Oasis Applied Grammar 8 New

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 201 VACANCY A well established Multinational Organisation is seeking an energetic, self-motivated and dynamic person for the following post. Post : Machine Operator Qualification : 10 + 2 or equivalent in any discipline Required No. : Some Experience : At least 2 years in the related field. Salary and Benefits : As per the company's rules. Qualified candidates are informed to apply with their CV and a passport size photo by September 2, 2020 to: The Managing Director Colgate Palmolive Pvt. Ltd. Nepal, P.O Box No: 2345 HID, Hetauda -8, Makawanpur Exercise 1. You are the principal of a school. Your school requires an English teacher for secondary level. You would like to have a trained and experienced English teacher. Write an advertisement for the post. 2. You are the principal of a school. Your school requires a music teacher. The music teacher must have a Bachelor's degree in music, and be capable to teach both classical and pop genre. Write an advertisement for the post. 3. Suppose you are the principal of a secondary school in Kathmandu: your school has a vacancy for the post of secondary level English teacher. Now, write an advertisement for the post mentioning the requirements, deadline etc, for application from interested and qualified candidates. 4. Suppose you are the headmaster of a secondary school; your school has a vacancy for the post of a secondary level science teacher. Now write an advertisement for the post mentioning the requirements.

202 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 2.7. A Set of Instruction Some tips 1. First read the questions and generate some ideas to write introduction/ direction to prepare something. 2. List out ingredients required 3. Use simple sensible sentences. 4. You need to use imperative sentences with linking words (first of all, then, after that, next, at last, finally) Specimen -1 The procedures for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation are given below: 1. First, place the patient on his or her back on a firm surface. 2. Then, quickly clear out anything (e.g. food) from the mouth and throat to prevent obstruction of the air passage. 3. Extend the patient's head as far as possible to keep the airway open. 4. After that, pinch the patient's mouth so that no air escapes. 5. Seal your mouth around the patient's mouth so that no air escapes. 6. Then, blow the air into the lungs until the chest is seen to expend. 7. Remove your mouth quickly to allow passive expiration. 8. Repeat the progress 10-15 times per minute until the patient's breathing begins again. Note: The above procedures can be written in a paragraph too) Specimen- 2 Ingredients: pizza base, pizza sauce, favourite pizza toppings, i.e. onion, mushroom, chicken, spinach leaves, pepper and cheese. Instructions First of all preheat the oven to 204 degree Celsius, Then, prepare the crust. You need to do the following things in this step.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 203 - Remove the unbaked crust from the packing and place it on the baking sheet. - Spread a thin coating of olive oil over the top of the crust with a pastry brush. After that, spread pizza sauce on the crust and add toppings. - Layer your favourite toppings over the sauce. Exercise 1. Write stepwise procedures to mend a bicycle puncture. 2. Write stepwise procedures for mouth to mouth resuscitation as an immediate help to the patient. 3. Imagine that one of your friends is coming to visit your school. Write the direction to reach your school from the nearest bus park. 4. Imagine that one of your friends from the village is coming to visit you. Write the short-cut directions to reach your home from the nearest station. 5. Write the direction to reach to a nearest hospital from your home.

204 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 2.8. Dialogues Dialogue: A dialogue is a form of conservation or talking between two or more than two people. A dialogue literally means 'talking between two people.'It takes place in real life situations. There must be a topic or subject for a dialogue. Dialogue means conversation. Conversation is a talk between two or more people. In conversation, thoughts, feelings, ideas are expressed. Questions are asked and answered. In conversation, news and information are exchanged. Conversation helps us to improve the speaking skills. Types of dialogue 1. On the basis of form, there are two types of dialogue: i. Formal dialogue: It takes place in a formal situation such as seminar, programme, class, etc. ii. Informal dialogue: It takes place in informal situation such as a talking between two friends about their study, exam, game, etc. 2. On the basis of writing, there are two types of dialogue: i. Guided dialogue: The dialogue that is formed with the help of class guidelines is called guided dialogue. ii. Free dialogue: The dialogue that is formed with the help of the context and subject matter given is free dialogue. Students are required to create the expressions that are suitable in the given context and subject matter. Making teacher a fool A school-girl is making her teacher a fool. Students : Good morning teacher. Teacher : Good morning teacher. Students : We are fine teacher. Teacher : Sit down please. How many of we were present yesterday? Richa : We were 26, teacher. Teacher : But the attendance shown only 25. Richa : You are right, teacher. But there were 26 in the class, teacher. Teacher : What do you mean, Richa? Are you mad? Richa : One of us is surely mad, teacher. When did you stop counting yourself a person, teacher?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 205 Thank you speech in the classroom (A newly joined student thanks the captain and other friends.) Good morning my new friends, First of all, I want to say hello. I am Madan Kumar Gurung from Dhankuta. Thank you very much captain, who has just introduced me to my new class with my new friends who welcomed me in the classroom with a thunder of clap. I hope I would be happy in the classroom with my friends. At last, I express my 'Hello' once again. Thank you. 1. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentences given in the box below: Rohini : Good evening, Mrs. Mohini. Mohini : ....................................... . Rohini : Thank you. Mohini : ........................................ . Rohini : Thank you for inviting me. I'd been looking forward to it. Mohini : ....................................... . Rohini : One tea please, if it's not a trouble. Mohini : ...................................... . Rohini : Thank you. Mohini : ........................................ . • Would you like a cup of tea or glass of orange squash? • Oh good evening, Rohini! Do come in. • May I get you a drink? • I'm so glad you could come. • It's no trouble at all. • Won't you sit down? 2. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentences in the box given below: Receptionist : ................................................................... Tourist : Good evening. ........................................

206 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Receptionist : Yes, madam. What type of room do you want? Tourist : I want one single in the ground floor. Receptionist : I am sorry, madam................................. Tourist : What about on the first floor? Receptionist : Yes, madam.............................................. Tourist : What facilities do you provide here? Receptionist : .................................................................... Tourist : Well, I want to book a room for a week. Receptionist : ................................................................... • There is no single room lying vacant at the moment on the ground floor. • Of course! Here is a brochure giving all information about the hotel. • Good evening. Can I help you, madam? • O.K. Thank you, madam. • Have you any room vacant? • We have one on the first floor. • Do I have to pay in advance? • Could I book one of the rooms for you in advance, madam? For your skill Saru and Nilu are two friends. Write a dialogue between them on 'Discipline'. 3. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences in the box given below: Mali : ......................... What can I do for you? Ali : ......................... I've brought a letter from his son. Mali : .................................................... . Ali : I'm from Karachi, Pakistan. Mr. Sharma's son is my best colleague. Mali : ..................................................... . Ali : He's absolutely fine. He's a popular teacher of our institution. He is very busy now a days.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 207 Mali : ........................................................ . Ali : Many offers are being made to give a talk programme. Mali : Would you like to tell me something about it? Ali : Why not? • So we're very proud of him. • Not at all. • How is he? • I want to meet Mr. Sharma. • Where are you from? • A new approach in modern art. • Good afternoon. 4. Read the dialogue. Clerk and Student Clerk : Your name, please? Student : Aditya Kausik. Clerk : Date of birth? Student : 2058, Magh 16. Clerk : So, you were born on the Martyr's Day. Student : Yes, sir. Clerk : What class do you want to be admitted in? Student : Class 8. I've already cleared class 7. Clerk : Your classes start from the 4th of Baishakha next month. By the end of Asar you'll have your first term exam. Student : When will be my second term? Clerk : That will be at the end of Kartik. The final will be at the end of Magh. Student : Thank you, sir. Clerk : You're welcome. 5. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences in the box given below. Shopkeeper : Good afternoon, Madam. What can I do for you? Customer : Good afternoon .......................,

