Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 101 Subject-Verb Agreement Lesson 9 Preview Fill in the suitable verbs from brackets. • A herd of kangaroos ..............jumping. (is, are, will) • Neither Hari nor Krishna .......home now. (is going, will be going, went) • Ravi as well as his friends .............. (is/are/has) present today. • Twenty dollars ......... (has/is/are) too much to pay for an ordinary shirt. • Hari doesn't .............. (try/tries/tried) to pass. • Did you .............. (fry/fries/have fried) the onion? • Does Mahendra ..............up early in the morning? (get, gets, got) • Each of the books ..............of great importance. (is/has/are) • Thirteen kilometers ..............not a long distance. (is/has/are) • The orator and statesman ..............arrived. (has, have, having) • The businessman, with all his family members, ..............killed. (was, were, be) • Bhupal has not gone to the cinema, ..............have I. (none, neither, so) • The Principal and Secretary ..............on leave yesterday. (are/was/were) • The data ..............incorrect. (is/are/were) • The South African cricket team ..............all under thirty years of age. (is, am, are) • A saw, in addition to a hammer and nails, ............ essential for the task. (are, is, am) • Robert, as well as his sisters, .......... an outstanding musician. (is, am, are) • Every boy and girl at the party ............ been given a balloon. (have/ had/has)
102 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Subject-Verb agreement The agreement of the verb with its subject is called 'Subject-Verb' Agreement. It is also known as concord. Read and learn. 1. A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. Singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. But although I is singular it takes a plural verb. I go to school. We go to school. You go to school. They go to school. She goes to school. He goes to school. Hari goes to school I am a student. We are students. You are students. She is a student. Sonam has earrings. They have buses. He is a student Ritu has a job. 2. When the conjunction 'and' connects two or more singular subjects, it generally takes a plural verb. Example: Rita and Gita have examined the papers. Harish and I are flying to Dubai. 3. Two singular nouns may refer to the same person or thing. If the article is used only with the first noun, the two nouns refer to the same person and the subject takes only singular verb. But when the articles are used with each noun, the two nouns refer to different persons. Example: The director and the owner have just arrived here. (Two different persons) The director and owner has just arrived here. (Same person with two different designations) 4. If two subjects express one idea, it is considered as the compound subject and singular verb is used. Example: Slow and steady wins the race. 5. Uncountable nouns such as news, advice, information, knowledge, rubbish, furniture, etc. are followed by singular verbs.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 103 6. After the words-each, one, every, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, nobody, anyone, anybody, no one, either, neither, many a, one o( more than one, none-a singular verb is used. Example: Somebody is knocking at the door. 7. Both singular and plural verb can be used for collective nouns like-family, staff, team, committee, audience, jury, etc. depending on the context. Example: * The family is going to have a picnic this Sunday. (the group 'family' in this case is considered as a single unit) * The staff work in a co-operative manner. ('staff' in this case involves every member of the group) 8. When words are added to a singular subject by-as well as, and not, no less than, with, together, accompanied by, along with, in addition to, except, besides, etc. the verb should agree with the first subject. Example: I as well as my parents am going to emigrate to the Terai. 9. When two subjects are connected by- or, either or, neither nor, and not only...but also, the verb should be in agreement with the second subject. Example: Neither you nor I am the winner. 10. A singular verb is used for singular subject ending in-'s' such as crisis, measles, news, apparatus, etc. 11. Depending on the number, we can use either a singular or a plural verb with those nouns for which both singular and plural forms are the same. For example-means, barracks, crossroads, series, sheep, deer, etc. Example: * There are different means to solve the problem. * This is not an efficient means to solve the problem. 12. Nouns like-cattle, people, police, clergy, gentry, poultry, public, swine, vermin, etc. which are plural in number but do not have an 's' ending, take a plural verb. 13. A singular verb is used after nouns like Economics, Mathematics, Physics, gymnastics, politics, etc. Example: Mathematics is what I am weak in.
104 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 14. When the subject is in the structure of -'One of/Each of/Either of/Neither of+ plural subject', it takes singular verb. Example: One of my friends is going to the UK tomorrow. Neither of the boys is honest. 15. But the structure -'Many of/Several of/A few of/Two of/The majority of the most of-plural subject' takes a plural verb. 16. 'Or', 'nor', 'either......or 'and 'neither......nor' are used to connect two subjects. In such case, the verb agrees as per the second subject/ the subject nearest to the verb. Example: * Roshan or Rohan has gone to the station. * Either Hari or I do the work. * Either Ramu or we help you. * Neither Binod nor Bimala has come to see me. 17. When the subject of a sentence is a phrase indicating quantity, it takes a singular verb. Example: Ten kilos of potatoes costs Rs.1000. 18. A collective noun normally takes a singular verb. Example: The bunch of keys was lost. The group of boys is waiting for you. But- A group of girls are singing a song. 19. In the sentence structure 'Here/There + be verb + Noun Phrase + Place Adv.', the 'Be' verb (is, are, was, were) is used according to the number of the noun phrase. Example: There was a boy standing at the main entrance. Here are some boys in the classroom. 20. The sentence structure 'Here/There + be verb + Noun Phrase + Place Adv.' can be replaced with 'Place Adv. + be verb + Noun Phrase + ........' The verb agreement is same as in No. 15. Example: In the room are a boy and a girl talking loudly. 21. When the subject of the verb is a relative pronoun, the verb agrees with the number and person of the number before the relative pronoun. Example: This is the boy who gets the highest marks in every exam.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 105 Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets. a. Neither you nor l..............a student. (is, am, are) b. There..............been a number of telephone calls today. (has, have, was) c. Writing many letters..............her happy. (make, makes, are making) d. Rice and curry..............(is, are, has) everything for him. e. The leader and orator..............arrived. (has, have, are) f. Bread and butter..............my daily breakfast. (is, am, are) g. Each and every boy .............. books. (have, has, is) h. The value of these books..............not measurable. (is, are, do) i. Dhruba, as well as his friends, .............. (is, was, were) painting this picture five days ago. j. Each of these chairs..............broken. (is, are, were) k. Neither his mother nor his father..............present here. (is, are, were) l. Fifteen litres of milk..............sufficient for today. (are, is, was) m. My sister and !..............together at school. (was, were, has) n. Jack, along with his colleagues, ..............planning a trip. (are, is, have, has) o. The editor and the writer..............come. (has, have, are) p. Each of them..............some problems. (has, have, are) q. Ramesh, do it.............. (himself, yourself, yourselves). r. The principal and the teacher.............. (has, have, are) arrived. s. She, not me, ..............(is, are, has) going to see the movie 'The Spiderman'. t. The captain, with his players, ..............(were, has, was) been practising. u. You, who..............(is, am, are) tall, can reach the top.
