Allied Publication Pvt. Ltd. Sitapaila, Kathmandu By Romharsh Panthi Edited By Bijaya Kumar Basnet Krishna Prasad Marasini Approved by the Government of Nepal, Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, as an additional material for schools 1 Allied Publication Pvt. Ltd. Sitapaila, Kathmandu By Romharsh Panthi Edited By Bijaya Kumar Basnet Krishna Prasad Marasini Approved by the Government of Nepal, Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, as an additional material for schools 1 A truly communicative and creative textbook ! 7
Publisher : Allied Publication Pvt. Ltd. Sitapaila, Kathmandu Phone: 01-5378629, 5388827 Author : Romharsh Panthi Copyright : All rights reserved with the copyright holder. Edition : First 2074, Second 2079 (Based on New Curriculum) Computer : Icon Design House Illustration : Creative Brush (Prem Lamsal) Printed in Nepal
We are living in the age of ICT, which is a tremendous source of information and knowledge. One click on a mobile or a computer with our fingertip displays abundant information within a second. Each and every activity of our life directly connected to the ICT. It is almost impossible to avoid ICT from our dayto-day life. If so; how can we keep ICT apart from our teaching learning practice? Keeping the above thing in mind, Pathfinder has been prepared and designed to fulfill the needs of the learners. It is a need-based and learner-centered textbook, which associates textbook activities to the ICT while learning English language. It helps learners develop their essential communication skills and integrates the four language skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking through stepwise learning items. This second modified version of Pathfinder is based on new curriculum, users’ feedback, and latest ELT pedagogic principles. It has been made more interactive, simplified and practical than the first edition. It integrates both language and literature to develop language proficiency in learners. By using the Internet in our teaching learning process, we can do far better in English language learning. Pathfinder has beautifully designed its activities to make students active learners and teachers good facilitators unlike the traditional textbooks that make teachers active feeders of information and students passive receivers. In ELT, learners must be active during the teaching learning process in the classroom or out of the classroom for sustainable and desired learning outcome. And Pathfinder, as its users have acclaimed it, has done this job as the pioneer in this field of English course-book. We, the writer and the publisher, are very much thankful to the principals, teachers and students who have joined their hands with us and used Pathfinder to bring change in teaching learning practice. With thanks! - Author Preface
Reasons: ● Beautifully designed and presented WHAT TO TEACH and HOW TO TEACH ● STEPWISE teaching and learning plan to develop four language skills ● Easy to teach and easy to learn due to PRE-READING PROJECT ● Makes students self-knowledge seekers during learning process ● Makes teachers good facilitators, not feeders ● Promotes learning by doing method ● Highly communicative, interactive and interesting contents ● Creatively connected textbook activities to the ICT (Internet) ● Activity, search and project based self-learning textbook ● Creatively integrated both language and literature ● A huge vocabulary store through LEARN AND ADD method ● Based on Continuous Assessment System(CAS) and ICT Pathfinder VS Traditional Textbooks Traditional textbooks make teachers active feeders and students passive receivers. Pathfinder makes students active knowledge seekers and learners while teachers good facilitators. Meaning of Pathfinder A person who goes ahead and discovers or shows others a path or way. -Oxford Advanced Dictionary To change teacher centered teaching learning practice into student centered practice! Why Pathfinder?
CONTENTS UNIT TITLE PAGE 1 Introducing and Announcing 1 2 Asking For, Giving and Denying Permission 20 3 Requesting and Responding 41 4 Expressing Good Wishes 64 5 Making Suggestions 81 6 Expressing Wants and Needs 105 7 Expressing Opinions and Feelings 124 8 Talking About Past Habit 141 9 Making Comparison and Contrast 159 10 Expressing Obligations and Prohibitions 177 11 Identifying People, Places and Objects 195 12 Describing Appearance 216 13 Expressing Ability With Reasons 233 14 Describing Height, Weight and Distance 250 15 Expressing Degrees Of Probability 263 16 Narrating A Sequence of Events 280 17 Expressing Surprise and Dismay 295 18 Seeking Confirmation 310 19 Reporting Facts and Truths 327
Writing skill Fun Communication Word power Dictionary work Let's talk Reading Let’s recite Words in use Grammar Pronunciation practice Listening test Project work STEP 1 STEP 6 STEP 2 STEP 7 STEP 3 STEP 8 STEP 4 STEP 9 STEP 5 STEP 10 STEP 11 STEP 12 Learning Items and Steps of the Unit UNIT 1 Introducing and Announcing Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò introduce themselves and others Ò write short biographies and formal announcements Ò complete the registration forms of schools and others Ò use be verbs : is, am, are Ò articulate words of silent ‘b’ Ò make words using suffix –graphy and use them Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 1
STEP FUN COMMUNICATION 1 But, you can buy 2 cups of coffee with 100 rupees? How funny, a beggar made a girlfriend! Please, give me 100 rupees for coffee. Yes, but I have my girlfriend with me also. No sir, the girlfriend made me a beggar! Riddle-Giggle Read and Relish. relish : enjoy greatly 2 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 2 LET'S TALK Language Function Ò Greeting, introducing and leave taking Talking Item - 1 (Situation: Anurag introduces Dr. Sagar to his friend, Deepak.) Anurag : Good morning, Deepak. I’d like you to meet Dr. Sagar. Deepak : Good morning, Dr. Sagar. It’s nice to meet you. Dr. Sagar : Pleased to meet you, too. Anurag : Dr. Sagar is from the UK. He has just finished writing a book on cancer prevention. He is a senior oncologist at Oxford Cancer Hospital. Deepak : I also belong to that field. I work for the United Nations. Dr. Sagar : If I am not wrong, are you from the development program team? Deepak : Yes, you are right but how did you know? Dr. Sagar : I’ve read some of your previous articles. They’re highly worthy to read. Deepak : Thank you for your appreciation. Talking Item - 2 (Mr.Bishal, an English teacher, meets Mrs. Bina, one of his students, and her husband at a school function.) Mr.Bishal : Good morning, Mrs Bina. Mrs Bina : Good morning, Mr. Bishal. How are you? Mr.Bishal : I’m fine, thanks. And you? Mrs. Bina : Not too bad. Mr. Bishal, this is my husband, Binod. Binod, this is Mr.Bishal, my English teacher. Mr. Binod : Pleased to meet you. Mr.Bishal : Pleased to meet you too. Are you from Pokhara, Mr. Binod? Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 3
