f. Karma ordered her meal without meat______ she is a vegetarian. g. Ravi didn’t play ____________ his illness. h. She couldn’t walk ____________ she had broken her leg. i. She did not call me again ____________ she was angry with me. j. ____________ I was tired, I went to bed early. k. ____________ it was really cold, I put on my gloves and hat. l. She did not go to work, ____________ her illness. m. She was very unhappy ____________ she missed her children. n. ____________ its high price, we didn’t rent the flat. o. The girl stayed at home ____________ her illness. p. We stayed inside ____________ it was raining. q. ________ I was having a nice time, I decided to stay longer.. STEP 6 WRITING SKILL ITEM - I Completing a Skeleton Story Exercise 1. Develop a readable story with the help of the given outlines: An old woman becomes blind ............ calls in a doctor ............ agrees to pay large fee if cured, but nothing if not cured,............ doctor calls daily ............ puts ............ eyes on the lady’s furniture ............ delays the cure ............ everyday takes away furniture ............ at last cures her ............ demands his fees ............ lady refuses to pay ............ saying cure not complete ............ doctor brings a court case ............ judge asks why she will not pay ............ she says sight not properly restored ............ she can’t see all the furniture ............ judge understood what happened and gives verdict in her favour ............ moral. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 245
2. Develop a readable story with the help of given outlines: Once there was a king…… had a friend, monkey, helped the king in his work…. one day the king sleeping ............ monkey looking after him ............ a housefly came ............ disturbed the king ............ monkey tried to chase ............ but couldn’t ............ sat on king’s face ............ monkey picked a sword ............ hit the king ............ moral. 3. Develop a readable story with the help of given outlines: A barber shop ............ near the jungle ............ a barber ............ people visit ............ shaving everyday ............ nearby a monkey on a tree ............ watching ............ shaving finished ............ the barber goes to the river ............ the monkey climbs down ............ tries shaving ............ cuts mouth and nose ............ scream ............ moral. ITEM - I Writing Paragraph on an Event A paragraph on a memorable event of my life One of the important events in my life was when I was going with my parents to visit my aunt who lived in Canada. It was the first time I was going to board a plane. I was excited about the journey that I could not sleep the whole night. The next day I woke up my parents in excitement. We packed everything and left for the airport a few hours early than the flight time. We completed all the formalities, and it was time to go into the plane. I saw a plane for the first time, and it looked like a massive bird with its wings extended. I sat on the plane and sat on the window seat that belonged to my mother. As the plane took off, some people began to feel nauseous, but I was okay. I looked out the window, and the clouds seemed beautiful. Finally, after some hours, the plane touched the ground, and I was cheerful and happy! Exercise a. Write a paragraph on an event that is memorable to you. b. Write a paragraph on an event of your school life. c. Writ a paragraph on an event which you can’t forget. d. Write a paragraph on an event which you always cherish 246 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 7 WORD POWER Decide whether the word in column B is similar, opposite or different in meaning in column A. Write it in the box. Column A Column B Column A Column B sweet sour opposite tall high similar brave bold mortal worldly big angry secret open slow rapid forgive excellent danger peril heaven hell splendid magnificent identify recognize love famous famous notorious handsome ugly joint separate strange familiar handle control live die explain describe chair table chew swallow idle lazy sleep nap want desire friendly rude STEP word WORDS IN USE use 8 Use the appropriate antonyms to complete the sentences. a. You can’t go in from the exit; go to the ___________ . b. While ___________ is the beginning of life; death is the end of life. c. You can receive something when there is someone to ________ you. d. How can you buy things if nobody ___________ them? e. There must be students to be a ___________ . f. In the absence of the _________, you cannot classify people as wise. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 247
g. We have to lessen our ___________ to be slim. h. If you want to wake up early, you should not be __________ to sleep. i. When ___________ ends, night begins. STEP 9 DICTIONARY WORK Look up the words in a dictionary and complete the sentences. Prey or pray? a. We ___________ to God for the speedy recovery of the injured. b. A mouse is a favorite ___________ of a cat. c. ___________ to your God, that it may have mercy on your soul. d. The lion will ___________ upon the deer. Aisle or isle? a. ___________ is a passageway between rows or seats that is found in churches, airplanes, auditoriums, etc. b. ___________ is a small island. c. Have you ever visited an ___________ ? d. It was very difficult to walk easily due to the narrow ___________on the bus. STEP 10 FUN WITH SOUND The suffix –s is pronounced as /z/ after a voiced consonant (/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /z/, / sz/, /j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /w/) . Words Pronunciation Words Pronunciation ribs /ribz/ kids /kidz/ legs /legz/ leaves /li:vz/ clothes /klouðz/ cows /kauz/ reads /ri:dz/ digs /digz/ 248 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 11 DICTATION AND LISTENING TEST 1. Listen and decide true or false. a. Jane spoke to Louisa about the accident. b. Louisa was Jane’s sister. c. Usually, Sophie wakes up Jane in the morning. d. Louisa was cycling when she fainted. e. Sophie and Louisa came home by themselves. 2. Listen and write who: Louisa, Sophie, Jane or the doctor a. ___________ called the doctor. b. ___________ was very weak. c. ___________ cooled Louisa’s head. d. ___________ told Louisa who brought her there. e. ___________ gave an injection STEP 12 PROJECT WORK Write an inspiring story on the importance of mutual help. Collect all the stories of the class. Prepare a booklet of stories entitled with Mutual Help. Keep the book safe in the school library. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 249
UNIT 14 DESCRIBING HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND DISTANCE Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò ask about height, weight, and distance Ò write vacancy announcements Ò complete order forms and prepare price lists Ò use active voice and passive voice Ò identify common nouns Ò articulate ‘c’ as ‘k’ and‘s’ in words Ò use determiners ‘much’ and ‘many’ correctly Ò use homophones ‘dose’, ‘does’ and ‘doze’ correctly STEP FUN COMMUNICATION 1 How can you prove the earth is round? I can’t, sir. Besides, I never said it was. Riddle-Giggle Read and Relish. 250 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 2 LET’S TALK Language Function Ò Describing height, weight and distance Talking Item - 1 A : How tall are you, Piyush? B : I am five feet and six inches tall. And you? A : I am five feet and seven inches tall. B : What is your father’s height? A : My father’s height is 170 cm. And yours? B : He is 1.75 m tall. A : How tall is your house? B : It is thirty-two feet tall. And yours? A : It is 42 feet tall. Talking Item - 2 A : What is the new height of Mt. Everest? B : The new height of Mt. Everest is 8848.86 m. A : What was the previous height of Mt. Everest? B : It was 8848 m high. Talking Item - 3 A : What is your weight, Suraj? B : I am forty-three kilograms. And yours, Binda? A : My weight is forty-seven kilos. B : How much weigh does your father? A : His weight is 65 kilos. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 251