106 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 v. The leader, with his helpers, ..............(were, is, was) present there yesterday. w. My sister and l..............the household work together. (do, does, done) x. One of the players..............not so good. (was, were, are) y. The police..............strict about rules and regulations. (is, are, have) z. Economics..............my favourite subject. (is, are, have) 2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. Each of the books..............of great importance. (is, has, are) b. Thirteen kilometres..............not a long distance. (is, has, are) c. Most of the students..............talent in English. (is, was, are) d. Dipu, as well as I, ..............very kind to the poor. (is, am, are) e. The orator and statesman..............arrived. (has, have, having) f. The businessman, with all his family members..............killed. (was, were, has) g. Both the poet and the philosopher..............present here. (is, am, are) h. Shanti, as well as her friends, ..............won the prizes. (has, have, having) i. The principal and secretary..............on leave yesterday. (are, was, were) j. The data..............incorrect. (is, are, are) k. Tom, together with his friends, ..............drowned. (are, was, were) l. Either the dog or the cat..............killed. (are, has been, have been) m. The South African cricket team..............all under thirty years of age. (is, am, are) n. Geetal clean the room.............. (herself, yourself, yourselves). 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. A saw, in addition to a hammer and nails, ..............essential for this task. (are, am, is, have) b. Robert, as well as his sisters, ............an outstanding musician. (is, am, are)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 107 c. Every boy and girl at the party..............given a balloon. (are, were, was) d. Five litres of milk..............enough for today. (is, are, were) e. Rice and potato..............his favourite food. (are, is, has) f. A packet of biscuit..............not enough for him. (is, are, were) g. Either you or your friend..............to finish it. (has, have, was) h. Ten kilos of rice..............bought yesterday. (is, were, was) i. We should..............hard. (studies, study, had studies) j. Fifty kilos of rice..............enough for our family. (is, has, are) k. Today's news..............interesting. (is, has, are) l. Each of the boys..............here on time yesterday. (was, are, were) m. The cost of these articles..............risen at present. (has, have, had) n. Neither Mohan nor they..............understood my question till noun. (has, have, had) o. Renu and Bina.............. (is, are, be) the best teachers of our school. For your practise Use 'Have' or 'Has' in the blanks. a. Each of the toys..............a different shape. b. Each of the students..............to meet with the teacher. c. Everybody in the class..............bought tickets. d. Many people..............attended the concert. e. Neither Nima nor Sima..............bought a case of soap. f. The famous singer and composer..............arrived. g. Both friends..............arrived at the same time. h. One of my friends..............lived here for a long time. i. Neither Tina nor Jiya..............seen this show before. j. His father..............saved all the photographs that he took when he was young.
108 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Question and Negation Lesson 10 Preview Conversation practice. A : The school bus is leaving in a minute. Where is Seema? B : She may be in the painting hall. A : She can't be there. She doesn't like art. B : But I saw her a few minute ago. She was sitting on a bench. She was looking at the painting. A : She must like this painting very much. She has been here for half an hour. B : She isn't looking at the picture. She is asleep. A : Poor Seemal She should go to bed early. Read the conversation above and write one sentence each of them: • Wh-question • Statement • Negative • Exclamatory Transformation Transformation of sentences means changing sentences from one form to another form. There are various forms of sentences. In this lesson we are learning how to change the sentences as shown below: A. Changing affirmative/positive sentences into negative or vice versa B. Changing assertive sentences into interrogative ('Yes/No' questions) C. Changing the assertive sentences into wh-questions Look at the examples: Statement (Positive) Hari will buy a new car. Statement (Negative) Hari will not buy a new car. 'Yes/No' Question Will Hari buy a new car?
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 109 'Wh' Question What will Hari buy? Statement Negative Riza wet to a temple yesterday. Negative Riza did not go to a temple yesterday. Yes/No' Question Did Riza go to a temple yesterday? 'Wh' Question When did Riza go to a temple? Statement My mother always watches the news on TV. Negative Does my mother always watch the news on TV? 'Wh' Question Who always watches the news on TV? With auxiliary verb There are 24 auxiliary verbs: They are 'is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, could, wilt would, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to, used to, need, dare'. Use only 'not' to make negative, e.g. I am going → I am not going. A. How to make negative? Without auxiliary verb (a) Structure: sub + V5 + object - He works hard. Sub + does not + V1 + object - He does not work hard. (b) Structure : Sub + V1 + object - I play ball. Sub + don't + V1 + object - I don't play ball. (c) Structure: Sub + V2 + object - She opened the door. Sub + did not + V1 + object - She didn't open the door. Has to / Have to / Had to .... (a) Structure: Sub+ have to+ Vl + obj. Sub+ don't+ have to+ Vl + obj. (b) Structure: Sub+ has to+ Vl + obj. Sub+ does not+ have to+ Vl + obj. (c) Structure: Sub+ had to+ Vl + obj. Sub + did not +have to + Vl + obj. (d) Structure: Sub+ had better+ Vl+ obj. Sub+ had better+ not+ Vl + obj. Examples: • I have to help them.
110 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 • I do not have to help them. • Rita has to play volleyball. • Rita does not have to play volleyball. • They have to cross the road. • They don't have to cross the road. • He had better go now. • He had better not go now. Has / Have / Had as main verb (a) Structure: Sub+ have+(main verb)+ obj. Sub+ don't+ have+ obj. (b) Structure: Sub+ has (main verb)+ obj. Sub+ does not+ have+ obj. (c) Structure: Sub+ had (main verb)+ obj. Sub+ did not+ have+ obj. Ram has his meal. Ram does not have his meal. Sita had a cup of tea. Sita did not have a cup of tea. They have their food. They don't have their food. Imperative sentence (a) vl + obj. Don't + vl + obj. (b) Let me/him/her/them/us +vl + obj. Let me/him/her/them/us+ not+ vl, + obj. Open the door. Don't open the door. Let's go out. Let's not go out. Let me help you. Let me not help you. Change of words in Negative always - never
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 111 somebody/everybody - nobody someone/everyone - no one something/everything - nothing somewhere/everywhere - nowhere must - need not some of/any of - none of either...or - neither...nor Examples: He always goes to school. ⇒ He never goes to school. Some of my friends are happy. ⇒ None of my friends are happy. Somebody has come. ⇒ Nobody has come. He bought something. ⇒ He did not buy anything. Change of other words in Negative some - any already - yet too - either a lot of - many/much Examples: He is a teacher too. ⇒ He is not a teacher either. Sita has already cooked rice. ⇒ Sita has not cooked rice yet. B. How to make yes/no question? Rule No.1 (a) Structure: Sub+ v5 + obj. He knows me. Does+ sub+ vl + obj + ? ⇒ Does he know me?
112 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 (b) Structure: Sub + vl + obj. I help you. Do+ Sub+ vl + obj.+? ⇒ Do I help you? (c) Structure: Sub+ v2 + obj. She lost her book. Did+ sub+ vl + obj. + ? ⇒ Did she lose her book? (d) Structure: Sub+ A.V. + obj. They are here. A.V +Sub+ obj? ⇒ Are they here? Rule No.2 (a) Structure : Sub+ have to+ vl + obj. Do+ Sub+ have to+ vl + obj? (b) Structure: Sub+ has to+ vl + obj. Does + sub + have to + vl + obj ? (c) Structure: Sub+ had to+ vl + obj? Did + sub + have to + vl obj? Examples: He has to help us. ⇒ Does he have to help us? They have to go now. ⇒ Do they have to go now? He had to travel by taxi. ⇒ Did he have to travel by taxi? Rule No.3 (a) Structure: Sub+ have (main verb)+ obj. Do + sub + have + obj ? (b) Structure: Sub+ has (main verb)+ obj. Does + sub + have + obj ? (c) Structure : Sub+ had (main verb)+ obj. Did + sub + have + obj ? Examples: He had his food. ⇒ Did he have his food? She has her meal. ⇒ Does she have her meal?