Mr. Binod : Yes. And you, are you from Butwal? Mr.Bishal : No, I’m from Dhankuta, but I live in Kathmandu now. Mrs Bina : Well. Goodbye, Mr.Bishal. Mr. Bishal : Goodbye! Talking Item - 3 Margaret : Mr. Wilson, I’d like you to meet Dr. Edward Smith. Mr. Wilson : It’s nice to meet you, Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith : Pleasure to meet you too. Margaret : Dr. Smith is an economist. He just finished writing a book on international trade. Mr. Wilson : Oh! That’s my field, too. I work for the United Nations. Dr. Smith : In the Development Program, by any chance? Mr. Wilson : Yes. How did you guess? Dr. Smith : I’ve read your articles on technical assistance. They’re excellent. Mr. Wilson : Thank you. STEP 3 READING READING ITEM - I Official Conversation Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Read and act out the following conversation. New Account Opening (Situation: A conversation between a bank clerk and a customer) Bank Clerk : Good morning, sir. Welcome to the Pathfinder Bank. How can I help you? Customer : Good morning. I would like to open a bank account. Bank Clerk : What kind of account would you like to open? 4 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Customer : I don’t know its kind. Would you kindly tell me the types of accounts? Bank clerk : Sure. We provide the facility of a saving account and a checking account. Customer : May I know the difference between these two accounts, please? Bank Clerk : Of course! A checking account is designed to use for everyday transactions. Yet; the money in a savings account is meant to stay in the account and earn interest over time. Customer : I see, actually I want to apply for a credit card. That’s why I need an account. Bank Clerk : Okay then, you probably want a checking account. Customer : Well, thank you. I’d like it. Bank Clerk : Sure, we will have you fill out an application form, please. Customer : No problem. Bank Clerk : How much of a credit limit are you looking for? Customer : I would like Rs.1, 00,000 spending limit. Bank Clerk : Alright, we will see what we can do. We might be able to get you one of our gold cards with Rs.1, 00,000 spending limit. Customer : Wonderful! Will I also collect points when I use the card? Bank Clerk : Sure! With our gold card, you will get 10 reward points for every transaction of ten thousand. Customer : Perfect, I have filled out the form. Do you need anything else? Bank Clerk : You just need to deposit a minimum of Rs.1, 000 into your new checking account. Customer : Very well, here you are. Bank Clerk : Thank you, your account is set up now and your credit card will be mailed to your address within 5 to 10 business days or you can collect yourself from the counter here after five days. Customer : Thank you for your help, have a good day. Bank Clerk : You too. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 5
Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST Choose the correct word for each definition from the box. transaction clerk account counter credit interest a. A person employed in an office or bank to keep records, accounts, and undertake other routine administrative duties: _______________ b. A long flat-topped fitment across which business is conducted in a shop or bank : _______________ c. The ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future: ___________ d. Money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent: _______________ e. An exchange ortransfer of goods, services, or funds: ______________ COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct information from the above conversation. The above conversation takes place between a customer and a bank clerk at _______ . The customer wants to open a _______ for a credit card. To apply for a credit card, the customer requires a _______ . There are _______ types of accounts. A checking account is used for everyday _______ while a saving account is designed to save money for _______ over a time. The customer wants rupees _______ spending limit. The bank provides ten _______ for every transaction of ten thousand. The customer has to _______ one thousand rupees in the new checking account to start account. 2. Answer the following questions: a. What is the purpose of a saving account? b. What type of account is used for everyday transactions? c. What does the bank provide in every ten thousand transaction? d. How much can the customer spend by using his credit card? 6 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
READING ITEM - II Announcement Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project PATHFINDER IT MULTINATIONAL COMPANY Promotion Announcement Notice Date: July 25, 2022 To all staff members, We are pleased to announce Mr. Pratik Pulami’s promotion from the post of Junior Manager to Manager .He has been a part of our organisation for the past five years. Over these five years, he has held many positions and worked honestly with complete dedication and diligence. With his good experience, we are sure he will show up a splendid performance. In a manager position, Pratik will head many departments and be responsible for conducting different Human Resources (HR) roles. The company has thought to congratulate him through a success party and wish him a great future for his success. So, do join us for this party in the given time and venue. Venue : Hotel Annapurna Durbar Marg, Kathmandu Date : August 2, 2022 Time : 5 pm Sincerely, Suraj Basnet Managing Director Pathfinder IT Multinational Company Kathmandu, Nepal Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 7
Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST 1. Learn and add. Learn the given word meanings and add a synonym to each from the box. attentiveness boss happy upgrade declare firm commend loyalty section Words Meanings Synonyms announce publicize, proclaim company business, corporation congratulate praise, acknowledge dedication commitment, devotion department division, sector diligence assiduousness, carefulness manager director, executive pleased satisfied, delighted promotion raise, boost resources properties, means splendid impressive, wonderful 2. Find and write. Find the words of the following definitions from the text. a. A person responsible for controlling or administering an organization or group of staff: _______________ b. All the people employed by a particular organization: ____________ 8 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
c. A commercial business: _______________ d. A division of a large organization such as a government, university, or business, dealing with a specific area of activity: _______________ e. the process of getting knowledge or skill from doing, seeing, or feeling things: _______________ f. The place where a public event or meeting happens: ______________ g. Involving several different countries: _______________ COMPREHENSION CHECK 3. State true or false. a. The notice is about the demotion of a staff. b. Pratik Pulami has been promoted to the post of manager. c. He was honest and dedicated member of the company. d. He has been working for seven years in the company. e. The program is taking place at the Hotel Annapurna. f. Mr. Pratik is organizing a party to celebrate his promotion. 4. Answer the following questions: a. What is the purpose of the announcement? b. How did Pratik work for five years? c. What is the reason behind his promotion? d. How is the company going to acknowledge his promotion? e. Who are invited to the party? f. Where is the party taking place? CREATIVE WORK Suppose you are the director of an office. Write an announcement for the fulfillment of some vacant posts in the office. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 9