Talking Item - 4 A : How much water do you drink daily? B : I drink two liters of water daily. And you? A : I drink two and a half liters of water daily. How much rice do you consume in a month? B : I consume five kilos of rice in a month. How much sugar do you consume in a month? A : I consume two kilos of sugar in a month. Talking Item - 5 A : How far is your school from your home? B : It is two kilometres far from my house. A : Do you go on foot or bus? B : I go on foot daily. We don’t have bus facility. How far is your school, Dilson? A : My school is twelve kilometers far from my home. B : Oh, it’s far. How do you go? A : I go by school bus. Talking Item - 6 A : How far is the sun from the earth? B : It is 149.6 million kilometers far from the earth. A : How far is the moon from the earth? B : The moon is about 150 million kilometers far from the earth. 252 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 3 READING A factual text(mountain, river, highway, lake) A prospectus READING ITEM - I A Factual Text Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Pre-reading Activity Name some famous mountains of the world. While Reading Activity Read, find and discuss. What are different names of Mt. Everest? What are traits of the Sherpas? What are the obstacles of climbing Mt. Everest? Mt. Everest Mount Everest is a peak in the Himalayan mountain range. It is located in Nepal. At 8,848.86 meters (29031.69 feet), it is considered the tallest point on Earth. In the nineteenth century, the mountain was named after George Everest, a former Surveyor General of India. The Tibetan name is Chomolungma, Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 253
which means “Mother Goddess of the World.” The Nepali name is Sagarmatha, which has various meanings. One of these meanings is the head of oceans. The first ever recorded people to climb Everest were Edmund Hillary (a mountaineer from New Zealand) and his Nepali guide Tenzing Norgay Sherpa. They climbed the mountain in 1953 and held the record together. The first record of Everest’s height came much earlier in 1856. British surveyors recorded that Everest was the tallest peak in the world in their Great Trigonometrical Survey of the Indian subcontinent. The Himalayan Mountains have long been home to indigenous groups living in the valleys. The most famous of these are the Sherpa people. The word “Sherpa” is often used to mean mountain guide, though it actually refers to an ethnic group. The Sherpa have valuable experience in mountain climbing, which they can provide to other climbers. Most climbs of Everest would be impossible without the Sherpas’ logistical help and knowledge. However, their way of life extends beyond helping Everest climbers. Traditionally, their lifestyle has consisted of farming, herding, and trade. And, because they live at such a high altitude year round, they are accustomed to the low oxygen levels. Climbing Mount Everest has become a popular expedition for mountain climbers. However, it is a dangerous undertaking. Climbing Everest requires a lot of experience mountaineering elsewhere, as well as a certificate of good health, equipment, and a trained Nepalese guide. The snow and ice on the mountain create deadly hazards like avalanches, and there is only a limited climbing season due to bad weather conditions. But perhaps the biggest danger is the altitude. Most climbers are not accustomed to the high altitude and low oxygen levels and rely on bottled oxygen they bring along. This is why the area above 8,000 meters 254 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
(26,000 feet) elevation on Everest is called the “death zone.” Climbers who spend long periods in this region can develop altitude sickness and even brain swelling. Mount Everest’s climbing industry has become an integral part of tourism industry in Nepal. As popularity of the climb has increased, there have been more “traffic jams” as climbers spend too much time in the death zone waiting for their chance to go to the summit. With more people has also come more pollution up near the summit as climbers often discard unwanted items all along the mountain. Additionally, the Sherpa people have been exploited by climbers, and their traditional way of life has been disrupted by foreign climbers. Sherpa guides are faced with some of the highest death rates of any field of employment, for comparatively little pay. Most disturbingly, because many climbers have died along the way, and their bodies are impossible to retrieve, climbers must frequently travel past corpses as they make their way up the mountain. Climbing Mt. Everest is the greatest honor in one’s life. Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST 1. Find the words of the following definitions from the colored words in the text. a. The highest point of a hill or mountain: ___________ b. A mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside: ___________ c. A journey undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose: ___________ d. As part of a long-established custom, practice, or belief; typically: ___________ Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 255
e. Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native: ___________ f. A person who examines the condition of land and buildings professionally: ___________ COMPREHENSION CHECK 2. Correct the following statements if necessary: a. The height of Mt. Everest is 8848 meter. b. Sagarmatha is the Tibetan name of Mt. Everest. c. Nepali Surveyors recorded that Everest was the tallest peak in the world. d. The Sherpa are the migrated people in the Himalayan region. e. The Sherpa are accustomed to live in plain area. f. It does not require any experience to climb Mt. Everest. g. The area above 800 meters is called life zone. 3. Answer the following questions: a. How tall is Mt. Everest? b. What are different names of Mt. Everest? c. Who are the first climbers to reach the peak of Mt. Everest? d. What is the reason calling the highest peak as Mt. Everest? e. Who are the Sherpa? And what characteristic do they have? f. Why is climbing Everest the most dangerous undertaking? g. What is ‘death zone’ and why? h. How are the Sherpa people exploited? CREATIVE WORK Write a description of a river, mountain, lake or highway which you are familiar with. 256 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 4 LET’S RECITE The River I am a river, going down from the mountains To reach the infinite oceans I am a river, a river. A river: clear as crystal every morning. Sometimes I am tender and kind. I slide smoothly through fertile land. I let the cattle and the gentle people drink as much as they want. Children run to me by day. I am a river. But sometimes I am wild and strong. Sometimes I have no respect for life or death. Flowing in furious waterfalls, I beat those stones again and again; I smash them into endless pieces. When I reach the infinite ocean All my petty prides end. UNDERSTANDING THE POEM 1. Match the words with their meanings. petty easily, effortlessly infinity productive, fruitful smoothly livestock, cows cattle endless, unlimited fertile furious frantic, angry trivial, unimportant Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 257