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 113 Rule No.4 When we make yes/no question, these words are changed as below: some - any already - yet a lot of - many/much Ram buys some books. ⇒ Does Ram buy any book? They have already met her. ⇒ Have they met her yet? C. How to make wh-question? When we make wh-question, the rules of Yes/No question are applied together. When we make wh-question, the answer of that wh-word should be removed and who word is written in the beginning. Sita went to Pokhara last week. ⇒ Where did Sita go last week? (Where question) ⇒ When did Sita go to Pokhara? (When question) He cooked rice. ⇒ What did he cook? (What question) She speaks slowly. ⇒ How does she speak? (How question) She can help him. ⇒ Whom can she help? (Whom question) She took his pen. ⇒ Whose pen did she take? (Whose question) Ramesh was born in 1990. ⇒ When was Ramesh born? (When question) He had come to me at 5 o'clock. ⇒ What time had he come to me? (What question) Radha was cooking. ⇒ Who was cooking? (Who question)
114 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Exercise 1. Write S for statements, Q for question and C for commands. a. Why do you want to go to a doctor? b. My friend, go to a doctor. c. Copy this exercise carefully. d. We brought these delicious mangoes. e. I am fond of reading mysteries and thrilling movie. f. What kind of stories do you like? g. Kindly show me some interesting story books. h. My throat is very sensitive. i. Please give me cold water. j. Shall I get a glass of water? k. Copy this exercise carefully. l. Don't you learn spellings? m. You have made too many spelling errors. n. We really enjoyed the dinner today. o. Serve them dinner. 2. Change the sentences as indicated. a. The boys never come here late. (Affirmative) b. She didn't appear surprised at the news. (Affirmative) c. There isn't anybody living here. (Affirmative) d. I can't arrange everything around your timetable. (Affirmative) e. You need not go now. (Yes/No) f. He's not very good at arithmatic. (Yes/No) g. There wasn't any man in the room. (Affirmative) h. Will she be back anytime soon? (Statement) i. We did not find the food in the hotel very good. (Wh-question)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 115 j. Did you go anywhere attractive? (Wh-question) k. Did she leave school at 4 p.m. ? (Wh-question) l. Will you meet me tomorrow? (Statement) m. Turn the key in anticlockwise direction. (Negative) n. He didn't go to school yesterday. (Wh-question) o. She doesn't live here. (Affirmative) p. Did he give any book? (Statement) q. Amit does not buy old books. (Yes/No) r. Does Mina know how to cook? (Statement) s. Linda does not like fishing. (Wh-question) t. He does not like to work. (Wh-question) u. They entered the burning house. (Wh-question) v. Her son doesn't appreciate her. (Yes/No) w. He has not visited Pokhara yet. (Affirmative) x. Is Anna visiting Pokhara this winter? (Negative) y. Is that your home address? (Statement) z. Does television affect children's behaviour? (Statement) 3. Change the following sentences as indicated in brackets. a. He told an interesting story. (into what question) b. Sarita is going to buy Ram's house. (into whose question) c. He bought something last week. (into what question) d. They were walking in the street. (into where question) e. Ram can help Sita. (into whom question) f. Children are playing now. (into who question) g. Prem had to ride on his cycle. (into who question) h. Sita can help them by giving some money. (into how question) i. They go to market on foot. (into how question) j. He has found a pen. (into what question) k. She went to market to buy a pen. (into why question)
116 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 l. He was not selected because he was tall. (into why question) m. They came to me last week. (into when question) n. Ramila has to buy a pen. (into what question) o. Firemen saved many important papers. (into who question) p. Rita studies in Delhi. (into where question) q. She was cooking. (into what question) r. The plane landed slowly. (into how question) s. She will complete it next year. (into when question) t. There wasn't any milk in the bottle. (into affirmative) u. He put some more sugar. (into yes/no question) v. He teaches Nepali. (into yes/no question) w. There isn't anybody living here. (into affirmative) x. I needn't go there. (into affirmative) y. You work somewhere there. (into yes/no question) 4. Correct the sentences below: a. She had been make her own clothes. b. She make her own clothes. c. She was made her own clothes. d. They do not make her own clothes. e. She were making her own clothes. f. They does not make their own clothes. g. She will makes her own clothes. h. She are making her own clothes. i. Do she make her own clothes. j. She have make her own clothes. k. She are making her own clothes. l. They is making their own clothes. 5. Correct the following sentences. a. Add some hot waters to the milk.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 117 b. There is river in this town. c. She likes breads and butter. d. The dog has a small patches on its leg. e. An oil does not blend with a water. f She peeled oranges and banana. g. Would you like some milks in your teas? h. I have sent Riya to buy some curds. i. Chop onion and stir it into the sauce. j. Do you have book on child rights. k. There is some meats in the refrigerator. l. Tina bought red dress for her sister. m. Eating too much sugars can lead to health problems. n. He has written letters to his friend. o. There is river in this town. 6. Complete the following sentences with suitable words. a. You..............in Grade VIII, don't you? b. Look at the sentences on the black board, what are they ..............? c. Show me..............homework, will you? d. Have your homework.............., will you? e. Why..............you absent yesterday? f. We'll learn today a new chapter, won't..............? g. Where is your book? I have forgotten to bring ..............? h. Shall we move to the..............chapter? i. Can..............recite this poem? j. All of..............have understood the lesson, haven't you? k. Show me..............homework, will you? l. Can you tell me..............we are going to discuss today?
118 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 7. Add at least three sentences to each type. Assertive : He is singing. ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ Interrogative : Do you play ball? ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ Exclamatory : Alas! Rahul died. ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ Imperative : Please come here. ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ For your practise 1. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers from the brackets. a. Did anyone see you? "No, nobody..............me." (see, didn't see, saw) b. "..............Prashant build a new house last year?" No he didn't do it last year. He built it three year ago." (Do, Does, Did) c. "..............finish the work on time?" "No he didn't." (Does, Do he, Did he) d. "Does he play the piano?" "No, he.............. . He plays the guitar." (don't, does not, did not)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 119 e. "..............it?" "Yes, I did it yesterday." (Did you, Do you do, Did you do) f. "He found something in the room." The Yes/No question of the given statement is"..............?" (Did he find anything in the room, Did he found anything in the room, Did he finds anything in the room) g. I sometimes go to the cinema. "..............go to the cinema? (Do you sometimes, Do you ever, Did you always) h. Prativa hasn't gone to this cinema,.............have I. (none, neither, so) i. Indira liked curry, but her sister..............(don't, doesn't didn't) j. Anuj! Did your sister help you? No, she..............(didn't, does, doesn't) k. Parasar didn't ..............his house. (built, builds, build) l. Did you..............the principal yesterday? (met, meets, meet) m. I want to go to Paris for my honeymoon, but she.............. (don't, doesn't, didn't) n. Gopal doesn't..............to pass. (try, tries, tried) o. Pukar plays chess but he..............carom. (don't play, doesn't play, is not play) p. Binod said he would do it and he..............(do, does, did) q. Did you complete your task? No, !..............(haven't, don't, didn't) r. Prajwal said he would ring, but !..............think he will. (don't, doesn't didn't) s. My wife needs glasses now, but her mother still..............(don't, doesn't, didn't) t. "There's some news today." The yes/no question of the given statement is: ...........? (Is there some news today, Has there any news today, Is there any news today?) u. "When did Ram Gopal finish his work?" He..............it two weeks ago. (finish, finishes, finished)
120 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Modal Verbs Lesson 11 Verb A verb is a word that expresses action, occurrence or a state of being. Types of verbs 1. Auxiliary and main verb An auxiliary verb helps the main verb in a sentence. It determines the mood/ detunes of another verb in a phrase. Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs. Examples: Raju will accept my invitation. Kushal is teaching English Grammar. Kanchan can help us. Sangam will come soon. Bishal did not call me. Auxiliary verbs are categorized in two groups: Primary and modal auxiliary. a. Primary auxiliary Be : is, am, are, was, were Do : do, does, did Have : has, have, had b. Modal auxiliary will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, used to, need, dare, ought to Some examples of auxiliary verbs: Raju is helping the poor. She was living in the city. They have completed the task. He does not respond to me. I would support you to decoration. They may complain against my friends. Everyone must follow the rules.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 121 Exercise 1. Find the auxiliary verb and underline them. a. They could perform the dance. b. Kalu will meet the heroine. c. We were staring at the beautiful girl. d. Shall we follow him? e. They have been living in that house for a long time. f. We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family. g. He was winning the election. h. Prajwal is going now. i. Ram had won the Mahabharat. j. I shall start it soon. k. Milan would support me. l. Prasant will give help to Balkrishna. m. He has come here. n. They might observe our culture. o. We watched Singham Returns in 2014, Aug. 15. 2. Use the correct auxiliary verbs in the following sentences. a. Mohan and Sohan ..................... playing the guitar yesterday. b. She ..................... playing football. c. ..................... I come in, Madam? d. Today he has some money, but yesterday he .................... no money. e. You ..................... come to school timely. f. Man and woman ..................... the two wheels of a cart. g. ..................... I get in, Sir?. h. ..................... you a doctor? i. We..................obey the rules of our country. j. The dog............... a tail. k. ..................... she go to cinema hall? l. The elephant ..................... helps us. m. Where ..................... they go on Saturday? n. I ..................... a student.