STEP 4 LET’S RECITE About the poem : The poet gives some suggestions how to be a noble person. There are some conditions to be a noble person. If a person fulfills these conditions, he/she will be an ideal person. Read the poem and find what types of qualities a person should have to be a noble person. (Note: - You can find the complete poem, its audio, paraphrase and summary on the Internet.) Let’s Discuss a. How can we become noble persons? Share your views with your friends. b. How can we become ideal persons according to the poet? Read the poem and discuss. If_ If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies, Or being hated, don’t give way to hating, And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise: ++++++++ If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you, If all men count with you, but none too much; If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it, And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son! -By Rudyard Kipling 10 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Choose and fill. unforgiving hate tired doubt losing a. We should not lose our temper if others are __________ theirs. b. We should trust ourselves if others __________ us. c. We should have patience and should not be __________ of waiting. d. If we are hated, we should not __________ others. e. Time is __________ thing, so we should not lose a second too. 2. Discuss and write. a. What kinds of qualities should we have to be a noble person? Write as; According to the poet, we should remain quiet and should not lose our temper if others are losing their temper and blaming us. b. What should we do if people doubt us? c. What should we do if people are hating and cheating us? d. Why is time unforgiving thing? 3. Summary writing Write a summary of the poem taking help from the Internet. CREATIVE WORK Compose a beautiful poem of your own giving suggestions how to be a successful and noble person. ONLINE READING Read some of the poems written about noble persons. Write one of them which you like most and recite it to your class. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 11
STEP 5 GRAMMAR 1. Use of simple present be verbs: is, am and are Look at these examples: My name is Suresh. I am a student. My friend’s name is Ramesh. We are good friends. My friend is very helpful. He is very friendly too. We are really bosom friends. Grammar Note:- The words is, am and are are be verbs. The verb is is used with singular subjects while the verb are is used with plural subjects. In the above sentences, the colored words are be verbs. Exercise 1 1. Use be verbs is, am or are in the blank spaces to complete the sentences. There __________ six members in my family. My father __________ an engineer. My mother __________ a teacher. I __________ a student. My grandparents __________ too old to work. There __________ a dog and a cat too. The name of our dog __________ Sere. The name of our cat is Kitty. They __________ cute and lovely. We __________ fond of them. We __________ happy. 2. Use of articles a, an and the Look at the following sentences: Once there was a tree. The tree was tall and green. There lived many birds in it. There lived an owl. The owl was very wise. There lived a peacock. The peacock danced gracefully. There lived an eagle on the top branch of the tree. The eagle used to fly high in the sky. The tree was a home of many birds and animals. In the above passage, the coloured words are articles. 12 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Grammar Note:- We use indefinite articles a and an before a singular countable nouns. A is used before a singular countable noun whose initial pronunciation is consonant. Article an is used before a countable noun whose initial pronunciation is vowel. Definite article the is used before a repeated noun and definite thing. It is used before singular and plural nouns. It is used before the names of rivers, newspapers, deserts, historical buildings, etc. Exercise 2 Use the article a, an or the where necessary. a. Do you have __________ dictionary? I don’t have one, and I need to look up __________ word. b. Do you have __________ passport? You need __________ passport to travel outside of __________ country. c. There’s _________ big bear in _________ backyard. I think _________ bear is looking for something to eat. d. Do you have __________ computer? I have __________ laptop and __________ iPod. e. My mother is __________ doctor and my father is __________ author. f. Rita recommended __________ good dentist, but __________ dentist doesn’t have any openings for two months. g. Mt. Hood is __________ volcano in Oregon. It’s __________ very beautiful mountain. h. Sameer recommended __________ book to Lisa. She didn’t like __________ book at all. i. Do you have __________ vacuum? I dropped __________ piece of cake, and I need to clean it up. j. Honey, where’s ________ vacuum? I can’t find it. It was in ________ closet, but now it’s not there. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 13
STEP 6 WRITING ITEM - I Dialogue Writing Read and act out the following dialogue: Nanda : Hello, my name is Nanda. Welcome to our university. Alina : Hi, I am Alina. Nanda : Nice to meet you. Alina : Nice to meet you too. Nanda : Where are you from, Alina? Alina : I am from Nicaragua, how about you? Nanda : I’m from France. Alina : Is this your first time in London? Nanda : No, I have been living in London for about three years now. Alina : I see, have you been studying here for all that time? Nanda : Yes, this is my third year here; I have got one more year to go. Alina : What are you studying? Nanda : I’m studying English Literature. I want to be a linguist. How about you? Alina : Sounds cool. I want to be a school teacher. Nanda : That’s great! Alina : I have always wanted to study abroad, so I came to London. Nanda : Nice! Yeah I love it here, I am actually planning to live here even after I graduate. Alina : Perfect, you are already from Europe, so it shouldn’t be that difficult for you. Nanda : Yeah, I will just need to convince my parents, what about you? 14 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Alina : I love London, but I am just here for school, I will need to go back once I graduate anyway. Nanda : I see! Well, good luck to you, I have to go to class now. It was nice talking with you. Alina : Thank you! You too, and have a wonderful learning. Nanda : Good-bye! Exercise 1 a. Read the above dialogue carefully and write a similar type of dialogue of your own. b. Write a dialogue between two new friends who meet first time at school. c. A new student meets his class teacher first time. Develop a dialogue between them. d. A Nepali student meets an American student who has come to Nepal to visit different schools and their methods of teaching. Now develop a dialogue between them. ITEM - II Hotel Check-In Form Suppose you are a guest at Pathfinder International Hotel, and you need to fill the following form to stay over there. Now fill in the form with required information. Pathfinder International Hotel Thamel, Kathmandu Contact No. 0144456 Email: [email protected] Guest Check-In and Check-Out Procedure Surname: Name: Sex: Nationality: Permanent Adders: Passport No.: Citizenship No.: Contact No.: Email: Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 15