208 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Shopkeeper : Cotton or synthetics, Madam? Customer : .......................... Shopkeeper : Sure, we have .................... Customer : Could you take them out, please? Shopkeeper : Here you are Madam............. Customer : I rather fancy this jazz one. How much is it? Shopkeeper : It costs Rs. 450 only .............. Customer : No, thank you .................. . • Do you like anything more, madam? • Would you like to try it? • I need a good shirt. • It's a gift to my husband on his birthday. • These are from India. • No, he doesn't like the green clothes. • These are the best quality shirts in Terylenes. • Terylenes, if you have some. 6. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentences in the box given below: Puja : Hello, Sagun! How are you? Sagun : ......................................................................................................? Puja : I haven't planned anything for tonight. What about you? Sagun : ......................................................................................................? Puja : No, I haven't What's it called? Sagun : ......................................................................................................? Puja : Who are the starts? Sagun : ......................................................................................................? Puja : It sounds good. I'll come. Where shall I meet you? Sagun : ......................................................................................................? Puja : What time? Sagun : ......................................................................................................? Puja : All right, Bye.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 209 • How about meeting at 4 p.m.? • I've thought to go to watch a film at 'Gopi Krishna'. Have you seen it? • At five p.m. exactly. • It's called MA TIMI BINA MARIHALCHHU: • Good morning Puja! How are you? • Bhuwan K.C., Susmita, Jharana, etc. • At Kantipur Hospital, Tinkune. • Hello, Puja, I am fine. What are you going to do tonight? 7. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentences in the box given below: Monika : I'd like to see a pair of party shoes.................... Salesman : Certainly, Madam. Which would you like, ..................... Monika : .................... . Will you help me choose? Salesman : Here we are, Madam. You can choose any of these. Monika : ............................................................................... . Salesman : Oh! I see. What about these with the red straps? .............................I like them on the top shelf. Salesman : The heels are much too high. You'd probably only trip over something. Monika : .....................But I've a good practice of wearing high heels. Salesman : Okay, I'll wrap them. Thank you. • I shall never decide by myself. • I'm really looking for high heels. • Do you have any, please? • Yes, you're right. • Old model or latest fashion? • They would clash with the blue though they certainly are pretty. 8. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentence in the box given below: Student : Excuse me! ............................ Librarian : ..............................Which book would you like to borrow? Student : Let me go to the rack and find out one as I need. Librarian : Ok. You can go and .............................. .

210 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Student : ...................But page no. 105 is missing in this book. You can have a look. Librarian : My! .....................I'll stamp here to indicate that the page has been torn out. Student : .................................................... . • Good morning, sir! Can I help you, please? • Here's the book I wanted. • Thank you very much. • Of course, you can. • You must pay the fine of Rs. 105. • I want to borrow a book. • Somebody has torn it away. • You will choose the book you want. 9 Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentences in the box given below: Customer : ............................................... Shopkeeper : Yes madam......................................................... Customer : Yes, I bought this watch here last week and ............................. Shopkeeper : Oh, I'm sorry to hear this. ........................................... Customer : Yes, I've ......................................................................... Shopkeeper : Good. Thank you ....................................................... Customer : Thank you very much. • Here it is. • I'll get another one for you. • Can I help you? • Excuse me. • Have you got your receipt? • the strap has already broken. 10. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentences in the box given below: Student : Good morning sir, I want to return this book. Librarian : But you're late by three days, .......................... Student : Yes, I was sick and ...................................... Librarian : But I'm sorry ...........................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 211 Student : .............................dont' you? Librarian : Yes, I do. But.............................. Student : .......................................................... • Excuse me. May I know the name of the book? • you have to pay Rs. 20. • You should talk to the principal. • I'm ready to pay the fine. • Thank you, sir. • have not been able to come to school these four days • You'll have to pay the fine. • You condone the delay under special circumstance. 11. Asha has just returned from her aunt's house. Her mother asks her some questions. Asha's answers are given below. Complete the dialogue writing the questions her mother asks. Q.l ...........................................................................................................? Ans: She received me very warmly. Q.2 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: Yes, She was there. Q.3 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: She treated me well. Q.4 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: My uncle is a nice gentleman. Q.S ...........................................................................................................? Ans: He was more hospitable. Q.6 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: I had a good time there. Q.7 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: Yes. I felt home sick there. Q.8 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: Yes, she has given me a suit, handkerchief and story books. Q.9 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: Yes, I invited them to visit us. Q.10 ...........................................................................................................? Ans: They will come during the holidays.

212 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 For your Skill 1. Write a dialogue between two boys on 'Importance of Newspaper.' 2. Write a dialogue about 'picnic plan'. 2. 9. Biography 1. Bio-data and Paragraph Writing Bio-data is the detail about someone's life, jobs and achievements. Date of birth, birth place, parents, education and many other headings and sub headings are included in the bio-data. Hence, we learn about it then write things in a paragraph. Biodata and Paragraph Name : Reema Thapa Date of Birth : December 5, 1988 Place of Birth : Marpha village, Mustang Parents : Mukti Thapa/Chhori Thapa Education : SLC passed/joined a college Favourite person : Mukti Thapa/Chhori Thapa Favourite singer : Tara Devi Hobby : Reading and listening to music Aim in life : Doctor The girl in the photograph is Reema Thapa. She was born on 5th of December 1988. She was born at Marpha village in Mustang district. She is the daughter of Mukti Thapa and Chhori Thapa. She completed her SLC last year. She has joined a college in the village. The persons she likes most are her parents (Mukti Thapa/Chhori Thapa). Her favourite singer is Tara Devi. She likes reading books and listening to music. Her only aim in life is to be a doctor. For your skill Write a bio-data and a paragraph on the thing you like about 'Reema Thapa'. 2. Develop the given bio-data into a paragraph and paste on the wall of our class-room. Draw a fine picture according to the bio-data.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 213 Name : Swarnim Karki Date of Birth : 2050/10/23 Place of Birth : Kathmandu Parents : Narayan Karki and Laxmi Karki Education : SLC Profession : Working in company Favourite person : Albert Einstein Hobby : Writing stories Aim in life : To become a scientist 3. Write the biography of Khagendra Thapa Magar. Name : Khagendra Thapa Magar Date of birth : 18 Ashoj, 2049 (Oct. 14, 1992) Birth place : Baglung district, Dhaulagiri zone (125 miles away from Kathmandu) Known for : The shortest man in the world Parents : Rup Bahadur & Dhana Maya Thapa Magar Height : 2ft and 2.5 inches Weight : 600 grams (born) 5.5 kg (now) Awarded with : Shortest Man from Edward Nino Harnandez Use the detail to write a pargraph about Khagendra Thapa Magar. 2.10 Curriculum vitae A CV is the most flexible and convenient way to make applications. It conveys your personal details in the way that presents you in the best possible light. A CV is a marketing document in which you are marketing something: yourself! You need to "sell" your skills, abilities, qualifications and experience to employers. It can be used to make multiple applications to employers in a specific career area. Structure of a CV 1. Personal details Always begin with your personal details, i.e.: • name • date of birth • address

214 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 • telephone number (home and/or mobile) • email address (personal, rather than official) • personal profile A personal profile outlines who you are, what skills and qualities you have, and why you would be an asset to the company. 2. Educational qualifications • If you’re still studying, start by giving this information, making it clear that your studies are ongoing and when the course is due to end. • If you’ve completed any other further or higher education, outline this next. • Then give your secondary school or schools and the dates you attended. 3. Employment history Beginning with your current job, if you have one: • Give a brief outline of your current role, responsibilities, and skills, focusing on those which are most relevant for the job you’re applying for. • Work backwards through other jobs you’ve held, giving a brief summary of each, highlighting any aspect that’s particularly relevant to your application. Include work placements and voluntary work, if applicable. 4. Any other skills or training • List any relevant courses or training you’ve completed (e.g. to gain IT skills or knowledge of a foreign language). 5. Interests or pastimes • Include your hobbies and interest like collecting stamps, singing, dancing, etc. • Outline of your interests and hobbies can help to give a potential employer an insight into the type of person you are. They may also indicate skills you have that you are not using in your current position. 6. References • Give the names and contact details of people who would be willing to give you a reference. Ideally, one person should be from your current (or most recent) place of work, while the second could be from a previous employer.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 215 Samples of CVs Sample One Name : Rama Dahal Gender : Female Date Of Birth : 2043/06/03 Father's Name : Bishnu Prasad Dahal Nationality : Nepali Religion : Hinduism Marital Status : Married Profile : Enthusiastic, research oriented ,innovative in classroom teaching with years of experience Permanent Address : Duradanda-2, Lamjung Temporary Address : Gangabu, Kathmandu Contact No. : 977-9809102067 E-Mail : [email protected] Academic Qualification S.N. Level/ Degree Passed Year Name of the Board School/College/Campus Division 1 M.ED. 2068 T.U. University Campus, Kritipur, Kathmandu First 2 BED. 2065 TU ABC Multiple Campus, Dhading, Nepal First 3 +2 Level 2061 HSEB XYZ Sec. School, Dhading First 4 SLC 2058 Nepal SLC Board Shree Mavi,Lamjung First Work Experience: 1 Teacher ABC School, Kathmandu Teaching English courses in +2 and school level Since 2071/05/15 2 Lecturer RMN College, Kathmandu Academic planning, class observation & feedback to teachers 5 years 3 Lecturer NMC, Dhading Bensi Teaching English courses for MEd., BBS and BA 1 year Languages : Nepali, English and Hindi