122 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 3. Choose the correct verb and fill in the blanks. a. The thief will have run away before the police ..................... there. (reach, will reach, reached) b. Can I ..................... you? (helps, help, helped) c. The man had died before the doctor ..................... ? (come, came, comes) d. Are you ..................... to God? (pray, praying, prayed) e. Didn't it ..................... yesterday? (cry, cries, cried) f. Why will you.................. to India? (go, went, gone) g. Will they have...............flying in the sky? (been, be, being) h. Has she ..................... her work? (finish, finishing, finished) i. Can she ..................... this work? (did, do, does) j. Was it ..................... in the month of July? (rain, rained, raining) k. We have ..................... playing for one hour. (been, being, be) l. How ..................... you able to help them? (was, were) m. Where did they ....::.................. yesterday? (went, go, gone) n. Do you ..................... a letter? (write, writes) o. They don't ..................... us. (like, likes) p. She does not ..................... me. (love, loves, loved) 4. Write different forms of verbs as indicated in the following columns. V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 shake know awake bite drink peel shrink peel swear hide
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 123 5. Complete the sentences with appropriate auxiliary verbs. a. I ..................... going to the store to buy milk. (is, have, am) b. She ..................... had too many drinks. (can, has, did) c. The boys ..................... passed the final test. (have to, have, were) d. ..................... your friend prepare tea for you? (Has, Does, Is). e. He ..................... drive a car. (can, has, is) f. We ..................... going to the store to buy milk. (have, do, are) g. They ..................... lost their pen. (do, have, are) h. I ..................... give you a call at home tonight. (will, have, am) i. She ..................... peeling the orange. (is, has, does) j. Why ..................... you late for work yesterday? (had, were, did) k. He ..................... lost all his property. (has, was, does, did, shall) l. ..................... you go to the party? (have, did, are) m. I ..................... only carry two at a time. (has, can, was) n. How ..................... you doing today? (are, have, can) 6. Choose the appropriate forms of the verbs to fill in the blanks. a. The plane ..................... at 3:30. (arrives, will arrive) b. I will phone you when he ..................... back. (comes, will come) c. When I get home, my dog .................... at the gate waiting for me. (sits, will be sitting) d. I ..................... Jenish this evening. (visit, am visiting) e. Look at those clouds. It ..................... (will rain, is going to rain) f. The train .................... before we reached the station. (left, leave, had left) g. Unless we ..................... we can't be on time. (start, will start) h. I ..................... into town later on. Do you want a lift? (drive, will be driving) i. The next term ..................... no 16th November. (begins, is beginning) j. I'm sure she ..................... the exam. (passes, will pass) k. I ..................... home next Sunday. (go, am going) l. I ..................... you one of these days, I except. (see, will be seeing) m. Help! I ...................... (will fall, am going to fall)
124 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Causative Verbs Lesson 12 Preview Read and learn. 1. Our teacher is very strict. He always makes us do the homework daily. 2. My mother got me to work in the kitchen. 3. The engineer got the workmen to build the bridge. 4. We made the gardener cut out the grass. 5. My father got me to do the homework. 6. I made my mother buy new clothes. 7. The teacher got Shyam to bring a glass of water. 8. She didn’t want to sing a song. I asked her she had to. I made her sing a song. 9. Rita got her dress washed. 10. He got a servant to clean the room. 11. My daughter made me buy an expensive saree. 12. He is very lazy. He always gets his mother to clean his room. 13. The teacher made the students do the exercise. 14. These shoes are dirty. He will get a cobbler to polish them. 15. Sangita is very cruel. She always makes her children do the heavy work. 16. Mina got Shambhu to carry her suitcase. 17. The death of George Harrison made us feel very sorry. 18. They got me to dance. 19. Kumari has her brother turn on T.V. 20. They made me dance. Did you notice causative verb in the above sentences? Underline them.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 125 Causative Verbs Causative means acting as the cause of something and causative verbs are have, get and make which express a cause of actions. When these three verbs are used as the causative verbs, they are not used with their original meanings; they are just used as the structural verbs. The following are the four causative structures: (a) Subject+ have/get+ direct object+ V3 Bidur had a new book bought. Manisha gets the computer repaired. I will get the field dug. They had had a temple of goddess Durga built. (b) Subject+ have+ agent+ Vl + ... Saraswoti has Navin learn driving. Nitesh has Raju carry a box. Teachers always have students do the homework. She has me sing a song on the picnic. (c) Subject+ get+ agent+ to+ Vl ... I sometimes get my daughter to to type my documents. She got me to wash her clothes. Hari got her to feel angry. Ann will get Gita to revise the plan. (d) Subject+ make+ agent+ Vl I make my students work hard. Ramesh made Sunita type all the papers. The two boys have made everybody laugh. He makes Nina feel sad. For Your Memory get/have + O – V3 get – agent – to + V1 have + agent – V1 make + agent – V1
126 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting correct word/words from the brackets: a. Madam made Albert.............(do, to do, to have done) all the work. b. The teacher made the boys.............on the bench. (standing up, stands up, stand up, stood up) c. I had my car.............(washed, wash, washes, washing) d. She.............a maid work in the kitchen. (has, make, gets) e. When did you get the dress.............by her? (wash, to wash, washed) f. The story made them.............(to weep, weep, weeping) g. The man will have his son.............(shave, to shave, shaved) his beard. h. Ramesh went to a tailor and made him.............(sew, sewed, sewn, to sew) a couple of shirts yesterday. i. I had my photo.............(take, takes, taken, to take) yesterday. j. The traffic police made him.............his car. (to stop, stopped, stop) k. The teacher told the students to read slowly. The teacher made the students.............slowly. (to read, reading, read) l. She made me.............a letter for her. (write, to write, wrote) m. Ram had a pen.............yesterday. (buy, to buy, bought) n. Her brother made her.............(smile, smiling, smiled, smiles) o. She got her clothes.............(to wash, washed, wash) p. The teacher made the students..........their homework. (to do, doing, do) q. The film was very humorous. The film made him.............(to laugh, laughing, laugh) r. His hair was too long. He had his hair.............(to cut, cut, cutting)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 127 s. Bimal will have his sister.............(cook, to cook, cooking, cooks) his meal. t. The Education Minister made the Education Secretary.............(to observe, observes, observed, observe) the rules and regulations strictly. 2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting correct word/words from the brackets: a. Mina.............Shambhu to carry her suitcase. (got, makes, made) b. The death of George Harrison made us.............sorry. (feel, to feel, felt) c. We made the servant............. the plants. (to water, water, watering) d. Rita got Ankit.............his clothes. (wear, to wear, wearing) e. Our teacher is strict. He always makes us.............(do, to do, does) the homework daily. f. My mother got me.............(work, to work, works) in the kitchen. g. They got me............. (to dance, dance, danced) h. Kumari.............her brother turn on the T.V. set. (gets, make, has) i. They made me.............(to dance, dance, danced) j. Barsha got a new book.............(buy, to buy, bought) k. My sister does not like to eat green vegetables. I ask her she has to. I make her.............green vegetables. (to eat, eat, eating) l. Upendra got Mukesh.............his house. (watch, watching, to watch) m. Our master was very kind. He never made us.............the heavy work. (do, to do, doing, did) n. My mother has me.............her clothes. (washing, to wash, wash, washed) o. The buffoon made us.............(laugh, to laugh, laughed) p. My father always makes me.............hard. (study, studies, studied) q. They never have me.............their work. (to do, do, done) r. Sita got her clothes.............(to wash, wash, washed, washing).
128 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 s. Hari made me.............(do, to do, done, did) his work t. My sister got me.............(work, to work, working, works) in the kitchen. 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting correct word/words from the brackets: a. I got my brother.............his friends on his birthday. (to invite, invite, invited, inviting) b. The driver had his car.............in the workshop. (to paint, paint, painted, painting) c. Mohan got his goat.............(to kill, kills, killing, killed) d. It's time to have the car.............(to service, services, serviced) e. Ramesh got me.............his child. (look after, to look after, looking after) f. The engineer got the workmen.............the bridge. (built, build, to build) g. We made the gardener.............out the grass. (to cut, cut, cutting) h. My father got me.............the homework. (doing, to do, do) i. The teacher got Shyam.............a glass of water. (bring, to bring, brings, bringing) j. I made my mother.............new clothes. (buy, bought, to buy) k. He didn't want to sing a song. I asked him he had to. I made him.............a song. (to sings, sings, sing, sang) l. She is very cruel. She always makes her children.............hard work. (to do, do, does) m. My shoes are dirty. I will get the cobbler.............them. (to polish, to be polished, polished) n. Rita got her dress.............(washed, to wash, wash, washing) o. He made us.............a song yesterday. (sang, to sing, sing, singing)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 129 For your practise Choose a correct word for each blank space. a. I.............my bike yesterday, so my legs are sore. (rode, road) b. I would like.............tea, please. (week, weak) c. The Nepali flag is.............and blue. (red, read) d. I don't have to.............there until evening. (be, bee) e. Let's have a .............for coffee. (brake, break) f. The wind.............so hard that the trees flew over. (blue, blew) g. What's wrong? You look so.............(blue, blew) h. We were going to.............at 7:00, but she didn't come. (meet, meat) i. Don't touch that, you might.............it. (break, brake)
130 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Relative Clause Lesson 13 Pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, that, what, when, where, why, etc. can be introduced as relative pronouns. For example : I saw a man who had long hair. In the same way, → Here 'who' refers to the 'man'. (a) This is the house where I was born (b) This is the house which I sold last year. (c) The man whom I talked to last week has died. (d) This is the girl whose nose is hooked. In the above sentences, where in the first sentence, which in the second, whom in the third, whose in the fourth, refer to 'house', 'house', 'man' and 'girl' respectively. Use of who / whom and whose The relative pronoun 'who', 'whom' and whose are used for persons. 'Who refers to the person in the position of subject i.e. I, you, he, she, they. 'Whom' refers to the person in the position of object, i.e. me, you, him, her or them. Likewise, 'Whose' refers to the person when they are used in possessive case i.e. 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her' and 'their'. Consider the following table: Relative pronoun Signification who person (sub) whom person (obj) whose person (possessive) where place when time which/that/what things
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 131 For example: ⇒ I met a man who was a beggar. ⇒ She married a boy whom she loved very much. ⇒ They helped the boy whose parents died in an accident. Use of 'Where' The relative pronoun 'where' is mainly used to indicate a place. For example: ⇒ I went to Pokhara where his parents live. ⇒ This is the house where he was born. Use of Which/ That The relative pronouns 'which' or 'that' are used to indicate non living things or animals. For example: ⇒ This is the film which/that I like most. ⇒ The water which/ that I bought yesterday was impure. Use of When 'When' is used to talk about time. For example: ⇒ It was Magh 16 when I was born. ⇒ He will arrive Nepal on coming Monday when I will meet him for the first time. Use of Why The relative pronoun 'why' is used to explain reason of any action. For example: ⇒ I don't know why my father always checks my bag. ⇒ Ramesh is very coward. This is why he always takes his brother with him to go to toilet at night. Use of 'How' The relative pronoun 'how' is used to explain manner of doing something. For example: ⇒ Can you tell me how to play the madal? ⇒ He knows how to respect seniors.
132 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Use of What The relative pronoun what is used to refer to the things in a relative clause. For example: ⇒ I remember what you told me yesterday. ⇒ I am ready to do what you say. Exercise 1. Choose the correct relative pronoun from the bracket and fill the gaps in the sentences given below. a. I don't know …… Phewa lake is located. (which, whom, where) b. Monday was the day …… my father wrote me a letter. (where, which , when) c. You will be punished for …… you have done. (what, when, where) d. Ranju, …… lives in Baneshwor, is my sister. (whose, who, which) e. This is the city …… my father died last year. (who, where, which) f. I know Nisha …… my father also knows. (whom, who, which) g. This is the book …… I like most. (which, who, where) h These are the girls …… I don't like. (who, whom, whose) i. Do you know …… he was absent yesterday. (who, why, when) j The judge …… decided the case was very clever. (whose, whom, who) 2. Choose the correct relative pronoun from the bracket and fill the gaps in the sentences given below. a. Saroj …… everybody hates is really greedy. (who, whose, whom) b. I made a cup of tea …… was really tastier than any other. (which, what, who) c. This is the girl …… wanted to marry me. (whom, who, whose) d. The house …… is white in colour is my sister's. (which, which, why) e. She doesn't know …… he has left his job. (why, which, who) f My teacher explained …… that machine worked in a systematic way. (how, what, why) g. This is the temple …… I always visit. (where, when, who)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 133 h. This is the estate …… belongs to me. (that, when, whose) i. Do you know …… Prithivi Narayan Shah was born? (when, why, whom) j. The music …… touched my heart was composed by Shambhujeet Baskota. (who, which, how) 3. Choose the correct relative pronoun from the bracket and fill the gaps in the sentences given below. a. The girl …… hair is curly is coming. (who, whom, whose) b. Nobody can understand this word …… has a difficult meaning. (which, who, whose) c. I bought a cow …… ears are long (who, whose, whom) d. This town …… is very clean has been declared as a 'model city'. (who, which, when) e. He is the boy of 25 …… habits are very praiseworthy. (who, whom, whose) f. Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini …… is a holy place. (which, where, who) g. He is a student …… we can trust. (who, whom, whose) h. The man …… children are deaf died yesterday. (whom, whose, who) i. The student …… parents are highly educated became first in the exam. (whom, whose, who) j. I am poor. This is …… I don't have a lot of money to buy expensive clothes. (what, why, when) 4. Join the following pair of sentences using a suitable relative clause. a. Laxmi Prasad Devkota is a poet. He wrote Muna Madan. b. Kathmandu is a big city. My sister lives there. c. Dog is a domestic animal. It looks after our house. d. Mr. Sharma is a teacher. His son lives in London. e. This is my village. I was born here. f. Elephant is a wild animal. It has a large trunk. g. There are some TV sets. You can plug them into your car battery. h. The girl is my sister. She is wearing glasses. i. The Bagmati is a holy river. It is in Kathmandu. j Panda is small animal. It looks like a bear.
134 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Comparative and Superlative Lesson 14 Make a pair and describe each other using the following adjectives. You describe your friend and your friend describes you. Adjective You are a handsome boy. You look smart. You look happy. You are helpful too. You are beautiful girl. You look slim. You are sweet and pretty too. tall wise simple intelligent helpful bold slim smart happy smiling playful helpful glad good dangerous lucky busy noisy large easy sweet yellow quiet red blue active pretty long Adjective: Kinds and Degrees Read the following sentences. He is a tall boy. Rina is short girl. Kripa is fat. You are intelligent. Kamana is a thin girl. Which is your book? Subigya has a red dress. Mrs. Marry is an American lady. In the above sentences coloured words are adjectives. An adjective is used to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 135 Kinds of comparative 1. Adjective of Quality An adjective of quality describes a person or thing. For example: I bought a funny story. Narayan Gopal was a popular singer. The teacher asked a difficult question. An adjective of quality answers the question: what kind of? 2. Adjective of Number An adjective of number tells how many persons or things are meant. For example: Three passengers got into the bus. She made several mistakes. Many friends helped him. An adjective of number answers the question: how many? 3. Adjective of Quantity An adjective of quantity specifies the quantity of a thing. For example: We have enough food for a month. The car gave me much trouble. We need some water also. An adjective of quantity answers the question: how much? 4. Possessive Adjective A possessive adjective shows possession or belonging. For example: Your books are old. We went to his house. Our car needs repairing. A possessive adjective answers the question: whose?
136 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 5. Interrogative Adjective An adjective which, when used with a noun, asks a question is called interrogative adjective. For example: Whose painting has won the prize? What question did the teacher ask? Which umbrella is yours? 6. Demonstrative Adjective An adjective which is used to point out some person or thing is called demonstrative adjective. For example: These birds are beautiful. Such students never succeed. We do not have many demonstrative adjectives. You will see this, these, that, those, such and certain used as demonstrative adjectives. Proper Adjectives Some adjectives are formed from proper nouns which are proper adjectives. A list of proper adjectives is given below. Name of a country and adjective Africa African America American Bhutan Bhutanese Brazil Brazilian China Chinese Nepal Nepalese Some adjectives of number denote an exact number as one boy, two boys, etc. There are three degrees of comparison. Example: • Raju is a tall boy. • Mohan is taller than Raju. • Kapil is the tallest among the three.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 137 Positive degree: Positive degree is normally used for describing a single person or thing. For example: Alisha is smart. Comparative degree: Comparative degree is used for comparing two persons or things. For example: Anupama is fatter than Alisha. My house is bigger than yours. Superlative degree: Superlative degree is used to show different degrees of qualities among more than two persons or things. For example: Ramu is the fattest boy. Elephant is the biggest land animal. If the word ends in a consonant, '-er' or '-est' is added to make it comparative and superlative. • Positive adjective: It is evident that when we name the simple quality of a person or thing, we use the positive degree of the adjective. • Comparative adjective: When we compare two persons or things with different degree of quality, we use the comparative degree of adjective. • Superlative degree: When we compare more than two persons or things with different degree of qualities, we use superlative degree of the adjective. Remember that only adjectives of quality and quantity have comparative and superlative degrees. Formation of the degrees of adjective By adding 'er' and 'est' to the positive degree Positive (for one) Comparative (for two) Superlative (for more than two) strong stronger strongest fast faster fastest tall taller tallest cool cooler coolest few fewer fewest high higher highest rich richer richest deep deeper deepest young younger youngest dark darker darkest
138 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 By adding 'r' or 'st' to the positive degree Positive Comparative (+er) Superlative (+est) wise wiser wisest large larger largest able abler ablest brave braver bravest By doubling the last consonant if a vowel comes before it and adding 'er' and 'est' By changing last 'y' into 'i' if a constant comes before it and then adding 'er' and 'est' By changing the whole word Positive Comparative (+er) Superlative (+est) thin thinner thinnest hot hotter hottest sad sadder saddest fat fatter fattest big bigger biggest Positive Comparative (+ er) Superlative (est) heavy heavier heaviest dry drier driest lucky luckier luckiest busy busier busiest happy happier happiest easy easier easiest Positive Comparative Superlative bad worse worst dry drier driest lucky luckier luckiest little less least in inner innermost far farther/further farthest/furthest good/well better best late later I latter latest many/ much more most out outer outermost
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 139 Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the proper adjectives. The proper nouns are given in brackets. a. Have you seen the ............................. coins? (Japan) b. Many ............................. countries are developed. (Europe) c. ............................. soldiers are brave. (Nepal) d. Alexander wore a ............................. dress. (Greece) e. Ram always wears the ............................. hat. (America) f. Raju likes ............................. food. (China) g. Hitler was a ............................. citizen. (Germany) h. Yen is ............................. currency. (Japan) 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective given in the brackets. a. Rajiv is a ........................... boy. (young/younger/youngest) b. Tom is the ........................... of men. (good/better/best) c. Prevention is ........................... than cure. (good/better/best) d. You are the ....................... student in the school. (lazy/lazier/laziest) e. Who is the ......................... living poet? (great/greater/greatest) f. That is the ......................... pen in this shop. (cheap/cheaper/cheapest) g. Honey is ............................. than milk. (sweet/sweeter/sweetest) h. English is ............................. than Nepali. (easy/easier/easiest) i. He is ............................. person of our village. (old/older/oldest) j. She is ................ than Rupa. (beautiful/more beautiful/most beautiful) k. Honesty is ............................. to him than life. (dear/dearer/dearest) l. She is ........................ than her brother. (friendly/friendlier/friendliest) m. Sapana is ............................. than Lalita. (healthy/healthier/healthiest) By putting 'more' and 'most' before the positive degree Positive Comparative (more) Superlative (most) useful more useful most useful intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
140 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 n. Sharmila is ............................. than Sakriya. (weak/weaker/weakest) o. Mt. Everest is the .................. peak in the world. (high/higher/highest) 3. Select the suitable adjective to complete the following: bad, beautiful, comfortable, small, interesting, clear, smart, blue a. My chair is .............................. . b. Mr. Jha is a ............................. young man. c. Can you see the ............................. outline of the valley? d. The result was not so ............................. after all. e. The sky looks ............................. in the winter. f. Our house is ............................. in size. g. A ............................. girl lost her way in the town. h. The child was pleased to hear her ............................. story. 4. Construct sentences like the ones given in example. e.g. Radha is fatter than Bina. Rita is more beautiful than Kamala. a. Sudheer old Mahesh b. The bee active the ant c. This street wide that street d. Gold expensive silver e. This place dirty that place f. Iron heavy wood g. Ritesh wise Santosh h. A bus fast a bicycle i. Kathmandu large Bhaktapur j. The Himalayas high The Mahabharat 5. Fill in the blanks with much, many, a little, a few, some: a. I brought ............................. apples. b. He has ............................. good friends. c. Ramesh has ............................. enemies. d. I have ............................. time left. e. How ........................ money do you have? 6. Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective. a. Monika's age is 19. Mina is 15 years old. Monika is (old) ........... Mina.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 141 b. The Alps are very high. They are (high) ........... mountains in Europe. c. India is (big) .................... than Nepal. d. Mutton is (expensive) .................... than buff. e. Brazil is the .................. (rich) country in water resources in the world. f. This exercise is not difficult. It's (easy) ....................than expected. g. The weather is not good today. I hope the weather will be (good).................. next week. h. People are not friendly in cities. They are (friendly) ............ in villages. i. Potato is .................... (good) than yarn. j. Students view that Science is (easy) ................. to learn than Nepali. 7. Fill up the blanks with the correct form of the adjective: a. This box is ............................. than that. (good, better, best) b. This table is ...................... than that. (useful, more useful, most useful) c. He is ............................. than his friend. (rich, richer, richest) d. She is the ............................. of all three sisters. (tall, taller, tallest) e. He is ...... than the other boy in this group. (weak, weaker, weakest) f. This question is ...................... than that. (easy, easier, easiest) g. Madhu is the ............................. of all the girls. (wise, wiser, wisest) h. Who is ......................, Subhash or Rajan? (clever, cleverer, cleverest) i. Of all the Indian poets, Tagore is the ......... (great, greater, greatest) j. Prevention is ................. than cure. (good, better, best) 8. Supply appropriate comparatives or superlatives to the following: a. Clouds are ............................. than air. (light) b. Suresh is the ............................. boy in the class. (tall) c. She sings ............................. than you. (good) d. I like this pen ............................. than that. (much) e. Iron is the ............................. metal. (useful) f. The pen is ............................. than the sword. (mighty) g. Experience is the ............................. teacher. (good) h. Which is the ............................. mountain in the world? (high) i. Who is the ............................. man in your town? (old) j. The Taj Mahal is one of the .......... monument in the world. (beautiful)
142 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Reflexive Pronoun Lesson 15 Reflexive pronouns are also known as 'self forms'. Some pronouns and their reflexive forms are given below: Subject self-form singular/plural I myself singular We ourselves plural You yourself singular You yourselves plural He himself singular She herself singular It itself singular They themselves plural Ram himself singular Sita herself singular Ram and Sita themselves plural Sita's father himself singular Ram's mother herself singular Binod's friends themselves plural For example: ⇒ I cut grass myself. ⇒ She does her homework herself. ⇒ They visited their relatives themselves. ⇒ Raju, check your nails yourself. ⇒ Biru and Shyam, call your parents yourselves.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 143 Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences with the correct reflexive pronoun. a. People of Japan carry their luggage ........ b. He dresses ........ c. The mad man was talking to ........ d. She always praises ........ e. The engine ........ stopped. f. We ........ care our children. g. The city ........ is not very big. h. Please, let them complete ........ i. She cursed ........ for the failure. j. Sita is very proud. She always talks about ........ 2. Complete the following sentences with the correct reflexive pronoun. a. I cut my hand ............................ b. You can touch this ............................ c. She finished it ............................ d. I haven't even satisfied ............................ e. The army mistakenly shot ........ and he fell down. f. The king .......................... called special assembly. g. The boss of this institution ............................. cleaned the room. He is very conscious about sanitation. h. Ramila, do your work ............................ i. Jogendra! Keep quiet and clean your room…………… k. Boys, did you do that ............................
144 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 Vocabulary Lesson 16 Vocabulary 1. Annual: happening every year 2. Animate: objects possessing life 3. Atheist: one who does not believe in God 4. Antedite: a medicine to counteract the effect of poison 5. Antonym: a word opposite in meaning 6. Autocracy: government by one man 7. Assembly: people at a solemn meeting 8. Autobiography: the life story of a person written by himself/herself 9. Aquatic: living in water 10. Audience: an assembly of hearers 11. Bunch: flowers collected together 12. Bouquet: flowers tastefully arranged 13. Biography: the life story of a person 14. Bankrupt: one who cannot pay off his debt 15. Bureaucracy: government by the officials 16. Cobbler: a man who mends shoes 17. Colleagues: persons working together in the same institution 18. Critical: always inclined to find fault 19. Crowd: people gathered in a place 20. Century: period of a hundred years 21. Cattle lifter: one who steals cattle 22. Contemporary: of the same time 23. Cemetery: a place where dead bodies are buried 24. Catalogue: a list of names of books 25. Cannibal: a man who eats human flesh 26. Combustible: able to catch fire easily 27. Dumb: one who cannot speak
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 145 28. Dead letter: a letter not claimed by anybody 29. Drawn: a match in which neither party wins 30. Deaf: one who cannot hear 31. Dead language: a language that is not spoken 32. Dispensary: a place fitted up for dispensing medicines 33. Dictionary: a book which tells what various words mean 34. Democracy: government of the people by the people and for the people 35. Edible: fit to be eaten 36. Emigrant: one who leaves his country to settle in another 37. Eligible: one who is fit to be elected 38. Eatable: fit to be eaten 39. Extempore: a speech made without previous preparation 40. Ferryman: a person who takes one across a stream in a boat 41. Fatal: that which causes death 42. Fatalist: one who believes in fate 43. Garrison: soldier in a fortress 44. Grocer: a person who sells spies, sugar, dry fruit, etc. 45. Garland: flowers woven together 46. Hawker: a person who sells things in a street 47. Hostel: a place students of college or a school reside in 48. Honorary: a post for which no salary is paid 49. Host: one who entertains his guests 50. Inevitable: that which must happen 51. Illegible: that which cannot be read 52. Illegal: contrary to law 53. Incredible: that which cannot be believed 54. Immovable: that which cannot be moved 55. Inaudible: that which cannon be heard 56. Illiterate: one who can neither read nor write 57. Irreparable: that which cannot be repaired 58. Irritable: one who is quick to anger 59. Indivisible: that which cannot be divided 60. Invisible: that which cannot be seen
146 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 61. Linguist: one who knows many languages 62. Library: a place fitted up for reading and study 63. Lavatory: a toilet or a room with a toilet 64. Legislator: person who make laws 65. Laundry: a place where clothes are washed 66. Museum: a place where historical replicas and curios are kept 67. Maiden speech: a speech made for the first time 68. Marksman: one who can hit the mark 69. Manuscript: papers written by hand 70. News boys: persons who deliver newspaper 71. Nurses: persons who nurse the sick in hospitals 72. Orphan: a child whose parents are dead 73. Orphanage: a place of shelter and support for orphans 74. Omnipresent: who is everywhere 75. Optimist: one who looks at the bright side of things 76. Popular: one who is liked by many people 77. Pilot: one who flies aeroplanes 78. Pharmacy: a place where medicines are prepared 79. Pessimist: one who looks at the dark side of things 80. Pickpocket: one who steals from other's pockets 81. Quadruped: a four-footed animal 82. Republic: a state carried on by elected head 83. Solar: of the sun 84. Spokesman: one who speaks for others 85. Suicide: act of intentionally killing oneself 86. Spectators: people at a match or show 87. Tell tale: one who tells the private concerns of others 88. Unique: that is not same like others 89. Voluntary: of one's own free will 90. Vegetarian: one who lives on vegetables only 91. Widow: a woman whose husband is dead 92. Water proof: Thing that keeps water out 93. Zoo: a place where birds, animals, etc, are kept
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 147 Vocabulary (Idioms and Phrases) • at sixes and sevens (disorder): The clothes of the cupboard are at sixes and sevens. • at the back of: I am sitting at the back of Subigya. • at the beginning of: I didn't like his performance at the beginning of the movie. • at the insistence of (at the force of): I celebrated birthday at the insistence of my friend. • at the moment (now): He is listening to the radio at the moment. • at the point of: Mahesh is at the point of death. • at a rate of: The population of village is increasing at a rate of 5°;{, per year. • at the same time (together): Mina and Raju came here at the same time. • at the top of: Sulekha is at the top of the mountain. • bad blood (feelings of great dislike): There is bad blood among the leaders of our country. • based on: The research is based on a real life incident. • bed of roses (full of pleasures and comforts): Laborious people can get the bed of roses. • before long (in a short time): Resmi finished her exam before long. • beyond all questions (not doubtful): His activities are beyond all questions. • beyond measure (very much): Mr. Gurung is rich beyond the measure. • body and soul (with all your power): He helped his friends with body and soul. • burst into tears (suddenly begin to cry):When my grandma heard about the accident she burst into tears. • by all means (anyhow; certainly): I will try to contact her by all means. • by far (by a great amount): She was by far a good gynecologist. • by force of (by dint of): I sang song by force of my friend. • by leaps and bounds (very rapidly): Siddhartha has improved his studies by leaps and bounds. • by means of (through):The lawyer won the case by means of four evidence. • by virtue of (as the strength of): He claims the property by virtue of his long struggle. • capital punishment (death penalty): He was given the capital punishment for his crime. • chicken hearted (coward): We should not be chicken hearted at the time of danger. • come a long way (make progress): Sudip has come a long way of his struggle.
148 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 • come true (turned out to be): What he said has come true. • cool down (become calm):Don't disturb him until he cools down. • crack a joke (tell a joke): He always cracks funny jokes in the classroom. • crocodile tears (false tears): My brother always shows crocodile tears when swided. • cut and dried (fixed): There are no cut and dried rules to wear dresses. • day after day: He is progressing day after day. • dispose of (get rid of): I am trying get rid of a great problem now. • escaped from : He couldn't escape from me so easily. • face to face (confronting):Suraj talked to me face to face. • fair play (honestly and according to the rules): We should always promote fair play. • for instance (for example): We can for instance take Pasang Lamhu as a symbol of women power. • for the sake of (for the benefit of): He went abroad for the sake of better living. • for want of (because of lack of): The crops failed for want seasonable rain. • from place to place (one place to another): He is migrating from place to place for qualitative education. • from time to time (at times): They meet me at the airport from time to time. • good for nothing (useless/unable): Sagar is good for nothing. • had better (would be better): He had better buy another radio. • hand to mouth (lack of two meals daily): Many Nepalese people are suffering from hand to mouth problem. • here and there (everywhere): The clothes are thrown here and there in the bed. • in a hurry: He forgot to write his name in the form in a hurry. • in a nutshell (in short): Please, say the story in a nutshell. • in a word (in short/briefly): In a word, he is a very hardworking person. • in addition to (besides): My father bought some chocolates in addition to sweets. • in cold blood (cruelly): He was murdered in cold blood. • in detail (minutely): Teacher told about Muna Madan in detail. • in fact (in reality): In fact, he was a doctor, not a businessman. • in many ways (various ways): The problem was studied in many ways. • in no time (soon): He has done a lot of progress in no time. • in quest of (in search of): People started going to Australia in quest of gold.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 149 • in sharp contrast to (just opposite) : Ickshya is in sharp contrast to her sister in habit. • in short (in brief): He is very clever, in short. • in spite of (notwithstanding): In spite of his carelessness, he passed the exam. • in the eye of (in the view of): In the eye of police, he is a criminal. • in the long run (in the end): His father faced many problems in the long run. • in vain (useless):Whatever he did was in vain. • ins and outs (the full details):She will explain to you the ins and outs of that event. • jealous of (proud of): He was jealous of his brother. • keep an eye on (watch somebody):I always keep an eye on her activities. • kith and kin (acquaintance): He is far from all his kith and kin. • liver longer: (live long) "May you live longer!" • lump sum (total): I need payment in a lump sum, not by installments. • make away with (get rid of): They should make away with such arrival ceremonies. • make or mar (make or destroy): He is a powerful man. He can make or mar your career. • make peace with: He has made peace with other people. • man of letters (quite educated): Einstein was a man of letters. • now and again (repeatedly): She writes to me now and again. • null and void (invalid): This rule has now become null and void. • on an average: He earns five thousand a month on an average. • on and on (continuously): I met her on and on until she finished my work. • on the whole (considering all): On the whole, she is a good candidate for the post. • on time (at right time): He phoned me on time. • out of control: The ship seemed out of control • over and over again (time to time): I have warned you not to do it over and over again. • rain cats and dogs (rain heavily): It has been raining cats and dogs for three days. • rhyme or reason (great reason): He became angry without any rhyme or reason. • safe and sound (in good condition): He reached there safe and sound.
150 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-8 • sooner or later: He must return my money sooner or later. • take a short cut (choose a shorter way to walk): He took a short cut to come here. • take no notice (ignore): He took no notice when I called him. • ups and downs (rise and fall of fortune): One has to see many ups and downs in life. • above all (before anything else): Ram's mother convinced him, above all, to stay away from his friends. • accuse of (blame): He was accused of stealing money. • afraid of (frighten): Rarna was afraid of dog. • after all (in spite of): Preety laboured hard but failed after all. • again and again (very often): Try again and again until you get success. • all along (all the time): He failed the exam all along. • all at once (suddenly): All at once, the weather begins to change. • all day long (whole day): He was with me all day long. • all day and night (most of the time):All day and night, I see him playing. • all in all (most influential): The manager was all in all in the workshop. • all of a sudden (unexpectedly): All of a sudden, the patient died. • all over (everywhere): Reedirna has visited all over the country. • all the best (best wishes): Gurash gave me best wishes for my exam. • all the same (it doesn't matter): Whether you wear it or not, it is all the same. • all the time (always):His brother suggests him all the time to work hard. • along with (together): He carne here along with his friends. • an account of (description): I gave Mansi an account of Lurnbini. • any longer (not any more/now): He didn't stay here any longer. • any way (anyhow): The manager ordered the servant to finish the work by today anyhow. • apart from (besides): Raju ate all apart from the fried chicken. • apple of discord (cause of quarrel): Sampada was the apple of discord between them. • apple of one's eye (very dear or lovable one):He is the apple of everyone's eyes. • as a matter of fact (in reality): As a manner of fact, Group 'B' was the winner. • as a result (consequently): He didn't study well; as a result, he failed the exam. • as a whole (as one thing, not parts):As a whole, we gifted Prasula on her birthday.