Type of Visa: Validity: Year: Month: Day: Date of Arrival: Date of Departure: Type Room Required: Number of People: Male: Female: Adult: Children: Purpose of Stay: Travel: Business: Official: Method of Payment: Cash: Cheque: Credit Card: Deposit: Special Requests: Check-In Time Check-out Time: Signature of The Guest: Signature of The Clerk: STEP 7 WORD POWER Can you find? There are synonyms and antonyms of introduction in the box given below. Circle the synonyms and underline the antonyms of ‘introduction’. debut, close, establishment ,finale, inauguration, finish, influx, end, initiation, completion, installation, launch, opening, preface, presentation, admittance, withdrawal, baptism, beginning, exclusion commencement, retirement, addition, conclusion, prologue, orientation, unveiling, removal stimulation, essentials, foreword, inception, induction, insertion, lead, preleduce, survey, foundation, preamble a. Synonyms of introduction : _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ b. Antonyms of introduction: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 16 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP word WORDS IN USE use 8 Exercise1 Choose the most appropriate words to complete the sentences. introduction finale debut inauguration launch a. All the dancers come to the stage during the grand ___________ . b. She made her professional stage ___________ in Mumbai. c. We watched the ___________ of our country’s new president. d. We are going to ___________ our program next year. e. Let’s have our ___________ first before we start our discussion. f. The word ___________ is used for the first performance while the word ___________ is used to conclude the program. STEP 9 DICTIONARY WORK 3. Which word will you use? Look up the following words in a dictionary and complete the sentences. Affect or effect? a. Transportation costs have a direct _________ on the cost of retail goods. b. The _________ of the medicine on her illness was surprisingly fast. c. Your opinions do not _________ my decision to move abroad. d. One student’s negativity can ___ all the class. Device or devise? _________ is a verb that means to invent or plan something that is difficult or complicated _________ is a noun that most often refers to an object, machine, or piece of equipment that has been made for some special purpose. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 17
Eminent or imminent? a. The word _________ means successful, well-known and respected. b. The word _________means happening very soon or likely to happen. c. He announced the _________arrival of the chief guest at the venue. d. Mr. Rajesh is an _________physician of our town. STEP 10 SPEECH SKILL NOTE: - Correct pronunciation of any language is the most essential thing. It is a skill. Specially, second language learning is a tough work without proper knowledge of pronunciation. Consult a dictionary, surf the Internet and listen to the native speakers to improve your pronunciation skill. PURE VOWEL SOUNDS Pure vowels are also known as monophthongs as they provide a single sound while pronouncing the words. Look at the words and listen to your teacher. The coloured letter shows where the sound is heard. There are 12 pure vowels or monophthongs in English – /i: /, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /u: /, /e/, /ə/, /ɜ: /, /ɔ: /, /æ/, /ʌ/, and /ɒ/. ʌ cup, luck ʌ ɑ: arm, father ɑ: æ cat, black æ e met, bed e ə away, cinema ə ɜ: turn, learn ɜ: ɪ hit, sitting ɪ i: see, heat i: ɒ hot, rock ɒ ɔ: call, four ɔ: ʊ put, could ʊ u: blue, food u: 18 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 11 LISTENING TEST 1. Listen and underline the options given in the brackets. a. Isaac Newton found out why objects (move, fall, stick) to the ground. b. His (mother, father, uncle) died before he was born. c. Isaac was born in (England, the USA, Newton). d. He had (an easy, a comfortable, a difficult) childhood. e. He was forced to stay at home because (of a punishment, he was ill, of the plague). f. When Isaac saw (an apple, an orange, a lemon) falling from a tree, he started to think about force. g. Newton published a book about gravity in (1643, 1685, 1687). h. The kind of telescope that Newton invented was called (a reflector, a mirror, lenses). i. Newton was a posthumous because his (mother, father, grandfather) died before his birth. 2. Listen and match. Column A Column B Gravity The Laws of Motion Newton showed that White light Isaac Newton was born is made up of all the colors of the rainbow. is an invisible pulling force. in 16 43. things don’t float off into the sky. are a mathematical guide. STEP 12 PROJECT WORK Highlight the uses of the definite article the on a chart paper. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 19
UNIT 2 Asking for, Giving and Denying Permission Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò ask for permission, give permission and deny permission Ò write sets of rules and regulations Ò write informal letters to parents, relatives and others Ò use yes/no questions Ò articulate words of silent ‘c’ Ò use words and phrases ‘thanks’ ‘thank you’, ‘that’s very kind of you’ you’re welcome, etc. Don’t bite any. How can you prevent diseases caused by biting insects? STEP FUN COMMUNICATION 1 Riddle-Giggle Read and Relish. 20 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 2 LET'S TALK Language Function Ò asking for, giving and denying permission Talking Item - 1 Liza : Please mum, can I use the computer for a while? Mother : No dear, you can’t. It’s time to go to bed. Liza : May I read a story book before I sleep? Mother : Sure! But try to sleep early. Liza : Thanks a lot, mum. Mother : Good night, dear. Liza : Good night, mummy. Talking Item - 2 Rohit : Hi Bipin! Would you mind if I keep my bag here? Bipin : Not at all. Rohit : I’ll come back around eleven. Is it OK? Bipin : Fine. I may not be here then. But Kusum will be. Rohit : Fine. Shall I keep it in that corner? Bipin : Oh, yes. It’s safer there. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 21