2. Answer the following questions: a. Why does the river flow down the mountain? b. What do children do? c. What does a river do when it is furious? d. What happens to the stones? e. When does a river lose its self-importance? f. What describing words are used in the poem for an ocean? CREATIVE WORK Compose a poem describing a river or a forest vividly. ONLINE READING You can find numerous poems about rivers on the Internet. Surf them and write down one of your choices and recite it to your class. STEP 5 GRAMMAR WORK SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT 1. Look at the following sentences: She writes a letter. They write a letter. She is a nurse. They are nurses. Grammar Note: We should use a verb according to the subject and its number. It means, if a subject is singular, it takes a singular verb. If a subject is plural, it takes a plural verb. Remember! Singular with singular, and plural with plural Exercise 22 2. Choose the correct verbs from the brackets to complete the sentences. a. Everything _____fine when it’s done correctly.(work/worked/works/ will work) b. Ronaldo and Messi _____the greatest football players of the 21st century.(are/is/were/ was) 258 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
c. Tweezers ____always useful to handle small objects.(may/is/will/are) d. The jury _____not convinced.(might/was/were/would) e. The poor _____always sufferers. (is/are/may/was) f. To cry _____never the solution to any problem.(are/were/should/is) g. His pants _____torn during the match. (was/ is/were/ are) h. Kamal, together with his wife,_____the guests. (greets/ greet/ greeting/ are greeting) i. A number of soldiers _____injured during the war.(is/were/was/might) j. The number of deceased soldiers _____not stored in the record book. (were/is/are/may) k. A pack of lions _____approaching the camp.(will/were/are/was) l. Killing ____not always considered a bad thing.(were/ are/ was/would) m. Here _____the tomb of Albert Einstein.(lies/lie/lying/ lied) n. Did they _____you yesterday? (help/ helped/ helps/ helping) o. Either she or her friends _____responsible for this accident.(is/are/ was/will) p. None of them ____able to solve this question.(is /were/was/would be) q. A pair of trousers ____all that I brought along.(is/ are/ would be, were) r. Neither you nor I _____responsible for this. ( is/am/are/were) STEP 6 WRITING WORK ITEM - I Prospectus Prospectus: A printed booklet advertising a school or university to potential parents or students or giving details of a share offer for the benefit of investors that is distributed to prospective buyers, investors, or participants. PROJECT WORK Visit some schools and colleges. Collect their prospectus and study them. Now prepare a prospectus of your own ideal school. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 259
ITEM - II Paragraph The Mahendra Highway The longest highway in our country is the Mahendra Highway. It is about 1000 km in its length. It runs from Mechi to Mahakali. It links many parts of the county together. Therefore, it is the most important highway in Nepal. Mostly, it links many parts of the Terai but it links other parts of the country indirectly. Other roads are connected to this highway. It runs across all the rivers in the Terai in Nepal. It has several bridges over these rivers among which Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali are major ones. This highway takes its name from the King Mahendra who introduced Panchaayati Political System to Nepal. It was built with the assistance of many countries. Mainly our neighboring country India has assisted Nepal more in the construction of this highway. This highway is regarded as a milestone in the field of national development. This highway promotes national unity by linking many places of the country together. Exercise Write a description of a river, a mountain, a highway or a lake which you are familiar with. STEP 7 WORD POWER Look at the words that describe the beauty of the earth. Word Meaning Word Meaning blooming flowering brisk fresh and clear bucolic rural setting crisp chilly, fresh ethereal otherworldly heavenly very peaceful idyllic perfectly peaceful lush rich vegetation majestic grand panoramic scenic, picturesque pristine clean and pure rejuvenating refreshing sparkling shining spectacular remarkable, imaging towering immensely tall vast expansive, endless verdant deeply green captivating breathtaking 260 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP word WORDS IN USE use 8 Choose the most appropriate words to complete the sentences. a. The ___________ morning dews on the grassland look like pearls. (sparkling/majestic/vast) b. The ___________ mountains of Nepal allure each and everyone. (vast/ towering/bucolic) c. There were more than fifty types of birds living in the ___________ oak trees. (flowering/ lush/idyllic) d. The view of the valley from the top of the mountain was _________ . (blooming /breathtaking/towering) e. The ___________ ocean stretched on and on before us.(narrow/ verdant/vast) f. The view of the sunset from the mountains prompts __________ joy. (earthly/heavenly/bucolic) g. If you stand at the mountain’s summit, you’ll have a ___________ view of the snow valley below. (rejuvenating /verdant/panoramic) STEP 9 DICTIONARY WORK Look up the following words in a dictionary and complete the sentences. Apart or A part? a. Stand with your feet wide ___________ . b. May I have ___________ of your sandwich? c. The two lines of children moved slowly ___________ . d. I want to be ___________ of your group. STEP 10 FUN WITH SOUND The suffix –es is pronnonced as /iz/ after the letters ce,s, z, x, ch, tch, ge, dge, sh, ge, dge, and sh. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 261
Words Pronunciation Words Pronunciation pieces /'pi:siz/ prizes /'praiziz/ boxes /'boksiz/ coaches /'kouchiz/ bridges /'brijiz/ dishes /'dishiz/ kisses /'kisiz/ loses /'lu:ziz/ STEP 11 LISTENING TEST Listen and tick. a. You might want to wear ____________ to the party tonight. It’s supposed to be a formal occasion. (a tie, a sweat shirt, some jeans) b. Put on ___________. It’ll keep you head cooler in the hot sun. (a hat, a shirt, sunglasses) c. I think we need to make him wear ___________. His pants keep falling down. (a belt, scarf, a windbreaker) d. You ought to bring ________________ to the beach in case you want to get in the water. (a swimming suit, a t-shirt, a jacket) e. Try on this _____________. It’ll keep you warm during the cool evenings. (a sweater, necklace, slip) f. Hey, get out of bed and change out of your ____________. You’ll be late for school if you don’t hurry. (pajamas, suit, dress) g. Put out your _____________ to wash. I think they got dirty when you were on your knees working in the garden. (pants, blouses, shorts) h. My daughter forgot to wear her _____________ when she went out to play in the snow, and her hands were really cold when she came back inside the house. (gloves, gloves, shoes) i. When you go hiking, you should wear some really good heavy _____________ to protect your feet from sharp rocks. (boots, high heels, slippers) j. Everyone is going casual, and I’m just going to wear ______________ and button-up shirt. (jeans, a uniform, ear muffs) 262 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
UNIT 15 EXPRESSING DEGREES OF PROBABILITY Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò ask about degrees of probability Ò respond to the questions of probability Ò write paragraphs about predictions Ò use simple future and future perfect STEP FUN COMMUNICATION 1 Which is more important to us, the sun or the moon? The moon. Why? Riddle-Giggle-2 The moon gives us light at night when we need it but the sun gives us light only in the day time when we don’t need it. STEP 2 LET’S TALK Language Function Ò Expressing degrees of probability Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 263