216 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Other Skills : Basic computer skills Interests : Travelling, teacher training,reading novels, conducting different programmes References : 1. Prof. Dr. Shyam Datta Das, Tribhuvan University, Faculty of Education, Central Department of English Education 2. Furba Lama, Principal, Shree Nepal School, Kathmandu Exercise 1. Complete the given Bio -Data supplying the authentic information about yourself. 5 Personal Details Name : ………………...…………...…………...……… Address : ………………...…………...…………...……… Date of Birth : ………………...…………...…………...……… Sex : ………………...…………...…………...……… Father : ………………...…………...…………...……… Mother : ………………...…………...…………...……… Phone : ………………...…………...…………...……… E-mail : ………………...…………...…………...……… Profile : Laborious & Hard-working with sound health Education : Year Level/Class Institution/School Division/Grade ……….. Pre-Primary ………………………………. ……….. ……….. Primary ………………………………. ……….. ……….. Class Seven ………………………………. ……….. Experience : Work Duration Class Captain ……….................………………………………… School Captain ……….................…………………………………

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 217 Hobbies : ………………...…………...…………...……… Languages : ………………...…………...…………...……… Skills : ………………...…………...…………...……… References : ………………...…………...…………...……… 2. Write the CV of your English teacher collecting authentic information from him. 5 3. Develop the CV of your school's Principal/Head teacher. 5 4. Take an interview of one of your friends and develop the CV of him/ her. 5 5. Suppose you are interested to work in a radio station as a host. Now prepare a CV that best suits for this work. 5 2.11 Leaflet/Brochure A leaflet is a printed and usually folded sheet of paper for distribution, usually free and containing advertising material or information about a political party, charity, etc. Tips to write a leaflet • Good title: make it attention grabbing, you only have a few seconds to grab a person’s attention! • Have a main theme: what is the benefit of the leaflet? • Write exactly what you offer at the very start: a summary of main points • Draw up a strategy to promote your leaflet : who will you send them to, which area will you do the leaflet drop, leave them in other businesses such as hairdressers, upload leaflet to your business facebook page, always consider your target market when drawing up a strategy. • Promote your unique selling point: what you do better than competitors or what can you offer that no other business could. • Ensure good professional design of the leaflet. • Be clear and concise: Don’t write too much information and use words of excitement to draw the customer in • Provide an incentive- eg. Discount voucher, promotion in-store. • Write positively rather than negatively: eg. change 'I do not do'....to 'I do'. • Put your contact details on the leaflet eg. Number, website, email,

218 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 facebook page • Include Images: this includes logo, products etc. Images can say more than words and make you want to buy a product or use a service. • Have a call to action: log onto our website, spend £10 in-store and receive a free bag of crisp, discount lasts until... • Check all spelling is correct, if necessary get someone else to check it. • Good quality print, source local printers and get them to show you samples. • Readable font size is essential: no less than 10 Some samples: 1. Leaflet of a school Neel Barahi School, Kalimati Named after the temple of Neel Barahi located by the school,the school was established in 2010 B.S. with the aim of providing quality education. The school runs classes from ECD to Twelve with the energetic and enthusiastic staffs highly dedicated to their profession. Location: The school is located at Kalimati, the heart of the capital near by the Green Grocery Kalimati. Vision: To transform NBHSS into a center for bringing academic excellence Mission: Enhancing the overall personality of the student in the competitive global market. Objective: To provide quality education in homely environment with enough assistance to needy students • To encourage the sense of self- discipline, self-reliance and self motivation • To promote creativity, self confidence and positive view point in our students • To develop professional attitudes, morality, ethics and leadership in students • To educate students for professional pursuits in business, industry and so on Facilities: • Well equipped computer lab • Safe drinking water. • Opportunities of sports and ECA • Earthquake resistant building • Periodical and regular evaluation

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 219 • Free internet acess • Audio – visual classes • Field visits, project work and presentation • Career guidance by the experts • Freeship for poor and laborious students. Admission Procedure ECD : all season of the year Class I to IX Entrance exam : first week of Baisakh Admission : within second week of Baisakh Source : Neel Barahi School, Kalimati, Kathmandu Exercise 1. Write a leaflet about the followings including the following points. 5 a. Nearby college b. Famous temple of your locality c. Famous place that you have visited d. Famous hotel in your locality e. Nearest hospital from your locality f. A place of attraction for the tourists 2. Suppose you are the owner of a restaurant, now develop a leaflet to promote your business including the introduction, location, accessibility, facilities, specialist, target customers and so on. 5 3. Write a leaflet about a festival celebrated in your community. Use the following clues. 5 Introduction, time , reasons to celebrate, activities done, strengths, drawbacks, your suggestions. 4. Make a leaflet of an important religious place using the following points. 5 Topic, background, history, accessibility, special, features, contact

220 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 3. Free Writing 1. Personal and Official Letter Introduction Letters are messages conveyed in the written form. There are different kinds of letter such as friendly letters, business letters, official letters, letters to the editor etc. Each of these has its own particular form; but there are certain matters of form that apply to all letter writing. Letter writing is an important activity of our daily life. Letters can be divided broadly into three types. Personal letters are written to relatives and friends, business letters are for business and official letters are written in offices. Tips for letter writing * Letters can also be classified into two types: formal and informal. * Letters of business, complaints, applications and letters to the newspapers are formal letters. * Letters to friends and relatives are informal letters. * While writing letters, be clear, concise and courteous. * Arrange thoughts logically and hold the interest of the reader. General format of a letter The heading of the letter : Writer's address and date The salutation or greeting : Dear Father/Mother/Brother (for relatives) Dear Harry Mr. Thomson (for friends) Dear Madam/ Sir/s (for formal letters) The body of the letter : The main message or communication The subscription (In an informal letter) : Yours affectionately, etc. Leave-taking (Closing) : Yours affectionate (or loving) son/brother Yours sincerely) A letter generally consists of six parts: 1. The writer's address and date 2. The greeting or salutation 3. The body of the letter 4. The ending of the letter

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 221 5. The writer's name and signature 6. The envelope 1. Heading This informs the reader where you wrote the letter, and when. The position of the heading is the top-right hand corner of the first page- the address above and the date just below it. The heading and date may alternatively go on the left. Biratnagar – 10, Morang 10th July, 2021 2. Salutation or Greeting The form of greeting will depend on the relation in which you stand to the person to whom you are writing. To members of your family, for example, it will be….. Dear Father, my dear mother, dear uncle etc… To friends, it will be……………… Dear Shyam/ Dear Apsara……. To business people, it will be………….. Dear sir, Dear madam etc… Note : The use of the term Dear is purely formal, and is a more polite expression. The position of the salutation is at the left-hand of the first page at a lower level than the heading. 3. Body of the letter This is the main part of the letter. The desired message is expressed in this part of letter. The style of letter to an intimate friend will be very different from that of a purely business letter or an official communication. Some hints to all letters are given below. a) Divide your letter into paragraphs, to mark changes of subject matter, etc.. b) Use simple and direct language and short sentences. Be clear about what you want to say, and say it as directly as possible.