Talking Item - 3 Sudip : Excuse me. If you don’t mind, I’d like to make a suggestion. Tilak : Please, go ahead. Sudip : It would be a good idea if we consider the latest developments in the field while examining the project proposal. Tilak : The latest developments? Could you give me more details? Sudip : Of course. STEP 3 READING READING ITEM - I Story Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Pre-reading How can a teacher bring change in a student’s life? Discuss. While Reading Activities Read, find and discuss. a. How did the teacher bring change in Teddy’s life? b. Why does Teddy think that Mrs. Thompson is the best teacher for him? 22 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Who Makes a Difference? (This is an emotional story of a teacher, Mrs. Thomson, who brought an exceptional change in the life of a student, Teddy, who was left behind due to lack of love, care and encouragement in the class. Nobody tried to understand his problems but made aggravate them. This story tells us how love and care wins one’s heart forever. Moreover, it is dedicated to those teachers who love teaching profession and always try to boost up their students specially who are weak in their study because of family problems and so on.) It happened like this. On the very first day of her school, like most teachers who express their commitment to be fair with all the students, she looked at her students and said that she loved them all the same. But that was impossible, because there in the front row, slumped in his seat, was a little boy named Teddy. Mrs. Thompson had watched Teddy the year before and noticed that he didn’t play well with the other children, that his clothes were messy and that he constantly needed a bath. And Teddy could be unpleasant. It got to the point where Mrs. Thompson would actually take delight in marking his papers with a broad red pen, making bold ‘X’ and then putting a big “F” at the top of his papers. At the school where Mrs. Thompson taught, she was required to review each child’s past records and she put Teddy’s off until last. However, when she reviewed his file, she was in for a surprise. Teddy’s first grade teacher wrote, “Teddy is a bright child with a ready laugh. He does his work neatly and has good manners...he is a joy to be around.” Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 23
His second grade teacher wrote, “Teddy is an excellent student, well-liked by his classmates, but he is troubled because his mother has a terminal illness and life at home must be a struggle.” His third grade teacher wrote, “His mother’s death has been hard on him. He tries to do his best but his father doesn’t show much interest and his home life will soon affect him if some steps aren’t taken.” Teddy’s fourth grade teacher wrote, “Teddy is withdrawn and doesn’t show much interest in school. He doesn’t have many friends and sometimes sleeps in class. By now, Mrs. Thompson realized the problem and she was ashamed of herself. She felt even worse when her students brought her Christmas presents, wrapped in beautiful ribbons and bright paper, except for Teddy’s. His present was clumsily wrapped in the heavy, brown paper that he got from a grocery bag. Mrs. Thompson took pains to open it in the middle of the other presents. Some of the children started to laugh when she found a rhinestone bracelet with some of the stones missing and a bottle that was one quarter full of perfume. She stifled the children’s laughter when she exclaimed how pretty the bracelet was, putting it on, and dabbing some of the perfume on her wrist. Teddy stayed after school that day just long enough to say, “Mrs. Thompson, today you smelled just like my Mum used to.” After the children left, she cried for at least an hour. On that very day, she quit teaching, reading and writing arithmetic. Instead, she began to teach children. Mrs. Thompson paid particular attention to Teddy. As she worked with him, his mind seemed to come alive. The more she encouraged him, the aster he responded. By the end of the year, Teddy had become 24 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
one of the smartest children in the class and, despite her lie that she would love all the children same, Teddy became one of her “teacher’s pets.” A year later, she found a note under her door, from Teddy, telling her that she was still the best teacher he ever had in his whole life. Six years went by before she got another note from Teddy. He then wrote that he had finished high school, second in his class, and she was still the best teacher he ever had in his whole life. Four years after that, she got another letter, saying that while things had been tough at times, he’d stayed in school, had stuck with it, and would soon graduate from college with the highest of honours. He assured Mrs. Thompson that she was still the best and favourite teacher he ever had in his whole life. Then four more years passed and yet another letter came. This time he explained that after he got his bachelor’s degree, he decided to go a little further. The letter explained that she was still the best and favourite teacher he ever had. But now his name was a little longer. The letter was signed, Theodore F. Stollard, M.D. The story doesn’t end there. You see, there was yet another letter that spring. Teddy said he’d met this girl and was going to be married. He explained that his father had died a couple of years ago and he was wondering if Mrs. Thompson might agree to sit in the place at the wedding that was usually reserved for the mother of the groom. Mrs. Thompson replied, “Huge congratulations and thanks for your invitation, Mr. Teddy. I will be there.” And guess what Mrs. Thompson did on that very day? She wore that bracelet, the one with several rhinestones missing. And she made sure she was wearing the perfume that Teddy remembered his mother wearing on their last Christmas together. They hugged each other, and Teddy whispered in Mrs. Thompson’s ear, “Thank you, Mrs. Thompson, for believing in me. Thank you so much for making me feel important and showing me that I could make a difference.” Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 25
Mrs. Thompson, with tears in her eyes, whispered back. She said, “Teddy, you have it all wrong. You were the one who taught me that I could make a difference. I didn’t know how to teach until I met you.” NEW TERMS aster : A person or thing that isinferioror bears only a poor resemblance to what is specified teacher’s pet : A pupil who has won the teacher's special favor slumped : Having your head low and shoulders forward Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST 1. Learn and add. Learn the given word meanings and add a similar meaning to each from the box. applying pleasure responsive backing incomparable impartial solitary occupation evaluation incurable intensify embarrassed ineptly promise persistently collapsed Words Meanings Synonyms aggravate make worse, exaggerate ashamed humiliated, feeling guilty clumsily awkwardly, coarsely commitment assurance, pledge constantly regularly, frequently dabbing wiping, patting delight enjoyment, joy emotional expressive, sensitive encouragement reassurance, boost exceptional unique, special 26 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