Talking Item - 1 A : Have you got my letter? B : No, not yet. A : When did you send it? B : I sent it before fifteen days. A : What happened? It may have got lost in the post. Talking Item - 2 A : Hey, Dilson. We have to reach by ten. What’s time is it now? B : Oh my god! It’s already quarter to ten. How can we reach? A : If we don’t hurry, we could be late. Let’s step fast. Talking Item - 3 A : Look at the sky. It’s cloudy. B : Yes, it might rain soon. Let’s move. Otherwise we might get wet. A : Yeah! Talking Item - 4 A : Hey Raj! You have been working the whole day. Did you eat anything? B : No. A : What did you eat in the morning? B : Just a cup of tea! A : Just a cup of tea! How are you working? It’s already three. You must be very hungry. Take this pizza and eat. B : Thank you. Talking Item - 5 A : Where is your father? B : I’m not sure. He might be in his room. A : Where is your mother? B : She may be in the kitchen. 264 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 3 READING READING ITEM - I ESSAY: CLIMATE CHANGE Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Read, find and discuss. What is climate change? What are the effects of climate change? Climate Change Climate is sometimes mistaken for weather. But climate is different from weather because it is measured over a long period of time, whereas weather can change from day to day, or from year to year. The climate of an area includes seasonal temperature and rainfall averages, and wind patterns. Different places have different climates. A desert, for example, is referred to as an arid climate because little water falls, as rain or snow, during the year. Other types of climate include tropical climates, which are hot and humid, and temperate climates, which have warm summers and cooler winters. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 265
Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable. These unexpected weather patterns can make it difficult to maintain and grow crops in regions that rely on farming because expected temperature and rainfall levels can no longer be relied on. Climate change has also been connected with other damaging weather events such as more frequent and more intense hurricanes, floods, downpours, and winter storms. In Polar Regions, the warming global temperatures associated with climate change have meant ice sheets and glaciers are melting at an accelerated rate from season to season. This contributes to sea levels rising in different regions of the planet. Together with expanding ocean waters due to rising temperatures, the resulting rise in sea level has begun to damage coastlines as a result of increased flooding and erosion. The cause of current climate change is largely human activity, like burning fossil fuels, like natural gas, oil, and coal. Burning these materials releases what are called greenhouse gases into Earth’s atmosphere. There, these gases trap heat from the sun’s rays inside the atmosphere causing Earth’s average temperature to rise. This rise in the planet’s temperature is called global warming. The warming of the planet impacts local and regional climates. Throughout Earth’s history, climate has continually changed. When occurring naturally, this is a slow process that has taken place over hundreds and thousands of years. The human influenced climate change that is happening now is occurring at a much faster rate. 266 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST 1. Match the words with their definitions. atmosphere a large mass of ice that moves slowly climate a substance that is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned: desert the shape of a bone, a shell, or a plant or animal that has been preserved in rock for a very long period fossil an area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not many plants fuel: the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet. glacier the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. 2. Write the words of the following definitions from the box: temperate tropical tropics weather humid hurricane polar predictable a. __________ : containing extremely small drops of water in the air: b. __________ : a violent storm with strong circular winds of at least 118 kilometers per hour c. __________ : relating to the North or South Pole or the areas around them d. __________ : Something that is predictable happens in a way or at a time that you know about before it happens e. __________ : neither very hot nor very cold weather f. __________ : from or relating to the area between the two tropics which is extremely hot g. __________ : the hottest area of the earth h. __________ : the conditionsin the air above the earthsuch aswind,rain, or temperature, especially at a particular time over a particular area: Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 267
COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Choose the correct option. a. Which statement is correct? i. Climate and weather are same. ii. Climate is measured over a long period of time. iii. Day to day weather is called climate. b. A desert has: i. temperate climate ii. very hot climate iii. cold climate c. A tropical area comprises: i. cold climate ii. hot climate iii. moderate climate d. Climate change can cause weather patterns to be: i. more predictable ii. less predictable iii. exact predictable e. 5. Unexpected weather patterns are the result of: i. over population ii. deforestation iii. climate change f. The unusual rainfall, storm or hurricane is the result of: i. weather change ii. climate change iii. deforestation g. In the arctic region, there is i. hot climate ii. cold climate iii. desert climate h. Climate change is the result of i. decrease in earth’s temperature ii. increase in earth’s temperature iii. increase in world population i. Excessing use of fossil fuel helps i. to produce more carbon dioxide ii. to create greenhouse iii. both j. Climate change has helped i. to form ice layer ii. to melt the ice layer iii. to destroy ozone layer 268 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
2. Answer the following questions: a. Define climate and weather. b. Name three types of climate. c. What is climate change? d. How is farming affected due to climate change? e. What kinds of damaging weather events occur due to climate change? f. Who is responsible for climate change? g. What kinds of human activities are responsible for climate change? h. List the effects of climate change. CREATIVE WORK Write an essay on the effects of climate change. READING ITEM - II WEATHER REPORT Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Weather Forecasting Weather forecasting is the application of current technology and science to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Weather forecasts are made by collecting as much data as possible about the current state of the atmosphere (particularly the temperature, humidity and wind) and using understanding of atmospheric processes (through meteorology) to determine how the atmosphere evolves in the future. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 269
