokyo peak. f. ill run for my father he cried it may be days before you find him. g. id like to ask you some questions about your career said a young girl. 4. Punctuate the following text. a. He was very angry you boasted about your maze daedalus. b. I'm a god I've made men fly shouted daedulus. c. oh look at all those spotted deer said Shambhu. d. When marco was seventeen he left venice with his father niccolo. e. Genghis khan means prince of all that lies between the oceans f. Well wed looked everywhere for him at last we went to the railway station. g. Ellen I have come for you callum said. h. We will make songs of his an old man said songs of elelns climb i. When they arrived at machhemo iswor couldn't breathe because he had altitude sickness. j. "how big is Australia" asked shanty. k. Youre great chankhey Shambhu whispered come on were going to the police with this. 5. Punctuate the following. a. if the monsoon starts itll snow said one "Then itll get cold" b. "look theres the dam across the Jhimruk Khola Its stopped the river and made a big reservoir. It looks like a lake" c. Canada is in volume I but cuba is in Volume II why. d. "my husband is dead and i have a only child/' kumar said e. no i couldn't remember it said miss shova. f. If its too cold well get frostbite said another g. how do they cut the wool asked Jyoti. h. If you go to damauli youll she vyas gupha i. (i) He said im a teacher (ii) theyre sick aren't they j. bina wont come will she mohan said.
182 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 k. I said to her did you go there alone. l. raju said oh i got the point m. They wont look for us here he said. n. are you a student of b a asked the teacher o. I dont know she said and I said youre good for nothing 6. Punctuate the following. a. The tourist said to her show me the way. b. We need you stewart our commander wants you to come. c. tell me whats my mistake d. and over there more than a kilometre away you can see the power houses there near the madi khola. e. no those are chittal only the males have antlers they use them for fighting each other Ishwor a plained. f. He never eats rice does he. g. he says Ive traveled by train in one occasion. h. She said I am tired i. he said what is the matter j. theyre sick aren't they k. Men called shearers use electric scissors a good shearer can shear 120 sheep in a day asked Jyoti. k. look the elephant lying down over there is our biggest animal it weights 4500 kilograms he told them. l. You must flap your arms and fly like a bird he told Icarus but don't fly too near the sun. 7. Punctuate the following sentences using Commas, Inverted Commas, the Dash, the Hyphen, the Note of Interrogation and Exclamation: a. Bravo well done b. What a fine day it is c. I can't leave you mother d. How beautiful the rose is e. How soon little son how soon f. How can I forget your kindness g. Would you mind occupying the next seat h. Here lie the great that are no more. i. Relatives companions friends all deserted him.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 183 j. The planter hired elephants for stump clearing. k. Dear son think of little sister there isn't any milk. l. Hell work now said Deesa to the planter Have I leave to go m. The postmaster a fat amiable fellow also broke out laughing n. A nationwide tree planting programme on a war footing is the need of the hour. o. All these things must be done and done now because tomorrow it may be too late. p. Yes sir Im sure The Pink City Express is certainly not involved in the accident. For your practise Choose the correct words and complete the sentences: a. The.............comes once a week to clean. (made, maid) b. In an.............from now, I will meet you. (hour, our) c. We.............his new car yesterday. (road, rode) d. You.............tired today. (seem, seam) e. Is your house.............far from here? (vary, very) f. Did you.............the report? (write, right) g. .............you please turn off the light? (wood, would) h. Is it.............house? (them, their) i. The pitcher.............the ball to the catcher. (threw, through) j. I hope that someday there will be world.............(piece, peace)
184 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 2. Guided Writing 2.1 Description Introduction The information that is supplied in the form of a diagram is called graph. The types of graphs can be listed as follows. a) Bar graph b) Line graph c) Pie charts d) Tables Students should know how to write the information available on graphs, charts and tables into a narrative form of language. Proper attention should be paid to the main information in the process of interpretation or writing. It is essential to compare, contrast and show the trends of changes in the figures and facts presented. Some tips for interpreting charts, diagrams and tables: The following points are helpful to interpret the chart. 1. Look at the graphs, charts or tables very carefully and try to understand what they are about. 2. The interpretation should be strictly objective. 3. Start from the data or information which is clearly seen. 4. Try to select the suitable heading from the data and what it is about. 5. Describe the hidden thing from the data like average, mean, percentage etc. 6. Think about grammatical accuracy. Try to understand whether the information is related to past, present or future. 7. Be careful about correct spelling and punctuation. 8. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting main features and make comparison where relevant. 9. Organise and link the information in a logical way. 10. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant example for your own knowledge or experience. Specimen Write a paragraph on the basis of the following table: Chocolate consumption –kilos per head in 2002. Country Kilos per head (female) Kilos per head (male) Total kilos per head Brazil 0.5 0.4 0.9
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 185 Japan 0.8 1.0 1.8 Australia 2.2 2.2 4.4 Belgium 4.0 2.8 6.8 UK 4.0 4.4 8.4 Austria 6.0 3.8 9.8 Switzerland 5.0 5.3 10.3 The above table provides information on how much chocolate people ate in a range in different countries around the world. It shows the number of kilos per head eaten in 2002 and provides a breakdown of these figure for men and women. Total chocolate consumption ranges from 0.9 to 10.3 kilos per head. The country with highest consumption of chocolate is Switzerland, where an average of 10.3 kilos is consumed per person. In Austria, we see a very similar consumption pattern. By contrast, Brazilians would eat the least amount of chocolate. 1. Look at the graph below about the popularity of civil and electronic engineering among Nepalese students. Write a paragraph interpreting the chart using the clues in the box. 350 300 250 200 150 Electronic engineering Civil engineering 100 50 1980 1985 1990 1995 Ans: Popularity of Engineering The graph indicates the popularity of electronic and civil engineering subjects among Nepalese students between the years 1980 and 1995. Overall, electronic engineering gained popularity over civil engineering in all the years, although, student enrolment rate in civil engineering also steadily increased.
186 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 A closer look at the graph reveals that enrolment in electronic engineering was about 130 in 1980, and the number doubled in 1995 with 300 number of students. On the other hand, the enrolment in civil engineering in 1980 was slightly below 100 and the number reached to 250 in the year 1995. In summary, although both electronic and civil engineering saw parallel rise in student enrolment, electronic engineering was constantly popular among Nepalese students over civil engineering. 2. The chart below shows how Mr. Yadav spends his money. Look at it and interpret the information given in the chart. Ans: Mr. Yadav's Expenses The chart highlights how Mr. Yadav spends his earning on different topics. According to the chart, Mr. Yadav spends most of his salary on his food followed by clothes and entertainment. A detailed look at the chart illustrates that Mr. Yadav spends 45% of his salary on his food which is nearly double his expenses on clothes and entertainment at 25 % and 20% respectively. However, he spends only 10% on rent. Overall, Mr. Yadav’s expenses on food seems to be nearly double his expenses on three different titles - clothes, entertainment and rent. 2.2 Paragraph A paragraph is generally defined as the combination of sentences dealing with one main idea which is something also called the topic sentence. Often the topic sentence occurs at the beginning of a paragraph while the rest of the sentences in a paragraph expand, illustrate or clarify the main idea. Look at the following paragraph: The moon's gravity pulls the earth's oceans towards it as it moves round the
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 187 earth. Then it lets them go again. These movements of the oceans are tides. The sun also affects the tides. At seaside you can see that sometimes the sea covers the beach completely. These are called high tides. At other times, the water goes back, leaving the shore uncovered. These are called low tides. Tips to write a paragraph * Read the outlines carefully if given. * Write the topic/ title of the paragraph on the top in the middle. Think of simple, meaningful title using each and every outline given or your thought. * Write the sentences you have thought in a logical order. * You'd better start writing with a topic sentence. * Create linkage between the paragraphs if you're writhing two or more paragraphs. * Don't skip any outlines given. * Focus only on the definite topic, no need of giving additional explanations. * Be simple, brief and to the point. Provide full information, but be economical with the words. * Be grammatically correct and simple in language. 1. The length of composition depends upon the given topic. From examination point of view, the questions can be divided into two parts. i) Paragraph writing with guideline: Atitleisgiven to write a paragraph and some hints are given below. Those hints are not complete sentences, only some points to be mentioned in it. Students should read the given points and prepare a paragraph. ii) Paragraph writing without guideline: Students are asked to write one or a couple of paragraphs on the prescribed title but there are no hints for writing. Students have to collect their own points or ideas to complete it. Examples are given below. Some Models 1. Write a short description of 'Mahendra Highway' with the help of the following hints.
188 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Mahendra Highway.............. Mechi to Mahakali .............. about 1000 km .............. various parts of the Terai .............Gandaki, Koshi, Karnali .............. several bridges .............. late King Mahendra .............. many countries mainly India .............. a milestone in the field of national development. Mahendra Highway Mahendra Highway is the longest highway of Nepal. It links Mechi to Mahakali. It is about 1000 kilometres long. Simply it passes through several districts of the Tarai. It crosses the three important rivers of Nepal e.g Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali and many bridges over the rivers that flow north to south. It takes its name in memory of the late king Mahendra which was formally called the East-west Highway. It was constructed (built) with the assistance of government of many countries, mainly India. This highway is a milestone in the field of national development. 2. The Prime Minister is visiting Namche Bazaar soon. Look at the schedule and write what he is doing. Time Programme 9:00a.m Fly to Namche Bazaar 9:30 a. m Arrive at Namche Bazaar 10:00 a. m Inaugurate hospital 10:30 a. m Address a public meeting 11: 30 a. m Instruct local officers 12: 00 Fly back to Kathmandu Programme. Fly to Namche Bazaar Arrive at Namche Bazaar Inaugurate hospital Address a public meeting Instruct local officers Fly back to Kathmandu The Prime Minister is going to fly to Namche Bazaar from Tribhuwan International Airport at 9: a.m. He will arrive Namche Bazaar and inaugurate a hospital at. 10:00. There he will inspect the facilities and technology of the hospital. After that he will address a public meeting at 10.30 a. m. There he will give a lecture about how to develop by doing social work. He will give instruction to local officers at 11:30 a. m. At last he will take leave of all the people and fly back to Kathmandu at 12:00. 3. Write on importance of Agricultural in Nepal.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 189 Nepal an agricultural country..............most people depend on it.............. cottage industries based on ..............agriculture supplies them needy materials.............. even modern industries..............helps decreasing imports..............increasing exports..............majority of people will get employment..............government should give priority. Nepal is an agricultural country. Most of the Nepalese people depend on agriculture. Agriculture provides us items of daily need like crops, vegetables and fruits. Most of the cottage industries in Nepal are also based on agriculture and its products. Agriculture supplies them adequate raw materials they need. Modern industries also need raw materials that belong to agriculture. Nepalese economy gets itself strengthened when we produce adequate agricultural products and increase exports. From the exports of agricultural products, we can surly earn foreign currencies, which can be used to boost up the economic status of the country. Moreover, the majority of the people are employed in the multiple sectors of agriculture. In order to develop the country rapidly, the government should give top priority to agriculture and its sectoral development. 4. Write an account of a place: Bhadrapur. Bhadrapur .............. Jhapa .............. Mechi river .............. about 550 km east from Kathmandu..............generally hot..............little cloud during winter.............. fear of snake bite..............during rain..............cultivate rice, wheat, tea leaves, jute..............cottage industry..............mainly. Hindu and others..............racial and religious harmony..............population about 50 thousand. Bhadrapur is the headquarters of Jhapa district. It lies on the bank of Mechi river. It is the eastern border line of Nepal. It naturally separates the two countries Nepal and India. Bhadrapur is located about 550 km away east from Kathmandu. The climate of the town is generally hot and a little bit cold in winter. The people in the town face the fear of snakebites during the rainy season. The farmers generally cultivate both food and cash crops like rice, wheat, tea leaves and jute. People of the town also run cottage industries. Hindu people mainly cover the area of the city. Also the people of other religious groups live together there with racial and religious harmony. About 50 thousand people live there in Bhadrapur. 5. Write an account on Nepal.
190 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Kathmandu ..............Nepal ..............to the northern hemisphere.............. known as a mountainous country-physically three division..............Terai known as bread basket..............region for fruit farming..............area for livestock.............. exports agricultural products..............import machinery. Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. In the map of the world, it lies in the northern hemisphere. It is known as a mountainous country. Nepal has mainly three physical divisions. They are the Terai, the Hill and the Mountain. Terai cultivates more food crop than other regions so it is known as breadbasket of the country. Fruits farming and livestock pasturing are for the Hill and Mountain regions respectively. Nepal mainly exports agricultural products, timbers and herbs in return of the import of machinery. 6. Write a paragraph on 'Use of Radio' by using the clues given in the box: part of our life .............. means of communication-advantages .............. disadvantages .............. conclusion. Use of Radio Radio is a means of communication which employs electromagnetic waves broadcast through space. It was invented by an Italian electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi in 1902. Today the radio has been an essential part of our life. We can immediately know the news of the world through the radio. Both the government and people can circulate the most important messages through it. It is also a means of entertainment as we can enjoy listening to music, songs, filmy songs, drama and so on. Nowadays it has also been a part of education as different education programmes for students are launched. And many other knowledge giving programmes for the people of all walks of life are also broadcast. However, listening to the radio too much is not a good habit. Many students listen to the radio only for songs and music and waste their valuable time of studying. If we use it properly, it can be a good companion in our life. 7. Write a paragraph about 1 Educational Value of Travelling.' Educational Value of Travelling' Travelling has a great educational value. It makes a man wiser and well informed. It broadens his outlook. It helps to promote national unity. Travelling brings us in contact with all-kinds of people. We meet good and noble people. We also meet bad people. Thus, we come to understand human nature in a better manner. We can form a correct judgment of others. A widely travelled person is always a wiser person. He becomes tolerant and sympathetic. Thus, travelling can make us better human beings.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 191 8. Write a paragraph about 'My Favorite Game'. My Favorite Game There are a lot of games but my favorite game is football which is very popular. I play this game daily in the school ground. I go there daily in the evening and play football for two hours. It gives me good exercise. The game does not cost much. Twenty two men can play with one football. This game is not time-consuming like cricket. A football match takes only one and a half hours.It gives us better exercise than any other game.It is not very risky also. There is no danger of any big injury. So, I like this game very much. 9. Write a couple of paragraphs about a festival which is celebrated in your society. Dashain Dashain is the greatest festival in Nepal. This festival generally takes place in the month of September. It is celebrated (observed) for 15 days (a fortnight). The first day is Ghatasthapana. On this day, people scatter the seeds of barley and maize for Jarnara. On the seventh day of Dashain, people put phulpati. During this festivaC people worship Goddess Durga, the Goddess of power, for nine days at horne or in temple. They sacrifice animals and birds (goats, hens, ducks, buffaloes) to the Goddess on the Maha Asthrni and Maha Navarni. This festival symbolizes the victory of good over evil. The tenth day is the most auspicious day of this festival because Goddess Durga Bhavani killed the powerful demon named Mahishasur and Lord Rarnchandra got victory over the demon king Ravan on that day so the day is called "Vijaya Dashrni". From that day people go to their superiors to seek blessing which continues for five days. Dashain is a happy occasion. Schools, campuses and offices remain closed during this festival. People put on new clothes and eat delicious food. They stop their work and pass the time in merry making and forget the miseries of the year. This festival ends with a great pomp. In this way, we see that this festival makes us come together and share our feelings by forgetting our previous troubles. It brings a new enthusiasm in us to remain in peace and harmony. 10. Write a paragraph about 'An Exhibition I Have Seen' An Exhibition I Have Seen It was the book exhibition which I visited last Sunday. There were more than hundred book stalls representing famous publishers from all over the world. At each stall there were a large number of books on a variety of subjects. The titles were so attractive that a person could not resist picking up one. Children
192 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 were thrilled by the illustrated story books. Some scholars were examining the contents of the books closely. Being neither a child nor a scholar, I was looking for books which might help me in my examination. I was so much confused by the variety of books that I could not select a single. 11. Write a paragraph about 'The Season I Like Most'. The Season I Like Most I like winter season most. Everything looks fresh in this season. The grass, the fruit, the vegetables are very fine to look at and eat. We do not perspire. There is no foul and awful smell of sweating bodies. One can protect oneself against cold by wearing woolen and fur clothes. By wearing suits one can enhance one's personality. The snow covered mountains look majestic. Ice-skating is possible only during winter. It is easy to digest food during this season. One can sleep comfortably. Some do not like foggy morning but I think it is better than bright morning. When the atmosphere is foggy, we recognize a person only when he is close at hand. It gives a thrill. 12. Write a paragraph about 'The Birds I See Everyday'. The Birds I See Everyday The bird which I come across almost everywhere is a crow. Black in colour it is generally found in populated areas. It is considered to be a very cunning bird and very famous for dodging. A sparrow, a tiny bird, builds its nest in inhabited houses. It is a very innocent bird and often becomes prey of hawks, eagles and cats. Dove is another innocent bird which is often seen near the inhabited places. It is gray in colour. Pigeons, generally of bluish-gray colour, are found in the cities. The crowing of crows, the chirping of the sparrows and cooing of the doves are familiar sounds. 13. Write a paragraph about 'The Newspaper I Read'. The Newspaper I Read I am used to reading the press-paper "The Rising Nepal." It is always latest with the news. I think this is a good newspaper for the educated people. The editorials are always informative. The articles are written by well-known specialists. The coverage of the news is comprehensive. The main news of the paper always regards the current affairs of the state. Other interesting features are also included. Every Friday it provides its special issue of Friday Supplement, covering various fields and sectors like horoscope, tourism, sports, religious fate, kids' corner. Many a time it brings out special issues. Such issues are of great value. Apart from good articles we get a lot of other information
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 193 about worldwide sports activities. But a model-corner of the paper is far of my like for reason of my personal interests. Nevertheless it is, in fact, a complete newspaper. 14. Write a paragraph about 'If I Were a Bird'. If Were a Bird Birds are more privileged creatures because they enjoy better facilities during their lifespan. They do not have to bother about the passports if they are to migrate to other countries and they do not have to make provisions for their food and lodging. For them, nature is the host as well as the helper in every respect. This is why for them race distinctions and national prejudices have no significance on the other hand, human beings have to suffer because of the barriers which the different nations and races have constructed for other nations and races. Birds have their limited demands and nature is generous enough tosatisfy those demands. On the other hand man wants to rob nature animals and even birds in order to get comfort for himself. That is why man has to live in a polluted atmosphere whereas the birds enjoy fresh air and pure sunlight and all the blessings of nature. No doubt, the birds do not help another being but they are gregarious by nature. They move together and also try to oppose the enemy with combined efforts. The birds of the same species are not enemies of one another. But in the case of human beings we find that man is the enemy of man. We must agree with the poet who says "It grieves my heart to think what man has made of man." But this cannot be said of birds. So, I feel that life of the birds that watch the panorama of the earth is definitely more pleasant than man's life on earth. If I were a bird, I would enjoy in a group of birds leaving the selfish human society. Exercise 1. Write a paragraph on "The Uses of Telephone' by using the clues given below. part of our life-means of communication- advantage- disadvantages conclusion. 2. Write a paragraph on 1 Village Life' You can use the following clues. Meaning.................good sides (no pollution, fresh and pure food stuff, good cooperation and hardworking, etc) .................drawbacks (lack of good education, health care, market and job, etc) .................conclusion. 3. Write a couple of paragraphs about a festival which is celebrated in your village or town or by your community.
194 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 4. Write a couple of paragraphs giving reasons why some of the children in your village or neighborhood don't go to school. 2.3 News Stories/News report 1. Prepare a news story with the help of the following hints. Boy Lost from School Tripureswor Ma. Vi.........Hitan Rarnjali.........not returned home since last week.........teachers had punished hirn.........had gone with a bag and his cycle.........school and his family are searching him.........cycle and bag found nearby the jungle.........teaching affected.........principal has accepted moral responsibility.........mother fainted still undergoing treatment.......... By Birendra Hamal Birendranagar, Jan 20 Boy Lost from School A grade IX student of Tripureswor Ma. Vi. Hitan Rarnjali has not returned horne from school since last week. Teachers had punished him publicly in the ground accusing him of puncturing others’ cycles. Following the event, he had run away from the school in his cycle carrying his bag too. All the relatives, family as well as the school teachers are searching his whereabouts very seriously but with no luck. After three days his bicycle and bag have been found in the nearby jungle on the bank of the Veri River. Because of the event the school’s teaching activity has been affected. Principal of the school Mr. Mahendra Pd. Sharma has taken the moral responsibility of the event since Hitan was punished at school. Hearing the news, Hitan’s mother fell unconscious and she is undergoing treatment at the regional hospital Surkhet. For Your Skill Write a news story with the help of the following hints. Two killed, 3 injured in a bus mishap Rajbiraj...........on East-West Highway...........a bus accident...........two killed three injured...........locals blocked demanding compensations...........thousands stranded throughout day...........Na 2 Kha 982 from Rajbiraj to Birgunj hit water buffalo...........killed identified...........injured rushed to local hospital-police trying to hold talks to open the road...........situation tense.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 195 2.4. Story Writing Develop a readable story with the help of the clues below: Once there was a king............had a friend, monkey............helped the king in his works............king sleeping............monkey looking after him............a housefly came............disturbed the king............monkey tried to chase............ but can’t............sits on king’s face............monkey picked a sword............hit the king............moral The Foolish Monkey and the King Once upon a time there was a king. He had a friend, monkey. The monkey helped the king in his works. One day, the king was sleeping. The monkey was looking after the king. At that time a housefly came and disturbed the sleeping king. The monkey became angry. He wanted to chase the fly away. Many times he tried to chase it but he could not. The fly came again and again and sat on the king’s face. The monkey could not control his anger. He had one idea to kill the fly. There was a sword of the king near the monkey. The monkey picked up the sword and hit on the king’s face where the fly sat. His aim was to kill the fly but he did not know that it would destroy the king. The moral of the story is, “Foolish friend is harmful.” For your skill 1. Write story on the basis of the outline given below. A snake frozen by cold............found by a villager............takes it home............ warms............comes to life............darts at children............ escape............ angry............kill the snake 2. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A hermit in a forest ............ mouse in his hut ............ hermit kind and wants someone to talk to ............ gives the mouse power to speech ............ mouse prays to change it into a cat ............ cat afraid of dogs ............is changed into dog by hermit ............ dog afraid of a tiger ............ hermit changes it into a tiger tries to eat the hermit ............ hermit changes int a mouse again ............ moral.
196 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 3. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A pack of jackals in a jungle and an old elephant ............ a clever jackal undertakes to kill him for other jackals ............ flatters the elephant ............ invites him to a meeting of the animals to choose him to a meeting of the animals to choose him as their king ............ leads to a muddy place ............ sticks fast in the thick mud. 4. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A king disappointed ............ his people lazy ............ to teach them a lesson he had a big stone put in the middle of t he road one night ............ next day merchants pass and go round it ............an officer driving a car also did the same ............ a young soldier came cycling, did the same ............ all cursed the stone and blamed the government for not removing it ............ then the king had the stone removed ............ many people watched it ............ under it was an iron box, marked “For the man who moves away the stone” ............inside was a purse full of money ............ the people were ashamed ............moral. 5. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A farmer with several sons ............ sons always quarreled ............ the farmer was sad ............ fell ill and taken to hospital ............ dying ............ called his sons and gave a bundle of sticks ............ told to break the sticks ............ all tired ............ could not break the sticks ............ untied the bundle ............ gave the sticks separately ............easily broke each stick ............ moral. 6. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A merchant riding home from a fair ............ a large some of money with him ............ sudden heavy rainfall ............ merchant gets wet ............ his grumbling ............ shortly after attacked by robber ............ robber’s attempt to shoot ............ failure ............ powder damp ............ the merchant escapes.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 197 2.5. Description of Charts, Tables, Diagrams and Pictures Some samples 1. Look at the chart below about the popularity of civil and electronic engineering among Nepalese students. Write a paragraph interpreting the chart using the clues in the box.5 Electronic engineering Civil engineering 1980 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1985 1990 1995 Ans:Popularity of Engineering The graph indicates the popularity of electronic and civil engineering amongst Nepalese students between the years 1980 and 1995. Overall, electronic engineering gained popularity over civil engineering in all the years, although, student enrollment rate in civil engineering also steadily increased. A closer look at the graph reveals that enrollment in electronic engineering was about 130 in 1980, and the number doubled in 1995 with 300 number of students. On the other hand, the enrollment in civil engineering in 1980 was slightly below 100 and the number reached to 250 in the year 1995. In summary, although both electronic and civil engineering saw parallel rise in student enrollment, electronic engineering was constantly popular amongst Nepalese students over civil engineering.
198 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 2. The chart below shows how Mr. Yadav spends his money. Look at it and interpret the information given in the chart. 5 Ans: Mr. Yadav’s Expenses The chart highlights how Mr Yadav spends his earning on different topics. According to the chart, Mr. Yadav spends most of his salary on his food followed by clothes and entertainment. A detailed look at the chart illustrates that Mr. Yadav spends 45% of his salary on his food which is nearly double of expenses on clothes and entertainment at 25 % and 20% respectively. However, he spends only 10% on rent. Overall, Mr Yadav’s expenses on food seems to be nearly double to the expenses on three different titles- clothes, entertainment and rent. Useful Expressions 1. Introductory Paragraph/ Introducing key points: The chart/graph/diagramme/table shows/gives/provides information on/ with regard to/regarding/ about….... The chart/graph/ table illustrates… A closer/ detailed look at ... 2. Comparing and contrasting: While/ on the other hand/however, although/similarly/compared to/in comparison to/unlike, in contrast/twice, three times as many/double 3. Describing figures: slightly more/less than, approximately, just over/under/a little below/above
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 199 4. Describing trends: to increase/decrease/rise/fall, to undergo a change, to remain stable/steady, less/ more significant/a parallel rise/fall 5. Introducing the overview/summary: In summary/To summarise/Thus/Clearly/Overall Exercise 1. Describe the following chart of Alien and Reckon Secondary School. It shows the faculty wise distribution of students in grade 11 and 12 in the year 2015. 5 14% 14% Science 29% Management 43% 2. The following bar-diagram shows the number of students of Budhigandaki School, Dhading. Describe the data presented in the diagram. 5
200 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 3. Look at the diagram given below showing the profit of a factory. Study the information carefully and interpret it in a paragraph. 5 2.6. Announcement Some Tips Write the headline in bold letters as shown in the specimen. The form of headline can be like this. WANTED Vacancy Announcement Vacancy Notice Employment Opportunity Vacancy i. Write a brief introduction of the organisation. ii. Mention the vacant post (s) and the number of people required. iii. Mention the required qualifications and experiences. iv. Mention the major duties and responsibilities to be carried out. v. Mention the facilities i.e. salary, bonus and other benefits to be provided. vi. Mention the documents to be submitted. vii. Write the deadline to apply. ix. Write address to send the petition / application. x. Mention the first date of publication.