fair just, unbiased impossible terrible, dreadful, incredible profession job, work review study, analysis slumped dropping, floppy terminal fatal, deadly withdrawn introvert, quiet 2. Find antonyms. Find the opposite words of the following from the above word list(1). a. boredom _________ b. curable _________ c. extrovert _________ d. gracefully _________ e. possible _________ f. unfair _________ g. matching _________ h. biased _________ 3. Matching Match the words of Set-A with their meanings in Set-B. Set-A Set-B whisper to put something on a surface with quick light movements: dabbing a man who has never been married or the first degree of college grocery doing things in a very awkward way, not well designed bachelor a clear stone that is intended to look like a diamond, used in cheap jewellery clumsily store that sells food and other things used at home rhinestone to speak very quietly to somebody so that other people cannot hear what you are saying Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 27
COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. State true or false. a. Mrs. Thomson always awarded him with excellent grades. b. First day, Mrs. Thomson told a truth to the class. c. Mrs. Thomson admired the gift given by Teddy and showed it to other students. d. Teddy was really happy when she used perfume and wore the bracelet given by him. e. Teddy felt Mrs. Thomson was like his mother. f. She encouraged Teddy and he made a dramatic improvement in his study. 2. Answer the following questions: a. What did Mrs. Thomson say to the class on her very day of the school? Was it possible or not? b. What did Mrs. Thomson find when she reviewed Teddy’s report? c. Why did she feel ashamed after reviewing the report? d. What happened on the Christmas Day? e. Why did Mrs. Thomson cry and what did she do after that? f. How did Teddy change his study habit and what was its ultimate result 3. Summary writing Write a summary of the above story in your own words. 4. Visual learning Watch the video of the above story on the Internet. CREATIVE WORK You might have some experience like the above story. Write a couple of paragraphs on how your teacher helped and motivated you to bring change in your studies and thinking. 28 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
READING ITEM - II Rules and Regulations Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Read and understand. Rules and Regulations for Pedestrians Walk on the sidewalk. Cross the road from zebra crossing. Stop before crossing the street. Obey all traffic signals. Look left and right before crossing. Wear bright clothing at night. Walk on the opposite direction of the vehicles. Exercise a. Write a set of six rules of a library for the readers. b. Write a set of rules of a temple for the visitors. c. Write a set of rules of a school for the students. READING ITEM - III Write-up Walk Right Schooling designs our living pattern. We cannot easily quit things that were taught in schools. Things become much more complicated when the things taught in school prove to be wrong, and the complication further grows when the wrong things are accepted as right. I still remember the book that taught me to walk on the left side of the road always, and I am pretty sure that most of us have learnt the same thing. But why should we walk on the left side of the road? Pedestrians in Nepal walk on the left side of the road, because we are taught to do so, but has any one of us given a thought about how appropriately our system has been working? Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 29
You walk on the left side of the road facing front. A driver in a vehicle comes from the back while you are facing front, you will have no idea what is coming from the back, and then you get hit by the vehicle. All of us have been taught that the road accidents take place even when one is careful and the other person is careless. But do you agree? It is the rules that bind us to it. The thing that is taught to us, ‘We should walk on the left side of the road’, is actually a copied statement from foreign stuffs. Call it a copied rule. In many countries the vehicles are supposed to move on the right side, and hence pedestrians walk on the left side. Pedestrians will be facing the vehicles that come towards them and if any accident takes place both the vehicle drivers and pedestrians are to be blamed in most traffic mishaps. A pedestrian need not worry about being hit from the back because nothing will be coming from the back besides other pedestrians, and hence the pedestrians will be safer. There are things that are taught to us with good intentions, but the rules can be made with mistakes. It can be a matter of controversy if the rules are changed, because once the rules are modified, people will have to bring change in their daily habit. This is troublesome for the implementer as well as the local people. Now, if we have to blame anybody, obviously it is those who copied the rule from visits abroad without any rationale. But it would be wise if the students in the lower levels of schools in this country are taught by explaining that foreigners walk on the left side because their vehicles have to move on the right side of the road, and we walk on the left despite the fact the vehicles are moving from the left side. (Source: By Riju Regmi Published: on Mar 03, 2016 in the Himalayan Times) COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is the above text about? b. On which side do you walk on the road? 30 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
c. Which side should we walk on the road, and why? d. How is the rule of left side walking developed in Nepal? e. Why should we not walk on the left side in Nepal? f. Why do people of Europe walk on the left side? STEP 4 LET’S RECITE Pre-reading Activity 1. What does your mother do for you? Tell your friends. While Reading Activity 2. Read, find and discuss: a. What does the poet ask her mother? b. Why does she thank her mother? Mother’s Love How did you find energy, Mom? To do all the things you did To be a teacher, nurse and counselor To me, when I was a kid. How did you do it all, Mom? Be a chauffeur, cook and friend Yet find time to be a playmate I just can’t comprehend I see now it was love, Mom That made you overcome these all Your infinite love, Mom And I thank you for it all -By Joanna Fuchs Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 31