However, the chaotic nature of the atmosphere and incomplete understanding of the processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as the range of the forecast increases. Traditional observations made at the surface of atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, humidity, precipitation are collected routinely from trained observers, automatic weather stations or buoys. During the data assimilation process, information gained from the observations is used in conjunction with a numerical model’s most recent forecast for the time that observations were made to produce the meteorological analysis. Numerical weather prediction models are computer simulations of the atmosphere. They take the analysis as the starting point and evolve the state of the atmosphere forward in time using understanding of physics and fluid dynamics. The complicated equations which govern how the state of a fluid changes with time require supercomputers to solve them. The output from the model provides the basis of the weather forecast. Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST 1. Learn and add. Learn the given word meanings and add synonyms to them from the box. comparisons existing grows difficult adjustment weather-casting knowledge drizzle study projecting reproductions signals hectic Word Meanings Synonyms analysis assimilation buoys chaotic complicated current examination integration markers messy complex present _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ 270 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Word Meanings Synonyms equations evolves forecasting meteorology simulations technology precipitation calculations changes predicting climatology imitations equipment rainfall _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ COMPREHENSION CHECK 2. Answer the following questions: a. What is weather forecasting? b. How is weather forecasting made? c. How does weather forecast become less accurate? d. How is complex weather forecasting analyzed? e. What are the advantages of weather forecasting? CREATIVE WORK How will be the today’s weather? Read an article on weather forecasting and write it on your notebook. STEP 4 LET’S RECITE Pre-reading Activity What is done to show respect to the national flag? Discuss. While Reading Activity What does the poet do to show respect to the flag? Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 271
Our Flag I can show respect to our flag By standing straight and tall I keep my eyes on the flag That is hanging on the wall Before I begin to sing the anthem I place my right hand over my heart. I stand waiting patiently For the rest of the class to start I sing the anthem with everyone As if we have one voice Showing respect to the flag It is a very important choice I won’t let it fall at any cost No matter I may live or lost COMPREHENSION CHECK a. How does the speaker show his respect to the flag? b. How do you show respect to your national flag? STEP 5 GRAMMAR WORK Modal verbs May, might, must Simple future Future perfect May Possibility The chairman may come to visit our office tomorrow. Wish/prayer May God bless you! 272 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Purpose She works hard so that she may pass. Seek permission May I make a phone call? Give permission You may make a phone call. Might Possibility I might see you. Slight possibility We might win a lottery but I doubt it. Conditional of may If I entered the contest, I might actually win. Suggestion You might try the cheesecake. Must Necessity/ obligation You must follow the instructions. Strong possibility You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry. Determination I must help him. Deduction (guess) He owns a big house. He must be rich. Certainty This must be the right address. Exercise 23 1. Choose the correct option from the brackets. a. He wasn’t there last night. He _______ be busy. (may/might/must) b. I worked very hard, so I _______ get a good grade. (may/might/must) c. It _______ have been lost forever. (may/might/must) d. _______ I please have another slice of pizza? (May/Might/Must) e. It _______ rain later in the day according to the weather report. (may/ might/must) f. _______ I come in, Ma’am? (May/Might/Must) g. It will rain soon. You _______ go without an umbrella. (mayn’t/ mightn’t, mustn’t) h. My car doesn’t start. So I _______ go on foot. (may/might/must) Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 273
i. Our teacher says we _______ study hard for the test if we want to do well.(may/might/must) j. Robert, a genius, didn’t study very much, but he _______ get a good grade. (may/might/must) k. We _______ buy safety goggles for science class. (may/might/must) l. _______ I help you with your luggage, madam? (May/Might/Must) m. We _______ wear gym shoes on the days we have gym class. (may/ might/must) n. We _______ win the big game today, but probably not. (may/might/ must) o. We thought we _______ go together.(may/might/must) p. You _______ not borrow more than three books from the library. (may/ might/must) q. You _______ not smoke in a lift.(may/might/must) 2. Look at these sentences: Simple future Future perfect I will give you some money. I will have given you some money by Friday. We will go to visit. We will have gone to visit by tomorrow. He will pass the exam. He will have passed the exam by next year. Exercise 24 1. Complete the sentences, choosing the simple future or the future perfect tense. a. I’m sorry! I ________ you this time. Enough is enough! (won’t help/ won’t have helped) b. I think our team________ the championship this year.( will win/will have won) c. By 11 pm tonight, she ________ writing the report.(will finish/will have finished) 274 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
d. If I finish work tonight, I ________ TV with you. (will watch/ will have watched) e. They say it________ heavily tomorrow.(will rain/ will have rained) f. I’m afraid, I ________ to do the task tonight.(will not be able/will not have been able) g. ________ fine tomorrow?(Will the weather be/ Will the weather have been) h. I ________ visit Kathmandu by the end of July next year.(will/ will have visited) i. By next year, we________ our project.(will finish/ will have finished) j. Prof. David ________ almost all universities in the world before he retires.(will visit/ will have visited) STEP 6 WRITING SKILL ITEM - I Paragraphs on Prediction World Population: Its future development World’s population is sure to go up unless human beings get population education and awareness. It will definitely increase if people don’t think of birth control. If people might maintain child space which will ultimately control the birth which might make the world a safe place to live in. Besides, the government will indeed work out against population growth. World government will stay together to control the birth rate in the world. If it doesn’t happen, the world’s population is bound to double. Consequently, the limited sources of food will not be sufficient for the growing population. People will suffer from hunger, malnutrition and many other diseases. The world will no longer be the better place to live in. Thus, to live a longer life, the world’s governments need to harmonize their wisdom and action. But, whatever the case is, it is pretty sure that the world’s people will be more educated. More educated people will adopt child spacing. This will really control the birth rate. When birth is controlled, fewer people will die from diseases and lack of food. This ultimately will make our life longer and better. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 275
Exercise Write paragraphs predicting the result on the given conditions: a. Computers and robots are doing most of the human works. If it continues, what will be the future world? b. What will happen if the air pollution continues like this? c. What will be the island countries if the global warming continues? d. What will be the employment if the coronaviruses continue? STEP 7 WORD POWER The possibility of the adverbs of frequency Adverbs Possibility in percentage Always 91-100% Usually 81-90 Frequently 71-80 Often 51-70 Sometimes 31-50 Occasionally 11-30 seldom 6-10 Rarely 0-5 Never 0 STEP word WORDS IN USE use 8 Choose the correct option of probability to write in the blank spaces. a. My brother (5%) _____________eats meats. i. hardly ii. rarely iii. seldom Always Adverbs of Frequency 100% 90% 80% 70% 50% 30% 10% 5% 0% Rarely Never Seldom Occasionally Sometimes Often Frequently Usually 276 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
b. I (20%) _____________drive my car to work. i. never ii. often iii. hardly ever c. It (0%) _____________rains here in the summer. i. sometimes ii. never iii. does not d. _____________we take the dog off his leash at the beach. i. Never ii. Sometimes iii. Rarely e. My boyfriend and I go on holiday together quite _____________ i. frequently ii. never iii. hardly ever f. Ganesh (10%) _____________goes to Kathmandu with his parents. i. sometimes ii. seldom iii. seldom g. My sister (70%) _____________visits her friends. i. usually ii. frequently iii. often h. We (30%) _____________eat meat at the weekend. i. always ii. occasionally iii. frequently i. I (10%) _____________drink alcohol. i. rarely ii. seldom iii. often j. My brother is an excellent student. He _____________completes his homework in time. i. never ii. usually iii. always STEP 9 DICTIONARY WORK Look up the words in a dictionary and complete the sentences. Complement or compliment? a. The word __________ refers to a thing that contributes extra features to something else in such a way as to improve or emphasize its quality while the word __________ refers to a polite expression of praise or admiration. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 277
b. Strawberries and cream __________ each other perfectly. c. It’s a great __________ to be asked to do the job. Ascent or assent? a. The final __________ took only half an hour. b. She nodded her __________ to the proposal. STEP 10 FUN WITH SOUND Choose the correct ending sound for the given words. 1. hotels 2. pages /s/ /z/ /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ 3. walks 4. calls /s/ /z/ /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ 5. babies 6. rings /s/ /z/ /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ 7. faxes 8. hugs /s/ /z/ /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ 9. cats 10. mixes /s/ /z/ /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ STEP 11 LISTENING TEST Listen and tick. c. The man gets up at _____. i. 6:15 a.m. ii. 6:30 a.m. iii. 5:45 a.m. d. The man takes the bus at ______ in the morning. i. 7:15 a.m. ii. 7:00 a.m. iii. 7:30 a.m. 278 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
e. He works _______ in the morning. i. 2 hours, 45 minutes ii. 3 hours iii. 3 hours, 15 minutes f. He works _______. i. at the bookstore ii. in the cafeteria iii. at the library g. The man sometimes eats _______ for dinner. i. fried chicken ii. a sandwich iii. pizza h. The man goes to the gym _______. i. on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays ii. on Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays iii. on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Saturdays i. The man usually calls his girlfriend---------- i. in the morning ii. in the evening iii. around noon STEP 12 PROJECT WORK Describe the uses of modal verbs with examples. Model Verbs: can could may might shall should will would must Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 279
UNIT 16 NARRATING A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò ask about the sequence of events and respond to them Ò describe past events in sequence Ò pronounce suffix ‘-ed’ correctly at the end of verbs Ò use words like advise, advice, effect, affect, etc. correctly STEP 1 WARM UP Help the girl to reach the school. 280 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 2 LET’S TALK Language Function Ò narrating a sequence of events Talking Item - 1 A : Hey, Nita! What do you do in the morning? B : First, the alarm wakes me up. Then, I take a shower. After that, I eat my breakfast and go to school. Talking Item - 2 Son : Mum, can I go to play with my friends? Mother : Sorry, you can’t. First do your homework. After that, you can go out. Talking Item - 3 Husband : What should our son do? Do you have any advice for him? Wife : Of course. Fist, our son should go to school. After completing studies, he should get a job. Then he should get married. Talking Item - 4 A : Hey, David. How are you? B : I am OK. A : But you look nervous. What happened to you? B : It’s yesterday night that is haunting me till now. A : Please tell me. B : OK, Listen. First, I lost my wallet. I was so upset I almost cried. After that, I spilled a drink on my favourite shirt. The night got even worse. When it was time to leave, I realized it was raining and I had forgotten my umbrella and I didn’t have money for a taxi. I walked home for one hour in the rain. What a terrible night it was, wasn’t it? A : Sorry to hear that. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 281
Exercise 1 Provide an appropriate sequencing word to fill in the blanks from the box. Suddenly, After that, During, As, Finally, First of all, When, immediately, Then My friend and I visited Rome last summer. (1) ____, we flew from New York to Rome in the first class. It was fantastic! (2) ____ we arrived in Rome, we (3) ____ went to the hotel and took a long nap. (4) ____, we went out to find a great restaurant for dinner. (5) ____, a scooter appeared out of nowhere and almost hit me! The rest of the trip had no surprises. (6) ____, we began to explore Rome. (7) ____ the afternoons, we visited ruins and museums. At night, we hit the clubs and wandered the streets. One night, (8) ____ I was getting some ice cream, I saw an old friend from high school. Imagine that! (9) ____, we caught our flight back to New York. We were happy and ready to begin work again. STEP 3 READING READING ITEM - I Celebration Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Pre-reading Activity How did you celebrate your birthday last year? Tell your friends. While Reading Activity Why do we celebrate our birthdays? How did the speaker celebrate tenth birthday? Birthday Celebration Every year, we all become eager to celebrate our birthday. It is special as it comes only once every year and we get to celebrate it with great joy and happiness. Usually, a lot of wishes of people come true on this day and they enjoy the day with their loved ones. This birthday essay will tell you why it is a special day and how I celebrated my tenth birthday. 282 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Birthdays are a very special day for everyone who celebrates it. Firstly, it makes the person feel loved when their close one does special things for them. Being loved is one of the most special feelings in the world. Secondly, it makes the person mature. We all wait for our birthday every day as we get older and gain a sense of maturity every year. Our birthday marks the occasion for the very same thing. Moreover, it helps you gain special privileges as well. After that, birthdays are also an eye-opener for many as they feel gratitude. When you see many people going out of their way to make you feel special, you feel gratitude for being blessed with so many things. Most importantly, birthdays call for celebration. It is one day where we get to see all our loved ones in one place. No one can make an excuse and you get to spend time with everyone you love under one roof, it is nothing sort of magical. How I celebrated my 10th Birthday! Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 283