222 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 c) Think out what you want to say before you begin to write and put down your points in some logical order. d) Write neatly. Remember that your reader has to read what you write, and do not give him/her unnecessary trouble with bad illegible and slovenly writing. e) Mind your punctuation, and put in commas and semi colons and full stops in their proper places. Incorrect punctuation may alter the whole meaning of sentences. 4. Subscription or courteous – closing A letter should be stopped in a systematic way; so certain forms of polite leave-taking are prescribed, such as yours sincerely, your sincere friend, yours faithfully, etc. Note : The first word of the subscription must began with a capital letter, example: Sincerely yours 5. Signature or name of the writer This must come just below the subscription. Thus: Yours sincerely, Ocean Dahal 6. The address on the envelope (superscription) The address on the envelope should be written clearly. Read a sample letter here: March 10, 2021 Dear Bauki, Next Saturday is my birthday and I'm inviting a few friends, the usual group, to tea that evening. I would be glad if you could join us. If you're free, will you come about one o'clock for an early tea? We plan to go to an evening show afterwards at the Krishan Picture Hall. We want to see Salman's latest film Bajarangi Bhaijan. It is said to be a great hit. Besides, there will be the usual weekend rush to the cinema, so we shall have to get the seats booked in advance. I expect you will be there in time. See you then. With love, Iman

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 223 Kinds of letter 1. Personal letters : Letters written to relatives and friends 2. Business letters : Letters written to businessmen, for business purpose 3. Official letters: Letters and applications addressed to officials of different categories 1. Personal letters Such letters are written to friends, relations and other close acquaintances. These include all the various types of letters pertaining to condolences, sympathies, congratulations, invitations, requests and recommendations. Personal letters are informal letters. 2. Business letters Business letters pertain to the business affairs and such letters are related to the ordering of goods, seeking information or acknowledging receipt of articles in general. Business letters are formal letters. 3. Official letters and applications The official letters are addressed to officials and vice versa. These officials may belong to government departments, public bodies or other public enterprises. The letters of complaints or informative materials, including applications for vacant posts and other similar letters, come under this category. 1. Personal letters Some useful phrases and sentences for personal letter: 1. I am glad to receive your letter. 2. Thank you for your letter. 3. I was delighted to read the contents of your letter. 4. I am sorry I could not write to you earlier. 5. I am really very sorry not to have heard from you for such a long time. 6. I am glad to learn from your letter which arrived this morning that… 7. What a joy your letter has brought! 8. It was so nice to hear from you after a long time. 9. I was quite shocked … 10. This is merely to inform you…

224 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Specimen of Personal Letter 1. A letter to a pen–friend inviting him to visit your country, Kathmandu, 14th March, 2022 Dear Eric, I received your letter a week ago but could not respond to you earlier as I had to go to Pokhara to attend the marriage ceremony of my cousin. I returned to Kathmandu yesterday. I know your country is very advanced and developed. Nepal, you know, is a developing country but it is very rich in culture,art and historical places. Besides, it has many places of scenic beauty. I have learnt from your letters that you have a keen interest in the art and culture of Nepal. In order to satisfy your curiosity to know and see things for yourself, I would invite you to visit Nepal. So far as Kathmandu is concerned, you will be my guest, while at other places; I have relations where boarding and lodging will be available to both of us. You can make a few purchases, particularly of handicraft, from certain places in Nepal. I would advise you bring your camera to take snaps of places that may be mesmerising to you. I have a camera of my own but it may not be as good as yours. I hope you will make up your mind to visit Nepal as early as may be convenient to you. For your information, April –March and September– October are excellent times to visit my country. I would love to hear from you. Yours sincerely, XYZ 2. Suppose you are staying away from your parents to pursue your higher education. Write a letter to your father requesting his permission for you to go with friends on an education trip. Pokhara, 11 7th Poush 2077 Dear Father, Our Second Term Exam ends next week and the school will break up for winter holidays on the 14th of Poush. The students of our class have arranged an educational trip to Chitwan National Park and Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Buddha. Our class teacher and two other teachers have agreed to accompany us.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 225 An individual contribution of Rs. 500 has been fixed to meet all the expenses. It will include the bus fare, boarding and lodging expenses. The school, too, will bear half of the expenses. The trip promises to be of great educational value to us. It will add to our general information and teach us many useful things. My roommate, along with my other friends, is also joining the trip. I, therefore, request you to kindly permit me and send me Rs. 500 at the earliest so that I can make the payment to the teacher in charge to confirm my participation. I assure you I shall give you no cause for complaint. I hope you won't disappoint me. I am eagerly waiting for a favourable reply and the money that I shall require. With love to you and mother. Yours affectionately, ABC 3. A letter to a relative who has sent you gifts on some important occasions recently. Kirtipur, Kathmandu 5th June 2021 Dear Uncle and Aunt, I hope that you receive this letter in good health. I got your parcel dated 3rd May and was very delighted to find my birthday gift in it. Thank you very much for the camera. I feel so special that you truly care for me. Your gift will be helpful for me in many ways. It will be very handy for the picnic my friends are planning for the holiday. Also, it will be useful for the project of our social studies. Teachers have assigned us to write on the cultural heritage of Nepal. It will be beneficial for me to get pictures for the project. I'll send you the first photograph I take. Please convey my sincere best wishes to Utsav. I hope he is doing tremendously well in his studies. Please thank him from me for the birthday wishes he sent for me. I must stop writing at this point now. Thank you very much for everything all over again. Yours sincerely, Paven

226 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 4. Write a letter in about 200 words to a foreign friend describing your village. Rampur, Siraha January 10, 2022 Dear Georgia, I got your letter yesterday. I'm glad to know that you are coming to visit Nepal with some of your friends. I am so happy to know that you would like to visit my village and stay here with us for a week. Our house is in a small village, far from the highway and town. We do not have modern facilities like electricity, market, means of communication, tap water and so on. Candles and kerosene lamps are lit at nights. We have a well in the front yard of our house and we fetch water from it to drink. We have to walk for about an hour to reach the nearest market to buy things and communicate by telephone. Village houses are simple and small and are made of mud and thatch which are hygienic because we feel neither too cold in the cold season nor too hot in the summer season. There is no pollution here and you can find green environment everywhere. The things we eat are also pure and fresh. People are simple, co-operative, honest and hard-working. I hope you will enjoy the village life, living here for a week. I look forward to seeing you in the near future. Yours affectionately, Monika 4. Write a letter to your father convincing that you are trying your best to do better in the future. Campus Hostel, Lalitpur, January 15, 2022 Dear Father, I received your letter of 5 January. I am sorry that an impression has been created in your mind that I am wasting my time here. I could not do well in my last exam due to my illness before the exams. I did not write to you about the same, as it would have caused some worry at home. Regarding the

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 227 report given to you by your friend that I waste my time watching movies, it so happened that some of my friends came from Pokhara and I had to accompany them to a restaurant near a cinema hall on the day. Your friend must have seen me there and told you about it. I know how hard you and mum work to send me money for my study. How can I waste the money in watching movies and going to restaurants? I cook my own food, father, and never visit movies. I am conscious of my responsibilities and the results of my annual examinations will convince you of my sincerity in studies. I assure you that I will always do my best and never let you down. Kindly convey my regards to mother and love to Salma. Yours affectionately, Navin Thakuri Letter of Congratulation Introduction Congratulation means extending best wishes. When individuals or groups succeed in work, promotion and so on, well wishers extend congratulations in the form of a notice. Messages of congratulation can be both formal or informal. Formal congratulations are normally published in the newspaper. Informal congratulations are sent to persons concerned. These informal messages of congratulation are also considered as personal letters. A letter of congratulation is written when someone achieves success in any work. It is written in two ways. a) Formal message of congratulation b) Informal message of congratulation The first is published in the newspaper and the second is sent to the person directly.

228 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Some tips to start a letter of congratulation. Congratulations! Congratulations on your success! Hearty congratulation! I was much delighted to know………………… I would like to express my hearty congratulation on your immense success that …………….. I am really glad to hear of your great success in the board examination. My joys knew no bounds when I heard of your success. The letter is concluded this way: I wish your immense success in your future life. I wish you a prosperous life. I wish you all the best in the future. Model of congratulation letter Specimen-1 Baneshwor, Kathmandu 30th January 2022 My Dear Arun, My happiness knew to bound when I came to know that you stood first in the M.B.B.S entrance examination. Accept my heartiest congratulation on your success. I've felt a great pleasure to be one of your close friends and well wishers for your progress. Once again congratulations! I wish you continue your success in the future. Best of luck! With love, Ashesh

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 229 Specimen- 2 Suppose your friend has stood first in the national level essay competition. Write a letter of congratulation to him/her. Panauti -5, Kavre 5th August 2021 Dear Punam, I am very delighted to learn that you have stood first in the national level essay competition and received an award worth Rs. 20,000. Well done! It is a great success. Please accept my heartiest congratulations to you. Punam, you are a brilliant writer. You have won many literary competitions at school and in the district, too. No need to tell you that writing is an art through which we can expose our hidden talent. This time you have proved who you are. You have made your position in the national level. In fact, you have earned the name for our school. You are sure to be a famous writer in the future. Please keep your spirit up. Once again, I want to offer you my heartiest congratulations and best wishes to you. May the god grant you similar success in the days ahead! I hope to see you during the Dashain vacation in Kathmandu. Bye! Take care. Ever yours, Rajani Specimen-3 Chandranigahpur 5th March, 2022 My Dear Kaushal, My heart is filled with joy to learn about your topping the list of the successful candidates in the Education Service Examination. It is really a piece of good news. May god continue to bless you with similar success all through your life. Do you want to celebrate the occasion? Your success is a fitting reward of your painstaking labour. Lovingly yours, Muna

230 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Specimen-4 Chandranagar, Nepal 29th March, 2022 Dear Shristika, How excited I was to find your symbol number in the newspaper yesterday! Congratulations for passing your district level examination with distinction. Now, there is hardly any doubt about you becoming a great astronomer. Such a good result, of course, is the outcome of your hard work. Hope your future will be as bright as your present. Yours, Namrata Subedi Message of Congratulation Tips for Writing a Message of Congratulation 1. Create a message box in your mind, first. 2. Draw a small box on the top inside in the centre for photo of the person who is being congratulated. 3. Write words expressing congratulations just above the photo. The words can be like this. Hearty congratulations Congratulations 4. Write the name of the congratulated person just below the photo. 5. Extend your hearty congratulations. 6. Highlight the name of the congratulated person. 7. Write why the person has been congratulated. 8. Wish him /her further success in future. 9. Write your name or your organisation's name and address at last at he bottom of the message. 10. Put the message in the box that you have already set in your mind. 11. Decorate slightly each and every corner of the box as shown in the specimen. However, if you are writing a letter of congratulation, keep in mind the following tips. i. Follow the style mentioned in letter of condolence, i.e. heading, salutation, body of the letter, closing, signature.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 231 ii. Write opening (body of the letter) expressing congratulation. The form of an opening can be like this. ► I'm glad to hear of your great success in the examination. ► Hearty congratulation to you on your brilliant success in the SEE examination. ► I can't tell you how happy I was to learn of your success in the field of football. iii. Complete the letter with your conviction, hope, wish etc, the form of wish can be like this. ► I wish you all the best in the future. ► May god help you spread your name and fame all over the world. ► I wish you prosper in life. iv. Close the letter as a sympathy letter. Specimen- 1 A message of congratulation to be published in a newspaper. Hearty Congratulations To Mr. Anuraj Gautam We, the students of Civil Engineering of Bhutandevi Technical School, Hetauda, would like to extend our hearty congratulations to our friend, Mr. Anuraj Gautam, for his outstanding performance in SEE held in 2021. Wishing him every success in the days ahead! The Students of Civil Engineering Bhutandevi Technical School Hetauda Photo

232 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Specimen- 2 1. Your friend has stood first in a national level essay competition. Write him/her a message of congratulation to be published in a national level newspaper. Include his/her name, deed, award etc. CONGRATULATION !!! To Miss Poonam Thapa We, the class nine family of SOS Hermann Gmeiner School, Surkhet, would like to extend our hearty congratulations to our classmate Miss Poonam Thapa for securing the first position in the national level ESSAY COMPETITION organised by Leo and Lions Club, Putalisadak, Kathmandu. Class Nine Students SOS Hermann Gmeiner Higher Secondary School, Surkhet Congratulations ! Anuradha Koirala We would like to extend our hearty congratulation to Mrs. Koirala for being the first Nepali to receive the prestigious CNN Hero Award 2010 for her contribution to reduce girls trafficking and sexual exploitation in Nepal since 1993. This is a special title awarded to her by public poll conducted at CNN.com. Her untiring efforts and dedication in the field of social work has been truly judged and this award will surely strengthen and sharpen her determination in this field. We wish her success in her every walk of life. Environment Society, Kathmandu, Nepal Photo Photo Specimen- 3

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 233 Specimen-4 A message of Congratulation to be published in a newspaper. HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS Dr. Bikranta Baral On the auspicious occasion of the 65th UN Day, 2015 we heartily congratulate Dr. Baral for being the First Nepali to receive the prestigious UNESCO Asia- Pacific Cultural Heritage Conservation Award 2014 His dedication and unselfish work in the field of traditional architecture has handsomely paid off. We believe that this award will boost his morale and energise him to continue outstanding work in conservation of cultural heritage. We wish him all the best for his future progress. UNESCO, KATHMANDU, NEPAL Specimen-5 1. Write a formal message of congratulation to be published in a newspaper with the guidelines given below. Mahabir Pun….............. Ramon Magsaysay Award 2007 …............... Community leadership …......... bringing ….....……. unprecedented changes……………… in the rural livelihood……...……..used internet technology. Congratulations ! Our hearts got boundless pleasure to learn that Mr. Mahabir Pun (president ENRD) was awarded with Ramon Magsaysay Award 2007. We extend our hearty congratulations to him for recognition of his outstanding contribution to community leadership and bringing in unprecedented changes in the rural livelihood through the use of internet technology. We wish his marvellous performance will inspire others to do such good work. E- network Research and Development Nepal Photo

234 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Exercise 1. Write a formal message of congratulation to a friend who got a scholarship to study abroad. 2. Write a formal message of congratulation to a friend who stood first in the engineering entrance examination. 3. Suppose that one of your friends has been appointed as the General Manager of Standard Chartered Bank. Write a formal message of congratulation. 4. One of your friends got admitted in an IT collage. Write a letter of congratulation. 5. Suppose one of your brothers got the first prize in a national-level essay competition. Write a letter of congratulation. 6. Your brother passed the SEE with distinction as the topper of the school. Write a letter congratulating him. Write congratulation messages and letters, both, to the following people. 1. Your friend has a got a scholarship to study MBBS at Kathmandu University. 2. Suppose one of your relatives has won the gold medal in the SAARC level karate championship and got selected for the coming Olympic Games in London. 3. Your friend Binod Giri has topped the A Level course from Trinity College, Kathmandu and won a scholarship to study in UK. 4. You are the principal of your school. One of your students has topped the district securing 4 GPA is SEE examination. 5. Your father's friend has become the Education Minister of Nepal. 6. Your classmate has stood first in the final examination held by your school. Write a message of congratulation to be published in a national level daily newspaper. Condolence Letter A letter of condolence is generally written in the name of the dead. The letter of condolence bears a message about the death, which is always untimely. Mortality is always untimely irrespective of whether the dead is in her/his old age or infancy. These letters are short in size and sent at once after hearing the bad news of the death. In the letter, one should describe the moral conduct of the dead one. This sort of letter is always full of matters of love and affection.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 235 Birth Death 2025-12-03 2077-10-01 We are deeply saddened to learn of the untimely demise of Mrs. Anita Sharma The manager of Rastriya Rara Bank in the bus accident on Magh 1, 2078. She was very popular among her colleagues. She gave good services to the bank. She was helpful and co-operative. We extend our heartfelt condolence to her bereaved family and relatives. We pray for her departed soul to rest in peace in heaven. She will always remain in our hearts and memories. She has shown us a good path to march ahead which is unforgettable. We miss her a lot. Her death is a great loss for all of us. Rastriya Rara Bank, Lalitpur Photo HEARTFELT CONDOLENCE Letter of Sympathy Introduction Letters of sympathy are mostly written and sent when misfortunes like loss of property, accident, disaster, and calamities happen. Only a few expressions of emotional feelings are in the letter so that the receiver of the letter should feel that love and hearty sympathy is with the sender for him. The letter begins with news of misfortune that you heard and regret over it. It is written when somebody has lost something, got injured or badly hurt, or faced unsuccessful cases, etc. It is meant to encourage the receiver. Tips for students A. Begin your letter of sympathy in the following ways; ► I was so sorry to learn that + unpleasant event ► I was shocked to learn about + unpleasant event ► I was extremely sorry to know about + event

236 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 ► I am really sorry to know about + event. ► I was extremely worried to know about + event. ► I have no words to express how sorry I am to hear about + event. ► Words fail to express my sorrow about + event. B. Expressions of consolation: ► Don't worry. What is gone is gone forever. Think of the future. ► Failure and success are a part of life. We must face them. ► Our life is full of ups and downs. Happiness and sorrow come side by side. ► Failure is said to be the foundation of success. ► Don't lose your hope. Be positive and optimistic. ► Don't be discouraged with what has happened. Try again and you are bound to be successful. C. Expressing sympathy and offering assistance: ► You have all my sympathy. ► I extend my deep sympathy to you at this hour of dismay. ► I pray to the god for your quick recovery. ► My parents join me in my sympathies towards you. ► May the god preserve and support you! ► We pray that your grief be lightened as soon as possible. ► Please do not hesitate to write to me if you need any help. ► Nothing that I can write will reduce your sorrow since only time can do that, I hope it will. Model of Sympathy Letter Specimen-1 Write a letter of sympathy to your friend who has had an accident and is in hospital. Use the clues in the box to help you.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 237 Rishi Rana : a great cyclist, took part in a cycle race, fell down and broke her ankle, is in hospital. 2078-08-04 Dear Rishi, I am really upset to learn that you have been injured as you fell off your bicycle while taking part in the cycle race. It has become really difficult for me to believe that you broke your ankle because you are a great cyclist. I hope you will be discharged from hospital soon. I wish you a speedy recovery. May god bless you to recover early! With best wishes, Bimal Specimen -2 Your friend Louise fell off her bike and is in hospital. She postponed her travel plan to Nepal because her leg has been broken. Write a letter of sympathy to her. 12th July 2021 Dear Louise, I was so sorry to learn about your bike accident. Your letter further gave me a shock that you broke your leg and had to stay in hospital for a month. What a bad luck! However, you have said that your leg is getting better and you will be able to walk after two months. It has given me a relief. I am sad about this unfortunate accident. Louise, you know that our life is a struggle. It is full of joys and sorrows. We have to face both pleasant and unpleasant events in life. Now you are in pain and trouble. But don't worry you are sure to regain your pleasure and happiness. Accident happen and they are common. Thank god, your accident is a minor one. Every day many people lose their lives on the road. So, don't worry. You are safe. Take it easy. You have all my sympathy. I pray to the god for your quick recovery. After that you will be here in Nepal. We will be enjoying unique natural beauty. I will be waiting for you. With best wishes Shiva

238 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Specimen -3 A letter of sympathy to a friend who fell off his/ her bicycle and is now in hospital. Bank Road Hetauda -2 March 28, 2022 Dear Prakash, I was extremely sorry to hear that you fell off your bicycle and broke your ankle while taking part in a cycle race. I can't believe my ears! As I know you're a great cyclist who has already bagged a number of medals in cycle competitions. I felt quite upset when I heard about your sudden fall. I can't imagine the pain you are going through and how badly the fall hurt you. I wish for your speedy recovery. I'll come to see you in the hospital as soon as possible. Take care and have plenty of rest. Ever yours, Saroj Exercise 1. Write a letter of sympathy to your friend who has had an accident and is in hospital now. Use the clues in the box. Tika Lama ….. a great cyclist …. took part in a cycle race,/……fell off the cycle and broke her ankle…… in hospital now…. 2. Your friend has failed class 8 examination due to his long illness. Write a letter of sympathy to him/her and advise him\her not to be discouraged. 3. Imagine you are an adult of 20 years. Your friend was in love with a boy/ a girl. Unfortunately their relationship came to an end when his\her parents refused their proposal. So, your friend has been very much disappointed now. Write him\her a letter of sympathy. 4. Suppose your uncle's field has been buried under a hill due to landslides. He has not only seen his crops disappear but also the whole land. Write a letter sympathising and advising him what to do. 5. Write a letter of sympathy to a friend who has not been selected for the national level Chhamchhami Dance Competition because he/she has been disqualified from the preliminary selection round.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 239 6. You and your friend, Pimpa Gurung, were working in Gyan Punja Secondary School, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur. Unfortunately she was killed in a road accident while crossing the road in Maitighar, Kathmandu. Use the clues in the box to write a letter of sympathy to her parents. Pimpa Gurung…. 24 years old… English teacher…died on 28th March 2021 … friendly honest…. hard working and helpful. 7. Suppose you are Suman Rana and one of your friends has had an untimely and unexpected demise in a plane crash near Bhattedanda in Lalitpur. Write a letter of condolence to his parents using the clues given in the box. Anirudra Sharma, …….45 years old, ………died on 1st April 2021 ….. Himalayan Airlines…. Founder principle of Bharatpur Higher Secondary School… helpful, honest, hard working and a popular social worker. Miss him very much … never forget. 8. One of your friends has died in a road accident. Write a letter of sympathy to his family, with the help of following clues. Sangita Thapa … 18 years old…. studying together for 5 years…. sociable and helpful … killed in bus accident .. on 15th March 2021. 9. You and your best friend Suraj Shrestha, were working in Chetana Secondary School, Banepa. Unfortunately, he was killed in a bus accident while returning form a picnic. Use the clues in the box to write a letter of sympathy to his parents. Suraj Shrestha …. your best friend… 25 years old…. resident of Panga… worked together in the same school for 5 years …. died on 26th April 2021 … popular English teacher… sincere and dedicated … helpful and good sportsman. 10. One of your friends had a bike accident and is in hospital with his broken leg. Write a letter of sympathy to him, with the help if the following clues. Sagun Thapa …. going to Sauraha… brake failed ….. fell off the bike … had his leg broken… on 15th March, 2021 … undergoing treatment …. wish him a speedy recovery. 11. One week ago, your close friend Deepak's mother died. Write a letter giving him sympathy.

240 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Invitation Letter Tips for Writing Invitation Letter i. Write the heading as in a congratulation letter. ii. Remember that the body of the letter has three parts: opening, message and closing. iii. The form of an opening can be like this. It's my pleasure to……… Many thanks for your nice letter. I'm so glad to hear from you after a long time. I'm so pleased to tell you that ... Thank you so much for your invitation. Thanks a lot for your invitation. I'm extremely sorry for not being able to …. I can't tell you how… iv. The message is the main part of a letter. So, Write it in one or two paragraphs. Use simple language and short sentences. Don't skip any outlines or clues given. v. The form of closing can be like this. With kind regards, Thanking you, I look forward to hearing from you soon. With love, vi. Close the letter as a congratulation letter. Specimen- 1 A letter to a friend, accepting the invitation Kalaiya -2 Bara, 23rd August 2020 Dear Manila, Thank you for your invitation. I'm very glad to learn about your sister's wedding on 26th of this month. I shall be glad if I can be of some assistance on this happy occasion. Please do write me immediately if any help is needed. I shall be there at Motel Avocado on the day before the reception of the bridegroom takes place. Wishing her a very blissful marriage in advance. Yours, Lalita

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 241 Specimen -2 A regret letter to a friend, declining the invitation TCN Road Hetauda-10 24th August 2021 Dear Manila, I can't tell you how bad I'm feeling for not being able to attend your sister's wedding on 26th of August due to my family urgency. As you know, my mother has been in bed for a couple of months and there is no one at home to look after her. I am tending the sick mother all the time. Hope you will understand my absence. I'm really sorry, my dear. Please, convey my complements and good wishes to sister, Sarita. Best regards, Binita Exercise 1. Write a letter to your friend, inviting him/her to join a picnic with you. 2. Write a letter to your friend, inviting him/ her to attend your sister's wedding. 3. Write a letter to your friend inviting him / her to attend your birthday celebration. 4. Write a letter to your parents inviting them to attend your school's Annual Function, supposing that you're staying in a school hostel. 5. Imagine that you are Bhawana Gurung from Birgunj. Write a letter of acceptance to your friend stating that you are attending his/ her birthday celebration. 6. Write a letter of regret to your friend telling her that you are not able to attend her wedding ceremony. 2. An Account of Events A. The Most Memorable Event I still remember the first time I went to a summer camp -- the rich smell of burning wood and the laughs of new people getting to know each other. Secrets were shared. Games were played, especially truth or dare. Those two weeks were a time to remember. And I would think of them whenever I am sad, lonely or even happy. Unfortunately, it was so long ago and I was too small to understand certain things. The most vivid memory of all was times spent in the woods. Those woods spread farther than anyone really

242 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 knew. And yet I never got lost. The bright white moon always told me where to go. Not only because of the people I was with, but also how I felt being surrounded by the things I love, the trees, the lakes and the clear fresh skies that holstered stars. I will never forget the experiences I shared with those who are now my best friends. Moments like those are what make me most thankful. B. Peddling on My Own Learning how to ride a bike for the first time was a nerve racking independent moment. I was about five years old when my sister informed me that I was too old to still be riding a bike with training wheels. I went outside and started to take the little wheels off my bike. I slowly got on the bike, and with my shaky hands, I gripped the handles tightly. Meanwhile my sister was holding on to me to help keep my balance. I was so afraid that she would let go, yet I was determined to ride this bike on my own. Next with a little push from her, I started to peddle. The faster my bike went the faster my heart raced. I was so excited that I accomplished freedom on my bike that I forgot to peddle. The next step I remember, I was lying on the ground. I will never forget the exhilarating moment and growing up stage of riding a bike without training wheels. Exercise 1. Write a paragraph describing how you felt on the first day in class nine. 2. Write a paragraph talking about your visit to the zoo. 3. Write a paragraph describing an accident which you have seen with your eyes. 4. Have you ever been punished in the school? Describe your experience in a paragraph. 5. Describe the moment when you were left alone at home. 3. Diary Diary is a date book. A book with spaces for each day of the year in which you can write down things you have to do. In a diary, you can write down the experiences you have each day and your private thoughts.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 243 A Student's Diary Bhadrapur 2021, July 25 I am a student. I always get up at six in the morning. But yesterday I got up early. Yesterday we had a holiday. The grade eight students had planned to visit the national park. So, I woke up at 4 o'clock. My mother had made my lunch pack ready with mo:mo and delicious cake. I dressed myself. By 7 o'clock I was ready. Then I went to the bus stop. Some of my friends had already been there. We waited for the bus. The school bus arrived there at 8 o'clock only. We got up the bus and greeted our friends. By 11 o'clock we reached the national park. We saw many animals and birds. Our science teacher introduced us many animals and plants. We rode the elephant. Riding the elephant was my first experience. We made a dry picnic there together. At 3 o'clock we got ready for the return trip and at 6 o'clock we reached the school. Our parents were waiting for us. 4. Short Essay As a word is a collection of 'letters,''a sentence is a collection of 'words''a paragraphs is a collection sentences','an essay' is a collection of paragraphs. So in other words, we can say that an essay is a collection of paragraphs from starting to closing. An essay is a piece of writing on a particular subject. It is a fact based on discussion rather than an imaginary creation. But it does not mean that essays are not creative. Essays are creatively explained on real subjects of the world and society. It explores the views, options and perspectives towards the subject. Essays explain, describe, narrate and put forward the valued arguments on given topic. An essay can be written in any length. It can be concluded in a single paragraph and elaborated to multiple paragraphs considering the subject and its area. But all the essays have definite beginning, middle and ending. More importantly, beginning paragraph should conclude the whole essay. Besides, beginning sentence of each new paragraph should raise new concept related to the essay. The subject of the essay must remain at the centre. No matter into how many paragraphs you develop the essay, each paragraph must support and connect with all other paragraphs so that the piece of writing can be a complete whole. No any unnecessary detail should be included and not any necessary detail should be left out. However, as a student of lower secondary level you can write the particular essay in three to five paragraphs in about 150 words.

244 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 • In the first paragraph introduce the topic and shortly convey the theme of the essay. • Explain, elaborate, give detail, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages with necessary examples and so on in the middle: you can break paragraphs as per your convenience. Conclude the essay with some resolution and stating your ideas or views Make your essay like "There's nothing more to be said." Kinds of Essays Generally there are three types of essays: i) Descriptive essay: This type of essay deals with or appeals to sense organs hear, smell, feel, taste, etc. ii) Narrative essay: This type of essay portrays the memory of the past events. It is written generally in the first person narrative. iii) Argumentative essay: This type of essay tries to convince or persuade the readers to believe in some ideas. Tips for Essay Writing 1. Essay writing is asked as a free writing in Basic level. 2. Clues on the topic of the essay may not be given. If clues are given, follow them because clues work as the guidelines for writing. 3. Organise the ideas about what and how to write. Usually an essay includes introduction to topic of the essay, situation, good sides, bad sides, problems and their solutions or conclusion. 4. Think or jot down the clues/points. Do rough work if necessary. Try to link one point with another. 5. Start with introduction/definition/meaning. Complete it in the first paragraph. 6. Write the main content with historical background, advantage, importance, disadvantage, existing condition, etc. in the second paragraph. 7. Write your opinion/ suggestion/ recommendation/ conclusion in the last paragraph. 8. Give facts and figures if you think they will make your writing more valid. 9. Use simple language/simple sentence as far as possible. 10. Try to be original and creative. 11. Make your writing precise and to the point. 12. Writing newspaper article is also like essay writing. For this, give the title and mention the author of the article. The rest are same as in writing essays. Some Models of Essay

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 245 1. Nepal and Her Beauty Nepal, one of the most beautiful countries, lies in the heart of Asia. The beauty of Nepal is beyond description. No matter how much we describe her, it does not suffice. The Almighty has thoughtfully and deliberately created her. She appears smiling. She lies on the tender lap of the Himalayas which spontaneously gives us powerful feelings. She possesses many particularities. She has many mountains where various types of trees, bushes which are the living places of many birds and animals grow. Towards the north there are very high Himalayas capped with snow. The scene of melting snow and piled snow attracts us dramatically. Many tourists come to climb the high mountains, such as Mt. Everest, Mt. Makalu etc. They consider this piece of heaven a dreamland. They come to dive into the rivers of imagination to make their exotic creation. The Terai belt adds more beauty to her. The greenery of crops in our eyesight is very fantastic. Our eyes never get tired of seeing them. There are many dense forests in the Terai belt like Churia range belt. The Chitwan National Park, Bardia Nationalo Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve are really the canters of attraction. We find various kinds of wildlife. The landscapes, lakes, rivers glaciers, resorts, are really wonderful in Nepal. Nepal is very rich in national and cultural heritage. There are many temples, stupas, monasteries, kutis, water spouts (kundas), statues and idols of Gods and Goddesses here. They are full of art and architecture. Although the Hindu religion is the major religion, other religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Shikhism are also in practice. Here lived great souls such as Janak, Buddh, Sita, Bhrikuti, Shiva, Parvati, Bal Gura Khadanand, Prithivi Narayan Shah, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Pushpa Lal, Ganeshman, etc. who contributed to her development very much. Our late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev declared Nepal a zone of peace. This has also added beauty to her. Gorkhalies are very famous all over the world. This is also an identification. Nepal is a beautiful garden of four castes and thirty-six subcastes. Nationality is our motto. There is unity among diversity in Nepal. 2. My Favourite Season: The Spring Season There are mainly four seasons in Nepal. They are Summer season, Rainy Season, Winter Season and Spring Season. All come for nearly a span of three months. All seasons have their merits and demerits. Some create problems to us but some are joyous. Everyone likes one season or the other but I like spring season the most. Spring has been called the king of all seasons. Many poets have

246 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 described the beauty of this season in songs. The morning is pleasant. The noon is soothing, the evening is cool and calm, the night is comfortable. Birds chirp, the sky is clear and the wind is refreshing. Every creation of nature looks very beautiful. Flowers bloom. New leaves sprout on trees. The spring season is important for farmers. Crops ripen in the fields. Farmers gather wheat and barley at home. Everyone has a sense of pleasure. Spring is a season of Hindu festivalHoli which falls in this season. It is festival of eating and drinking. People enjoy it most. Holi adds to the glory of the spring season. In this pleasant season, fields are covered with green plants. Flowers bloom and give off pleasant fragrance. It is neither hot nor cold. The cuckoo speaks in its melodious sound. There is no cold wind. Days and nights are neither too long nor too short. I hate the cold wind of winter as well as the hot sun of summer. I dislike mud and dirt caused by the rains. So spring is my favorite season. In this way we see that this season is so pleasant that most people like it. We feel quite fresh and cheerful. We move in orchards to gather unripe mangoes. We can watch different types of birds in our localities. People sing 'Phagu'songs and 'Chitawar' songs. So, spring is the most popular season in Nepal which I like most. 3. Co-education Education is the light of life. Education is necessary for both men and women. When men and women are educated together, it is co-education. This is the system of education in which girls and boys get an opportunity to share their feelings together. Co-education trains both men and women to live peacefully and happily. Education develops all hidden power of boys and girls. It makes them understand each other. Their married life will fail without this clear understanding. Co-education prepares them to live in the practical world. In coeducation system, they sit together, share their feeling of happiness and sorrow as well. Later their conjugal lives become successful. The government cannot afford to have separate schools and colleges for both men and women in proportion to their number. We have very few schools and colleges for girls. So, co-education solves this problem. Both girls and boys are given equal opportunity to face the competition. When they are in co-education, girls don't have problems to face with boys. They have no problem to do their duties together. Some people dislike co-education. They think it to be harmful for our society. Our main religious beliefs are against co-education. A young boy is considered to be the burning fire and a young girl to be like fuel. According to them coeducation means to add fuel to the fire to burn the society into ashes. There is another objection to it. Girls are shy by nature. So, they cannot study with boys with full freedom. Some are in favour of giving a different kind of education to