New Words counselor : a person who gives advice chauffeur: give somebody a ride overcome : to solve or succeed infinite : unlimited COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Complete the summary choosing the word from the box. playmate comprehend overcome thanks love energy duties nurse chauffeur The poet wonders at the endeavors of her mother and asks questions to her how she got _________ to do all these _________ The mother worked as a teacher, _________ and counselor for her. Not only had these, her mother worked as a cook, _________ and friend at the same time. She spared time to be her _________ too. The poet can’t _________ how her mother was able to manage all these things. When the poet grew up, she came to know that it was the power of her mother’s infinite _________ to _________ all the problems easily. The poet _________ her mother for her infinite love and devotion. 2. Answer the following questions: a. What questions does the poet ask to her mother? b. What is a mother to her children? c. Why should we be grateful to our mother? CREATIVE WORK Compose a poem about your mother expressing your gratitude to her. ONLINE READING Surf the Internet and read some of the poems written about a teacher. Write one of them in your notebook and tell it to your teacher and friends in the class. 32 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 5 GRAMMAR AND PUNCTUATION IMPERATIVES Look at the different functions of imperatives. Imperative sentences Functions Clean the room at once! Arrange the table for meeting! Order Keep or go out! Order Do or die! Don’t show your back! Command Boil the water before keeping coffee. Instruction Put required coffee and stir it. Instruction Have some cold drinks. It’s too hot. Offer Please come to my home for dinner. Invitation Don’t cross the road! The red light is on. Warning Don’t run on the ladder! It’s slippery. Warning You’re looking tired. Go home and take rest. Advice It’s cold outside. Wear a sweater or a jacket. Advice Drink hot water if you have common cold. Advice Don’t throw garbage over here. Forbiddance Don’t park car here. It is a no parking zone. Forbiddance Please give me some food to eat. I am very hungry. Request Please don’t vote for the corrupt candidates. Appeal May you live long! Wish Good luck! Wish Go to hell! Curse Turn left at the crossroads. Direction Go along this road. Direction Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 33
Grammar Note:- An imperative sentence expresses many functions. It is used to express order, command, request, wish, curse, warning, direction, instruction, advice, etc. It is generally formed with an action verb like go, write, sit, etc. Most of the time the subject remains hidden and the hidden subject is second person. Exercise 3 Identify the function expressed by the given imperative sentences. Order, command, request, wish, curse, instruction, direction, advice, forbiddance, warning Please return to your seat. Go straight and turn left from the cinema. Don’t eat junk food. Don’t touch me! Don’t sleep instantly after eating at night. Please leave me alone. Don’t smoke! It’s bad for your health. Come in and be seated. Have a safe journey. See you soon. Don’t disturb. Fire! The enemies are hiding there. Have some sweets, please. Don’t touch the nozzle tip. Let’s have some fun. Don’t stand under the tall tree during thundering. 34 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 6 WRITING ITEM - I PERSONAL LETTER Pathfinder International School Boys Hostel Santinagar, Kathamandu August 10, 2021 My Dear Mother, I just finished reading your letter. I am glad to know that you all are fine and fit there. You have asked me about my hostel life, so I would like to share my new experiences in my hostel life with you. It is different from a regular day school but slowly I am enjoying this. To begin with, this new hostel life has taught me a lot of things. I am glad that I am able to do so many things on my own. From making my own bed, to cleaning my clothes, organising books, I am doing everything which you would always do for me. Our school has a daily routine which we need to abide by thoroughly. My day begins at 6 o’clock with the loud bell. After that, we all are headed to the assembly for our daily prayer. My classes start at 8 o’clock before which I have my breakfast, take a bath and get ready for school. Our teachers are really good as they take extra care of our studies since we live away from our parents. In the evening we have to go to the study room to finish all our studies. The food of the hostel is certainly not good as yours. But it is fun to have friends always around. I truly miss you, mum. I hope to see you soon during the break. Please take care of your health and look after dad and convey my sincere regards to my dad and love to my sister. Yours affectionately, Raj Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 35
Exercise a. Suppose you are staying in a hostel for the first time. Now write a letter to your mother sharing your new experiences with her. b. Write a letter to your friend describing your village or city. ITEM - II Email To Cc Subject: Re: Sports Dear Barun(1) Thanks for your email.(2) I came to know through your letter that you do lots of sports at school in Canada. I’d love to play ice hockey one day. We do lots of sports at our school too.(3) We’ve got a swimming pool at school and our class go swimming every Wednesday. We also play tennis, volleyball and football, but football in Australia is different from soccer. You can touch the ball with your hands. There are lots of after-school sports clubs in Australia too (4). I go to a surfing club after school on Tuesdays and Thursdays. We go to the beach and learn how to surf. It’s great fun! Can you surf in your country? Do write soon. With regards,(5) Salim Tips for writing an email 1. Begin your email with ‘Dear+ name’ 2. Begin your email with thanks or the reason you are writing. 3. This paragraph has got one idea. 4. This paragraph has got another idea. 36 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
5. End your email with regards, write soon or other closing phrases + your name 6. Write short sentences but to the point. Exercise a. Write an email to your friend telling him/her about your school activities. b. Write an email to the principal of your school informing him about your illness. c. Write an email to your father who lives in abroad for job telling him about your studies and exams. STEP 7 WORD POWER Words with -logy -logy: It is a suffix derived from Latin and its simple meaning is study. It is a branch of learning; a study of a particular subject. Exercise Look up the given words in a dictionary and write them before the definitions. Orology Otology Sociology Agrology Neology Eulogy Myology Apology Ecology Enology Geology Virology Biology Urology Neurology: The branch of medicine or biology that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system a. __________ : a formal expression of praise b. __________ : an expression of regret or excuse at having caused trouble for someone: c. __________ : the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings d. __________ : a branch of science that deals with wine and wine making Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 37