I shall ever remember my tenth birthday. It was celebrated in a grand style. My birthday falls on the 10th of April every year. My birthday falls in the spring season and days are very pleasant then. This year a cool and fragrant breeze was blowing. All my friends and near relatives were invited for the occasion. A special sky-blue shirt and a black trouser were prepared for me. It was a day full of excitement, joy and expectations. The drawing-room was tastefully decorated with flowers, balloons and colourful paper buntings. In the evening, the celebrations began when all the guests arrived. Then I went into the hall dressed in my special clothes. They were all waiting for me. They welcomed me by clapping hands and handshakes. The birthday cake had been placed on a large table with ten candles fixed on it. It was a large and beautiful chocolate cake. Candles were lit. I blew them out in one blow and then cut the cake. Friends and relatives cheered me loudly, clapped and sang “happy birthday to you”. I was given so many presents, all wrapped beautifully. The guests were served with cake pieces, sweets, snacks and soft drinks and tea. There was much fun, merry-making, laughter and jokes. Children were given toffees and chocolates. As a return gift, every person was given a set of books. We played music and danced. Everyone was happy but I was much happier because it was my special day. After dinner, my parents and I thanked the guests for their precious presence standing at the gate while they started moving to their homes. When the party was over, I unpacked the gifts. I was surprised to find so many lovely gifts. My father gave me a wristwatch. My mother bought me a new bicycle. I thanked my parents for celebrating my birthday in such a grand style. I shall ever remember the day. Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST 1. Learn and add. Learn the given word meanings and add synonyms to them. eagerness hopes aromatic decorations development respects excited rejoice significantly appreciations 284 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Words Meanings Synonyms buntings celebrate eager excitement expectations fragrant gratitude importantly maturity privileges ribbons make merry keen enthusiasm looking forward perfumed thankfulness highly adulthood honors ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 2. Find the opposite words of the following from the above list. a. childhood : __________ b. rudeness : __________ c. insults : __________ d. foul : __________ COMPREHENSION CHECK 3. Answer the following questions: a. Why is birthday special? Write three reasons. b. Who are invited to birthday party? c. What activities are done during birthday? Write any four activities. d. What did the speaker get as gifts? CREATIVE WORK How did you celebrate your previous birthday? Write. READING ITEM - II Story Read the lesson thoroughly at home before you are taught it in the classroom. Find its difficult words and phrases. Write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Pre-reading Project Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 285
Friends Forever A mouse and a frog were friends. Every morning, the frog would hop out of his pond and go to visit his friend who lived in a hole in the side of a tree. He would return home at noon. The mouse delighted in his friend’s company unaware that the friend was slowly turning into an enemy. Do you know the reason? Yes, the frog felt slighted because he visited the mouse everyday, but the mouse on his part, had never made an attempt to visit him. One day, he felt he had been humiliated enough. When it was time for him to take leave of the mouse, he tied one end of a string around his own leg, tied the other end to the mouse’s tail. And then hopped away, dragging the hapless mouse behind him. When he reached the pond, he dived deep into the pond. The mouse tried to free himself but couldn’t, and soon drowned. After sometime, he died. His bloated body floated to the top. A hawk saw the mouse floating on the pond’s surface. He swooped down, and grabbing the mouse in his talons, flew to the branch of a nearby tree. The frog, of course, was hauled out of the water too. He desperately tried to free himself, but couldn’t and the hawk soon put an end to his struggles. Moral: Don’t dig too deep a pit for your enemy; you may fall into it yourself. Post-reading Activities VOCABULARY TEST 1. Learn and add. Learn the given word meanings and add a synonym to them. hurt overfed seriously foe gripping unlucky shamed dived tussles dragged 286 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
Words Meanings Synonyms bloated desperately enemy grabbing hapless humiliated swooped struggles slighted hauled swollen badly opponent clutching unfortunate disgraced jumped fights insulted pulled ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 2. Complete the blanks with the appropriate words from the text. There lived a mouse and a frog as ______ Every morning, the frog would ____ the mouse. The mouse lived in a ______ but it never visited the frog. The frog felt he had been ______ enough. One day while returning from the mouse, the frog tied an end of a ______ around his own leg and another end to the leg of the mouse and he hopped towards the pond ______ the mouse behind him. When he reached the pond, he ______ into the pond. The mouse tried to free himself but could not and ______ . It drank lot water and died. His ______ body floated to the top. A hawk saw the mouse floating on the surface of the pond. He ______ the mouse in his talons and flew to the branch of a nearby tree. The frog was also ______ with the mouse. He struggled ______ to free himself. The hawk soon put an end to his struggles. COMPREHENSION CHECK 3. Answer the following questions: a. Where do the mouse and the frog live? b. Why did the frog felt humiliated? c. What did he do to take a revenge of humiliation? d. How did the frog meet his death? e. What moral lesson do you infer from the above story? Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 287
CREATIVE WORK “He who seeks revenge should remember to dig two graves.” Justify this saying through a story. STEP 4 LET’S RECITE Pre-reading Activity Have you ever seen a rainbow? How do you feel while seeing a rainbow? My Heart Leaps Up -William Wordsworth (1770-1850) My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Find the words that are similar in meanings to the following words from the poem. a. __________ : virtue, goodness b. __________ : jumps, springs c. __________ : contained, d. __________ : expire, decease 288 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
2. Complete the summary with the correct words from the box. William Wordsworth 1850 remembers rainbow childhood pleasure wishes father manhood present “My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold” is a poem written by a famous nature poet ................. He was born in 1770 and died in .................. He was the leading poet of the Romanticism. In this poem, the poet ................. an experience of his childhood days and gives his emotions and feelings a meaning. The poet also expresses his love towards nature. He feels great joy when he sees a ................. in the sky. He used to enjoy a lot when he saw the rainbow in the sky in his .................. He hopes he will still get ................. at seeing the rainbow when he becomes old and if such feeling stops in the future, he ................. to die. According to the poet, the child is the ................. of man because childhood is the beginning of the .................. In other words, the qualities of the grown up men are all derived from childhood. At last, the poet wishes that his remaining days would be bound by his love to nature. The thing we do and feel as children affect the way we feel when we are adults. The poet also wants to say that the ................. is the result of the past. STEP 5 GRAMMAR WORK Past simple Past continuous Past perfect 1. Look at the following sentences: My mother was making breakfast when I woke up. (past continuous) (simple past) When I woke up, my mother was making breakfast. (simple past) (past continuous) When they arrived here, we were sleeping. (simple past) (past continuous ) Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 289
We had returned before they reached there. (past perfect) (simple past) She died after he had left her. (simple past) (past perfect) Exercise 25 2. Make past simple, past continuous or past perfect using the given verbs. a. We ______ (watch) a film when somebody ______at the door. (knock) b. She_______ (be) so annoying. He _______ (leave) things everywhere on the floor. c. We ______ (leave) the office after they ______ (return) from the field. d. When you _______ (arrive) at the party, who_______ (be) there? e. The patient _______ (die) before the doctor_______ (arrive). f. The landslide_______ (fall) before the driver _______ (cross) the bridge. g. When I _______ (write) poems, somebody _______ (call) outside. h. What _______ (do) late night_ it _______(be) really noisy? i. When I _______ (see) her, she _______ (turn) her face. j. As I _______ (drive), she_______ me. (call) k. We _______ (leave) home before they _______ (reach). l. She_______ (cry) when _______ (see) her. m. I ______ (know) her for a long time before I _____ (meet) her family. n. When I ______ (start) to learn English, I ______ (already/ know) Chinese. o. He ______ (pass) the SEE exam after her sister ______ (pass) the exam. 290 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
STEP 6 WRITING ITEM - I A Descriptive Narration of an Event Look at the following narration of an event by a student. Annual Function of My School A school organises many events in which students can participate. These events help the students to discover their talents. It is always a happy and memorable moment to participate in these events. My favourite event is the Annual Function of my school. It is organised in the month of September in my school. This year I participated in drama. The event name was “The Mirage”. It told the story of a fisherman and his greedy wife. I played the role of a Golden Mermaid. On that day, our teachers asked us to do make up at home and then come to school. All the participants of the drama were given the costumes. We all then went to the backstage. The event began after the parents took their seats. First, the prizes were distributed to the students. I got a certificate for holding the second position in the essay writing competition. Then our principal announced from the stage that the story – ‘The Mirage’ will begin. The story began and after that a dance performance took place. I was standing in the stage wing because after the performance it was my chance to go on the stage. I went and spoke my dialogue. When I came back, my teacher patted on my back and said that she loved my performance. I felt proud. We were then given the refreshments at the backstage. We also played games with our teachers. After a song performance, a photograph was clicked of all the participants on the stage. At the end, our principal congratulated the students and the teachers who were in charge. After that, we all went to meet our parents. I introduced my parents to my teachers. Then we changed our costumes. It was a wonderful event. I will cherish it forever. Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 291
Exercise a. How did you celebrate your school’s annual function l? b. Do you remember any event that you liked the most? c. How did you celebrate the festival of your community? STEP 7 WORD POWER Words used for sequence: Before First Next Sometimes Last Earlier To begin After At times Finally Previously Starting with consequently From time to time In conclusion Formerly Initially Following Occasionally Ultimately In advance To start with Later Intermittently In the long run First Next Then After that Lastly STEP word WORDS IN USE use 8 Look at the uses of sequences in the sentences. Recipe for Jelly First, boil some water. Next, pour some jelly powder into a big bowl. Then, add some hot water. After that, stir the jelly powder until it melts. Finally, put the jelly in the fridge for about four hours. Exercise Complete the given instruction on ‘how to make a cup of tea’ with the order words given in the box. after afterwards finally first next then ______________, boil some water. ______________, put one teaspoon of tea per person in a teapot. ______________, pour the boiling water into the pot and wait 292 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal
for five minutes. ______________,, stir the tea and pour it into the cups. Enjoy your cup of tea! ______________, you will feel really refreshed. STEP 9 DICTIONARY WORK Look up the words in a dictionary and complete the sentences. Access or excess? a. The only ___________ to the village is by boat. b. This type of account offers you instant ___________ to your money. c. It is rightly said that too much ___________ of anything is harmful. d. I can’t drink this tea because there is ___________ sugar in it. STEP 10 FUN WITH SOUND When to pronounce inflection D and ED as T? Verbs ending in voiceless sounds /p, k, θ, f, s, ∫, t∫/ cause the “-ED” ending to be pronounced as the voiceless /t/ (with no vocal chord vibration). Examples: Look at the words; listen to your teacher and say. Ending Letters Words with -ed Pronunciation p popped /pɒpt/ t talked /tɔːkt/ th/θ/ frothed /frɒθt/ f Laughed /lɑːft / s kissed /kist/ /∫/sh brushed /bru∫t/ /t∫/ch reached /rit∫t/ Approved by CDC, Nepal Pathfinder English Reader 7 293
STEP 11 LISTENING TEST Listen and tick. Benjamin Spock’s first book caused a (/evolution/ regulation/revolution) in the way American children were raised. His book, “The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care,” was published in (1946/1936/1956). The book gave advice to parents of babies and young children. The (last/middle/first) lines of the book are famous. Doctor Spock wrote: “Trust yourself. You (know/no/now) more than you think you do”. This message (mocked/ lucked/shocked) many parents. For years, mothers had been told that they should reject their natural feelings about their babies. Before Doctor Spock’s book appeared, the most popular guide to raising children was called “(biological/Psychological/physiological/) Care of Infant and Child.” The book’s writer, John B. Watson, urged extreme firmness in (healing/dealing/ feeling) with children. The book called for a strong structure of rules in families. It warned parents never to kiss, hug or (magically/physically/mystically/) comfort their children. Doctor Spock’s book was very different. He gave gentle advice to ease the fears of new parents. Doctor Spock said his work was an effort to help parents trust their own natural abilities in caring for their children. Doctor Spock said babies should be fed when they are hungry. He argued that babies know better than anyone about when and how much they need to (/bit/ eat/it/). He did not believe that feeding babies when they cry in hunger would make them more demanding. He also believed that showing love to babies by hugging and kissing them would make them /hyper/happier/hipper) and more secure. STEP 12 PROJECT WORK Collect some interesting jokes. Collect all the jokes and prepare a booklet of jokes entitled with OUR JOKES. Upload your jokes to the Facebook file. Keep your booklet safe in your school library. 294 Pathfinder English Reader 7 Approved by CDC, Nepal