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 247 girls. Co-education will not serve the purpose, so it is not useful and helpful to the women of our country. In this way, we can conclude that co-education has both merits and demerits. But merits are more than demerits. We see those girls who get co education have been more successful. Gradually, their shy nature goes away. They face the interviews expertly because they have already developed the qualities of facing the questions raised by boy-students. Thus co-education is a successful system of education which can bring women ahead of men. 4. Importance of Computer Today The age in which we live is known as the age of science and technology. The contribution of sciences in our life is great and remarkable in so many ways. Computer is one of the most useful inventions of this age. Computer has affected almost every aspect of our life. Today we hear off and on about computer and its introduction in various fields. Science has made impossible things possible. We cannot think of anything without science. Indeed, we cannot deny this fact. A computer is a machine. In it various data and information technically called programs are put into. Then the quick and exact result comes out in a short time. Computers are of many kinds. Mathematical computer can add, subtract, multiply, and divide any number in the wink of an eye. The medical computer can tell the symptoms of the disease and diagnose treatment. If the computer is fed some words and ideas into, it can corn pose a poem of your liking as well. In the history of Science and Technology of the present world, Charles Babbage added a new invention called computer for the first time in human history. With it a new chapter of computer revolution has opened the history. Now Nepal too has some of the agencies of computer sellers and manufacturers like Chaudhary Group of Industries, LG Marked Computer, Hansarj Hulashchandra Golchha and so on. In today's world a great number of computers are being used, only as office machines. They are used for typing and calculations only. And yet computer has been proved to be very indispensable for the people of 21st century. Modern word is very busy. Everywhere there is challenge and competition among the human race to survive. People have to live very busy life. There is no sense of leisure for the rapid promotion and progress in every field. Government should open up colleges of Information and Faculty of Computer Science for availability of computer education to the country. 5. Dowry: A Curse to Society The word 'dowry'is defined in Collins dictionary as the property brought by a woman to her husband's house at marriage. Now, dowry is a great curse and

248 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 challenge to Nepalese society, particularly for the destitute or poor masses. The demand may be in cash or in kind. It is like a cancer eating into the roots of society in Nepal. Dowry spoils and mars all pleasures of married life. Thousands of innocent beautiful girls have been sacrificed at its altar. Even in the periods of 'Manu' and 'Kalidas' there was dowry system. But then, it was a sweet will and pleasure of those who gave it out of love and affection. It was to help the newly married couple to set up their horne. Today dowry has taken a fearful form. It has become a curse for Nepalese society. This great social evil in which a boy is sold to the highest bidder is running poor, destitute and middle class families. Dowry rates are fixed separately for boys'different status like doctors, engineers, lecturers and government officers as well as others. Merit and eligibility of girl are no consideration. There are many reasons of dowry such as old tradition, bad social customs, casteism, unequal matches, false pride, lust or greediness for wealth, bad economy and difference of social status. Daily newspapers bring news about murder of poor innocent girls by their in-laws because they could not get dowry as they desired. Due to dowry there are murders, suicides, family conflicts, tensions, low standard of living, povert)'t strained relations between the families of girls and boys, corruption, immorality, bribery, black-marketing and so on. It is a great bolt on the race of Nepalese community. Government should ban the dowry-system by law and should impose severe penalty upon those who encourage it. An enquiry into a woman's death must be made when it occurs within short period of her marriage. Boys and girls should not agree to a marriage where dowry is demanded. 6. Soaring Prices There is a problem of rising prices all over the world. But this problem is more serious in Nepal than anywhere else. It is a great curse to the poor class. The following facts have caused the price-rise in Nepal. Nepal is a backward country. Production is not enough to meet the needs of her people. So there is a shortage of everything. It causes rise in prices. And the people of Nepal have very low per-capita income, too. Over population is also a cause of soaring prices. Nepal is undergoing a great problem of over population. But production does not increase in the same proportion. So people's needs cannot be met. The prices go high. As such there is a great need of check on population. Backward farming is also a cause of rising prices. The yield is low. The supply is less than the demand. So theories have it that prices go up in such situation. Scientific methods and co-operative

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 249 farming can help a lot to improve agriculture. If production is increased, price will go down, there is no doubt about it. People waste much time and money on social and religious functions. There is much waste at the time of marriage, birth and death. People should be taught to get rid of orthodoxy. In Nepal, the traders store the commodities and sell them in black market at higher rates. Besides this, a lot of black money is in circulation. Hoarding and black-marketing has made the situation worse. The frequent strike in factories and 'Bandhas' also affect the production and supply which results in price rise. Our government should try to increase production and convince people of the advantages of family planning. Production should be increased applying scientific methods. The government should impart technical and scientific training to the industrial workers to enable them to increase production so as to bring about a fall in the prices of essential commodities. Traders who create artificial scarcity having stored the goods should be penalized without being influenced by them. 7. Money: Its Uses and Abuses The word 'money' has been defined in many ways. Economists like Marshall, Robbins, J.S. Mill and others defined it in their own words as they perceived it, but money is what money does. In the whole world nobody is self- dependent. The people get what they need from others. It is the same with all human beings. Some people adopt the barter system. But this barter system is limited. So for more progress in life man adopts money to serve his purpose. Money is the most useful article for human beings today. Our needs are great in number. The things we need are obtained from different places. We need many things everyday. We also need services: of the barber, the tailor, the cobbler, the doctor, the lawyer and of the owner of a rickshaw or a bus. For this, we need money. We need it everyday and every moment. Without money life is impossible today. We cannot do any work without money. Money buys the necessities of life and the things of luxury and comfort. It can even buy honour. The government needs money for its functioning. Some men have an evil mind. All men are not good and contented. A bad man puts money to many evil uses. Money is at the root of all sins. Women sell their bodies for money. Men work and do most sinful things for money. A saboteur sells the secrets of national security to the enemy country. But every misuse of money is not sinful or criminal. It is misused in many ways for which you cannot punish a man. The use of money for the luxury of some when most men are starving is the worst misuse. Those who have money force or persuade others to do wrong. The people who have money exploit the poor. Wasting money for

250 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 show is a misuse. We see the worst misuse of money in functions and wedding parties. The misuse of money is contagious. When one man wastes money on pomp and show, others follows suit. If the rich stop the misuse of money, if helping the poor pleases them more than false prestige, the earth will be heaven itself. 8. The Importance of Cinema in Our Life Science has conferred many boons upon man from time to time. In the present time, cinema has been proved as one of the most important boons of science to mankind. It has become an integral part of modern civilization. Everyone likes to enjoy a picture, whether he is old or young, man or woman. The booking windows of cinema hall have thicker rush than the stationery shop. It has become very popular. Cinema is a combination of many arts. The script writer jots the story and the dialogues. The singer gives his/ her melody to the songs. The musician creates the music and actors and actresses play their roles according to the composition of the story. The directors direct the plots. The photographer takes the poses in film. And then a complete film comes before the audience. There are many sweet and tasty fruits of cinema. In fact, cinema is one of the cheapest but complete means of entertainments. People often go to the cinema to entertain themselves for a few hours. Young people think that cinema is the greatest blessing in life. Cinema is also a means of education. It is called a practical teacher. Everything can be taught in a normal way. Learning by seeing is easier than learning by reading. In order to improve our knowledge, cinema helps us a lot. Moral lessons can also be given through the cinema. 9. Drug Addiction: A Menace Now- a-days we often get news either from the newspaper or television or radio about the abuse of drug among young men and women. Obviously, drug addiction is fatal to health. Particularly, people use narcotic drug which dulls the sense and induces sleep. People become addicted to drug because of three reasons inparticular- when they get into bad company or when they are always in family tension or when they get frustration. Whatever the reason,drug addiction is very much notorious. It spoils the life of the youngsters in early age. They have no respect in society. They become complete nuisance to their family. They are put in the list of social evils. In our own country Nepal, many have been the victims of drugs. Deaths are always hovering round their heads. The abuse of these drugs is being spread