e. __________ : the science which deals with the physical structure and substance of the earth, their history, and the processes which act on them. f. __________ : the study of mountains, especially the study of how mountains are formed g. __________ : the study of the anatomy and diseases of the ear. h. __________ : the branch of science that deals with the study of viruses. i. __________ : the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. j. __________ : the study of living organisms k. __________ : the branch of medicine and physiology concerned with the function and disorders of the urinary system. l. __________ : the study of the muscular system, including the study of the structure, function and diseases of muscle m. __________ : the branch of soil science dealing with the study of the production of crops n. __________ : the act of inventing a word or phrase in a new or different sense STEP word WORDS IN USE use 8 Use the words given in Step 7 in your sentences as shown in the examples changing the words into nouns. A person who studies the science that deals with the physical structures of the earth is called a geologist. A person who uses astrology to tell others about their character or to predict their future is called an astrologist. SPEAKING Ask and answer as shown in the example using the terminologies of STEP 7. A : Hi, I am an agrologist. I study the soil and production of crops. What’s about you? B : Hi, I am a psychologist. I study the human mind and behaviours. I work in a mental hospital. 38 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
PROJECT WORK Surf the Internet and find the words ending with the –logy suffix. Write them in your notebook with their meanings and uses. STEP 9 DICTIONARY WORK 1. Look up these words in a dictionary and complete the sentences. Accept or except? A : Would you kindly ____________ our proposals? B : Yes, I can accept all your proposals ____________ of his. A : Why can’t you ____________ his proposal, Sir? B : Because he has not fulfilled all the conditions. Addition or edition? Did you see the latest ____________ of the paper? The opposite of subtraction is ____________ All ready or already? We are ____________ for the competition. We have ____________ done hard practice for the competition. STEP 10 SPEECH SKILL Double vowel sounds: diphthongs A diphthong is a long vowel sound made by gliding (slipping) from one position of the mouth to another within the same syllable. There are 8 diphthongs sounds in common English pronunciation namely – /aɪ/ , /eɪ/ , /əʊ/ ,/aʊ/ ,/eə/ ,/ɪə/ ,/ɔɪ/, /ʊə/.Look at the words in the table, listen to your teacher and say. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 39
Vowel diphthongs Examples /aɪ/ cry, my, like, bright, lime /eɪ/ bake, rain, lay, eight, break /əʊ/ go, oh, slow, loan, though /aʊ/ bound, house, now, out /eə/ pair, lair, chair /ɪə/ career, fear, near, hear /ɔɪ/ boy, coy, toy, join /ʊə/ fur, sure, tourist STEP 11 LISTENING TEST Listen and complete. Tom is an ____________ teacher. He belongs to ____________ He is the ____________ teacher of Anita. Anita loves his American ____________. He teaches about the world outside of the ____________ . He is very knowledgeable and ____________ . He usually wears gray ____________ to school. Anita ____________ English a lot with Tom but she does not want to be a ____________ but she wants to be a ____________. Tom hardly ____________ students. STEP 12 PROJECT WORK Prepare a list of rules and regulations for your classroom. Discuss them in the classroom and prepare a final list. Highlight the final list on a chart paper to paste it on the wall. 40 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
UNIT 3 REQUESTING AND RESPONDING Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò request and respond to request Ò write applications for sick leave and others Ò complete simple skeleton dialogue Ò use modal verbs like can, could, must, should, etc. Ò articulate words of silent ‘d’ This is my father speaking! Hello ma’am! My son has a bad cold and won’t be able to come to school today. Who is speaking? STEP FUN COMMUNICATION 1 Riddle-Giggle Read and Relish. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 41
STEP 2 LET'S TALK Language Function Ò Requesting and responding Talking Item - 1 Student : Excuse me, sir! Teacher : Yes? Student : Would you mind telling us some of the important questions of the exam? Teacher : I’m afraid, I can’t. You have to go thoroughly all the taught lessons. Talking Item - 2 A : Hey Asna, I’m going to visit the new art gallery on Saturday. Would you like to come with me? B : Sorry, Samna. I can’t. I have to study for exams on Saturday. I have my English exam on Sunday. A : No matter. I will go alone. Good luck! B : Thank you, Samna. Talking Item - 3 A : Some of my friends and I are going to DOHORI SAANJHA tonight. Do you want to join us? B : Thanks, I’d love to. It sounds like fun. Where will we meet? A : At Thamel Rodhi Ghar. Talking Item - 4 A : There’s a technology show at the International Convention Hall. Would you like to go? 42 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
B : Yes, I’d love to. Will they have smart phones too? I need a new one. A : Yes. I’ve heard they have latest smart phones. Talking Item - 5 A : Hey Jim, we’re going to see a concert tonight at the stadium. I was wondering if you’d like to go with us. B : Thanks for asking. But I have to work tonight. I have to complete my project work. A : No matter. Talking Item - 6 A : Tony, there’s a big sale at Central Hall. Do you want to come with me? We could get some cheap branded clothes. B : Sure! I love buying branded clothes. Talking Item - 7 A : Hey Bipul, there’s a new horror movie playing tonight. I’m going with some friends. Can you come? B : Sure! I love horror movies. What time are we going to meet? A : At 5 pm. B : OK, I’ll be there. STEP 3 READING READING ITEM - I Story Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Pre-reading Activity What is the best time: present, past or future, and why? Discuss it with your friends. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 43
While Reading Activities 1. Read, find and discuss. a. What did the king want to know? b. How did he get his answers? THREE QUESTIONS It once occurred to a king, that if he always knew the right time to begin everything; if he knew who were the right people to listen to, and whom to avoid; and, above all, if he always knew what was the most important thing to do, he would never fail in anything he might undertake. And this thought having occurred to him, he had it proclaimed throughout his kingdom that he would give a great reward to anyone who would teach him what was the right time for every action, and who were the most necessary people, and how he might know what was the most important thing to do. And learned men came to the king, but they all answered his questions differently. In reply to the first question, some said that to know the right time for every action, one must draw up in advance, a table of days, months and years, and must live strictly according to it. Only thus, said they, could everything be done at its proper time. Others declared that it was impossible to decide beforehand the right time for every action; but that, not letting oneself be absorbed in idle pastimes, one should always attend to all that was going on, and then do what was most needful. Others, again, said that however attentive the King might be to what was 44 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal